what is counter argument in an essay

When you write an academic essay, you make an argument: you propose a thesis and offer some reasoning, using evidence, that suggests why the thesis is true. When you counter-argue, you consider a possible argument against your thesis or some aspect of your reasoning. This is a good way to test your ideas when drafting, while you still have time to revise them. And in the finished essay, it can be a persuasive and (in both senses of the word) disarming tactic. It allows you to anticipate doubts and pre-empt objections that a skeptical reader might have; it presents you as the kind of person who weighs alternatives before arguing for one, who confronts difficulties instead of sweeping them under the rug, who is more interested in discovering the truth than winning a point.

Not every objection is worth entertaining, of course, and you shouldn't include one just to include one. But some imagining of other views, or of resistance to one's own, occurs in most good essays. And instructors are glad to encounter counterargument in student papers, even if they haven't specifically asked for it.

The Turn Against

Counterargument in an essay has two stages: you turn against your argument to challenge it and then you turn back to re-affirm it. You first imagine a skeptical reader, or cite an actual source, who might resist your argument by pointing out

a problem with your demonstration, e.g., that a different conclusion could be drawn from the same facts, a key assumption is unwarranted, a key term is used unfairly, certain evidence is ignored or played down;
one or more disadvantages or practical drawbacks to what you propose;
an alternative explanation or proposal that makes more sense.

You introduce this turn against with a phrase like One might object here that... or It might seem that... or It's true that... or Admittedly,... or Of course,... or with an anticipated challenging question: But how...? or But why...? or But isn't this just...? or But if this is so, what about...? Then you state the case against yourself as briefly but as clearly and forcefully as you can, pointing to evidence where possible. (An obviously feeble or perfunctory counterargument does more harm than good.)

The Turn Back

Your return to your own argument—which you announce with a but, yet, however, nevertheless or still —must likewise involve careful reasoning, not a flippant (or nervous) dismissal. In reasoning about the proposed counterargument, you may

refute it, showing why it is mistaken—an apparent but not real problem;
acknowledge its validity or plausibility, but suggest why on balance it's relatively less important or less likely than what you propose, and thus doesn't overturn it;
concede its force and complicate your idea accordingly—restate your thesis in a more exact, qualified, or nuanced way that takes account of the objection, or start a new section in which you consider your topic in light of it. This will work if the counterargument concerns only an aspect of your argument; if it undermines your whole case, you need a new thesis.

Where to Put a Counterargument

Counterargument can appear anywhere in the essay, but it most commonly appears

as part of your introduction—before you propose your thesis—where the existence of a different view is the motive for your essay, the reason it needs writing;
as a section or paragraph just after your introduction, in which you lay out the expected reaction or standard position before turning away to develop your own;
as a quick move within a paragraph, where you imagine a counterargument not to your main idea but to the sub-idea that the paragraph is arguing or is about to argue;
as a section or paragraph just before the conclusion of your essay, in which you imagine what someone might object to what you have argued.

But watch that you don't overdo it. A turn into counterargument here and there will sharpen and energize your essay, but too many such turns will have the reverse effect by obscuring your main idea or suggesting that you're ambivalent.

Counterargument in Pre-Writing and Revising

Good thinking constantly questions itself, as Socrates observed long ago. But at some point in the process of composing an essay, you need to switch off the questioning in your head and make a case. Having such an inner conversation during the drafting stage, however, can help you settle on a case worth making. As you consider possible theses and begin to work on your draft, ask yourself how an intelligent person might plausibly disagree with you or see matters differently. When you can imagine an intelligent disagreement, you have an arguable idea.

And, of course, the disagreeing reader doesn't need to be in your head: if, as you're starting work on an essay, you ask a few people around you what they think of topic X (or of your idea about X) and keep alert for uncongenial remarks in class discussion and in assigned readings, you'll encounter a useful disagreement somewhere. Awareness of this disagreement, however you use it in your essay, will force you to sharpen your own thinking as you compose. If you come to find the counterargument truer than your thesis, consider making it your thesis and turning your original thesis into a counterargument. If you manage to draft an essay without imagining a counterargument, make yourself imagine one before you revise and see if you can integrate it.

Gordon Harvey (adapted from The Academic Essay: A Brief Anatomy), for the Writing Center at Harvard University

How to Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

Have you been asked to include a counter argument in an essay you are writing? Unless you are already an experienced essay writer, you may have no idea where to even start. We're here to help you tackle your counter argument like a pro.

What Is a Counter Argument?

A counter argument is precisely what it sounds like — an argument that offers reasons to disagree with an essay's thesis statement. As you are writing your essay, you will likely pen multiple supporting arguments that outline precisely why readers should logically agree with the thesis. In a counter argument paragraph, you show that you also understand common reasons to believe differently.

In any given essay, you may write one or more counter arguments — and then, frequently, immediately refute them. Whether you are required to include a counter argument or you simply want to, always include:

A simple statement explaining the counter argument. As it will likely follow paragraphs in which you fleshed out your argument, this can start with words like "Some people are concerned that", or "critics say", or "On the other hand".
Then include further reasoning, data, or statistics.
Following this, you will want to discredit the counter argument immediately.

Why Include a Counter Argument?

Including a counter argument (or multiple, for that matter) in an essay may be required, but even in cases where it is not, mentioning at least one counter argument can make your essay much stronger. You may, at first glance, believe that you are undermining yourself and contradicting your thesis statement. That's not true at all. By including a counter argument in your essay, you show that:

You have done your research and are intimately familiar with each aspect of your thesis, including opposition to it.
You have arrived at your conclusion through the power of reason, and without undue bias.
You do not only blindly support your thesis, but can also deal with opposition to it.

In doing so, your essay will become much more reasoned and logical, and in practical terms, this likely means that you can count on a higher grade.

How To Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

You have been laboring over your essay for a while, carefully researching each aspect of your thesis and making strong arguments that aim to persuade the reader that your view is the correct one — or at least that you are a solid writer who understands the subject matter and deserves a good grade for your efforts.

If you are passionate about the topic in question, it can be hard to decide how to incorporate a counter argument. Here's how to do it, step-by-step:

1. Brainstorm

You have already researched your topic, so you know on what grounds people most frequently oppose your argument. Write them down. Pick one, or a few, that you consider to be important and interesting. Formulate the counter argument as if you were on the opposing side.

2. Making the Transition

Your counter argument paragraph or paragraphs differ from the rest of your essay, so you will want to introduce a counter argument with a transition. Common ways to do this are to introduce your counter argument with phrases like:

Admittedly, conversely, however, nevertheless, or although.
Opponents would argue that...
Common concerns with this position are...
Critics say that...

3. Offering Evidence

Flesh the counter argument out by offering evidence — of the fact that people hold that position (where possible, quote a well-known opponent), as well as reasons why. Word your counter argument in such a way that makes it clear that you have carefully considered the position, and are not simply belittling it. This portion of your counter argument will require doing additional research in most cases.

4. Refute the Counter Argument

You are still arguing in favor of your main thesis. You will, therefore, not just want to describe the opposing side and leave it at that — you will also thoughtfully want to show why the opposing argument is not valid, in your opinion, and you will want to include evidence here, as well.

5. Restate Your Argument

After refuting your counter argument, you can go ahead and restate your argument. Why should people believe what you have to say, despite any opposition?

How To Write A Good Counter Argument

As you're writing a counter argument, you might run into some difficulties if you fervently believe in the truth of your argument. Indeed, in some cases, your argument may appear to you to be so obvious that you don't understand why anyone could think differently.

To help you write a good counter argument, keep in mind that:

You should never caricature the opposing viewpoint. Show that you deeply understand it, instead.
To do this, it helps if you validate legitimate concerns you find in an opponent's point of view.
This may require quite a bit of research, including getting into the opposing side's mindset.
Refute your counter argument with compassion, and not smugly.

Examples of Counter Arguments with Refutation

Still not sure? No worries; we have you covered. Take a look at these examples:

Many people have argued that a vaccine mandate would strip people of their individual liberties by forcing them to inject foreign substances into their bodies. While this is, in a sense, true, the option of remaining unvaccinated likewise forces other people to be exposed to this virus; thereby potentially stripping them of the most important liberty of all — the liberty to stay alive.
The concern has been raised that the death penalty could irreversibly strip innocent people of their lives. The answer to this problem lies in raising the bar for death penalty sentences by limiting them to only those cases in which no question whatsoever exists that the convicted party was truly guilty. Modern forensic science has made this infinitely easier.

In short, you'll want to acknowledge that other arguments exist, and then refute them. The tone in which you do so depends on your goal.

What is a counter argument in a thesis?

A counter argument is one that supports the opposing side. In an essay, it shows that you understand other viewpoints, have considered them, and ultimately dismissed them.

Where do I place the counter argument in an essay?

Place the counter argument after your main supporting arguments.

How long should the counter argument be?

It may be a single paragraph or multiple, depending on how important you believe the counter argument to be and the length of the essay.

What is the difference between a counter argument and a rebuttal?

A counter argument describes the opposing side in some detail before it is refuted. In a rebuttal, you may simply oppose the opposition.

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Counterarguments

A counterargument involves acknowledging standpoints that go against your argument and then re-affirming your argument. This is typically done by stating the opposing side’s argument, and then ultimately presenting your argument as the most logical solution. The counterargument is a standard academic move that is used in argumentative essays because it shows the reader that you are capable of understanding and respecting multiple sides of an argument.

Counterargument in two steps

Respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument.

Refute the stance of opposing arguments, typically utilizing words like “although” or “however.”

In the refutation, you want to show the reader why your position is more correct than the opposing idea.

Where to put a counterargument

Can be placed within the introductory paragraph to create a contrast for the thesis statement.

May consist of a whole paragraph that acknowledges the opposing view and then refutes it.

Can be one sentence acknowledgements of other opinions followed by a refutation.

Why use a counterargument?

Some students worry that using a counterargument will take away from their overall argument, but a counterargument may make an essay more persuasive because it shows that the writer has considered multiple sides of the issue. Barnet and Bedau (2005) propose that critical thinking is enhanced through imagining both sides of an argument. Ultimately, an argument is strengthened through a counterargument.

Examples of the counterargument structure

Argument against smoking on campus: Admittedly, many students would like to smoke on campus. Some people may rightly argue that if smoking on campus is not illegal, then it should be permitted; however, second-hand smoke may cause harm to those who have health issues like asthma, possibly putting them at risk.
Argument against animal testing: Some people argue that using animals as test subjects for health products is justifiable. To be fair, animal testing has been used in the past to aid the development of several vaccines, such as small pox and rabies. However, animal testing for beauty products causes unneeded pain to animals. There are alternatives to animal testing. Instead of using animals, it is possible to use human volunteers. Additionally, Carl Westmoreland (2006) suggests that alternative methods to animal research are being developed; for example, researchers are able to use skin constructed from cells to test cosmetics. If alternatives to animal testing exist, then the practice causes unnecessary animal suffering and should not be used.

Harvey, G. (1999). Counterargument. Retrieved from writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/counter- argument

Westmoreland, C. (2006; 2007). “Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive.” Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (Ed.) Alternatives to animal testing (1st Ed.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Barnet, S., Bedau, H. (Eds.). (2006). Critical thinking, reading, and writing . Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Contributor: Nathan Lachner

English Current

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Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation

An argumentative essay presents an argument for or against a topic. For example, if your topic is working from home , then your essay would either argue in favor of working from home (this is the for side) or against working from home.

Like most essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction that ends with the writer's position (or stance) in the thesis statement .

