how to write a conclusion for master thesis

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5 tips for writing your thesis conclusion

5 thesis conclusion tips

1. avoid too much summary, 2. try not to introduce new information, 3. ensure that your conclusion...concludes, 4. stay focused on the main point of your thesis, 5. consult thesis conclusion examples, more tips about thesis conclusions, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis conclusion, related articles.

Writing a good conclusion is crucial to the success of your thesis , since it's the last thing that your reader will see and the primary means to providing closure to your argument. In this article, we provide 5 tips for creating an outstanding conclusion.

Your conclusion will likely need to provide some summary of your overall project and how you proved and supported your main argument . Good conclusions often contain recommendations for further research or brief illustrations of the implications of the thesis.

Explaining how to apply the information covered in the paper is just as important as summarizing the key parts. Readers should also experience a sense of resolution or closure as they finish your conclusion.

You may need to introduce some new information in your thesis conclusion, especially when you're trying to give the reader a sense of how the research can be applied or expanded.

However, the conclusion is not the right place to introduce new data or other forms of evidence. While you may pose questions or explain how the information is relevant, avoid introducing additional major points.

You might be tempted to add points or data to your conclusion that you didn't include elsewhere. If you do that, the conclusion will not actually conclude anything.

Rather, your conclusion will simply raise more questions. If you find yourself in that situation, your topic might be too broad and you may need to consider narrowing your thesis.

Avoid using your conclusion to engage in over-generalized discussions that miss the point of your paper. Stay focused on the implications of your main argument and don't be tempted to wrap things up through generalizations.

If you're stuck, take a look at examples of thesis conclusions from other writers. Academic databases house thousands of theses and dissertations that you can consult for ideas about how to write a thesis conclusion .

You can also try contacting your advisor or department for examples of successful thesis conclusions written by fellow students or researchers.

Thesis : The culminating project of an undergraduate or graduate program that sustains an argument over several sections or chapters, supported by extensive research and analysis.

Data : Information collected in a research study, usually in the form of numbers or statistics.

Academic Database : A searchable collection of academic materials, such as research articles, conference proceedings, and dissertations.

Conclusion : The final section of a research paper or thesis that summarizes the main findings and provides closure to the reader.

If you need more advice, we highly recommend these sources to help you as you write your thesis conclusion:

• How to write an excellent thesis conclusion
• Leaving a good last impression
• How to make a great conclusion

The conclusion is the last thing that your reader will see, so it should be memorable. To write a great thesis conclusion you should:

• Restate the thesis
• Review the key points of your work
• Explain why your work is relevant
• Add a take-home message for the reader

A conclusion basically includes a review of the main points of your thesis. It should largely consist of the research outcomes and any recommendations you may have for further research.

The length of your conclusion will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, a conclusion should be around 5-7% of the overall word count.

End your conclusion with something memorable, such as a question, warning, or call to action.

You can find thousands of recent examples in Open Access: Theses and Dissertations . Take a look at theses and dissertations in your field for real-life examples of conclusions that were approved.

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Writing the conclusion

The conclusion of your thesis, whether embedded in or separated from your discussion chapter, should create a strong closure to your thesis as it leads out to future research and pathways.

Key conclusion moves

• Summarise the research by restating the research problem and aim, providing a succinct answer to these, and recapping the key findings and evidence
• Unpack the implications of your contribution for theory, practice, research and/or policy in the field
• Acknowledge the limitations and scope of your research
• Address the next frontier: ‘what’s next?’ - make specific recommendations for future work in the field: what could be done to apply or further your research?

Depending on your discipline, you could include a section reflecting on your professional learning as a researcher through the study, especially if you started the thesis with a personal anecdote. Keep your conclusion  concise – it could be just several pages long.

Compare the differences between discussions and conclusions in the table below:

Gather ideas for the conclusion

As you write or edit  your thesis, gather in one place ideas that don’t quite fit the tight purpose of an earlier chapter, or ideas that you would love to develop in another project. These can provide fresh material for the conclusion. For example, they can become statements about the social implications of your research or your recommendations for future investigations.

Align the conclusion with earlier parts of thesis

The introduction and conclusion, as well as the mini-introductions and mini-conclusions of the core chapters, form the bulk of a thesis narrative as they give readers a holistic perspective of the research.

To align the conclusion:

• Make sure it addresses the same problem you set out in the introduction
• If an anecdote or another kind of hook has been used to start the introduction, think about ending the thesis with a return to the hook
• Assess whether you need to adjust the introduction or earlier parts of the thesis to fit your conclusions, or whether the conclusions themselves need to be adjusted.

Explore example introductions and conclusions

In this activity, you’ll read short introduction and conclusion excerpts from two example theses. As you read, think about the ways the author has linked or connected their conclusions to their introductions. Then, turn each card to read a brief commentary.

Conclusions - practice getting to the point(s)

Boostering your introduction and conclusion

Use the side menu to go the next section: Using disciplinary conventions , where we discuss how to use the conventions of your discipline.

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How To Write a Thesis Conclusion – Example & Tips

A thesis conclusion is the last and the most crucial section of your thesis or dissertation. It is the summary of the dissertation. Put it this way: the conclusion paragraph is your entire dissertation wrapped in a few paragraphs. But, concluding a thesis is never easy for many people. Therefore, what is the best way for concluding a thesis or dissertation?

In this post, we will take a closer look at the dissertation conclusion to help you understand how to write a winning conclusion for a research paper as well as a thesis. We will narrow it down further to outline the best structure of a conclusion.

What is the Importance of the Conclusion Paragraph?

Discussion vs conclusion, what is the best format for writing a conclusion, get a sigh of relief concluding thesis.

Before digging deeper into the mechanics of how to write a conclusion for a research paper or thesis, you need to ask yourself the question: “Why is it important?”

Your dissertation conclusion is the last part that you work on after completing the research and the write-up. No matter the area of study you are focusing on, the conclusion can help you to achieve the following goals:

• Answering the research questions that you posed in the first chapter of the dissertation.
• The conclusion paragraph is the part where you reflect on the dissertation.
• In the conclusion, you draw the recommendations for additional studies in areas where you found gaps.
• When writing a dissertation conclusion, you demonstrate what new knowledge you are contributing to the field.

Note that just like the rest of the dissertation, you should not shy from asking your supervisor for a great dissertation conclusion example, especially from past students. This is very important because your department might have a preferred format for writing dissertation conclusions. You can also get a perfect example of a conclusion in the thesis as you research your topic.

When designing a conclusion format, it is important to differentiate it from the results and discussion parts of the thesis. This will help you to strike the perfect flow and win the readers’ affection.

The dissertation results chapter outlines the findings you generated from the research. You should use tables and graphs to demonstrate the findings of the study. The results chapter comes before the discussion.

In the discussion section, you delve deeper into the results you have just presented. You are simply deciphering the findings in line with your research questions. It is the discussion that will set the stage for approving or disproving the thesis statement that you outlined in the first chapter.

NOTE: In some colleges, the results and discussions are put together into one chapter. Therefore, it is very important to follow your college’s recommendation.

While the results and discussions focus more on the results, the conclusion wraps up the entire dissertation. If your dissertation ends at the discussion part, the reader will be left hanging. But writing the conclusion makes the dissertation feel complete and authentic.

As you think about how to write a conclusion, there is one question you need to get right: “How long should a conclusion be?” If you are writing a conclusion for a standard research paper or short thesis, one to three paragraphs should suffice. To put it in percentage, the conclusion should be about 5% of the overall word count. Therefore, you should start by establishing “how long should a thesis be”.

In most cases, the conclusion for empirical scientific research is generally short while that of humanities dissertations is longer. Here is the best format for how to end a research paper or thesis.

• Start by answering the thesis question: Your conclusion should commence by restating the main thesis question that you anticipate answering. Finally, you have the opportunity to answer the question. Ensure the answer is clear and concise.
• Reflect on the research that you have just finished: After stating the study question, you need to remind the marker or readers why the study was important. Why did you set off on the journey, what was the anticipation, and did the results confirm the expectation? Give an overview of steps that were used during the research and construction of your argument.

At this point, you might be wondering – do I summarize every chapter? The answer is ‘no.’ Instead, you should write more reflectively and answer whether the methodology used was effective in answering the study questions. Make sure also to mention the limitations you experienced during the study.

• Outline recommendations: Although you might have noted the areas that need further research when discussing results, the conclusion is a perfect place to elaborate. Its recommendations interweave well with personal reflections. Try to make recommendations specific. Here are some examples of how to frame recommendations:

Further studies are needed to establish the implications of …. From the conclusion, sociology researchers should consider ….. To understand the effects of the findings, further research can help to ….

• What was your contribution? This part of the conclusion is used to answer the question: “So what?” It provides the right impression of how the thesis contributed to the researcher’s field of study. To achieve this, you can use the following strategies:

Revisit the study problem statement and explain how the thesis helped to solve it. Refer to the study’s literature review to demonstrate how the dissertation has helped to fill the existing gap. If your dissertation is in humanities, you can demonstrate how the findings challenged or confirmed the current viewpoints, assumptions, or theories.

Note that the conclusion should not appear as a stand-alone chapter in the dissertation. Rather, it should articulately interweave with the rest of the paper. To perfect your skills, make sure to also check top conclusion paragraph examples from other students.

From this post on how to write a conclusion paragraph, there is no doubt that you should find it an easy and enjoyable process. After working so hard to complete the dissertation, the conclusion paragraph is simply aimed at wrapping everything up. To get the best conclusions, you should also read top-rated conclusion paragraph examples to see how experts do it. But we must agree that even with this simplified demonstration, crafting the perfect conclusion paragraph is no easy task. It takes time and practice.

There are times when students, even after working on the biggest chunk of their dissertations, feel inadequate to write the conclusions. Often, the process can be complicated when you are required to follow specific models such as MLA or APA conclusions. Even if you have the best conclusion examples and working hard to hone your writing skills, a tight deadline or other engagements might make it hard to craft the best. If you feel inadequate about writing a Harvard or MLA format conclusion because of any reason, do not hesitate to seek writing help.

Writing help is offered by expert writers who understand the structure of Ph.D. conclusion chapters to guarantee you the best grades. No matter your area of study, the experts are cheap and will get you the best. In addition to helping you write the conclusion, they can also provide you with the best sample of a conclusion paragraph for practice. What a great way to sharpen your skills in dissertation writing?

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Need editing and proofreading services, how to write a dissertation & thesis conclusion (+ examples).

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Want to create a strong, impactful conclusion? Explore how to create a dissertation and thesis conclusion in 5 simple steps! To help you understand better, we’ve also included useful dissertation and thesis conclusion examples! 

Whether you want to write a conclusion for an empirical or humanities paper, this article will help. So without delay, let’s understand how to create the best conclusion! 

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Firstly, let’s know more about the appropriate length of a dissertation and thesis conclusion. 

What is the length of a conclusion? 

Depending on the complexity of your research and document length, the length will differ. The thesis or dissertation conclusion should be 5-7% of your paper’s overall word count. For example, if your thesis is 30,000 words, the conclusion can be 1,500-2100 words. 

The conclusion for empirical or scientific theses or dissertations is often brief. It summarizes the main findings, interprets the research, and discusses the main implications in a few words. In contrast, the thesis or dissertation conclusion for humanities subjects is longer and more reflective. 