Introduction Paragraph

(Background information....)

Thesis statement : Employers should give their workers the option to work from home in order to improve employee well-being and reduce office costs.

This thesis statement shows that the two points I plan to explain in my body paragraphs are 1) working from home improves well-being, and 2) it allows companies to reduce costs. Each topic will have its own paragraph. Here's an example of a very basic essay outline with these ideas:

Background information

Body Paragraph 1

Topic Sentence : Workers who work from home have improved well-being .
Evidence from academic sources

Body Paragraph 2

Topic Sentence : Furthermore, companies can reduce their expenses by allowing employees to work at home .
Summary of key points
Restatement of thesis statement

Does this look like a strong essay? Not really . There are no academic sources (research) used, and also...

You Need to Also Respond to the Counter-Arguments!

The above essay outline is very basic. The argument it presents can be made much stronger if you consider the counter-argument , and then try to respond (refute) its points.

The counter-argument presents the main points on the other side of the debate. Because we are arguing FOR working from home, this means the counter-argument is AGAINST working from home. The best way to find the counter-argument is by reading research on the topic to learn about the other side of the debate. The counter-argument for this topic might include these points:

Distractions at home > could make it hard to concentrate
Dishonest/lazy people > might work less because no one is watching

Next, we have to try to respond to the counter-argument in the refutation (or rebuttal/response) paragraph .

The Refutation/Response Paragraph

The purpose of this paragraph is to address the points of the counter-argument and to explain why they are false, somewhat false, or unimportant. So how can we respond to the above counter-argument? With research !

A study by Bloom (2013) followed workers at a call center in China who tried working from home for nine months. Its key results were as follows:

The performance of people who worked from home increased by 13%
These workers took fewer breaks and sick-days
They also worked more minutes per shift

In other words, this study shows that the counter-argument might be false. (Note: To have an even stronger essay, present data from more than one study.) Now we have a refutation.

Where Do We Put the Counter-Argument and Refutation?

Commonly, these sections can go at the beginning of the essay (after the introduction), or at the end of the essay (before the conclusion). Let's put it at the beginning. Now our essay looks like this:

Counter-argument Paragraph

Dishonest/lazy people might work less because no one is watching

Refutation/Response Paragraph

Study: Productivity increased by 14%
(+ other details)

Body Paragraph 3

Topic Sentence : In addition, people who work from home have improved well-being .

Body Paragraph 4

The outline is stronger now because it includes the counter-argument and refutation. Note that the essay still needs more details and research to become more convincing.

Working from home may increase productivity.

Extra Advice on Argumentative Essays

It's not a compare and contrast essay.

An argumentative essay focuses on one topic (e.g. cats) and argues for or against it. An argumentative essay should not have two topics (e.g. cats vs dogs). When you compare two ideas, you are writing a compare and contrast essay. An argumentative essay has one topic (cats). If you are FOR cats as pets, a simplistic outline for an argumentative essay could look something like this:

Thesis: Cats are the best pet.
are unloving
cause allergy issues
This is a benefit > Many working people do not have time for a needy pet
If you have an allergy, do not buy a cat.
But for most people (without allergies), cats are great
Supporting Details

Use Language in Counter-Argument That Shows Its Not Your Position

The counter-argument is not your position. To make this clear, use language such as this in your counter-argument:

Opponents might argue that cats are unloving.
People who dislike cats would argue that cats are unloving.
Critics of cats could argue that cats are unloving.
It could be argued that cats are unloving.

These underlined phrases make it clear that you are presenting someone else's argument , not your own.

Choose the Side with the Strongest Support

Do not choose your side based on your own personal opinion. Instead, do some research and learn the truth about the topic. After you have read the arguments for and against, choose the side with the strongest support as your position.

Do Not Include Too Many Counter-arguments

Include the main (two or three) points in the counter-argument. If you include too many points, refuting these points becomes quite difficult.

If you have any questions, leave a comment below.

- Matthew Barton / Creator of Englishcurrent.com

Additional Resources :

Writing a Counter-Argument & Refutation (Richland College)
Language for Counter-Argument and Refutation Paragraphs (Brown's Student Learning Tools)

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24 comments on “ Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation ”

Thank you professor. It is really helpful.

Can you also put the counter argument in the third paragraph

It depends on what your instructor wants. Generally, a good argumentative essay needs to have a counter-argument and refutation somewhere. Most teachers will probably let you put them anywhere (e.g. in the start, middle, or end) and be happy as long as they are present. But ask your teacher to be sure.

Thank you for the information Professor

how could I address a counter argument for “plastic bags and its consumption should be banned”?

For what reasons do they say they should be banned? You need to address the reasons themselves and show that these reasons are invalid/weak.

Thank you for this useful article. I understand very well.

Thank you for the useful article, this helps me a lot!

Thank you for this useful article which helps me in my study.

Thank you, professor Mylene 102-04

it was very useful for writing essay

Very useful reference body support to began writing a good essay. Thank you!

Really very helpful. Thanks Regards Mayank

Thank you, professor, it is very helpful to write an essay.

It is really helpful thank you

It was a very helpful set of learning materials. I will follow it and use it in my essay writing. Thank you, professor. Regards Isha

Thanks Professor

This was really helpful as it lays the difference between argumentative essay and compare and contrast essay.. Thanks for the clarification.

This is such a helpful guide in composing an argumentative essay. Thank you, professor.

This was really helpful proof, thankyou!

Thanks this was really helpful to me

This was very helpful for us to generate a good form of essay

thank you so much for this useful information.

Thank you so much, Sir. This helps a lot!

A Guide to Rebuttals in Argumentative Essays

4-minute read

27th May 2023

Rebuttals are an essential part of a strong argument. But what are they, exactly, and how can you use them effectively? Read on to find out.

What Is a Rebuttal?

When writing an argumentative essay , there’s always an opposing point of view. You can’t present an argument without the possibility of someone disagreeing.

Sure, you could just focus on your argument and ignore the other perspective, but that weakens your essay. Coming up with possible alternative points of view, or counterarguments, and being prepared to address them, gives you an edge. A rebuttal is your response to these opposing viewpoints.

How Do Rebuttals Work?

With a rebuttal, you can take the fighting power away from any opposition to your idea before they have a chance to attack. For a rebuttal to work, it needs to follow the same formula as the other key points in your essay: it should be researched, developed, and presented with evidence.

Rebuttals in Action

Suppose you’re writing an essay arguing that strawberries are the best fruit. A potential counterargument could be that strawberries don’t work as well in baked goods as other berries do, as they can get soggy and lose some of their flavor. Your rebuttal would state this point and then explain why it’s not valid:

Read on for a few simple steps to formulating an effective rebuttal.

Step 1. Come up with a Counterargument

A strong rebuttal is only possible when there’s a strong counterargument. You may be convinced of your idea but try to place yourself on the other side. Rather than addressing weak opposing views that are easy to fend off, try to come up with the strongest claims that could be made.

In your essay, explain the counterargument and agree with it. That’s right, agree with it – to an extent. State why there’s some truth to it and validate the concerns it presents.

Step 2. Point Out Its Flaws

Now that you’ve presented a counterargument, poke holes in it . To do so, analyze the argument carefully and notice if there are any biases or caveats that weaken it. Looking at the claim that strawberries don’t work well in baked goods, a weakness could be that this argument only applies when strawberries are baked in a pie.

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Step 3. Present New Points

Once you reveal the counterargument’s weakness, present a new perspective, and provide supporting evidence to show that your argument is still the correct one. This means providing new points that the opposer may not have considered when presenting their claim.

Offering new ideas that weaken a counterargument makes you come off as authoritative and informed, which will make your readers more likely to agree with you.

Summary: Rebuttals

Rebuttals are essential when presenting an argument. Even if a counterargument is stronger than your point, you can construct an effective rebuttal that stands a chance against it.

We hope this guide helps you to structure and format your argumentative essay . And once you’ve finished writing, send a copy to our expert editors. We’ll ensure perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, referencing, and more. Try it out for free today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a rebuttal in an essay.

A rebuttal is a response to a counterargument. It presents the potential counterclaim, discusses why it could be valid, and then explains why the original argument is still correct.

How do you form an effective rebuttal?

To use rebuttals effectively, come up with a strong counterclaim and respectfully point out its weaknesses. Then present new ideas that fill those gaps and strengthen your point.

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Writing a Paper: Responding to Counterarguments

Basics of counterarguments.

When constructing an argument, it is important to consider any counterarguments a reader might make. Acknowledging the opposition shows that you are knowledgeable about the issue and are not simply ignoring other viewpoints. Addressing counterarguments also gives you an opportunity to clarify and strengthen your argument, helping to show how your argument is stronger than other arguments.

Incorporating counterarguments into your writing can seem counterintuitive at first, and some writers may be unsure how to do so. To help you incorporate counterarguments into your argument, we recommend following the steps: (a) identify, (b) investigate, (c) address, and (d) refine.

Identify the Counterarguments

First you need to identify counterarguments to your own argument. Ask yourself, based on your argument, what might someone who disagrees counter in response? You might also discover counterarguments while doing your research, as you find authors who may disagree with your argument.

For example, if you are researching the current opioid crisis in the United States, your argument might be: State governments should allocate part of the budget for addiction recovery centers in communities heavily impacted by the opioid crisis . A few counterarguments might be:

Recovery centers are not proven to significantly help people with addiction.
The state’s money should go to more pressing concerns such as...
Establishing and maintaining a recovery center is too costly.
Addicts are unworthy of assistance from the state.

Investigate the Counterarguments

Analyze the counterarguments so that you can determine whether they are valid. This may require assessing the counterarguments with the research you already have or by identifying logical fallacies . You may also need to do additional research.

In the above list, the first three counterarguments can be researched. The fourth is a moral argument and therefore can only be addressed in a discussion of moral values, which is usually outside the realm of social science research. To investigate the first, you could do a search for research that studies the effectiveness of recovery centers. For the second, you could look at the top social issues in states around the country. Is the opioid crisis the main concern or are there others? For the third, you could look for public financial data from a recovery center or interview someone who works at one to get a sense of the costs involved.

Address the Counterarguments

Address one or two counterarguments in a rebuttal. Now that you have researched the counterarguments, consider your response. In your essay, you will need to state and refute these opposing views to give more credence to your argument. No matter how you decide to incorporate the counterargument into your essay, be sure you do so with objectivity, maintaining a formal and scholarly tone .

Considerations when writing:

Will you discredit the counteragument by bringing in contradictory research?
Will you concede that the point is valid but that your argument still stands as the better view? (For example, perhaps it is very costly to run a recovery center, but the societal benefits offset that financial cost.)
Placement . You can choose to place the counterargument toward the beginning of the essay, as a way to anticipate opposition, or you can place it toward the end of the essay, after you have solidly made the main points of your argument. You can also weave a counterargument into a body paragraph, as a way to quickly acknowledge opposition to a main point. Which placement is best depends on your argument, how you’ve organized your argument, and what placement you think is most effective.
Weight . After you have addressed the counterarguments, scan your essay as a whole. Are you spending too much time on them in comparison to your main points? Keep in mind that if you linger too long on the counterarguments, your reader might learn less about your argument and more about opposing viewpoints instead.

Refine Your Argument

Considering counterarguments should help you refine your own argument, clarifying the relevant issues and your perspective. Furthermore, if you find yourself agreeing with the counterargument, you will need to revise your thesis statement and main points to reflect your new thinking.