Now let’s see how to write a conclusion for a thesis/ dissertation in 5 steps! 

How to write a dissertation and thesis conclusion 

1. remind readers of the research purpose .

For an empirical paper, start your conclusion by revisiting your research question or hypotheses stated earlier in your research. This reminds readers of your study’s main focus and sets the stage for findings. Following is an example: 

“This study aimed to investigate the relationship between employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the healthcare industry.” 

In comparison, while writing the conclusion for a humanities paper, reflect on the research journey. You can also consider the key themes , ideas, arguments, and questions that have guided your research. Here is an example: 

“Throughout this thesis, the concept of identity formation in postcolonial literature has been explored, focusing on the works of Chinua Achebe and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The central argument claimed that these authors utilize their narratives to challenge Western hegemonic discourses and assert the agency of African identities.” 

2. Summarize main insights 

For an empirical paper, summarize your main results and findings concisely. This section should highlight the most significant research outcomes and how they relate to your research questions, hypotheses or research methodology . Here is an example: 

“The results of this study demonstrated a significant positive correlation between employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that job satisfaction, along with factors such as work-life balance and leadership support, accounted for 65% of the variance in organizational commitment scores.” 

On the other hand, if it’s a humanities paper, you can summarize any evidence or examples that support your claims about the research in your conclusion. Here is an example: 

“The analysis of Achebe’s ‘Things Fall Apart’ and Adichie’s ‘Purple Hibiscus’ reveals a common thread of resistance against colonial oppression and the assertion of African identity. Both authors employ narrative techniques that subvert Western stereotypes and provide a nuanced portrayal of African experiences. Through their characters’ journeys, Achebe and Adichie challenge the notion of a singular African identity and highlight the complexities of postcolonial life.”

3. Suggest practical applications, future recommendations, and limitations 

Mention how your research can be practically applied (if relevant) and make suggestions for future research. Explain the broader significance of your findings while writing a dissertation conclusion/thesis conclusion. If there are any limitations, you can add them to this part. Here is an example: 

“The findings have implications for healthcare organizations aiming to improve employee retention and well-being, with potential benefits for patient care and organizational performance. However, the study’s limitations, such as its specific sample size and setting make it difficult to generalize these findings. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of interventions targeting these factors across diverse healthcare contexts and to investigate additional variables that may impact organizational commitment.” 

In contrast, here is another conclusion example for an empirical paper: 

“The comparative analysis of Achebe and Adichie’s works has significant implications for the study of postcolonial literature. By highlighting the diversity of African experiences and the importance of cultural identity, these authors challenge the notion of a monolithic African narrative. This research also raises important questions about the role of literature in shaping cultural perceptions and the impact of colonialism on contemporary African societies.”

Browse through the next step of how to write a conclusion for a dissertation/thesis! This step demonstrates your research’s importance in a broader context. 

4. Highlight your research’s significance

In this part, write about how your research has contributed new knowledge to your field. You can briefly explain how the research conducted has filled a gap in your field of study. By using relevant academic research resources like Google Scholar, you can understand the research already conducted and use relevant references in your conclusion. 

If your research proves or disproves a certain theory or assumption, you can mention that. Also, if you’ve mentioned the gap in the literature review , you can remind readers about this. 

Here is an example of how to highlight your research’s significance for an empirical paper: 

“This study contributes to the growing body of research on the impact of social media on adolescent mental health. By utilizing a longitudinal design and a large, diverse sample, this study provides robust evidence for the relationship between social media usage and negative mental health outcomes. The findings also highlight the importance of considering the role of specific social media platforms and usage patterns in shaping mental health, which has been overlooked in previous research.” 

In contrast, in a humanities paper, you should focus on how your insights contribute to the broader discourse in your field and any new perspectives or interpretations.

Following is an example: 

“This comparative analysis of Achebe and Adichie’s works contributes to the growing body of postcolonial literary criticism by highlighting the importance of considering the diversity of African experiences and the ongoing impact of colonialism on contemporary African societies. By focusing on the theme of cultural identity and the use of narrative techniques that subvert Western stereotypes, this research offers a new lens through which to interpret these authors’ works and their significance within the canon of African literature.” 

Now, let’s understand the last step of how to write a dissertation conclusion/thesis conclusion! 

5. Strongly conclude your thesis or dissertation 

End with an impactful statement that summarizes a key takeaway or highlights your work’s broader significance. 

Here is an example of an empirical paper conclusion: 

“By investing in evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the workplace, we can foster a more resilient and productive workforce for the future.” 

In contrast, the following is an example of the final statement for a humanities paper: 

“In the final analysis, the enduring legacy of these writers lies in their ability to touch the depths of the human soul, awakening us to the transformative power of language, story, and imagination.” 

After concluding your thesis, to enhance your thesis further, you can take the help of online thesis editing and proofreading services . Now let us see the dos and don’ts to follow while writing a thesis conclusion! 

Dos and don’ts while writing a conclusion 

Suggested sentence structures for framing the conclusion 

Depending on whether you’re writing an empirical or humanities paper, you can use and customize these sentence structures for your thesis or dissertation conclusion. 

• This study aimed to investigate the… 
• The results of this study demonstrate that…
• The analysis of the data revealed that… 
• The findings of this study have significant implications for…
• The insights gained from this research have important implications for…
• The key findings of this research indicate… 
• Further research is needed to explore….
• By investigating [write the research purpose], this study found out [write the main findings]. 
• This study makes a notable contribution to the field of…[field name] by [write the contribution] 
• While this study demonstrates the potential for [practical application], further research is required to explore…
• To conclude, the insights gained from this research…
• This dissertation fills a crucial gap in the literature by…
• This study offers valuable insights that can…
• In summary, this study…
• In closing, this dissertation…

This concludes our guide about how to write a thesis conclusion and dissertation conclusion. You can bookmark this article to revisit any thesis and dissertation conclusion examples. Once you write the conclusion and complete your paper, you’ll need to edit and proofread your thesis or dissertation. As experts in editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper! 

Here are some other articles you might find interesting: 

• Thesis Editing | Definition, Scope & Standard Rates
• Academic Writing in 2024: 5 Key Dos & Don’ts + Examples
• Top 10 Assignment Editing Services of 2024
• Top 10 Online Dissertation Editing Services of 2024
• How to Write a Dissertation | 5 Tips from Academic Editors

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How to Write a Thesis Conclusion

• 4-minute read
• 28th January 2022

A thesis paper (or dissertation ) is often the culmination of your time as a student , and it can be a major undertaking. While it may feel like a relief once you’ve completed the rest of your thesis, don’t underestimate the importance of the conclusion! As this will be the last thing your reader sees, it needs to be memorable, and it needs to leave your reader with a clear understanding of your main deduction or argument. 

Typically, a thesis conclusion will review what you found, why it’s valuable, how it can be applied, and what further research can be done. Keep in mind, though, you should review your university’s or program’s guidelines, as the requirements for a conclusion are not universal.

1. Restate Your Thesis

You should start your conclusion by restating your thesis. Include all of the factors you stated in your introduction while making it clear to the reader that they have reached the end of your paper. To avoid repetition, use a different sentence structure and wording.

2. Analyze Your Key Ideas

Next, highlight the key ideas presented throughout the body of your thesis. You should analyze how your main points link together and how they relate to your main argument.

If there are any prominent quotations or statistics worth repeating, you can include them in your conclusion, but don’t overdo it! The conclusion should discuss your own thoughts, so limit the amount of cited information you include.

3. Discuss the Relevance

Make sure you explain how your thesis is relevant to the field of research. Consider how the research can be built upon, whether it confirms or challenges other relevant theories, and whether your findings can be applied in the real world.

4. Consider Any Limitations

Another critical component is the discussion of the limitations or shortcomings that exist in your research. For example, there could have been time constraints that limited your methodology, sampling issues that reduced the generalizability of your findings, or budget constraints that limited any aspect of the study.

It’s important to recognize that all research has limitations without undermining your own work. Take the opportunity to highlight the value of your research despite any limitations you may have faced.

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5. Make Recommendations for Future Research

Providing recommendations for future research allows you to emphasize that your ideas remain relevant in your field. You can build off the limitations by recommending how future research could tackle those problems. Also, consider whether you came across any surprising data that might not have been directly related to your study but could benefit from further exploration. Suggest what other researchers could do next to contribute to and further develop the body of knowledge in your field.

6. End with a Closing Summary

You should finish your conclusion with a brief closing summary highlighting the key takeaways. To leave a lasting impact, you might consider closing with a question, call to action, or recommendation for your reader.

●  Your conclusion will typically be about 5–7% of the total word count of your thesis. It’s important to plan ahead so that you don’t have to go back and reduce the word count elsewhere to make space.

●  Use clear and concise language to stay on topic and keep your writing accessible to all your readers by making it comprehensible, whether or not they’re experts in your field.

●  Since your conclusion is the last impression of your thesis, make sure you leave enough time to give it proper consideration.

Proofreading & Editing

Perhaps one of the most important steps in writing an impactful thesis conclusion is to make sure it’s clear, concise, and free of errors. It’s easy to overlook mistakes in your own writing, so having someone else take a look at it is a great idea. We have expert editors on hand 24 hours a day to help with all of your academic writing needs. Upload a free trial document today to learn more!

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How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples

Published on 9 September 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on 10 October 2022.

The conclusion is the very last part of your thesis or dissertation . It should be concise and engaging, leaving your reader with a clear understanding of your main findings, as well as the answer to your research question .

In it, you should:

• Clearly state the answer to your main research question
• Summarise and reflect on your research process
• Make recommendations for future work on your topic
• Show what new knowledge you have contributed to your field
• Wrap up your thesis or dissertation

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Table of contents

Discussion vs. conclusion, how long should your conclusion be, step 1: answer your research question, step 2: summarise and reflect on your research, step 3: make future recommendations, step 4: emphasise your contributions to your field, step 5: wrap up your thesis or dissertation, full conclusion example, conclusion checklist, frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.

While your conclusion contains similar elements to your discussion section , they are not the same thing.

Your conclusion should be shorter and more general than your discussion. Instead of repeating literature from your literature review , discussing specific research results , or interpreting your data in detail, concentrate on making broad statements that sum up the most important insights of your research.

As a rule of thumb, your conclusion should not introduce new data, interpretations, or arguments.

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Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5–7% of your overall word count.

An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for future research. A humanities topic or systematic review , on the other hand, might require more space to conclude its analysis, tying all the previous sections together in an overall argument.

Your conclusion should begin with the main question that your thesis or dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.

• Don’t repeat a list of all the results that you already discussed
• Do synthesise them into a final takeaway that the reader will remember.

An empirical thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

A case study –based thesis or dissertation conclusion may begin like this:

In the second example, the research aim is not directly restated, but rather added implicitly to the statement. To avoid repeating yourself, it is helpful to reformulate your aims and questions into an overall statement of what you did and how you did it.

Your conclusion is an opportunity to remind your reader why you took the approach you did, what you expected to find, and how well the results matched your expectations.

To avoid repetition , consider writing more reflectively here, rather than just writing a summary of each preceding section. Consider mentioning the effectiveness of your methodology , or perhaps any new questions or unexpected insights that arose in the process.

You can also mention any limitations of your research, but only if you haven’t already included these in the discussion. Don’t dwell on them at length, though – focus on the positives of your work.

• While x limits the generalisability of the results, this approach provides new insight into y .
• This research clearly illustrates x , but it also raises the question of y .

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You may already have made a few recommendations for future research in your discussion section, but the conclusion is a good place to elaborate and look ahead, considering the implications of your findings in both theoretical and practical terms.

• Based on these conclusions, practitioners should consider …
• To better understand the implications of these results, future studies could address …
• Further research is needed to determine the causes of/effects of/relationship between …

When making recommendations for further research, be sure not to undermine your own work. Relatedly, while future studies might confirm, build on, or enrich your conclusions, they shouldn’t be required for your argument to feel complete. Your work should stand alone on its own merits.

Just as you should avoid too much self-criticism, you should also avoid exaggerating the applicability of your research. If you’re making recommendations for policy, business, or other practical implementations, it’s generally best to frame them as ‘shoulds’ rather than ‘musts’. All in all, the purpose of academic research is to inform, explain, and explore – not to demand.

Make sure your reader is left with a strong impression of what your research has contributed to the state of your field.

Some strategies to achieve this include:

• Returning to your problem statement to explain how your research helps solve the problem
• Referring back to the literature review and showing how you have addressed a gap in knowledge
• Discussing how your findings confirm or challenge an existing theory or assumption

Again, avoid simply repeating what you’ve already covered in the discussion in your conclusion. Instead, pick out the most important points and sum them up succinctly, situating your project in a broader context.

The end is near! Once you’ve finished writing your conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your thesis or dissertation with a few final steps:

• It’s a good idea to write your abstract next, while the research is still fresh in your mind.
• Next, make sure your reference list is complete and correctly formatted. To speed up the process, you can use our free APA citation generator .
• Once you’ve added any appendices , you can create a table of contents and title page .
• Finally, read through the whole document again to make sure your thesis is clearly written and free from language errors. You can proofread it yourself , ask a friend, or consider Scribbr’s proofreading and editing service .

Here is an example of how you can write your conclusion section. Notice how it includes everything mentioned above:

V. Conclusion

The current research aimed to identify acoustic speech characteristics which mark the beginning of an exacerbation in COPD patients.

The central questions for this research were as follows: 1. Which acoustic measures extracted from read speech differ between COPD speakers in stable condition and healthy speakers? 2. In what ways does the speech of COPD patients during an exacerbation differ from speech of COPD patients during stable periods?

All recordings were aligned using a script. Subsequently, they were manually annotated to indicate respiratory actions such as inhaling and exhaling. The recordings of 9 stable COPD patients reading aloud were then compared with the recordings of 5 healthy control subjects reading aloud. The results showed a significant effect of condition on the number of in- and exhalations per syllable, the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable, and the ratio of voiced and silence intervals. The number of in- and exhalations per syllable and the number of non-linguistic in- and exhalations per syllable were higher for COPD patients than for healthy controls, which confirmed both hypotheses.

However, the higher ratio of voiced and silence intervals for COPD patients compared to healthy controls was not in line with the hypotheses. This unpredicted result might have been caused by the different reading materials or recording procedures for both groups, or by a difference in reading skills. Moreover, there was a trend regarding the effect of condition on the number of syllables per breath group. The number of syllables per breath group was higher for healthy controls than for COPD patients, which was in line with the hypothesis. There was no effect of condition on pitch, intensity, center of gravity, pitch variability, speaking rate, or articulation rate.

This research has shown that the speech of COPD patients in exacerbation differs from the speech of COPD patients in stable condition. This might have potential for the detection of exacerbations. However, sustained vowels rarely occur in spontaneous speech. Therefore, the last two outcome measures might have greater potential for the detection of beginning exacerbations, but further research on the different outcome measures and their potential for the detection of exacerbations is needed due to the limitations of the current study.

Checklist: Conclusion

I have clearly and concisely answered the main research question .

I have summarized my overall argument or key takeaways.

I have mentioned any important limitations of the research.

I have given relevant recommendations .

I have clearly explained what my research has contributed to my field.

I have  not introduced any new data or arguments.

You've written a great conclusion! Use the other checklists to further improve your dissertation.

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

George, T. & McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion | Checklist and Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 24 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/conclusion/

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Writing a Dissertation: Conclusion and Other Sections

Once you have completed the main body of your dissertation or thesis, you then need to worry about drawing your conclusions, and the additional pages, such as whether to include a table of contents.

Your university may have guidelines but, otherwise, you will have to use your own judgement.

This page gives some advice about what is often included and why.

Writing your Conclusion

You may have been permitted, and have chosen, to include your conclusions in the discussion section, see our page on Results and Discussion for some ideas about why you might choose to do this.

However, it is normal practice to include a short section at the end of your dissertation that draws out your conclusions.

This section will need to have several elements, including:

A brief summary , just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what you expected to see (essential);

The conclusions which you have drawn from your research (essential);

Why your research is important for researchers and practitioners (essential);

Recommendations for future research (strongly recommended, verging on essential);

Recommendations for practitioners (strongly recommended in management and business courses and some other areas, so check with your supervisor whether this will be expected); and

A final paragraph rounding off your dissertation or thesis.

Your conclusion does not need to be very long; no more than five pages is usually sufficient, although detailed recommendations for practice may require more space.

Other Elements for Inclusion

Your university will almost certainly have formal guidelines on the format for the title page, which may need to be submitted separately for blind marking purposes.

As a general rule, the title page should contain the title of the thesis or dissertation, your name, your course, your supervisor and the date of submission or completion.

This is a one page summary of your dissertation or thesis, effectively an executive summary .

Not every university requires a formal abstract, especially for undergraduate or master's theses, so check carefully. If one is required, it may be either structured or unstructured.

A structured abstract has subheadings, which should follow the same format as your dissertation itself (usually Literature, Methods, Results and Discussion). There will probably also be a word limit for the abstract.

If an abstract is required, it may be published separately from your thesis, as a way of indexing it. It will therefore be assessed both as a part of your thesis, and as a stand-alone document that will tell other researchers whether your dissertation will be useful in their studies. It is generally best to write the abstract last, when you are sure of the thread of your argument, and the most important areas to highlight.

Table of Contents

You should include a table of contents, which should include all headings and subheadings.

It is probably best to use the standard software tools to create and update this automatically, as it leads to fewer problems later on. If you’re not sure how to do this, use the Help function in the software, or Google it.

The time spent learning how to do it accurately will be more than saved later on when you don’t have to update it manually.

Table of Figures

You only really need to include this if you have a lot of figures. As with your table of contents, it’s best to use the tools available in the software to create this, so that it will update automatically even if you move a table or figure later.

Acknowledgements

This section is used to ensure that you do not inadvertently fall foul of any ‘taking help’ guidance.

Use it to thank:

Anyone who provided you with information, or who gave you their time as part of your research, for example, interviewees, or those who returned questionnaires;

Any person or body who has provided you with funding or financial support that has enabled you to carry out your research;

Anyone who has helped you with the writing, including anyone who has read and commented on a draft such as your supervisor, a proof-reader or a language editor, whether paid or unpaid;

Anyone to whom you are particularly grateful, like your spouse or family for tolerating your absence from family occasions for years during your studies.

You should not use appendices as a general ‘dumping ground’ for stuff you found interesting, but couldn’t manage to shoehorn in anywhere else, or which you wanted to include but couldn’t within the word count.

Appendices should be used for relevant information only, such as copies of your questionnaires or interview outlines, letters asking people to participate or additional proofs.

You can be reasonably confident that nobody will read them in any detail, so don’t bother to use an appendix to explain why your argument is correct. Anything that you want to be read should be included in the main body of your text.

Finishing Off...

Check, check and check again.

Every university’s requirements are slightly different in terms of format, what sections need to be included and so on.

Make sure that you check what you have done against your university’s guidelines and that it conforms exactly .

If in doubt, check with the administrative staff dealing with submissions or with your supervisor. You really do not want to be penalised for an error of formatting.

Make sure that you put your dissertation together in a single document, and read it over as a whole before submitting it.

It is also a good idea to get somebody else to proofread your work to check for any mistakes that you may have missed.

Collating your dissertation may introduce errors of formatting or style, or you may notice duplication between chapters that you had previously missed.

Allow sufficient time for collating and final checks, and also for any formal binding required by the university, to avoid any last minute panics.

Continue to: Assignment Finishing Touches Reflecting on Marked Work

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How to Write a Dissertation or Thesis Conclusion: Guide & Examples

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A dissertation conclusion serves as the final chapter and is often the last thing the reader will see. It should provide a concise summary of the research project, including the research questions or hypotheses, the methods used to conduct the research, and the key findings and conclusions. The conclusion section should also discuss the implications of the research, including its significance for the field and any practical applications of the findings.

Are you a PhD, doctorate, or bachelor student looking forward to writing your dissertation/thesis conclusion and don't know where to start? Stop worrying — help is here. Continue reading this blog post to gain an idea on how to write a conclusion for a thesis or dissertation. In this article, we will discuss what a dissertation conclusion is, its length, and what it should include. Our dissertation services  also provided examples, and explained some typical mistakes you have to avoid.

What Is a Dissertation Conclusion?

So, what is a thesis conclusion? It is a concluding chapter in a dissertation or thesis paper. It is the last section of an academic work, carefully written to summarize the information discussed in a document and offer readers insight into what the research has achieved. Your dissertation or thesis conclusion should be well-drafted as it is a reference point that people will remember most. The purpose of dissertation conclusion is to give those reading a sense of closure and reiterate any critical issues discussed. Each conclusion for dissertation should be concise, clear, and definitive. Also, its aim is to offer recommendations for further investigation as well as give readers an understanding of the dissertation discussion chapter .

Thesis or Dissertation Conclusion Length

The conclusion of a thesis or a dissertation is a long chapter — not one single sentence but a whole page or more. Generally, it should be 5–7% of the overall word count. The length of a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter depends on several factors, such as your academic field, research topic , and stated number of pages. However, it can vary depending on other circumstances. Indeed, you should always refer to each set of your university guidelines for writing conclusions. It's important to note that this section ought not to introduce any new information and be a summary of the research findings. Also, every dissertation conclusion must not be too long as it can distract from other aspects of your thesis. Make sure that you provide a balanced summary and avoid repeating yourself. Lastly, it has to be long enough to discuss its implications for future studies.

What to Include in the Conclusion of a Dissertation or Thesis?

Writing a thesis conclusion can be challenging, but every student needs to understand how to create it, as this is one of the most critical parts of your Ph.D. work. Below is the list of things every dissertation conclusion structure should include:

• Summary of the major findings of your research Summarize the main points discussed in your work.
• Implications of your research Discuss your study's implications for future research and academic fields. Doing this here is essential to indicate an author's transparency and willingness to accept the flaws of their report.
• Recommendations for further study Provide suggestions for the next investigation if needed.
• Reviewing any limitations and weaknesses of the research process and findings It is an integral part of dissertation conclusions as it allows authors to reflect on the process.
• Evaluation or analysis of your findings Analyze your research findings and provide an assessment.
• Conclusion statement Provide a specific conclusion that summarizes your thesis or dissertation.