Templates for Responding to Counterarguments

There are many ways you can incorporate counterarguments, but remember that you shouldn’t just mention the counterargument—you need to respond to it as well. You can use these templates (adapted from Graff & Birkenstein, 2009) as a starting point for responding to counterarguments in your own writing.

The claim that _____ rests upon the questionable assumption that _____.
X may have been true in the past, but recent research has shown that ________.
By focusing on _____, X has overlooked the more significant problem of _____.
Although I agree with X up to a point, I cannot accept the overall conclusion that _____.
Though I concede that _____, I still insist that _____.
Whereas X has provided ample evidence that ____, Y and Z’s research on ____ and ____ convinces me that _____ instead.
Although I grant that _____, I still maintain that _____.
While it is true that ____, it does not necessarily follow that _____.

Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2009). They say/I say: The moves that matter in academic writing (2 nd ed.). Norton.

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Counterargument.

This handout is available for download in DOCX format and PDF format .

When you write an academic essay, you make an argument: you propose a thesis and offer evidence and reasoning to suggest why the thesis is true. When you counter-argue, you consider a possible argument against your thesis or some aspect of your logic. This is a good way to test your ideas early on, while you still have time to revise them. And in the finished essay, it can be a persuasive and disarming tactic. It allows you to anticipate doubts and pre-empt possible objections; it presents you as someone who weighs alternatives before arguing for one, who confronts difficulties instead of ignoring them, who is more interested in discovering the truth than winning a point.

The Turn Against

a problem with your demonstration, e.g., that a different conclusion could be drawn from the same facts, a key assumption is unwarranted, a key term is used unfairly, certain evidence is ignored or played down
one or more disadvantages or practical drawbacks to what you propose
an alternative explanation or proposal that makes more sense

You introduce this “turn against” with a phrase like One might object here that... or It might seem that... or It's true that... or Admittedly,... or Of course,... or with an anticipated challenging question: But how...? or But why...? or But isn't this just...? or But if this is so, what about...? Then you state the case against yourself as briefly but as clearly and forcefully as you can, pointing to evidence where possible. (An obviously feeble or perfunctory counterargument does more harm than good.)

The Turn Back

Your return to your own argument—which you announce with a but , yet , however , nevertheless or still —must likewise involve careful reasoning, not a flippant or nervous dismissal. In reasoning about the proposed counterargument, you may:

refute it, showing why it is mistaken—an apparent but not real problem
acknowledge its validity or plausibility, but suggest why on balance it's relatively less important or less likely than what you propose, and thus doesn't overturn it
concede its force and complicate your idea accordingly; restate your thesis in a more exact, qualified, or nuanced way that takes account of the objection; or start a new section in which you consider your topic in light of it. (This will work if the counterargument concerns only an aspect of your argument; if it undermines your whole case, you need a new thesis.)

Where to Put a Counterargument

Counterargument can appear anywhere in the essay, but it most commonly appears:

as part of your introduction—before you propose your thesis—where the existence of a different view is the motive for your essay, the reason it needs writing
as a section or paragraph just after your introduction, in which you lay out the expected reaction or standard position before turning away to develop your own
as a quick move within a paragraph, where you imagine a counterargument not to your main idea but to the sub-idea that the paragraph is arguing or is about to argue
as a section or paragraph just before the conclusion of your essay, in which you imagine what someone might object to what you have argued

Watch that you don't overdo it! An occasional counterargument will sharpen and energize your essay, but too many will weaken it by obscuring your main idea or hinting that you're ambivalent.

Counterargument in Pre-Writing and Revising

Good thinking constantly questions itself, so having an inner debate during the drafting stage can help you settle on a case worth making. As you consider possible theses and begin to write your draft, ask yourself: how might an intelligent person plausibly disagree with you or see matters differently? When you can imagine an intelligent disagreement, you have an arguable idea.

Others can be of assistance here, too! If you ask people around you what they think of topic X and/or stay alert for uncongenial remarks in class discussions, etc., you'll encounter a useful disagreement somewhere. Awareness of this disagreement, however you use it in your essay, will force you to sharpen your own thinking as you write. If you come to find the counterargument more persuasive than your thesis, consider making it your thesis and turning your original thesis into a counterargument. And finally, if you manage to draft an essay without imagining a counterargument, make yourself imagine one before you revise and see if you can integrate it.

Adapted from Gordon Harvey, The Elements of the Academic Essay, 2009.

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21 Argument, Counterargument, & Refutation

In academic writing, we often use an Argument essay structure. Argument essays have these familiar components, just like other types of essays:

Introduction
Body Paragraphs

But Argument essays also contain these particular elements:

Debatable thesis statement in the Introduction
Argument – paragraphs which show support for the author’s thesis (for example: reasons, evidence, data, statistics)
Counterargument – at least one paragraph which explains the opposite point of view
Concession – a sentence or two acknowledging that there could be some truth to the Counterargument
Refutation (also called Rebuttal) – sentences which explain why the Counterargument is not as strong as the original Argument

Consult Introductions & Titles for more on writing debatable thesis statements and Paragraphs ~ Developing Support for more about developing your Argument.

Imagine that you are writing about vaping. After reading several articles and talking with friends about vaping, you decide that you are strongly opposed to it.

Which working thesis statement would be better?

Vaping should be illegal because it can lead to serious health problems.

Many students do not like vaping.

Because the first option provides a debatable position, it is a better starting point for an Argument essay.

Next, you would need to draft several paragraphs to explain your position. These paragraphs could include facts that you learned in your research, such as statistics about vapers’ health problems, the cost of vaping, its effects on youth, its harmful effects on people nearby, and so on, as an appeal to logos . If you have a personal story about the effects of vaping, you might include that as well, either in a Body Paragraph or in your Introduction, as an appeal to pathos .

A strong Argument essay would not be complete with only your reasons in support of your position. You should also include a Counterargument, which will show your readers that you have carefully researched and considered both sides of your topic. This shows that you are taking a measured, scholarly approach to the topic – not an overly-emotional approach, or an approach which considers only one side. This helps to establish your ethos as the author. It shows your readers that you are thinking clearly and deeply about the topic, and your Concession (“this may be true”) acknowledges that you understand other opinions are possible.

Here are some ways to introduce a Counterargument:

Some people believe that vaping is not as harmful as smoking cigarettes.
Critics argue that vaping is safer than conventional cigarettes.
On the other hand, one study has shown that vaping can help people quit smoking cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then go on to explain more about this position; you would give evidence here from your research about the point of view that opposes your own opinion.

Here are some ways to begin a Concession and Refutation:

While this may be true for some adults, the risks of vaping for adolescents outweigh its benefits.
Although these critics may have been correct before, new evidence shows that vaping is, in some cases, even more harmful than smoking.
This may have been accurate for adults wishing to quit smoking; however, there are other methods available to help people stop using cigarettes.

Your paragraph would then continue your Refutation by explaining more reasons why the Counterargument is weak. This also serves to explain why your original Argument is strong. This is a good opportunity to prove to your readers that your original Argument is the most worthy, and to persuade them to agree with you.

Activity ~ Practice with Counterarguments, Concessions, and Refutations

A. Examine the following thesis statements with a partner. Is each one debatable?

B. Write your own Counterargument, Concession, and Refutation for each thesis statement.

Thesis Statements:

Online classes are a better option than face-to-face classes for college students who have full-time jobs.
Students who engage in cyberbullying should be expelled from school.
Unvaccinated children pose risks to those around them.
Governments should be allowed to regulate internet access within their countries.

Is this chapter:

…too easy, or you would like more detail? Read “ Further Your Understanding: Refutation and Rebuttal ” from Lumen’s Writing Skills Lab.

Note: links open in new tabs.

reasoning, logic

emotion, feeling, beliefs

moral character, credibility, trust, authority

goes against; believes the opposite of something

ENGLISH 087: Academic Advanced Writing Copyright © 2020 by Nancy Hutchison is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay

Steps of how to effectively design and write a counter argument.

Has your professor asked you to include a counterargument in your next assignment? Are you puzzled about where to start and what to write? If you wonder how to write a counter argument essay, worry not. Many students struggle to come up with the right standpoints in their papers, so we’ve decided to lend you a hand.

Expressing conflicting positions on a hot topic is a critical skill in the academic world. In short, you need a well-grounded contradicting stance with supporting facts to refute the opponent’s opinion. Keep reading to find out how.

What Is A Counterargument In An Essay – The Definition

Counter arguments should clear any doubts readers might have about your positions. Moreover, the purpose of an opposing argument is to offer a reason to disagree with the thesis statement. Whether you include it in the introduction or dedicate an entire paragraph to it, your counter argument shows that you’re aware that various views exist.

Addressing claims against your main standpoints makes you savvier, and your paper well-structured and substantiated. Since your argument essay outline will urge your readers to agree with your claim, it’s advisable to mention a reason to believe differently.

Why Are Counterarguments Important

By incorporating a contradicting standpoint in your assignment, you demonstrate that:

You are knowledgeable about the topic and know how to back up your thoughts.
You have researched the subject matter well and can tackle alternative views.
You don’t underestimate opinions that clash with yours.
You don’t stick to your perspectives blindly but are ready to discuss opposing ideas.
You aren’t biased but have come to the ultimate standpoint through reasoning.
You solidify your arguments and give them credibility.

How To Start A Counterargument

This segment will alert readers that a different stand from the thesis follows. So how to write a counterargument paragraph? The beginning of the denial section should explicitly or implicitly tell whoever’s reading to prepare for a contradiction. Omitting hints about the rebuttal in the paper will make it look one-sided and blunt.

So, how do you start the segment containing the counter argument? When you write your argumentative essay , ensure you include relevant starters and transitions. These may be a single word, a phrase, or an entire sentence supporting the overall statement.

Counter Argument Starters

Let’s discuss the possible phrases you can use to introduce the counter argument. Here are a few starters that inform whoever’s reading to expect a change of direction:

However, yet, but
Even though/although
In spite of/despite the fact that
On the contrary
On the other side/hand
A possible concern/problem is
Conversely, in contrast

Another approach that arouses interest is to use a rhetorical question. For instance, try the following starting phrases:

Wouldn’t it be better if…?
But, what if…?
Nonetheless, how can this be true…?

Similarly, you may take an indirect stance and present the counterviews of others to express your opinion. For example, say this:

However, scientists claim that
Yet, many people believe that
On the other hand, students stand for
Critics say that

Transition Words

Choosing the right counter argument starter is just a part of the equation. A coherently written assignment requires you to use transitions that make the argument flow smooth. Even the best custom essay writing service will fail its purpose if it lacks linking phrases.

Coordinating transitions ease the reading process by linking ideas into a cohesive whole. These phrases show that two things are alike or that you add extra information along the same lines. Here are a few relevant examples:

What is more
Not to mention
Likewise
Then again
On top of that
Not only
Additionally
Furthermore

Why Include A Counterargument In An Argumentative Essay?

Including a counter argument in your essay will make your written piece more convincing. Though you may think this approach will weaken your position or undermine your claim, this isn’t true. On the contrary, by doing so, you respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument.

Some students believe a counter argument will lead the readers away from the main claim. However, any top-notch argumentative essay writer service will include it because it demonstrates the issue was elaborated from multiple perspectives. Finally, you enhance critical thinking by presenting both sides of the problem.

Example Of Counter Argument Paragraph

Below, we share a relevant example of an argument on a specific topic with guidance on avoiding writing an irrelevant counter argument.

The argument:

Many students prefer to smoke on college campuses. They often argue that authorities can’t ban smoking on campus if it isn’t illegal.