Hopefully, these tips on writing a conclusion chapter for your thesis or dissertation will help you finish your work confidently. All these components should be present when writing a conclusion for thesis or dissertation. Additionally, ensure that you do not repeat yourself. Lastly, keep your length appropriate and based on your university guidelines.

How to Write a Dissertation Conclusion Chapter?

When writing this chapter, you should ensure its content is clear and concise. Equipping yourself with some knowledge of how to write a conclusion for a dissertation or thesis is imperative, as it will help you keep your piece organized, logical, and interesting. This chapter is the last part of your work that your professors or readers will read, and it should make a lasting impression on them. Below is a step-by-step instruction on how to write a dissertation conclusion section.

1. Restate Your Research Question and Answer It

While writing a dissertation conclusion, your first step is to restate the research question offered in your dissertation introduction and reveal the answer. It is essential to do this in your conclusion in thesis or dissertation because it helps readers be aware of every primary point you were trying to achieve in writing. In addition, restating available research questions in your conclusion in a dissertation or thesis will also make people understand the significance of your inquiry. In other words, it should remind people of the original purpose of writing. Provide further insights into a topic when answering each research question. In addition, responses must be related to your dissertation results section and offer evidence for any conclusions you made in your study. When writing a dissertation conclusion chapter, you ought to be able to give a meaningful response to the study question that adds value to your work. Keeping replies short, concise, and clear will help you to avoid writing irrelevant content. Below is an example of how to start a dissertation conclusion:

In conclusion, this research has successfully answered the primary research question: how does gender discrimination impact job satisfaction in the workplace? The study determined that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction and can make employees feel demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. Furthermore, employers must create policies and initiatives promoting workplace inclusion and equality. It can help employees feel valued, respected, and satisfied.

2. Summarize Key Points

The next element in your conclusion section is summarizing the main points of your dissertation. In this section, students need to reflect on their study and mention critical findings and the methodology's effectiveness. Straightforwardly compose your summary and ensure you use your own words to write a conclusion in a dissertation. Avoid copying and pasting sentences from other parts of your work to evade plagiarism and repetition. In concluding a dissertation, each written summary should include findings, results, data, and additional relevant literature. The following is an example of how to summarize a dissertation:

The study aimed to research the effects of gender discrimination on job satisfaction in the workplace. A survey was conducted on 106 participants across different industries using qualitative and quantitative research methods, allowing data collection from employees. Findings revealed that gender discrimination has a direct impact and can lead to feeling demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. On the other hand, the research found that inclusivity and equality initiatives can help employees feel better about their job roles. Therefore, it is essential that organizations take adequate steps to create a more inclusive and equitable workstation.

3. Explain Why Your Study Is Valuable

After summarizing your key points, the next step to writing a dissertation conclusion is to explain why your research was valuable. Here you should provide readers with an additional perspective of the study to better understand the importance of your study. When it's time to write a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation, you must explain what makes it worthwhile to any academic or scientific community. It can include topics such as answering a critical research question, using unique methods to explore an issue, or discovering something new about an existing topic. You should note that you have to provide further recommendations to help improve the research. Composing a dissertation conclusion shows how your work has impacted the field of study, either in progress or resolving an existing problem. It is essential to demonstrate how your study contributes to future studies and influences society or policymaking. Doing this is crucial in your dissertation conclusion chapter as it shows readers the importance of research in that field and validates what you have achieved throughout your investigation. Also, explaining some study implications to society will help people understand why this topic is valuable and relevant. Below you can find an example of how to write contributions in a dissertation conclusion:

The research discussed in this work demonstrates that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction in the workplace. The results of this study have several implications for society, most notably for employers, to create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion. In addition, it's valuable to organizations to help them make more equitable and inclusive offices, to academics to inform their research on diversity and inclusivity, and to policymakers to develop initiatives to reduce gender discrimination in places of work. The research provides valuable insight to inform future studies on this topic and serves to highlight the need to create policies to protect employees from gender discrimination better.

If you experience difficulties with any section of your PhD work, don’t hesitate to ask our professional academic writers for thesis help. 

4. Mention the Limitations of Your Study

When writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, mentioning your study's limitations is imperative. It includes discussing any issues you encountered in collecting data, constraints that limited your research, and specific parameters. Citing these shortcomings can help provide insight into why certain elements may not be included in your work and explain any discrepancies your readers might have noticed and, hence, missing in your conclusion chapter. Additionally, writing about any drawbacks can deliver an opportunity to offer further suggestions for future studies and make recommendations on how best to address these uncovered issues. In concluding a dissertation, constraints should not be seen as unfavorable but rather as an additional chance to deliver more understanding of your investigation. Limitations in a thesis conclusion example can look as follows:

The study is subject to some limitations, such as small sample size and limited scope of data collection. Moreover, due to time constraints, this research did not address some potential implications of gender discrimination in other areas, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Future studies could further explore these topics in more depth to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their effects on job satisfaction.

When writing about identified limitations of the research, you demonstrate to readers that you considered critical shortcomings and that you are aware of available potential issues. That will provide insight into addressing these limitations and help display your researching and writing credibility.

5. Offer Recommendations Based on Implications

Including recommendations is an integral part of writing every conclusion of a dissertation. In this section, you can provide insight into how to address any issues you have uncovered in your study and make suggestions for future research. When including recommendations, you should first give an overview of the implications of your research and then link it to how you may deal with them. A bachelor conclusion ought to consist of advice for students to guide their future writing. Offer insights for further investigation based on data results and analysis of literature review . Below is an example of how to write dissertation conclusion recommendations:

The research discussed in this study provides several implications for employers, academics, and policymakers. For employers, the results of this study suggest that they should create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion and diversity. Academics can use these findings to inform their research on gender discrimination in the workplace, and policymakers can develop initiatives to reduce it. Furthermore, future studies should explore other potential implications of gender discrimination in the workplace, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Doing so would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue and potential solutions.

6. Conclude Your Dissertation with a Summary

The end of conclusion final chapter will close with a summary of the study. Wrapping up your dissertation or thesis conclusions is an excellent way to leave long-lasting impressions on your readers and ensure they remember all critical points of your research. You should summarize key points from previous sections and how they contribute to your overall context. When writing the conclusion chapter of a dissertation, the summary should be brief but comprehensive. Moreover, these findings can offer an innovative perspective on how to conclude a thesis or a dissertation. It provides comprehensive insights into outcomes and their relevance in today's world. Here is how to wrap up a conclusion of a dissertation example:

Overall, the findings from this research suggest that gender discrimination in the workplace has adverse effects on job satisfaction. Such discrimination often takes the form of unequal pay, career development opportunities, and access to promotions. Employers should take action to create policies that promote workplace inclusion and diversity to address this problem. Additionally, academics and policymakers should further explore the implications of gender discrimination in the workplace and develop initiatives to reduce it. The research provides a valuable starting point for understanding this complex issue and offers insight into potential solutions.

Thesis & Dissertation Conclusion Examples

Before writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, you are encouraged to check at least two examples. These instances can provide insights on effectively linking your key findings with possible implications for future studies. In addition, you may use these examples as guides to writing your dissertation conclusions. Attached below is a thesis conclusion example sample.

Thesis paper conclusion example

Dissertation conclusion example

Mistakes to Avoid When Writing Dissertation Conclusions

Mistakes are inevitable when writing conclusions in a dissertation, but you can avoid them through careful proofreading and editing. Including new information or data in your dissertation or thesis conclusion chapter is one such mistake. The chapter should only incorporate information or data already mentioned and discussed in other preceding body paragraphs. How not to write a dissertation conclusion can be seen in complex language, lengthy sentences, and confusing grammar. In addition, one should evade making unsubstantiated claims or generalizations not supported by research findings. Shun writing phrases or any argument considered jargon. Lastly, ensuring that the conclusion chapter in a dissertation answers the research question and that you have provided sufficient evidence to support your conclusions is essential. Therefore, we simply recommend that you review and proofread it before submission. Following these tips mentioned above and examples of dissertation or thesis conclusions should help you write effectively.

Dissertation/ Thesis Dissertation Conclusion Writing Checklist

Writing a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation can be daunting because there is a lot of pressure to ensure you wrap up all the key points and tie together any loose ends. Checklists are helpful guides. The reason is that they provide practical tips on how to write dissertation conclusions by breaking each writing process down into manageable steps. Below is a checklist of important things you should keep in mind and follow when writing any conclusion:

• checkbox There is a summary of the research objectives and findings.
• checkbox I have covered research implications for a broader field.
• checkbox I have offered study limitations and how to address them in future exploration.
• checkbox I have provided recommendations for further research and applications of the findings.
• checkbox I have made a summary of all main points from the discussion section.
• checkbox I have explained why I chose that particular field for examination.
• checkbox My main conclusions are stated.
• checkbox I have proofread and edited my work after completion.

Final Thoughts on Dissertation Conclusion

The article discussed how to write the conclusion of a dissertation or thesis writing. It has outlined some critical steps and provided a checklist that you can use as a practical guide. Reasonable inferences require clear objectives, knowing the appropriate structure, addressing any limitations within your work, summarizing key points, providing recommendations for further research, and citing sources appropriately. Also, we offered some samples of how to write a thesis conclusion example. Following these steps will ensure that you conclude your dissertation or thesis writing successfully. Finally, proofread and edit your writing to provide high-quality outcome. All these tips will help you in writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter that is effective and comprehensive.

Keep in mind that our expert writers are always here to support you! They can assist in preparing any section of your study. While we are assisting you with writing, you are relaxing your mind or focusing on other important tasks!

FAQ About How to Write a Conclusion to a Thesis or Dissertation

1. how to write a good thesis conclusion.

When writing every thesis conclusion, it's essential to focus on summarizing the key points, providing implications to that broader field, addressing any limitations, and making recommendations for further study. Additionally, it should be concise, clear, logical, and coherent. Finally, it's crucial to proofread and edit it to ensure its high quality.

2. How to start a dissertation conclusion?

Beginning each dissertation's concluding chapter is best done by restating the research question, as it provides the link between your introduction, research objectives, and conclusion. That allows an individual to transition smoothly into summarizing all main points from the discussion. For you to start a dissertation conclusion chapter effectively, it is essential to understand the purpose of writing it in the first place.

4. What is the difference between discussion and conclusion?

The difference between a discussion and a conclusion is in the depth of exploration. A discussion is a detailed assessment of the results, while a conclusion is shorter and more general. The discussion section will usually include a detailed analysis of the data collected, while the conclusion section will often provide an overview of the key points and implications. Additionally, this part will offer recommendations for further research.

3. Can I add new data in a conclusion of the dissertation?

No, including new data in the conclusion of a dissertation is not advisable. This section should summarize the research objectives, findings, and implications. Adding new data would not be appropriate as it may create confusion or inconsistency throughout your research. Conversely, it is prudent to summarize every content your work addresses.

5. How to end a thesis or a dissertation?

The end of a dissertation or a thesis should be memorable and end on a high note. One way to accomplish this is by including something unforgettable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. It will give every reader something to think about and engage in further discussion. 

Joe Eckel is an expert on Dissertations writing. He makes sure that each student gets precious insights on composing A-grade academic writing.

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What’s Included: Conclusion Template

This template covers all the core components required in the conclusion chapter of a typical dissertation, thesis or research project:

• The opening/overview section
• Summary of key findings
• Limitations
• Recommendations for future research
• Contribution
• Concluding summary

The purpose of each section is explained in plain language, followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover. The template also includes practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required, along with links to additional free resources (articles, videos, etc.) to help you along your research journey.

The cleanly formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

PS – if you’d like a high-level template for the entire thesis, you can we’ve got that too .

Dissertation & Thesis Conclusion FAQ

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The conclusion chapter template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require a lengthier, more comprehensive conclusion, but the structure will typically remain the same. Again, be sure to check your university’s requirements and norms in terms of document structure.

What types of dissertations/theses can this be used for?

The conclusion chapter template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the majority of dissertations, theses and research projects (especially those within the sciences).

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the conclusion chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. For example, your university may require that the discussion chapter and conclusion chapter are merged into one (this is common for shorter projects). So, be sure to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalize your structure.

How long should the conclusion chapter be?

This can vary a fair deal, depending on the level of study (undergrad, Master or Doctoral), the field of research, as well as your university’s specific requirements. Therefore, it’s best to check with your university or review past dissertations from your program to get an accurate estimate.

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, please reference this page as your source.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

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Conclusions in Honours Theses

So, you’ve done most of the hard work, and now it's time to write the conclusion. You will probably have a few questions, along the lines of:

• What should (and should not) be in the conclusion?
• How long should it be?

What am I trying to say in my conclusion?

What should be in the conclusion.

• Conclusions: concise statements about your main findings, related to your aims/objectives/hypothesis.
• Contributions to your field of research , stating/restating the significance of what you have discovered. Can include limitations.
• Future research: where to go from here (can include where NOT to go, if your research demonstrated that a particular approach or avenue was not useful).

What should NOT be in the conclusion?

• Discussion. This should be in the Discussion section. If your thesis combines the two, use sub-headings to distinguish between them.
• Any points that have not been mentioned in the Discussion section: your conclusions should be based only on points already raised.
• References: it is quite unusual to include references in this section, as it is mainly a review of what has already been said.
• Unnecessary information: your conclusion should be concise.

How long should my conclusion be?

The length of your conclusion will depend on a number of variables, including the School in which you are studying and the number of elements you are expected to include.

Some Schools ask for Conclusions to be combined with Discussion, while others will expect you to combine Conclusions with Future Directions. Check with your supervisor and with highly regarded past theses.

For a brief overview of the length and type of information in an Honours thesis Conclusion see examples of conclusions .

What you are trying to say is:

• What did I learn?
• What am I proudest of?
• What was the hardest part?
• How did I solve the difficulty?

Or, in other words:

• To what extent you achieved your aims/objectives OR not: if not, why not?
• How important and significant your results are, as well as any limitations of your research (e.g. small sample size; other variables)
• Where the research should go from here: what are some interesting further areas to be explored based on what you have discovered or proven?

 Exercise: What goes where in a conclusion?

Engineering & science.

• Report writing
• Technical writing
• Writing lab reports
• Introductions
• Literature review
• Writing up results
• Discussions
• Example Conclusions
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Writing a Conclusion

Writing a conclusion is an important part of any piece of writing. It is often possible to get a good overview of an assignment by looking briefly at the conclusion. However, writing a conclusion can be quite difficult. This is because it can often be hard to find something interesting or useful to say in the conclusion. Conclusions should be attractive and interesting but often they are rather dull and "formula written".

Although formulae for writing conclusions are tempting to use, it is always best to avoid set phrases such as "Therefore, let us conclude that..." which are clichés, and do not help to end your work in the best light.

Helpful information, advice and materials for writing conclusions

1. What are the typical ingredients in a conclusion?  

2. What are the differences between writing conclusions to essays and to dissertations/theses?

3. See a sample conclusion

4. Try a practice activity

5. Check out further advice on writing conclusions

6. Download a checklist to help you edit your written work

What are the typical 'ingredients' of a conclusion?  

Trzeciak and Mackay (1994) ( Study skills for academic writing. New York: Prentice Hall ) observe a number of useful "ingredients" that form part of a conclusion. Again (as with introductions) it will not always be necessary or desirable to include all the elements they mention. However, you will probably want to use some of these in some combination, in order to conclude your work.

• A summary of the main part of the text
• A deduction made on the basis of the main body
• Your personal opinion on what has been discussed
• A statement about the limitations of the work
• A comment about the future based on what has been discussed
• The implications of the work for future research
• Important facts and figures not mentioned in the main body

Pallant (2009) sees five basic ingredients of a conclusion as follows, though these will not always be used in the same conclusion:

• A summary of the main points (being careful not to repeat exactly what you have written before)
• Concluding statements  
• Recommendations
• Predictions

These recommendations probably apply more to discussion essays than they do to other kinds of assessed writing at university. For example, if you are writing a business plan or discussing a law scenario, or answering an examination question, you may not need the above elements, unless the question specifically asks you for them or unless it is known that it is expected of you in the discipline you are working in.

However, you will generally need a final section to indicate that you are 'rounding off' the discusion. Always be very careful to check what the conventions are in the discipline you are working in, and ideally, it is best to look at examples of past students' work so that you can see what you are aiming for.

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What are the differences between writing conclusions to essays and to dissertations/theses?  

When writing longer pieces of work, it is still very important to observe some of the principles above. For instance, you will still want to ensure that your conclusion really does conclude , and does not just go off at a tangent to discuss something that is unrelated to the thesis. Some people believe (mistakenly) that a conclusion is the place for you to relax and 'say whatever you want'. This is incorrect. If you do this, you will be likely to be marked down.

There are also likely to be some key differences in your approach when writing conclusions. Certainly, conclusions will be even more important in a dissertation or thesis, purely because of the length of the piece. Among the differences you will notice are the following:

• As well as having an overall conclusion to your dissertation or thesis, each chapter should also have a conclusion (as well as an introduction). The reason for this is that in a longer piece of writing, it becomes more important to remind the reader of what you have done and why you have done it, before you move onto the next stage.
• The conclusion of a dissertation or thesis is not an opportunity to engage in a personal 'rant'. You must draw out key aspects of the literature you have studied, along with your recommendations , and say how they are justified or contradicted by your research.
• It is a good idea in a chapter conclusion to remind the reader what happened in the chapter (e.g. In this chapter, the literature relating to the teaching of vocabulary was considered.). After this, you need to build a bridge linking this chapter with the next one. (e.g. This will be further discussed in the next chapter.)
• In a dissertation or thesis, there is likely to be a longer section on the limitations of your research . Important though this is, however, you also need to be sure to sell your research in the conclusion - so it is best not to be too negative or over-modest about your achievements at this point. The key to many dissertations and theses is the need to emphasise the contribution that it makes to research.
• In a dissertation or thesis, it is more likely that you will have a section on the need for future research . In an MA or MSc dissertation you may like to suggest something that could be developed from your work as a PhD thesis. In a PhD thesis you may like to indicate some potential for post-doctoral work.

Further advice on writing conclusions

When writing an assignment, be careful of the following points:

• The topic you are writing about may not always require a full conclusion (this is particularly the case if your work is heavily analytical or mathematical, or not very discursive.) Remember not all assignments require discussion. Check what the expectations are in your own department. Ask your tutor if you are not sure.
• Even if you do not need a full conclusion, remember that any assignment nearly always needs to be rounded off in some way and brought to an end. Consider this: will the reader know that you have finished your work? (Or will they just think that you have run out of time - or energy)?
• Keep in mind the balance of your assignment. The conclusion should be clear and relatively brief.
• In discussion-type assignments, it is often a better idea to raise questions and problems in the conclusion than to provide over-simplified/ naive answers to the assignment title. Examiners will usually be very wary of essays, theses or dissertations that presume to solve all the world's problems in a simplistic and trivial way. Remember, life is never that simple. However, remember not to introduce any new material in the conclusion.
• There is no need to go over everything again that you have already mentioned; this would be unnecessarily boring and tedious.
• Make sure that the conclusion is based on what you have said before. It is often tempting to go off at a tangent and to say things that are completely unrelated to the topic. Be wary of this.
• It is permissible to give your opinion in the conclusion but try to do so subtly and try not to sound too pompous or authoritarian . Usually your viewpoint will be obvious from your discussion, so there is no need to conclude with statements such as: In conclusion, I think Hamlet is a great play. Allow your enthusiasm for the topic to show in how you discuss it. Make sure that you do not use the conclusion as an opportunity to engage in an over-generalised an unfocussed 'rant'.
• Be careful with tenses. In a conclusion, you will usually want to use the present perfect (e.g. The aim of this dissertation has been to....) followed by the simple past (Chapter 1 provided an overview of...).
• Be very careful about using the word "conclusion" anywhere other than the conclusion itself! This can mislead the reader. If you use the word conclusion several times in an essay, the reader will give up trying to work out where the conclusion really is.

Good Conclusion

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As writers, we strive to engage our readers and leave a lasting impact on them. One crucial element of achieving this is crafting a strong conclusion. A good conclusion serves as the final chance to drive home the main points, provide a sense of closure, and leave a lasting impression on the reader. In this article , we will delve into what constitutes a good conclusion , the step-by-step guide to writing one, and explore some examples to help you master this essential skill.

What is a Good Conclusion?

A good conclusion effectively wraps up an essay by summarizing the main points, restating the thesis in a new way, and providing a final thought or call to action. It should give the reader a sense of closure and leave a lasting impression. A good conclusion connects back to the introduction, uses concise language, and avoids introducing new information.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Essays

Writing a strong conclusion helps to effectively wrap up your essay and leaves a lasting impression on your reader. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of essays:

1. Persuasive Essay Conclusion

Topic: The Importance of Renewable Energy In conclusion, transitioning to renewable energy sources is not just an option but a necessity. The evidence is clear: fossil fuels are depleting, and their continued use poses a grave threat to our environment. By investing in renewable energy, we can ensure a sustainable future, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and create a cleaner, healthier planet for generations to come. The time to act is now; we owe it to ourselves and to future generations to embrace renewable energy and pave the way for a brighter, greener future.

2. Analytical Essay Conclusion

Topic: The Symbolism in “The Great Gatsby” In conclusion, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” is a profound exploration of the American Dream’s complexities and pitfalls. Through the use of symbolism, Fitzgerald highlights the illusion of wealth and the moral decay hidden behind the facade of opulence. The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg, and the Valley of Ashes all serve to underscore the novel’s central themes. Ultimately, “The Great Gatsby” serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of obsession and the hollow pursuit of material success.

3. Expository Essay Conclusion

Topic: The Impact of Social Media on Society In conclusion, social media has transformed the way we communicate, connect, and interact with the world around us. While it offers numerous benefits, such as instant communication and access to information, it also poses significant challenges, including privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation. By understanding both the positive and negative impacts of social media, we can better navigate its complexities and harness its potential for good. It is crucial for individuals and society to use social media responsibly and thoughtfully to maximize its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.

4. Narrative Essay Conclusion

Topic: A Life-Changing Experience In conclusion, the summer I spent volunteering at the local animal shelter changed my life in ways I never imagined. It taught me the value of compassion, the importance of community, and the profound impact of small acts of kindness. The relationships I formed with the animals and the people I met have left an indelible mark on my heart. This experience has not only shaped my perspective but has also inspired me to continue giving back to my community. Sometimes, it’s the unexpected moments that teach us the most valuable lessons.