Ineffective counter argument:

However, the college management is the ultimate decision-maker and can prohibit whatever they deem harmful on campus.

This counter argument is useless because even if the college management has the right to impose bans, it can’t disregard students’ requirements on all grounds.

So, how to write an argumentative essay with a relevant counter argument? Check the suggestion below.

Effective counter argument:

Yet, second-hand smoke can harm people in the vicinity that suffer from conditions like asthma, thus putting them at risk of health deterioration.

This example will achieve its primary purpose – discuss the other perspective openly. You may disagree with this view but demonstrate you’re aware that some people might take a different standpoint. And they have every right to because no issue is one-sided. In the second example, the reader can see how students smoking on campus might harm those around.

How To Respond To A Counterargument: The Refutation

Among other things, you must address the counterviews in your written piece with a rebuttal . Stating and refuting the contradicting idea is critical if you want to give credence to your standpoint . No matter how and where you incorporate the rebuttal, do it objectively by maintaining a formal and scholarly tone.

The best approach is to oppose the counter opinion logically by considering these questions:

Will you discredit the different perspectives by bringing in contradictory research?
Will you say that the other point is valid but that your argument is more relevant by means of comparison?

Responding to these questions and taking a specific route will refine your stance and clarify the issues considered. Moreover, if you suddenly agree with the counter opinion, revise your statement and main points to reflect your new thinking.

Common Mistakes And Fallacies To Avoid While Writing Opposing Arguments

Keep these things in mind when you write argumentative essays, and avoid them as much as possible:

You haven’t done research on the multiple perspectives on the topic.
You don’t include supporting ideas for the positions against your thesis.
You dedicate too much space and attention to contradicting reasons.
You don’t bring up a different perspective in the introduction but keep to your opinion only.
Your line of thought is incoherent, and you constantly switch standpoints throughout the paper.
You use offensive or biased language to refute the opponent’s viewpoint.
You believe the opponent’s stance is wrong and don’t give it credit.
Besides having a strong argument , you make the counterview weak and ineffective.
You can’t explain how your position responds to the contradicting idea.
If you aren’t a rhetoric expert, avoid using sarcasm and satire.

Bottom Line

When writing your work, you might decide to include a sentence or a whole segment that presents a denial statement. Whatever your choice, use a specific layout to express your views clearly and accurately. It is important to remember that for urgent essay writing , the need for incorporating counterargument examples is even more critical to ensure a well-substantiated and persuasive written piece. Therefore, it is essential to consider both sides of the argument when constructing your response.

Hopefully, this post helps you understand what is a counterargument and how to write a counterargument. Provided you follow the tips outlined above, it won’t take long to polish your work. If you have any concerns about your writing assignment, always ask your teacher for support.

Do Synthesis Essays Need A Counter Argument?

Yes, ensure you include a counter argument and oppose it to justify your viewpoint. It’s best to place it in the first body segment of your synthesis essay. By doing so, you show your capacity to appreciate different opinions than yours.

Does An Argumentative Essay Need A Counter Argument?

Yes, argumentative papers should contain a well-presented contradicting idea than the one expressed in the thesis. Taking a single standpoint doesn’t add value to your work because readers with a different opinion will see it as biased and unfair.

Where Does The Counterargument Go In An Essay?

One idea is to write it in the introduction to create a contrast for the main claim. Alternatively, you may explain the contradictory opinion in one section that acknowledges the idea and then discredit it. It is often better to place it before your opinion to end the paper on a positive note that supports your perspective.

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Counter Argument in Essay Writing: How to Write a Good Counter Argument

Counterarguments oppose an author’s ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and opinions. These counterarguments are usually found in essays used in class or during specific examinations, thus requiring students to develop this particular skill.

And to develop an effective essay, you must be able to present your views and counter-arguments in a manner that does not leave your audience confused. But for many, this is not the case, and they find it challenging.

But not anymore. This post delves deeper to help you understand a counter-argument and how to write one, among other crucial details.

Here is the explanation.

What Is a Counter Argument

A counter-argument is a logical and rational way to disagree with an opposing viewpoint or assertion. In other words, it is a statement that opposes an argument developed in another article.

These arguments also attempt to disprove or question the validity of the original idea. It is important to note that this type of argument should be used only when there is insufficient evidence supporting the original claim or if you have new evidence.

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Further, counterarguments are used in many different situations. For example, if you are preparing for an argumentative essay or speech and need to find arguments against your position, you can use them.

Further, you can use these arguments when debating or in any other type of argument. When you give someone a counter-argument, you show them that there is more than one way to look at the situation and explain why their point of view is not the only one. You are attempting to show that what they say is not necessarily true and that they should consider other options.

Also see: How Do You Write a Toulmin Argumentative Essay

It’s important to note that counterarguments don’t always have to be negative. Sometimes they can be positive but negate the original statement.

How to Write a Good Counter Argument

Good counterarguments are based on solid research and thoughtful analysis. The best way to write a strong counter-argument is to do the following;

Be thorough

You should answer all of the points made by your opponent in their essay and explain why you don’t agree with those points.

For example, if someone says that people shouldn’t eat meat because it is unhealthy and is animal cruelty, you should address both points in your response. Explain the importance of eating meat and how it is not animal cruelty.

Provide enough evidence

In your arguments, include evidence from experts in your field. This will help bolster your credibility and make your view seem more convincing than if you were simply presenting personal opinions or subjective interpretations of facts.

You should clearly state the opposing position, include evidence to support it, and then explain why you disagree with this position based on your research and analysis of the evidence presented.

Be fair and objective

Being fair and objective when writing a counter-argument means that you should not attack the person or group you are writing about. Instead, you should focus on the issue in question. This makes your writing more persuasive to the reader.

It also means explaining why your position is correct, and your opponent’s wrong. You should not present your argument as the only possible or accurate one. Instead, define the several possible positions on an issue, and point out what those positions are.

You should also not ignore any part of your opponent’s position, even if it seems weak or wrong to you. For example, if your opponent states, “War is always bad,” you should acknowledge this and explain by saying, war is bad but sometimes justifiable and thus not always wrong.

Additionally, it would help if you did not misrepresent any position by taking things out of context.

Counter Argument Transition Words

When writing a counter-argument, it is vital to ensure that your argument is well-structured and organized. This means you must have a clear opening paragraph, evidence to support your claims, and a conclusion that summarizes everything.

However, you must use the correct words for your readers to follow your argument. These words are known as transitions, and they help you logically connect your ideas and allow the argument to flow smoothly. These transition words are used to connect one paragraph with another, as well as one sentence with another.

The following is a list of counter-argument transition words that can help you write a better counter-argument in your essay.

Moreover, however, conversely, moreover, nonetheless, on the other hand, although, despite this, nonetheless, on the contrary, yet, still, but, instead, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, and likewise.

You can also first, second, and thirdly to show how your points flow.

Counter Argument Sentence Starters

The easiest and most effective way to start a counter-argument sentence is by using inviting and “non-hostile” phrases. These can be phrases or words that you use to reference your opponent’s argument, which shows you have taken time to look at their points.

It is essential to understand that these sentence starters do not necessarily have to be negative or critical but can also be positive. The key is to use them to make your reader appreciate both points but still believe you.

Examples of counter-argument sentence starters can be, I disagree, you are wrong, you are right, would you agree? “Why do you think so?” and “How come?”

Others include;

What might be some reasons why?
Are there certain circumstances that would make this accurate?
How could this not be true?
What would happen if we did not believe it?
How accurate is this statement?

Do Synthesis Essays Need a Counter Argument

Synthesis essays require you to have a counter-argument to your thesis, especially in the first paragraph. A synthesis essay is an academic assignment that requires you to combine multiple sources into one coherent paper. When you are writing a synthesis essay, you will include both positive and negative arguments.

You can find multiple sources online or in your local library. Once you have all your information gathered, start by reading through each source and making notes of relevant points to your topic. This will help you see what each source says about the subject and how similar or different they are.

Finally, you should organize your notes and ideas into paragraph form to flow smoothly while making sense. Once this is done, it’s time to write your counter-argument paragraph.

Does an Argumentative Essay Need a Counter Argument

An argumentative essay needs you to have a counter-argument. This is because you are required to write a paper that presents your thesis and then backs it up with evidence, and the counter-argument is a part of this process.

It is the other side of the story. The idea here is that you present an argument but then offer another point of view on the same topic in the counter-argument section. This can be done in many ways, but it should always be backed up by evidence from your research.

An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that presents a position and then defends it with evidence and reasoning. The essay’s purpose is to convince the reader that the author’s point of view is correct. However, it also has the counter-argument section, with responses to an existing idea and clearly shows the alternative point of view.

Counterargument

Argument: your position/opinion about the topic (usually stated in the thesis and then supported with main points throughout the essay)

Counterargument: a section in your essay that describes the other side of the issue (what would someone say who disagrees with your position?)

Rebuttal (or Refutation): a section where you respond to the counterargument in a way that shows your position is the stronger one (what would you say to defeat their point?)

Why would I want to include a counterargument in my essay?

It gives you the opportunity to anticipate your reader’s concerns or objections to your viewpoint and address them head-on.
It improves your credibility by showing your reader you are a reasonable, fair, and informed person who has considered all sides of the issue.
Part of being a strong critical thinker and communicator is examining a subject from all sides and angles.

What do I do after I explain the other side's position?

Defeat it with a rebuttal.
How you do this depends on what you perceive as weaknesses in the opposing argument. There may be any number of faults you find with the other side's position (it uses outdated information; it relies on perception or opinion rather than facts; it is based on false assumptions).
After you identify weaknesses, point those out to your reader, and present your response to them. For example, if you feel that the other side's position is based on outdated information, you’ll have to present more current research to support your point.
In some cases, you might think that the other side makes a good point. In that instance, you can acknowledge that and establish common ground with the other side, but then describe why even though their reasons have validity, your reasons outweigh theirs on this particular issue.

Where does the counterargument go in the paper?

Counterarguments are often placed toward the end of the essay after the author has argued all their points supporting their position. You might decide to tackle both the counterargument and rebuttal in one paragraph, or you may decide to break them up into separate paragraphs, as seen in the example outline below:

Introduction and thesis
Supporting point #1
Supporting point #2 (there can be any number of supporting points)
Counterargument
Rebuttal/Refutation
Conclusion

Example of a counterargument and rebuttal in the same paragraph; common words/phrases used in a counterargument are in bold:

Supporters of spanking as a means to punish children claim that it is the most effective method of discipline. Parents might feel that it’s the only punishment their children take seriously, and it teaches their children that there are real and immediate consequences to their actions. They believe that this lesson far outweighs the small and momentary pain of the actual spanking. Although this may be a popular position and spanking might seem to be an effective method of discipline in the short term, studies have shown that children who are spanked actually act out more than children who are not (Adams 12). In fact, according to child psychologist Lucille Murray, when alternate forms of discipline are used (time-outs, confiscating toys, etc.), children still learn about consequences but without the pain and humiliation that comes with spanking.

Suggested phrases to help you start the counterargument and rebuttal

How can I start the counterargument?

Some people believe/argue/feel/think that…
It is true that…
Opposing views claim…
One common concern about (the issue) is…
Supporters of….

How can I start my rebuttal?