5. Argumentative Essay Conclusion

Topic: The Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet offers numerous benefits for personal health, the environment, and animal welfare. The research is conclusive: a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, lower our carbon footprint, and prevent animal cruelty. While making the transition may require effort and adjustment, the rewards are well worth it. By choosing a plant-based diet, we take a powerful step towards a healthier, more sustainable, and compassionate world.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Informative Essay

A strong conclusion for an informative essay summarizes the key points, reinforces the importance of the topic, and leaves the reader with a final thought or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different informative essay topics:

1. Conclusion on the Importance of Recycling

In conclusion, recycling is a crucial practice that benefits both the environment and the economy. By reusing materials, we reduce the need for raw resources, decrease pollution, and conserve energy. The evidence clearly shows that communities with robust recycling programs experience significant environmental and financial gains. As individuals, we can contribute by being mindful of our waste and actively participating in recycling initiatives. Together, we can make a significant impact and move towards a more sustainable future.

2. Conclusion on the History of the Internet

In conclusion, the internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. From its early days as a military project to its current status as a global network, the internet’s development has been marked by rapid innovation and expansion. Understanding its history helps us appreciate the technological advancements and societal changes it has brought about. As we move forward, it is essential to continue fostering an open and accessible internet that can adapt to future challenges and opportunities.

3. Conclusion on the Benefits of Regular Exercise

In conclusion, regular exercise is vital for maintaining physical and mental health. It helps prevent chronic diseases, boosts mood, and improves overall quality of life. Incorporating physical activity into our daily routine can lead to long-term health benefits and a more active lifestyle. Whether it’s through sports, gym workouts, or simple activities like walking, making exercise a priority is a step towards a healthier and happier life. Let’s commit to staying active and reaping the numerous benefits of regular exercise.

4. Conclusion on the Effects of Global Warming

In conclusion, global warming is an urgent issue that requires immediate attention and action. The rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events are clear indicators of its impact. Addressing global warming involves both individual efforts and collective action on a global scale. By reducing our carbon footprint, supporting renewable energy sources, and advocating for environmental policies, we can mitigate the effects of global warming and protect our planet for future generations. The time to act is now.

5. Conclusion on the Role of Technology in Education

In conclusion, technology has transformed education by enhancing learning experiences, providing access to vast resources, and enabling personalized instruction. The integration of digital tools in the classroom has made education more interactive and engaging for students. However, it is essential to address challenges such as digital divide and ensure that all students have access to technology. By leveraging the power of technology responsibly, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational environment that prepares students for the future.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Argumentative Essay

A strong conclusion for an argumentative essay should restate the thesis, summarize the main points, and leave the reader with a lasting impression or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different argumentative essay topics:

1. Conclusion on the Legalization of Marijuana

In conclusion, the legalization of marijuana presents numerous benefits, including medical advantages, economic growth, and the reduction of crime rates. By regulating marijuana like alcohol, we can ensure safe use while reaping substantial tax revenues. The evidence clearly supports that the benefits outweigh the risks, making a compelling case for nationwide legalization. It is time for lawmakers to listen to the growing body of research and public opinion, and to take action towards a more rational and just drug policy.

2. Conclusion on the Death Penalty

In conclusion, the death penalty is an inhumane and ineffective form of punishment that fails to deter crime more effectively than life imprisonment. The risk of executing innocent people and the high costs associated with capital punishment further highlight its flaws. Society should focus on restorative justice and rehabilitation rather than retribution. Abolishing the death penalty would be a significant step towards a more ethical and equitable justice system.

3. Conclusion on School Uniforms

In conclusion, mandatory school uniforms are a beneficial policy that promotes equality, reduces distractions, and fosters a sense of community within schools. By leveling the playing field, uniforms can help eliminate social pressure and bullying based on appearance. While some argue that uniforms suppress individuality, the advantages in creating a focused and respectful learning environment are substantial. Schools should adopt uniform policies to enhance the educational experience for all students.

4. Conclusion on Climate Change Action

In conclusion, urgent action on climate change is imperative to prevent catastrophic environmental, economic, and social consequences. The overwhelming scientific consensus confirms that human activities are driving global warming, necessitating immediate and sustained efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Investing in renewable energy, implementing strict environmental regulations, and promoting sustainable practices are crucial steps. It is the responsibility of individuals, businesses, and governments to act now to safeguard our planet for future generations.

5. Conclusion on Animal Testing

In conclusion, animal testing is an outdated and unethical practice that should be replaced with more humane and scientifically advanced alternatives. Modern methods such as in vitro testing and computer modeling provide more accurate and humane options for scientific research. The suffering inflicted on animals cannot be justified when viable alternatives exist. It is time for the scientific community and regulatory agencies to embrace these alternatives and put an end to animal testing.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Persuasive Essay

A strong conclusion for a persuasive essay should restate the thesis, summarize the main arguments, and leave the reader with a compelling final thought or call to action. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different persuasive essay topics:

In conclusion, recycling is not just an environmental responsibility but a necessary action for the sustainability of our planet. By reducing waste, conserving natural resources, and decreasing pollution, recycling plays a crucial role in protecting our environment. The evidence is overwhelming: communities that prioritize recycling see significant economic and environmental benefits. It’s time for all of us to commit to recycling and encourage others to do the same. Together, we can make a meaningful difference for future generations.

2. Conclusion on the Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet

In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet offers numerous health benefits, environmental advantages, and ethical improvements. Research shows that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, lower our carbon footprint, and prevent animal suffering. Making the switch to a plant-based diet may require some adjustment, but the positive impacts are well worth it. Let’s embrace this healthier, more sustainable way of living for ourselves and for the planet.

3. Conclusion on the Necessity of School Uniforms

In conclusion, implementing school uniforms is a beneficial policy that fosters equality, reduces distractions, and enhances school spirit. Uniforms help to eliminate socioeconomic disparities and create a focused learning environment. While some may argue that uniforms suppress individuality, the overall advantages they provide in promoting discipline and unity are undeniable. Schools should adopt uniform policies to create a more inclusive and productive educational experience for all students.

4. Conclusion on the Importance of Voting

In conclusion, voting is a fundamental right and a crucial duty of every citizen in a democracy. It is through voting that we can influence government policies, hold leaders accountable, and shape the future of our society. The power of a single vote can determine the outcome of elections and drive meaningful change. Therefore, it is essential for everyone to participate in the electoral process and make their voices heard. Let’s honor our democratic responsibilities and ensure a better future by voting in every election.

5. Conclusion on the Dangers of Smoking

In conclusion, smoking poses severe health risks and has detrimental effects on both individuals and society. The link between smoking and diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues is well-documented. Quitting smoking not only improves personal health but also reduces healthcare costs and increases productivity. It is imperative for smokers to seek help and for society to support anti-smoking initiatives. By working together, we can reduce the prevalence of smoking and create a healthier, smoke-free world.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Research Paper

A strong conclusion for a research paper should restate the main findings, summarize the significance of the research, and suggest possible implications or future research directions. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different research paper topics:

1. Conclusion on the Impact of Climate Change

In conclusion, this research underscores the profound impact of climate change on global ecosystems and human societies. The data reveals a consistent trend of rising temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and significant disruptions to natural habitats. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive climate policies and global cooperation to mitigate the effects of climate change. Future research should focus on developing adaptive strategies and exploring innovative technologies to address this pressing issue. Only through concerted efforts can we hope to safeguard our planet for future generations.

2. Conclusion on the Effects of Social Media on Mental Health

In conclusion, the study illustrates a complex relationship between social media use and mental health. While social media can foster connections and provide support, excessive use is linked to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting balanced and mindful use of social media. Future research should explore intervention strategies to mitigate the negative impacts and further investigate the long-term effects of social media on mental health. By understanding these dynamics, we can better support individuals in navigating the digital age.

3. Conclusion on Renewable Energy Adoption

In conclusion, this research highlights the significant benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of renewable energy sources. The transition to renewables offers substantial environmental advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased reliance on fossil fuels. However, economic and infrastructural barriers must be addressed to facilitate widespread adoption. Policymakers should prioritize investment in renewable energy infrastructure and create incentives to encourage both consumers and businesses to transition to cleaner energy options. Future research should focus on developing cost-effective technologies and strategies to overcome these barriers.

4. Conclusion on the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

In conclusion, the research demonstrates the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. AI technologies can enhance diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes. However, ethical considerations, data privacy concerns, and the need for rigorous validation of AI tools remain critical challenges. To fully realize the benefits of AI in healthcare, stakeholders must collaborate to address these issues and ensure that AI applications are both effective and equitable. Future research should explore the integration of AI with existing healthcare systems and its long-term impact on patient care.

5. Conclusion on the Economic Impact of E-commerce

In conclusion, the study reveals the profound economic impact of e-commerce on global markets. E-commerce has revolutionized retail by increasing accessibility, reducing costs, and driving innovation. The findings suggest that businesses must adapt to this digital shift by enhancing their online presence and leveraging data analytics to understand consumer behavior. Policymakers should support e-commerce growth through favorable regulations and infrastructure development. Future research should investigate the evolving trends in e-commerce and their implications for traditional retail models.

Examples of Good Conclusions for Speech

A strong conclusion for a speech should restate the main points, leave a lasting impression, and call the audience to action or reflection. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of speeches:

1. Conclusion for a Motivational Speech

In conclusion, each of us has the power to overcome obstacles and achieve our dreams. We’ve explored the importance of perseverance, the value of setting goals, and the impact of maintaining a positive mindset. Remember, challenges are opportunities in disguise, and your determination can turn dreams into reality. Let’s embrace our potential, support each other, and strive for greatness every day. Together, we can create a future filled with success and fulfillment. Now, go out there and make it happen!

2. Conclusion for an Informative Speech

In conclusion, renewable energy is not just an option but a necessity for a sustainable future. We have examined the benefits of solar, wind, and hydro power, and their potential to reduce our carbon footprint. By investing in renewable energy, we can combat climate change, create jobs, and ensure a cleaner environment for future generations. It’s crucial that we continue to educate ourselves and advocate for policies that support renewable energy development. Let’s take the first step today by committing to a more sustainable lifestyle.

3. Conclusion for a Persuasive Speech

In conclusion, adopting a plant-based diet is a powerful way to improve our health, protect the environment, and reduce animal suffering. We’ve discussed the numerous benefits, from lower risks of chronic diseases to a smaller ecological footprint. I urge you to consider the impact of your dietary choices and make a conscious effort to incorporate more plant-based meals into your diet. Small changes can lead to significant benefits for both you and the planet. Let’s work together to create a healthier, more compassionate world.

4. Conclusion for a Ceremonial Speech

In conclusion, as we celebrate this milestone, let’s take a moment to reflect on our journey and the hard work that brought us here. We’ve faced challenges, learned valuable lessons, and grown stronger together. As we move forward, let’s carry the spirit of determination and unity with us. Congratulations to each one of you on this remarkable achievement. May your future be filled with success, joy, and endless possibilities. Here’s to new beginnings and the exciting adventures that await!