What this argument overlooks…
This view seems convincing/plausible/persuasive at first, but…
While this position is popular, it is not supported by the facts…
Although part of this claim is valid, it suffers from a flaw…

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One way to build credibility in crafting persuasive arguments is to make use of possible well-reasoned objections to your argument. Sometimes when we spend so much time coming up with a persuasive argument, we tend to want to avoid even acknowledging its possible flaws, for fear of weakening our stance. We may just avoid bringing them up altogether in order to ensure the apparent solidity of our argument. Even when we decide to reckon with possible objections, we tend to rely on one primary method of including them—the paragraph right before the conclusion in a five-paragraph essay. This can feel boring if you’ve been doing it for a long time. The good news is, there are actually more options available to you, and you should make a decision about which to use based on your argument’s audience and purpose.

General Considerations

A counterargument is a type of rebuttal..

Rebuttals are your way of acknowledging and dealing with objections to your argument, and they can take two different forms:

Refutations: Refutations are an often more confrontational form of rebuttal that work by targeting the weaknesses in a possible objection to your argument. Think of refutations as the more sophisticated and mature older sibling of, “that’s not true!” Generally, they work by pointing out weaknesses with the solidity or rationale of the objection’s claim itself (what the objector says about the argument) or of its evidence (the support offered for the claim).
Counterarguments: Counterarguments are a more cooperative form of rebuttal . In counterarguments, a writer acknowledges the strengths or validity of someone else’s argument, but then makes a case for why their approach is still the best/most effective/most viable

Incorporating counterarguments helps you build your credibility as a writer.

Once you learn how to seek out possible objections or counters to your own arguments and incorporate them fairly, you increase your power to build credibility with your readers. Refutations can feel satisfying (“No, you’re just wrong!”), and there are certainly situations in which they are the best or only ethical approach. However, most of the time counterarguments bring your readers to your side more effectively. This is because they are empathetic and invitational by nature (“I can see where in situation XYZ, what you suggest would make the most sense; however, in this situation, my approach works best because ABC…”)

In Practice

Rebuttals: not just for the penultimate paragraph anymore.

Structurally, incorporating rebuttals can be done in a few ways:

The tried and true paragraph or section before the conclusion that explicitly addresses possible objections by acknowledging and then dispatching with them;
A possible objection and response with for each claim in the essay; or
An entire argument can even be structured as a rebuttal to someone else’s argument.

Seek out opposing views

1. What reasonable claims have others made that contradict your argument? If you don’t know any, FIND SOME. (We promise: they exist.) Write them down in complete sentences.

a. Try writing a refutation to the claims. Is there any way in which the claims themselves are weak? Articulate them. Are there underlying assumptions behind the claims that might be faulty? Articulate them.

b. Try writing a counterargument to the claims. In what conditions might the claims others make be justified? How so? How is this instance different from those conditions? Why does your claim make more sense here and now? Is there anything you can incorporate from those claims to strengthen your own?

2. If you were to launch your own rebuttal to your argument, what would that look like? How would you then overcome that rebuttal?

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How to Write a Compelling Counterargument in Essays [2025 Guide]

Jun 27, 2024 | 0 comments

Jun 27, 2024 | Blog | 0 comments

Embarking on the journey of crafting an argumentative essay is no small feat. It demands you not just to argue in favour of your perspective but to stand your ground with evidence-backed reasoning. The challenge intensifies when you disagree with varying viewpoints opposing yours, making your argument stronger by acknowledging and rebutting these perspectives with a counterargument.

A counterargument acts as a competing rationale, offering a spectrum of reasons that could potentially refute the claims you’ve laid out or question the validity of your thesis. Learning how to write a counterargument and implementing it within your essay is a strategic move. It demonstrates a holistic understanding of the subject matter, acknowledging and engaging with alternative viewpoints. Not only does this expose you to potential objections from your readers but also fortifies your argument, highlighting its superiority over the other perspectives through logical comparison. Writing a counterargument effectively can set the stage for a stronger overall argument.

This guide will walk you through the essentials of how to write an argumentative essay , specifically how to integrate a robust counterargument into your essays to strengthen your argument. You’ll gain insights on how to identify, structure, position, and effectively counter these opposing views. Furthermore, we will delve into illustrative examples of counterargument paradigms and compositions, illustrating their potential to enhance both your persuasive writing flair and your argument’s strength.

Basics of Counterarguments

Grasping the concept of a counterargument is crucial before attempting to incorporate one into your essay. Essentially, a counterargument presents reasons opposing your thesis or any claims you’ve articulated, serving to showcase your consideration of different viewpoints and your preparedness to address counterarguments from your audience.

Counterarguments can draw from a variety of bases such as factual evidence, logical reasoning, ethical considerations, or emotional appeal. Their primary goal is to demonstrate your acknowledgement of alternate perspectives and your ability to engage with and rebut these objections thoughtfully, ultimately strengthening your argument.

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What is a counterargument?

Far from merely presenting an opposing viewpoint, a counterargument is a well-reasoned, well-supported challenge to your essay’s thesis or any claim you’ve made. It must be relevant, substantiated, and compelling, steering clear of personal attacks, logical fallacies, or off-topic information.

Writing an argumentative paper involves crafting a counterargument that illustrates your deep engagement with the topic, underlining your critical-thinking skills and recognising the subject’s complexity.

Why use a counterargument?

Including a counterargument in your argumentative paper signals to your readers that you are informed about diverse perspectives and prepared to discuss them with cogent evidence and rational argumentation, further solidifying the overall argument.

Incorporating a counterargument can refine your argument, showcasing its superiority in logic or persuasiveness over others. It can also shore up your standpoint, pinpointing and addressing the weaknesses or gaps in opposing arguments. By successfully countering, you not only solidify the validity and reliability of your thesis but also elevate your argument’s overall credibility and appeal.

Moreover, a well-placed counterargument can preemptively tackle reader queries or concerns, demonstrating your respect for the audience’s perspective and your commitment to a meaningful, evidence-based discourse.

How to address counterarguments

The initial step involves articulating the opposing viewpoint in a manner that is both fair and precise. Avoid misrepresenting, skewing, or sidelining the opposing argument. Steering clear of personal attacks, straw man fallacies, or irrelevant detours is essential towards maintaining a strong argument.

Introduce the counterargument with phrases like “on the other hand”, “it is often perceived that”, “critics may argue”, “although”, or “some people may think”.

Concisely paraphrase the counterargument and bolster it with evidence or rationale. Utilize facts, statistics, anecdotes, quotations, or examples to elucidate the opposing view. Recognizing any strengths or valid points of the counterargument and showing your contemplation of it is equally important.

Refuting the Counterargument

The next phase is to counter the opposing argument, illustrating its weaknesses or why it’s less compelling than your initially proposed argument. Avoid merely dismissing or glossing over the counterargument with emotional appeals, circular reasoning, or ad hominem attacks.

Transition to your rebuttal with phrases like “however”, “nevertheless”, “but”, “yet”, or “on the contrary”. Discuss the counterargument’s shortcomings, such as incompleteness, weakness, lack of soundness or logic, supporting your critique with evidence, logic, ethics, or emotional resonance. Highlight any potential fallacy, weaknesses, flaws, inconsistencies, or contradictions within the counterargument to challenge its validity or credibility.

Finally, bolster your original argument, demonstrating its greater persuasiveness, reliability, or reasonableness compared to the counterargument. This solidifies the main points of your argumentative paper, reinforcing your overall stance and conclusion by the end of the essay.

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Where to put a counterargument in Your Essay

Incorporating counterarguments into your essay is an art that requires strategic thought on placement for maximum impact. The decision on where to situate a counterargument hinges on several factors, including your essay’s purpose, audience, and subject matter. While no one-size-fits-all answer exists, adhering to some general guidelines can enlighten your decision-making process.

Introduction, Body, or Conclusion?

Common sections for embedding a counterargument are the introduction, body, or conclusion, with each presenting its own set of pros and cons which merit careful contemplation.

In the introduction, introducing a counterargument can sharply contrast with your thesis statement, setting a dynamic stage for your argument. This strategy not only seizes your readers’ attention but also previews the core issue your essay will explore. However, this approach may cramp the space needed to unfold your primary argument and lay out essential background information.

Within the body of your essay, placing a counterargument in a distinct paragraph or alongside your argument bolsters your thesis by demonstrating a thorough consideration of various viewpoints and evidence. Nonetheless, without seamless transitions, this might interrupt your narrative’s flow and overall coherence.

Positioning a counterargument in your conclusion allows for an acknowledgement of your argument’s limitations or broader implications before convincingly countering to reinforce your stance. This technique aims to leave a lasting impression, underscoring the relevance of your argument. However, it risks diluting your thesis if the counterargument isn’t effectively refuted or if it brings up new information previously unaddressed in your essay.

Flow and Coherence

Irrespective of your chosen location for the counterargument, ensuring it is thoroughly integrated and logically connected with your primary argument is crucial.

Employ clear, consistent transitions to introduce, assert, and coherently refute your counterargument. Using pertinent evidence and rational discourse supports both your counterargument and refutation, enhancing credibility and engagement.

Avoid erratic shifts between ideas without causal or logical linkages and mitigate any potential for reader confusion or self-contradiction with clear, consistent reasoning throughout your argumentative essay.

Effective Techniques for Refuting Counterarguments

Mastering the art of presenting a compelling counterargument includes being adept at refuting opposing arguments effectively. This involves demonstrating why the counterargument is weaker or less convincing compared to your argument, showing why the opposing argument might not be as sound as it appears.

To achieve this, leveraging evidence and logic while steering clear of fallacies is crucial. Addressing counterarguments with precision can significantly strengthen your argument.

Using Evidence and Logic

Utilizing evidence and logic that both support your stance and weaken the counterargument is the optimal strategy for refutation. Evidence encompasses facts, statistics, examples, quotations, or anecdotes that substantiate your argument.

Logic involves reasoning, analysis, or argumentation that elaborates or defends your position. Choosing evidence and logic that are relevant, reliable, and sufficient for your intended purpose and audience is essential. It’s also important to correctly cite your sources and acknowledge any potential limitations or uncertainties in your evidence or logic.

When employing evidence and logic to dismantle a counterargument, consider the following steps: Begin by stating the counterargument and explaining why a reasonable reader might pose it. Then, confront the counterargument based on its implications for your argument. You might refute it completely, recognize its validity but argue its lesser importance or likelihood compared to your argument, or acknowledge its validity while complicating your argument as a consequence.

The language you use to tackle the counterargument matters. Phrases such as “but” or “however” indicate you are refuting the counterargument, whereas “although” or “nevertheless” suggest acknowledgement or concession of the counterargument.

Avoiding Fallacies

Fallacies, which are errors or flaws in reasoning that render an argument invalid or unsound, can arise intentionally or unintentionally and might be rooted in false or misleading information, faulty logic, or irrelevant or emotional appeals. Fallacies not only weaken your argument but also affect your credibility.

To maintain a strong argumentation, it is pivotal to avoid fallacies in your reasoning and to identify and counter any fallacies within the counterargument. Examples of common fallacies to watch out for include:

Personal attack (ad hominem), where the person rather than the argument is attacked;
Strawman, which involves misrepresenting the counterargument to simplify its refutation;
Hasty generalization, concluding inadequate evidence; False dilemma, presenting only two options when more exist;
Slippery slope, assuming one event will inevitably lead to another without proving a causal linkage;
Circular reasoning, using the conclusion as a premise or assuming the proof;
Red herring, introducing off-topic distractions to shift focus from the main argument.

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Examples of Counterargument Structures

Counterargument structures skillfully arrange your rebuttal and counterpoints in alignment with your primary argument. Depending on your essay’s purpose, audience, and theme, there are distinct counterargument structures to consider.