5. Conclusion for an Inspirational Speech

In conclusion, the power of kindness and compassion cannot be overstated. Through our actions, we have the ability to make a positive difference in the lives of others and create a ripple effect of goodwill. We’ve shared stories of remarkable individuals who have transformed their communities through simple acts of kindness. Let these stories inspire you to spread kindness in your daily life. Remember, a small gesture can have a profound impact. Let’s commit to making the world a better place, one act of kindness at a time.

Examples of Good Conclusion for Project

A strong conclusion for a project should summarize the key findings, emphasize the significance of the work, and suggest possible future directions or applications. Here are a few examples of good conclusions for different types of projects:

1. Conclusion for a Science Project

In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrated the effect of different fertilizers on plant growth. The data showed that organic fertilizers, such as compost, resulted in healthier and faster-growing plants compared to chemical fertilizers. These findings suggest that organic fertilizers are a more sustainable and eco-friendly option for promoting plant growth. Future research could explore the long-term effects of these fertilizers on soil health and productivity. This project highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural practices for a healthier environment.

2. Conclusion for a Business Project

In conclusion, our market analysis project has provided valuable insights into consumer behavior and preferences within the tech industry. The research indicates a growing demand for innovative and user-friendly products, with a particular emphasis on sustainability. By leveraging these insights, our company can tailor its product development and marketing strategies to meet the evolving needs of our target audience. Moving forward, it will be crucial to continuously monitor market trends and adapt our approaches accordingly to maintain a competitive edge.

3. Conclusion for an Environmental Project

In conclusion, this project has underscored the critical importance of wetland conservation. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity, regulating water cycles, and providing habitat for numerous species. Our findings highlight the significant impact of human activities on wetland degradation and the urgent need for protective measures. Implementing conservation strategies, such as creating protected areas and restoring degraded wetlands, will be essential for preserving these ecosystems. Future efforts should focus on raising public awareness and fostering collaboration between stakeholders to ensure the long-term sustainability of wetlands.

4. Conclusion for a Technology Project

In conclusion, the development of our mobile application has successfully addressed the need for a user-friendly platform to manage personal finances. The app’s features, including budgeting tools, expense tracking, and financial planning resources, have received positive feedback from test users. This project demonstrates the potential of technology to simplify financial management and empower individuals to make informed decisions. Future enhancements could include integrating AI for personalized financial advice and expanding the app’s accessibility features. The success of this project highlights the importance of continuous innovation in the tech industry.

5. Conclusion for a Community Service Project

In conclusion, our community service project has made a meaningful impact on the local homeless population by providing essential resources and support. Through collaboration with local shelters and volunteers, we distributed food, clothing, and hygiene kits, while also offering job placement assistance and mental health services. The positive feedback from recipients and the increased awareness within the community underscore the project’s success. To sustain these efforts, it will be important to secure ongoing funding and engage more community members in volunteer activities. This project has demonstrated the power of collective action in addressing social issues and improving lives.

More Good Conclusion Templates & Samples in PDF

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Characteristics of a Good Conclusion

A good conclusion is crucial in writing as it provides closure to the reader while reinforcing the main points of the text. Here are the key characteristics that define an effective conclusion:

1. Restates the Thesis

A strong conclusion should restate the thesis statement in a fresh way, reinforcing the main argument without simply repeating it verbatim.

2. Summarizes Key Points

The conclusion should summarize the key points discussed in the body of the text. This helps the reader recall the main arguments and understand how they support the thesis.

3. Provides Closure

A good conclusion provides a sense of closure, leaving the reader with a clear understanding that the discussion has come to an end. It ties up loose ends and resolves any remaining questions or issues.

4. Reflects on the Significance

It should reflect on the significance of the topic, explaining why it matters. This could involve discussing the broader implications, the importance of the findings, or future directions for research or action.

5. Encourages Further Thought

An effective conclusion can encourage the reader to continue thinking about the topic. This could be through posing a question, suggesting further reading, or highlighting the relevance of the discussion to the reader’s own life or the wider world.

6. Avoids Introducing New Information

Introducing new information in the conclusion can confuse the reader. A good conclusion focuses on summarizing and reflecting on what has already been discussed rather than presenting new ideas.

7. Uses a Strong Closing Sentence

The last sentence of the conclusion should be strong and memorable. This could be a call to action, a poignant quote, or a thought-provoking statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

8. Matches the Tone of the Essay

The conclusion should match the tone of the rest of the essay. Whether the tone is formal, informal, serious, or humorous, the conclusion should be consistent with the overall style of the text.

How to Write a Good Conclusion

Writing a good conclusion is essential for wrapping up your essay or paper effectively. A strong conclusion not only summarizes the main points but also leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Here are the steps to write a good conclusion:

1. Restate the Thesis

Begin by restating your thesis statement in a new way. This reminds the reader of your main argument without repeating it word for word.

2. Summarize Main Points

Briefly summarize the key points you made in the body of your essay. This helps reinforce your argument and reminds the reader of the evidence you presented.

3. Connect to the Introduction

Link your conclusion to the introduction by revisiting a theme, anecdote, or idea you introduced at the beginning. This creates a sense of closure and completeness.

4. Provide a Final Insight

Offer a final thought or insight related to your topic. This could be a call to action, a prediction, or a reflection on the broader implications of your argument.

5. Avoid Introducing New Information

Ensure that you do not introduce any new arguments, evidence, or points in the conclusion. The conclusion is for wrapping up your existing points, not for presenting new ones.

6. Use a Strong Final Sentence

End with a powerful, memorable sentence. This could be a thought-provoking quote, a call to action, or a rhetorical question that leaves the reader thinking about your topic.

How should I start a conclusion?

Begin by restating your thesis in a new way to remind the reader of your main argument without repeating it verbatim.

Can I introduce new information in the conclusion?

No, avoid introducing new arguments or evidence. The conclusion is for wrapping up your existing points.

What is the purpose of a conclusion?

The purpose is to summarize the main points, reinforce the thesis, and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

How can I make my conclusion impactful?

Use a strong final sentence, such as a thought-provoking quote, a call to action, or a rhetorical question.

How long should a conclusion be?

A conclusion should be concise, typically around 5-7 sentences, summarizing key points without being overly detailed.

Should I restate all my main points in the conclusion?

Briefly summarize the key points, focusing on the most important ones that support your thesis.

Is it necessary to connect the conclusion to the introduction?

Yes, linking the conclusion to the introduction creates a sense of closure and completeness, reinforcing your main themes.

Can I include a call to action in my conclusion?

Yes, a call to action can be effective, especially in persuasive essays, to encourage the reader to take specific steps.

What tone should I use in my conclusion?

Maintain a confident and clear tone, reinforcing your arguments and leaving a strong final impression on the reader.

How can I avoid a weak conclusion?

Avoid simply summarizing without adding any insight. Reinforce the significance of your argument and leave the reader with something to ponder.

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Your dissertation or final project: 8 tips to keep you on track

At this stage, only you will know exactly what still needs to be done and how you want to approach the weeks leading up to submission. In your push to the finish line it can be easy to get bogged down in the specifics of your project and forget that there are a few simple things you can do to squeeze the last few marks and ensure that your work hits submission day in peak condition.

1. Plan your time

Make a list of all the things standing between you and your dissertation being submitted and use this to plan the time you have left. You can schedule your days so that you get more done and save some last minute stress.

2. Write your introduction after your conclusion (or at least re-visit it)

Your introduction should introduce the argument you are going to make in your dissertation, while your conclusion should summarise how you have demonstrated or proven it throughout. So writing or re-writing your introduction after you’ve made and summarised your argument will ensure consistency in your work and a better flow.

3. Make sure your referencing is bulletproof

Checking your references can often be the most time consuming part of finishing your dissertation, but is also where students most commonly lose marks.

Check and double check that your bibliography and references match up and contain all the information they need to.

Ensure that you follow the referencing conventions of your school accurately and consistently, and make sure you confirm whether references are included in your word limit. Your supervisor will be able to advise you on which style to use, and guidance on them can be found in the Library’s handy referencing guide .

Do not leave all of your referencing to the end. Referencing can be a frustrating and time-consuming process, so whatever you do don’t leave it all until the final few days, as you’ll need that time for editing and proofreading. If you find referencing disrupts the flow of your writing, try doing a batch of referencing at the end of each day to keep on top of it.

4. Proof read, proof read, proof read!

Proofreading is much more than just ensuring you’ve passed the spell check on Word or having a quick read through to check for typos. You also need to think about structure, the flow of your argument and most importantly, whether you’ve answered the question!

So read through your work at least 5 times and not all in quick succession – try reading through twice, taking a break and coming back to it the next day or a couple of hours later.

It’s worth looking through this quick guide to proofreading from My Learning Essentials for exactly what to consider when proofreading and the Library are holding two in-person proofreading workshops in July .

5. Ask someone else to also read through your work

A fresh pair of eyes will often be able to highlight things you’ve missed, whether it’s a sentence that doesn’t make sense or a paragraph that would work better in another place. Even better is to ask a friend or family member that has little knowledge of the subject of your dissertation as they will be able to give you a more objective view.

Be aware not to ask course mates who have picked a similar topic though, to ensure you steer clear of plagiarism.

6. Follow formatting guidelines to the letter

Check for any specific formatting guidelines related to font, font size, paragraphing, margins, title pages and pagination. Make sure you check these guidelines for your school or course and follow them carefully. Failure to do so will cost you easy marks. If you’re unsure where to find these requirements, check with your supervisor or support hub.

7. Seek help where you can and whilst you can

Although you may only be allowed a limited number of meetings with your supervisor, if you have any pressing questions or are having difficulties with anything do not hesitate to drop them an email.  If they can help, they will.

Make sure you revisit any feedback they have given and check how you’ve used it.

If you are having significant difficulties and do not feel you will be able to hand it in on time, it is even more  important that you contact your supervisor or programme director as soon as possible to discuss any possible options. The University’s Student Support offers guidance on this process on mitigating circumstances if you feel this is appropriate.

Also, don’t forget the Library has lots of support available , including online and in person workshops as well as dedicated drop-in help sessions.

8. Finally… don’t panic

You are nearly there and you still have the chance to make real, valuable changes and additions to your work, regardless of the state it is in. Keep a clear head, allocate your time effectively, make sure you eat and make sure you sleep, and you will be amazed at what you can achieve.

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• How to Write a Discussion Section | Tips & Examples

How to Write a Discussion Section | Tips & Examples

Published on August 21, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 18, 2023.

The discussion section is where you delve into the meaning, importance, and relevance of your results .

It should focus on explaining and evaluating what you found, showing how it relates to your literature review and paper or dissertation topic , and making an argument in support of your overall conclusion. It should not be a second results section.

There are different ways to write this section, but you can focus your writing around these key elements:

• Summary : A brief recap of your key results
• Interpretations: What do your results mean?
• Implications: Why do your results matter?
• Limitations: What can’t your results tell us?
• Recommendations: Avenues for further studies or analyses

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Table of contents

What not to include in your discussion section, step 1: summarize your key findings, step 2: give your interpretations, step 3: discuss the implications, step 4: acknowledge the limitations, step 5: share your recommendations, discussion section example, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about discussion sections.

There are a few common mistakes to avoid when writing the discussion section of your paper.

• Don’t introduce new results: You should only discuss the data that you have already reported in your results section .
• Don’t make inflated claims: Avoid overinterpretation and speculation that isn’t directly supported by your data.
• Don’t undermine your research: The discussion of limitations should aim to strengthen your credibility, not emphasize weaknesses or failures.