Explore these typical counterargument structures to find one that suits your needs:

One-sided : Opt for this structure to focus solely on your argument, challenging the counterargument without acknowledging its valid points. It suits topics with clear, unambiguous support for your stance but might appear biased or dismissive.
Two-sided : This approach presents both your argument and the counterargument, weighing the pros and cons of each. Ideal for complex or contentious topics with substantial support on both sides, beware of seeming uncertain or contradictory without a decisive stance.
Multi-sided : Present multiple viewpoints, assessing their strengths and weaknesses. This structure fits multifaceted topics with varied perspectives. However, it requires careful focus to avoid becoming overwhelming or diluted.

Choosing a counterargument structure involves considering:

Your purpose: What do you aim to achieve? Whether it’s to persuade, inform, analyze, or evaluate, ensure your counterargument aligns with your objective.
Your audience: Understand whom you’re addressing. Consider their expectations, biases, values, and how your counterargument can meet their concerns or objections.
Your topic: Evaluate the main issue your essay tackles. Consider its complexity, controversy level, and significance, ensuring your counterargument showcases your insight into the topic.

Examples of Counterarguments Paragraph

We will delve into examples of counterargument paragraphs that serve as frameworks or inspirations for crafting your essay.

A counterargument paragraph navigates presenting an opposing view, countering it, and then reaffirming your argument. While the typical flow starts with the counterargument, followed by a refutation, and wraps up with reinforcing your stance, you may adjust the sequence or focus according to your essay’s goal, audience, and subject matter.

Below are distinct counterargument paragraph examples to help you write one that is effective:

Example 1 hails from an essay advocating the advantages of remote work for both employees and employers. Situated in the essay’s body, this paragraph first acknowledges the potential downside of diminished productivity at home and then counters it by highlighting how remote work can boost productivity.

People might suggest that working from home could impede productivity due to distractions like family, pets, or household duties potentially hampering focus and task completion. Additionally, the lack of oversight might encourage slack behaviour in dishonest or indolent individuals. These arguments, however, fall short. For one, remote work can minimize distractions by avoiding office-related noise, interruptions, or stress. Secondly, it enhances motivation and contentment through increased autonomy, flexibility, and comfort. Lastly, remote work’s effectiveness can be tracked and assessed using digital tools such as online platforms, video conferencing, or performance metrics. Thus, remote work doesn’t equate to lesser or inferior output but represents an alternative, more efficient way of working.

Example 2 comes from an essay urging the prioritization of physical education in schools. Positioned right in the essay’s introduction, before the thesis, this paragraph presents and rebuts the argument that physical education detracts from core academic subjects, affirming physical education’s contribution to academic success and health.

A counterpoint to valuing physical education in schools remarks on the reduction of precious time for core subjects like math and science. Contrary to this perspective, physical education holds equal importance. It can boost academic performance by sharpening cognitive abilities, focus, and memory. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in health by mitigating risks of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Hence, physical education should not be dismissed as time-consuming but embraced as a critical element of the educational framework.

Example 3 is extracted from an essay that champions a ban on animal testing, and inserted at the essay’s conclusion. This paragraph introduces the counterargument that views animal testing as essential for scientific and medical advancements, then disputes it by pointing out ethical and practical shortcomings.

Some may defend animal testing as pivotal for scientific breakthroughs and medical advancements, arguing its role in many significant health improvements. Nonetheless, this stance is ethically and logically deficient. Firstly, animal testing inflicts harm and death on countless animals each year, making it both unethical and cruel. Secondly, its results often do not accurately reflect human reactions, rendering it unreliable. Lastly, it’s an inefficient and costly method, draining resources that could be better utilized elsewhere. As such, animal testing ought to be abolished in favour of more ethical and efficient research methods.

Why include a counterargument?

Incorporating counterarguments in your essay might seem counterintuitive when you aim to convince your readers of your viewpoint while discrediting opposing perspectives. The rationale behind allocating space for contrary opinions might not be immediately apparent. Yet, this approach is instrumental in fortifying your argument, making it more compelling and nuanced.

The inclusion of counterarguments enriches your essay for several reasons:

Strengthening Your Argument

Featuring counterarguments in your text signifies comprehensive research and a profound understanding of the topic you’re handling. It showcases your critical thinking prowess and your capability to sift through and assess varying arguments and proofs. Presenting and then systematically dismantling these counterarguments not only demonstrates your readiness to confront opposition but also solidifies your stance as the more rational, well-supported option.

This methodology not only proves your position to be more substantiated and convincing but also highlights the foundation of your argument as being firmly planted in meticulous analysis and robust evidence, rather than in partiality, ignorance, or flawed reasoning. By including a counterargument, you show why the opposing argument is less valid, further bolstering your perspective.

Engaging the Reader

By acknowledging and deliberating on counterarguments, your essay becomes inherently more engaging and pertinent to the reader. It indicates respect and comprehension of their potential viewpoint, grounding your work in a sense of thoughtful consideration and open dialogue. You preemptively tackle their possible reservations or queries, thereby fostering a constructive interaction.

Integrating counterarguments invites your readers to exercise their analytical skills and to entertain various angles and evidence regarding the topic. It encourages a collective exploration towards uncovering the most effective resolution or conclusion concerning the debated issue.

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Templates for Responding to Counterarguments

Below are some templates for addressing counterarguments in your essays. Utilizing a template serves as a guiding blueprint to structure your rebuttal effectively. It aids in organizing thoughts, employing suitable language, and steering clear of prevalent errors.

Nevertheless, it’s crucial to not apply these templates rigidly or thoughtlessly. Always tailor them to your essay’s specific goals, intended audience, and subject matter.

To keep your writing dynamic and engaging, vary your language and style. Below, we present several template examples for counteracting counterarguments across diverse subjects and sources:

Template 1 : Provided by Cabrini University , this template involves naming the counterargument, explaining its weaknesses, and backing up your stance with solid evidence or logic.

People might argue that __________. However, these arguments are not compelling for a few reasons.

First, __________. Second, __________.

Third, __________. Therefore, __________.

Template 2: From the UAGC Writing Center, this template targets identifying the opposition’s view, critiquing its shortcomings, and presenting examples or evidence to reinforce your position.

One could argue against my stance by claiming that __________. Yet, this argument falls short as it is incomplete/weak/unsound/illogical due to __________. For instance, __________.

Thus, __________.

Template 3: Originating from Harvard College Writing Center , this template involves recognizing the counterargument, acknowledging its valid points, and demonstrating how your argument remains more convincing.

While I grant that __________, I still argue that __________. Although __________, nevertheless __________.

This is not to say that __________, but rather that __________.

Remember, these templates are starting points. Feel free to craft your own or adjust these to better match your essay’s demands.

Ensuring your counterargument responses are clear, coherent, and persuasive is paramount.

Conclusion on How To Write A Counterargument

Throughout this guide, we’ve explored the essentials of crafting an effective counterargument within your argumentative essays. A counterargument presents viewpoints that contrast with your presentation, serving as a demonstration of your comprehensive understanding of the topic at hand. Embedding a counterargument is a strategic way of acknowledging opposing perspectives, thereby enhancing the credibility of your argument.

Incorporating a counterargument not only bolsters your primary stance by illustrating its relative superiority or logical coherence but also enriches the depth of your writing. Mastery in formulating counterarguments involves recognizing, organizing, positioning, and effectively addressing these opposing views. Critical to this process is the employment of substantive evidence and logical reasoning, steering clear of logical fallacies.

Versatility in counterargument structures allows you to adapt to your specific objectives, intended audience, and subject matter. Templates and exemplary counterargument paragraphs, gleaned from a variety of sources and themes, are invaluable tools in structuring your counterargument paragraphs.

Creating persuasive counterarguments transcends skill—it is an art that encapsulates creativity, critical analysis, and the power to persuade. Such a venture demands practice, constructive critique, and the willingness to revise and refine your work iteratively. By honing your ability to develop compelling counterarguments, you not only elevate your writing prowess but also foster more engaging and pertinent discourse with your readers.

Now is the moment to put theory into practice by choosing to include a counterargument in your next essay. Witness firsthand how this element can transform your writing, making it more dynamic and persuasive. Dive into the challenge today, and don’t hesitate to incorporate a counterargument to enhance your critical engagement with the topic you’re writing about.

Frequently Asked Questions about Counter Argument

What is included in a counterargument paragraph.

A counterargument paragraph typically includes a counterargument paragraph that challenges the main argument presented in the essay. It acknowledges and addresses the opposing viewpoints to strengthen your overall argument.

Using a counterargument in your writing allows you to strengthen your argument by addressing opposing viewpoints. It shows that you have considered different perspectives and strengthens the overall validity of your argument.

Where to address counterarguments

In your essay, it is important to address a counterargument in a dedicated counterargument paragraph . This can be placed after presenting your main argument to show how your argument is supported in the face of opposing views.

What is an example of a counterclaim in an essay?

An example of a counterclaim in an essay could be stating “Some people argue that cats are better pets than dogs; however, this claim can be contested based on various factors.”

How to start a counterclaim?

To begin writing a counterclaim, first, identify a key point where you disagree with your argument . Then, make an argument using evidence or logical reasoning to support your viewpoint and refine your argument .

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How To Write A Counter Argument Properly?

How to write a counter argument is a bit tricky question as it is a viewpoint that opposes your main argument. In fact the English Cambridge dictionary gives the counter argument definition as an argument against another argument. The counter argument meaning is to understand your own argument better. This type of essay will allow you to think about the problem as a whole rather than just your idea of it.

Counter argument words go against your thesis, but while it may seem that acknowledging your opponent’s argument would undermine your own argument, these counter-arguments can actually fortify your strength of view if done the right way. How to start counter argument requires you to know your topic well so that you can look at both sides of the issue.

Your topic might be dogs, and an example of this might be you arguing that dogs make better pets than cats. This is because they show their feelings more. You argue that cats make better pets because they’re more able to care for themselves. Your take is a counterargument to the fact that dogs make better pets.

What Is A Counter-Argument?

When you’ve got an argument like the one described above, you can make your argument stronger by showing that you respect the other person’s point of view, and that you have actually thought about their argument before coming to your position. You understand the reasons why someone might disagree with you.

Other typical counter argument examples might be making the case that cell phones allowed at school are disruptive. This is because students are responding to the cell phone’s constant rings and messages.

A counter statement might be that cell phones in classrooms can actually be beneficial because then students have instant access to research. This is particularly true in a school where there may not be enough money to buy computers for the students.

If you’re still not convinced about how to write a counter argument essay, don’t stress as we have profesional essay writers that will write you a counter argument example essay and bring in the marks you require to pass well.

They will also show you how to start a counter argument sentence, and the counter argument essay examples will tell you everything you need to know. They’ll explain what’s a counter argument, what counter argument sentence starters to use and also how to prepare a counter argument paragraph outline.

The Counter Argument Paragraph

When writing your counterargument paragraph, how to write counter argument will require you responding to your other position and identifying the opposing argument. You’ll be responding to it by giving the reasons the argument is weak and providing examples to show why the opposing argument is unsound. You can then state your own argument and why it is stronger than the counterargument.

Your counter statement can appear anywhere in your essay, but a counter-argument essay example will show you that it commonly appears as part of your introduction — before proposing your thesis. A counter-argument is essentially an argument that is opposed to your thesis, expressing the view of a person who disagrees with your position. A counter argument synonym might be a rebuttal, counter-attack, disclaimer or counter statement.

There are plenty of counter argument transitions in these essays too – counter argument transition words or phrases that link ideas. These words can be used to show two things are similar to each other, so when you’re adding information you might want to use the following transition words among others:

not to mention
by the same token

How To Start A Counter Argument

How you start a counter argument will depend on your subject, but in your first sentence you could state the topic you are discussing. For instance, pit bulls are a controversial topic and your argument could be that pit bulls are safe dogs to keep when brought up properly.

The counter argument will be based on stats that prove that they’re aggressive dogs, and your rebuttal would then be that such aggressive behavior from these dogs comes from aggressive dog owners who raise their dogs the wrong way.

Your counter argument will alert the reader that the paper will express a view different from the thesis. The purpose of the paper, together with the counter-argument, is to support the thesis.

How to introduce a counter argument? This should be done in a way that your reader knows that the view you want to convey isn’t one that you’re 100% in agreement with. Simple ways are to start a sentence with are ‘however’ or ‘but’.

You can use the following counter argument starters in your essay to incorporate rebuttals in your writing:

Even though
In spite of the fact that..
A possible concern is ..
That is a concern, however…

With an argumentative paper, including a counterargument paragraph shows that you understand that other positions exist. With a persuasive essay you provide a view on your topic and the idea is to persuade your reader to your way of thinking.

By providing counter arguments, you show the professor that you have also considered the flaws in your pro-arguments. With a counter argument example you will see that the first few lines describe your purpose of your persuasive essay – your thesis statement. Once the general idea of the introduction is written down, you move to the body and related counter arguments. With persuasive writing you have to know how to write a counter argument.

A student may well believe that a counterargument would weaken their argument as they’re giving the other side some ammunition, but a counterargument does the opposite and strengthens your argument, showing you’ve done research and have grasped both sides of the argument.

In Texas, the Fight Over Abortion Has Gotten Hyperlocal

From billboards to attempts at restricting roads to two college professors trying to track students’ movements, the state has become a battleground in a whole new way..

People in the small town of Marshall, Texas, first noticed the billboard on a sweltering summer Friday in 2020. Posted on the stretch of U.S. 59 near the local high school, it declared: “ Abortion Is a Blessing .”

Marshall mobilized quickly . Within a week, vandals had stripped the billboard’s display, Facebook groups had held prayer protests, and anti-abortion activists were planning counter billboards (“ Abortion Is NOT a Blessing ”). Within a month, city officials in neighboring Carthage were considering laws banning future “offensive” advertising.

Few beyond the local papers took notice. At the time, national reproductive health journalism was devoted to tracking the anti-abortion record of Supreme Court nominee Amy Coney Barrett and the use of pandemic power by some state governors to restrict abortions. But in June 2022, the high court stripped the constitutional right to abortion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization . Without widespread national or state-level protections , abortion access was back up for debate. There was a new local emphasis on the problem: Those trying to preserve access suddenly found themselves in city halls and county courts across the country, trying to limit the intense harms being imposed on pregnant people in their communities. This required new attention—and strategy—from abortion-access advocates.

Texas has always been an anti-abortion hot spot. Long before Dobbs , it had infamously imposed more abortion restrictions than almost any other state. Abortion-seeking Texans (often low-income , and often women of color ) had already been forced to drive more than 240 miles to get the procedure done outside Texas or else give birth in a state ranked last in health coverage and 29 th in maternal health, according to recent reporting of 44 states’ outcomes.

But all these recent “victories” haven’t satisfied anti-abortion crusaders. They’re now looking to the convergence of state courts, county laws, and city ordinances to further restrict abortion care. One set of hyperlocal restrictions polices pregnant people’s use of roads. In the past year, four rural Texas counties ( Lubbock, Cochran, Mitchell, and Goliad ) have joined cities like Odessa and Little River-Academy to pass ordinances banning the use of public roads to transport abortion seekers out of the state. Votes on similar city measures are likely on the way .

These travel laws are a legal nightmare , pitting the well-established federal constitutional right to inter state travel against states’ strong intra state regulatory powers . Enforcement is equally fraught, with travel restriction laws deputizing private citizens to sue others helping a person seek an out-of-state abortion.

Citizen-enforced travel restrictions erode a pregnant person’s sense of belonging and community support. There is a long history of weaponizing reports made by a nosy neighbor , a suspicious nurse , or an abusive ex to control pregnant people. Texas’ neighbor-against-neighbor playbook poses special risks in rural areas with small communities and long driving times. For residents of those towns, making a trip to see family, participate in a bachelorette weekend in Santa Fe, or pay a visit to an out-of-state medical specialist while pregnant could all lead to accusations of abortion seeking. That could be held against you should you lose (or end) the pregnancy. Local travel restrictions —even if they aren’t widely enforced— isolate and stigmatize pregnant people.

Restrictions on the mobility of pregnant people have expanded off the road and onto campus. This month, two University of Texas professors filed suit challenging Biden administration Title IX rules and guidance that protect pregnant students . Backed by Texas’ attorney general , the professors said they would refuse to excuse absences for students seeking “elective” abortions stemming from “voluntary” sexual intercourse. Those familiar with attendance-based grading immediately recognized the fraught choices this could force on a student in need of abortion care: Stay put on campus and risk your health, seek care and risk your grade, or tell your economics professor all about your pregnancy. New, creative abortion restrictions pin pregnant people in place.

Local abortion restrictions are also reviving previously dormant legal debates, like whether fetuses are people. Fetal personhood is the legal term behind the anti-abortion slogan “Abortion Is Murder.” The theory goes that fetuses are people deserving of full legal protections, so abortion is legally and morally condemnable—no matter how young the mother, how violent the conception, or how medically risky the pregnancy. At its extreme, the pro-life theory could justify capital punishment for those who perform abortions.

Legal personhood has long been a popular concept on the religious right, with some of its elements already used to penalize pregnant people Still, the theory had not gained widespread legal acceptance and had generally been absent from Texas headlines. That is, until Dallas sheriff’s deputies ticketed Brandy Bottone for driving alone in an HOV lane . When questioned about her solo driving, Bottone pointed to her pregnant belly . She argued that under Texas law , post- Dobbs , there were two people in that car. A local judge dismissed the tickets .

The story sparked a round of attempts to pass pro–fetal personhood state legislation and illustrates how quickly such arguments could gain steam in Texas’ more than 450 state district courts, 500 county courts, and 900 municipal courts charged with interpreting local law. Texas’ federal and higher state courts have already paved the way. Amarillo-based federal Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk’s opinion suspending Food and Drug Administration–approved abortion medications seemed to mirror the fetal personhood playbook when it decried the drugs’ ability “to kill an unborn human.” The U.S. Supreme Court just overruled this, but that decision is not the end of the attempt to ban the drug. Similarly, Texas’ Supreme Court recently protected anti-abortion activists’ efforts to lobby a small town to become a “sanctuary city for the unborn,” where abortion would be labeled “an act of murder” and thus de facto banned . If fetal personhood theories catch on further, pregnant Texans could find their fetuses prioritized over themselves in contexts ranging from traffic court to doctors’ offices .

The state’s local abortion battles make clear that Dobbs is pushing the frontiers of abortion fights out of state and national contexts and closer and closer to pregnant people’s daily lives. And it’s not just Texas. Increasingly local anti-abortion regulations are popping up throughout the more than 40 states with restrictive abortion laws. Four state supreme courts have recently grappled with their state abortion laws, including a still-pending case in New Mexico over local restrictions. Fetal personhood concepts underlie local courts’ treatment of pregnancy criminalization all over the country, including in traditionally liberal states. These local and state legal processes have national implications , since anti-abortion movements build legal playbooks from the local level up.

This all points to the need for more local strategies to preserve abortion access. Well-known national abortion access organizations generally focus on national lawsuits, federal policies, and (more recently) state constitution claims . Of course, anyone concerned about protecting abortion access post- Dobbs should continue to support national and state efforts. However, preserving abortion rights also needs a bottom-up approach. Local laws are now one of the prime arenas for these fights, and the other side has a head start.

Further, the most recent waves of local abortion restrictions operate by isolating pregnant people within their communities—so advocacy options need to instead focus on forming connections. Individuals and organizations alike should recognize the connections between abortion and other local reproductive justice topics. When a county district attorney charges a pregnant woman when she is shot, a state appellate court keeps a pregnant woman in jail to “protect” her pregnancy, city health clinics close , or school boards implement abstinence-only sex education, pregnant people suffer similar losses to their autonomy and health ( their own and that of the fetus ).

Connecting through shared information also strengthens local abortion access. First, people in abortion-restricting localities should track attempts to police pregnant people—such information could form a record for potential litigation against the restrictive laws. Additionally, cities where abortion remains legal can continue to broadly communicate that information . Legal academics too can continue to pick at the knot of local, state, and national abortion access laws currently tying the hands of abortion-access advocates wary of legal liability. And finally, organizations in embattled localities should continue to find creative ways to share messages reducing abortion stigma and connecting pregnant people to reproductive health resources. Some may do so even by funding billboards, as the abortion access group Lilith Fund did in Marshall, Texas.

The past few years of abortion headlines have pointed our attention up the Supreme Court steps and to national abortion debates. But the future of abortion access lies in East Texas’ short-lived billboards. Abortion may be a blessing, but because of new, hyperlocal restrictions, it is more embattled than ever.

Here’s What Tech-Savvy Educators Think About Cellphone Bans in Schools

Photo illustration of cell phone with red circle and slash.

School districts have been debating whether to completely ban student cellphones, encourage teachers to integrate them into their instruction, or something in between for about a decade.

Outright bans seem to be gathering momentum, especially at the state level . And just this month, Los Angeles, the nation’s second-largest school district, announced that it will ban the use of student cellphones, beginning in January. In explaining the decision, LAUSD Superintendent Alberto Carvalho argued that the devices distract students from their academics and that social media platforms hurt kids’ mental health.

Plenty of educators agree with him. In fact, nearly 1 of every 4 teachers support completely banning phones , according to a nationally representative survey conducted last fall by the EdWeek Research Center.

But what do educators at the International Society for Technology in Education’s annual conference here in Denver think? ISTE is one of the largest ed-tech conferences in the world. It’s hard to imagine a bigger concentration of ed-tech directors, coaches, and teachers who embrace digital tools.

Surely, the educators in this ed-tech epicenter wouldn’t favor banning a ubiquitous technology like cellphones. Right?

Not exactly. In fact, when two EdWeek reporters approached ISTE attendees to talk about school cellphone policies, we got a range of responses.

Here’s a sample of what we heard.

Why these educators support a cellphone ban

Take: Ban them. They’re a big distraction.

“I am for [bans]. I’m a parent, too, and I understand the safety concerns [of not having direct access to our kids at school], but we need to be able to trust the school. Cellphones are a distraction, and it’s too much to ask a child to pay attention when there’s a phone buzzing in their pocket or a smartwatch vibrating on their wrist .

“They can’t help themselves. It’s human nature. Even as an adult, it’s hard for us to put our phones away and pay attention to a staff meeting.”

—Rachel Lemansky, elementary library coordinator, Dudley-Charlton district, Mass.

Take: Ban them to keep students safe.

“I’m in middle school and it affects everything I do. There are so many layers to [banning cellphones]. It’s a safety issue. As a school, there’s not much we can do to monitor what students do on their personal devices, but we need to be able to know what they’re doing because it’s part of our responsibility.

“It’s also an engagement issue. I need [students] to put the phones away so I can hopefully engage them in the lesson. We’re also a 1-to-1 district now so they don’t need their phones to access learning materials.”

—Gerilyn Williams, middle school math teacher, Pinelands schools, N.J.