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Start this section by reiterating your research problem and concisely summarizing your major findings. To speed up the process you can use a summarizer to quickly get an overview of all important findings. Don’t just repeat all the data you have already reported—aim for a clear statement of the overall result that directly answers your main research question . This should be no more than one paragraph.

Many students struggle with the differences between a discussion section and a results section . The crux of the matter is that your results sections should present your results, and your discussion section should subjectively evaluate them. Try not to blend elements of these two sections, in order to keep your paper sharp.

• The results indicate that…
• The study demonstrates a correlation between…
• This analysis supports the theory that…
• The data suggest that…

The meaning of your results may seem obvious to you, but it’s important to spell out their significance for your reader, showing exactly how they answer your research question.

The form of your interpretations will depend on the type of research, but some typical approaches to interpreting the data include:

• Identifying correlations , patterns, and relationships among the data
• Discussing whether the results met your expectations or supported your hypotheses
• Contextualizing your findings within previous research and theory
• Explaining unexpected results and evaluating their significance
• Considering possible alternative explanations and making an argument for your position

You can organize your discussion around key themes, hypotheses, or research questions, following the same structure as your results section. Alternatively, you can also begin by highlighting the most significant or unexpected results.

• In line with the hypothesis…
• Contrary to the hypothesized association…
• The results contradict the claims of Smith (2022) that…
• The results might suggest that x . However, based on the findings of similar studies, a more plausible explanation is y .

As well as giving your own interpretations, make sure to relate your results back to the scholarly work that you surveyed in the literature review . The discussion should show how your findings fit with existing knowledge, what new insights they contribute, and what consequences they have for theory or practice.

Ask yourself these questions:

• Do your results support or challenge existing theories? If they support existing theories, what new information do they contribute? If they challenge existing theories, why do you think that is?
• Are there any practical implications?

Your overall aim is to show the reader exactly what your research has contributed, and why they should care.

• These results build on existing evidence of…
• The results do not fit with the theory that…
• The experiment provides a new insight into the relationship between…
• These results should be taken into account when considering how to…
• The data contribute a clearer understanding of…
• While previous research has focused on  x , these results demonstrate that y .

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Even the best research has its limitations. Acknowledging these is important to demonstrate your credibility. Limitations aren’t about listing your errors, but about providing an accurate picture of what can and cannot be concluded from your study.

Limitations might be due to your overall research design, specific methodological choices , or unanticipated obstacles that emerged during your research process.

Here are a few common possibilities:

• If your sample size was small or limited to a specific group of people, explain how generalizability is limited.
• If you encountered problems when gathering or analyzing data, explain how these influenced the results.
• If there are potential confounding variables that you were unable to control, acknowledge the effect these may have had.

After noting the limitations, you can reiterate why the results are nonetheless valid for the purpose of answering your research question.

• The generalizability of the results is limited by…
• The reliability of these data is impacted by…
• Due to the lack of data on x , the results cannot confirm…
• The methodological choices were constrained by…
• It is beyond the scope of this study to…

Based on the discussion of your results, you can make recommendations for practical implementation or further research. Sometimes, the recommendations are saved for the conclusion .

Suggestions for further research can lead directly from the limitations. Don’t just state that more studies should be done—give concrete ideas for how future work can build on areas that your own research was unable to address.

• Further research is needed to establish…
• Future studies should take into account…
• Avenues for future research include…

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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In the discussion , you explore the meaning and relevance of your research results , explaining how they fit with existing research and theory. Discuss:

• Your  interpretations : what do the results tell us?
• The  implications : why do the results matter?
• The  limitation s : what can’t the results tell us?

The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.

In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

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McCombes, S. (2023, July 18). How to Write a Discussion Section | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/discussion/

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50+ Conclusion Sentence Starters (Plus a Free Printable)

In our opinion, every student needs to learn to write good conclusions.

A strong conclusion wraps up your writing and leaves a lasting impression in the reader’s mind. Use these helpful conclusion sentence starters to let your audience know you’re about to make your final points.

Be sure to grab your free printable featuring all of the conclusion sentence starters below plus a worksheet to help teach conclusion writing by filling out the form on this landing page.

What are conclusion sentences?

Every essay , research paper, lab report, or speech requires a conclusion paragraph at the end. This allows the author to sum up their key points and reinforce their main idea (thesis), encouraging the reader to reflect on what they’ve said. It may also include a call to action, prompting the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take certain actions. Good conclusions have a lasting impact, leaving the reader with a clear impression of what they’ve just read.

Conclusion sentences are usually the ones that start that final paragraph. They use language that indicates the writer is about to wrap up their writing, which urges the reader to pay close attention. Writers don’t necessarily need to use typical conclusion sentence starters, but they do need to find a way to indicate that they’re drawing their ideas to a close. Conclusion sentence starters are an easy way to do that.

Conclusion Sentence Examples

• In sum, addressing climate change requires immediate and sustained global action to mitigate its effects and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.
• Overall, dogs are the best pets because they are loyal, loving, and always ready to play, making our lives happier and more fun.
• For these reasons, our findings suggest a significant connection between the consumption of diet soda and an increased risk of developing diabetes.
• In my opinion, dancing is fun because it makes us happy, helps us move our bodies, and lets us enjoy music with our friends.
• In conclusion, the rich symbolism in “The Scarlet Letter” deepens the reader’s understanding of the characters and themes, illustrating the profound effects of sin, guilt, and redemption.

One-Word Conclusion Sentence Starters

• Accordingly …
• Altogether …
• Clearly …
• Consequently …
• Essentially …
• Finally …
• Hence …
• Inevitably …
• Lastly …
• Overall …
• Surely …
• Therefore …
• Thus …
• Ultimately …
• Undoubtedly …

Longer Conclusion Sentence Starters

• After all …
• After all is said and done …
• All in all …
• All things considered …
• As a result …
• As I see it …
• Based on these facts …
• For these reasons …
• Given these points …
• I conclude that …
• I recommend that …
• In a nutshell …
• In brief …
• In closing …
• In conclusion …
• In effect …
• In essence …
• In light of these findings …
• In my/our opinion …
• In short …
• In sum …
• In summary …
• In the end …
• In the final analysis …
• On balance …
• On the whole …
• Taking everything into account …
• The broad conclusion is …
• These results suggest …
• To conclude …
• To put it simply …
• To reiterate …
• To sum up …
• To summarize …
• To wrap up …
• We must conclude …

Want a free printable copy of these conclusion sentence starters plus a worksheet to help teach them?

Just provide your information at the link to get instant access!

How will you use these conclusion sentence starters with your students? Come share your ideas and ask for advice in the We Are Teachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.

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• Documentation

APUSH Essay Writing Checklist with Key Elements for a Winning Thesis Statement

Key Findings:

The top 4 elements that you should pay attention to when answering the long essay question APUSH are the following:

• Focus on crafting a strong thesis statement.
• Explain in detail the supporting points of your key points.
• Make a connection between the main ideas of the essay.
• Pay attention to writing an impressive conclusion.

Our article explores these points in detail. Read on to learn more about them and the key elements of the best thesis statement.

APUSH stands for Advanced Placement United States History and is a college-level examination. In an APUSH essay, students have to work on the 4 elementary categories, including causation, compare and contrast, patterns of connectivity, and periodisation.

No matter what kind of essay you have to craft, the process is going to be essentially exhausting and challenging for you. You must learn to manage your time precisely and wisely, as you do not have much time to craft your papers for this exam.

Wherever you feel the need for professional online assistance, you should feel free to count on the expertise of seasoned essay helpers . They can provide you with the best-personalised tips on crafting your APUSH long essay. Coming back to the topic, let’s explore the general writing techniques for such papers.

How to Write an APUSH Essay?

In this exam, you have to cater to two main sections: one of the multiple-choice questions and the other consisting of 3 AP US history essays. As per Magoosh , your AP US history essay is going to comprise 15% of your entire score and to get the best out of it; you need to craft an impactful paper.

Ideally, you should start by reading the two prompts and pick the one that you feel more confident and assured about. Here are the top 4 ways to write stunning and impressive = essays:

1. Craft a Solid Thesis Statement

As the thesis statement is the most important part of an APUSH essay, you should pay attention to crafting a strong one. It sets the ground for the entire essay and is the first thing that any grader of your work shall see.

The introductory paragraph of your essay should be no more than 2-5 sentences in length, and you must include a hook in your work before you craft the statement. However, be careful not just to copy the AP US history essay prompts and use them as thesis statements; instead, it should tell the stance you hold against the given prompt.

2. Explain Your Supporting Arguments

To support your thesis statement, you will need examples. The most common aspects you can add to your work when crafting an APUSH essay are political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, and artistic. Try describing each example as much as you can, and do not forget to link it with the thesis statement. Since this is the most important part of your essay, you should invest plenty of time to circle back to the thesis to describe each point.

3. Connect the Body Paragraphs

When crafting the body paragraphs of your APUSH essays, try connecting the events from different geographical areas, time periods and themes wherever you can. It is important to make connections, especially when it comes to the rebuttal of your key arguments.

When discussing the history, show the readers that you have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the US history and that you have developed enough critical examining skills related to the history. It increases the value of your work.

4. Don’t Skip an Impactful Conclusion

Some students make the mistake of skipping over the conclusion, which results in them getting grades lower than expected, as per the APUSH essay rubric. In the conclusion, restate your thesis statement and mention the strongest points of your work briefly.

The main thing to keep in mind when doing this work is that you should be confident in your skills and must not panic. For personalised essay writing help , you can reach out to reliable academic assistance providers available online to students.

Key Elements of APUSH Essay Thesis Statement

The top-tier key elements of a thesis statement for AP US History essays are listed here:

• It expresses the main idea of your work.
• Usually, it provides an answer to the readers (they may disagree over the answer).
• A good thesis statement clarifies your position in a given stance in the essay.
• It also includes a hint about the conclusion of your work.
• Also, it provides your reader with a brief overview of the contents and scope of your work.

APUSH Essay Outline

Here is a sample for APUSH essay format by Guthrie Public Schools that you can review in detail and use for crafting your work:

APUSH Essay Examples

Here is an example of the essay written for the AP US history exam by the College Board, which will give you an idea of how your professional paper should be:

APUSH Essay Topics

Here are some of the AP US history essay questions that can help you demonstrate a complex understanding of the concepts that you are required to tell in the answers:

• In what ways did the domestic, social, political or economic roles of women change between the time period of 1790 and 1860s?
• Analyse the impact of the market revolution that took place between 1815 and 186- and explain its impact on the economies of the Midwest or the Northeast regions.
• In what way did the Second Great Awakening that took place in the North influence the Utopian Communities and The Cult of Domesticity?

While writing your APUSH essay, you should always keep in mind that this is not some creative writing assignment where you have to show your writing skills. While crafting this essay, your job is to describe, compare and contrast the historical evidence that is available to you and analyse the situation in order to prove your arguments. If you succeed in getting a score of 4 or any higher number, it will be considered that you have passed the exam.

Remember that you can always ask for timely assistance from professional essay writing services to provide you with valuable insights on the art of writing impactful essays. Their seasoned writers can also suggest the best resources to improve your essay writing skills.

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