Take: Consider a ban, but don’t make teachers the enforcers.

“I am pro exploring [a ban]. We have enough data about social media and mental health issues. We’re stewards of kids’ well-being. If we’re not thinking about doing something [to help], it’s like, what are we doing?

“I’m convinced that you can’t just put it on the teacher. Teachers are already burned out. We already have a shortage. And we’re asking them to have these great relationships with students. But if we maintain the status quo of, ‘it’s the teachers’ decision,’ then we’re inserting a barrier [to relationship building] that doesn’t have to be there.”

—A district technology administrator from Texas who preferred not to be named because the administrator’s views run counter to the district’s policy, which leaves decisions about cellphones up to individual teachers

Why these educators oppose cellphone bans

Take: Don’t ban them because students need to learn to use them.

“As educators in high school, we need to teach students how to use cellphones and when to use them responsibly. If you just ban them, what are we really accomplishing when they go out into the workforce? How do they know when it’s appropriate, where it’s appropriate, how it’s appropriate to use them? The teenage years are the years we figure things out.”

—Candice Breaux, the career and technical education supervisor, West Baton Rouge Parish Schools, La.

Take: Don’t ban them because teachers will devote too much time to enforcing that policy.

“Teachers could spend a lot of energy and effort fighting [cellphones], but I don’t know how far they really would get. The kids, they have cellphones. They’re going to be using them. I personally feel like as educators, especially now, we need to be figuring out how do you help kids use them productively and to get the task done at hand?”

—Lauren Tavarez, director of digital learning, Ector County Independent School District, Texas

Take: They’re problematic, but don’t take them away.

“Since the pandemic, I’ve talked to a lot of teachers across the country. They’re seeing kids having issues trying to talk face-to-face or work in groups. They’re hiding behind their cellphones. It’s become a crutch. And for some of my kids, because they’ve experienced a lot of trauma, they feel safe [with their phones].

“You have to work quite a bit with them to realize, ‘oh, they’re not doing it to be rude.’ You really have to change your mindset that they’re doing it because they don’t feel safe. If I yelled at these kids [to put their phones away], they’re just going to get up and walk out.”

—Kristin Conley, teacher, Arapahoe Ridge High School, an alternative school in Colorado

The argument against all or nothing cellphone policies

Take: Limit them and teach mindfulness practices to keep kids off their phones.

“I do see how it can seem like all or nothing. But we really do need to have a blend. [Students need to understand] if you feel like you’re getting addicted to it, you’re maybe looking at your cellphone at inappropriate times, you can use mindful strategies and give [yourself] permission to put it down to the side.

"[Teachers can help by having] ‘cellphone away time,’ and then maybe the last 10 minutes of class, have it accessible. I’m never good with all or nothing. I always feel like there has to be a balance.”

—Kara Fahy, STEAM and project-based learning coach, Fort Belvoir Upper Elementary, Va.

And the official ISTE take…

Take: Don’t ban them. Teach students to use them.

“In general, banning tools that students are going to need to use in their future life is not a good idea. I do understand that if you have a school or district that has not been able to get ahead of creating a healthy culture for device use, you may need to just take a pause and reset some things to help reinforce some good, healthy habits. And so that may be a choice that some schools are taking.

“I do want to make sure it’s clear that in some way, shape, or form, we have to help young people learn how to use these tools in effective ways, if you want them to be successful in the future.”

—Richard Culatta, ISTE’s CEO

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Hillary Clinton warns Biden about Trump debate: It won't be a 'normal' TV faceoff

WASHINGTON — Former Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton wrote in an op-ed piece that it’s a “waste of time” to try to counter Donald Trump in a TV forum as it were a "normal debate.“

The former secretary of state, who debated Trump three times during the 2016 election, had some advice for President Joe Biden as he prepares to take the stage with the presumptive GOP nominee.

“It’s nearly impossible to identify what his arguments even are. He starts with nonsense and then digresses into blather. This has gotten only worse in the years since we debated,” Clinton wrote in a New York Times op-ed published Tuesday.

She added that Trump “may rant and rave in part because he wants to avoid giving straight answers about his unpopular positions.”

Her piece comes as Biden and Trump are expected to face off for the first 2024 presidential election debate Thursday night hosted by CNN moderators Jake Tapper and Dana Bash. Clinton wrote that to cut through Trump’s tactics, Biden must be as “as direct and forceful as he was when engaging Republican hecklers at the State of the Union address in March.”

She also advised viewers to cut through the theatrics by paying attention to how the candidates talk about people, focusing on the fundamental issues at stake and thinking about the “real choice” in this election.

“This election is between a convicted criminal out for revenge and a president who delivers results for the American people,” she wrote. “No matter what happens in the debate, that’s an easy choice.”

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Counterargument
Some counterarguments will directly address your thesis, while other counterarguments will challenge an individual point or set of points elsewhere in your argument. For example, a counterargument might identify. a problem with a conclusion you've drawn from evidence. a problem with an assumption you've made. a problem with how you are ...
Counterargument
Counterargument. When you write an academic essay, you make an argument: you propose a thesis and offer some reasoning, using evidence, that suggests why the thesis is true. When you counter-argue, you consider a possible argument against your thesis or some aspect of your reasoning. This is a good way to test your ideas when drafting, while ...
How to Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)
A counter argument is precisely what it sounds like — an argument that offers reasons to disagree with an essay's thesis statement. As you are writing your essay, you will likely pen multiple supporting arguments that outline precisely why readers should logically agree with the thesis.
Writing a Counterargument Paragraph
When writing your counterargument paragraph, you should respond to that other position. In your paragraph: Identify the opposing argument. Respond to it by discussing the reasons the argument is incomplete, weak, unsound, or illogical. Provide examples or evidence to show why the opposing argument is unsound, or provide explanations of how the ...
Counter Arguments
Counter Argument. One way to strengthen your argument and demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the issue you are discussing is to anticipate and address counter arguments, or objections. By considering opposing views, you show that you have thought things through, and you dispose of some of the reasons your audience might have for not ...
Counterarguments
A counterargument involves acknowledging standpoints that go against your argument and then re-affirming your argument. This is typically done by stating the opposing side's argument, and then ultimately presenting your argument as the most logical solution. The counterargument is a standard academic move that is used in argumentative essays ...
Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation
An argumentative essay presents an argument for or against a topic. For example, if your topic is working from home, then your essay would either argue in favor of working from home (this is the for side) or against working from home.. Like most essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction that ends with the writer's position (or stance) in the thesis statement.
The Writing Center
With a counterargument, you have an opportunity to acknowledge and respond to any objections from the opposition, giving you the advantage since the response comes from you. Usage of a counterargument also demonstrates that you're a rational and fair arguer who is well-versed in your issue since you acknowledge both sides of the argument.
A Guide to Rebuttals in Argumentative Essays
Step 1. Come up with a Counterargument. A strong rebuttal is only possible when there's a strong counterargument. You may be convinced of your idea but try to place yourself on the other side. Rather than addressing weak opposing views that are easy to fend off, try to come up with the strongest claims that could be made.
How to Write a Convincing Counter Argument
Steps to Write a Persuasive Counter Argument. There are two important steps involved in writing an effective counter argument: 1. Acknowledging a Contrasting Point of View. A counter argument is convincing to the reader only when it is relevant and does, in fact, "counter" the thesis of the essay. And since writers may find it difficult to ...
Academic Guides: Writing a Paper: Responding to Counterarguments
Writing a paper can be challenging, especially when you have to address counterarguments that may oppose your main claim. In this academic guide, you will learn how to respond to counterarguments effectively and persuasively, using strategies such as refutation, concession, and rebuttal. This guide will help you improve your writing skills and achieve your course goals.
PDF COUNTER-ARGUMENT AND REBUTTAL
Counter-Argument 2 Cabrini University Writing Center - Revised 9/16 2) Cite an actual source, critic or group of critics, who might resist your argument Here many feminists would probably object that _____. But social Darwinists would certainly take issue with the argument that Nevertheless, both followers and critics of Malcolm X will probably argue that
Writing Handouts
Counterargument. This handout is available for download in DOCX format and PDF format. When you write an academic essay, you make an argument: you propose a thesis and offer evidence and reasoning to suggest why the thesis is true. When you counter-argue, you consider a possible argument against your thesis or some aspect of your logic.
Argument, Counterargument, & Refutation
Debatable thesis statement in the Introduction. Argument - paragraphs which show support for the author's thesis (for example: reasons, evidence, data, statistics) Counterargument - at least one paragraph which explains the opposite point of view. Concession - a sentence or two acknowledging that there could be some truth to the ...
How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay
Example Of Counter Argument Paragraph. Below, we share a relevant example of an argument on a specific topic with guidance on avoiding writing an irrelevant counter argument. The argument: Many students prefer to smoke on college campuses. They often argue that authorities can't ban smoking on campus if it isn't illegal.
Counterargument
Lengthier Argumentative Essays: ... When laid out, every other section of the essay is an argument in support and every other section is a counter argument: introduction; reason 1;
Counter Argument in Essay Writing: How to Write a Good ...
Does an Argumentative Essay Need a Counter Argument. An argumentative essay needs you to have a counter-argument. This is because you are required to write a paper that presents your thesis and then backs it up with evidence, and the counter-argument is a part of this process. It is the other side of the story.
Counterargument
Argument: your position/opinion about the topic (usually stated in the thesis and then supported with main points throughout the essay) ... Counterarguments are often placed toward the end of the essay after the author has argued all their points supporting their position. You might decide to tackle both the counterargument and rebuttal in one ...
What Is a Counterargument in an Argumentative Essay?
In any type of argumentative essay, you'll include a strong thesis statement to identify the focus of your essay. You'll also include several main arguments to support your thesis. A counterargument opposes your argument. It expresses the opposite view of your thesis. A counterargument opposes your argument.
How Do I Incorporate a Counterargument?
Generally, they work by pointing out weaknesses with the solidity or rationale of the objection's claim itself (what the objector says about the argument) or of its evidence (the support offered for the claim). Counterarguments: Counterarguments are a more cooperative form of rebuttal. In counterarguments, a writer acknowledges the strengths ...
Persuasive Essay Examples (With Counterarguments!)
An example of a high school-level persuasive essay could look like this: Thesis statement: Euthanasia should be allowed. Argument: Ending a loved one's life in order to ease their pain should be allowed if the patient had consented. Counterargument: Allowing someone to murder another living human being is illegal.
How To Write A Counterargument: A Guide For Essay Writing
Example 1 hails from an essay advocating the advantages of remote work for both employees and employers. Situated in the essay's body, this paragraph first acknowledges the potential downside of diminished productivity at home and then counters it by highlighting how remote work can boost productivity.
How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay
Your counter statement can appear anywhere in your essay, but a counter-argument essay example will show you that it commonly appears as part of your introduction — before proposing your thesis. A counter-argument is essentially an argument that is opposed to your thesis, expressing the view of a person who disagrees with your position. ...
6.3.6: How to Write an Argument Essay
The argument is often the most difficult of essays for students to begin. We are many times as unsure of our positions as we are of our reasons for our positions on controversial topics. "Because that's what I believe" is only the starting point. Explaining why you believe in your position is the task of the argument.
PDF Co un te r A rgume n t
Counter Argument. One way to strengthen your argument and demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the issue you are discussing is to anticipate and address counter arguments or objections. By considering opposing views, you show that you have thought things through, and you dispose of some of the reasons your audience might have for not ...
In Texas, the Fight Over Abortion Has Gotten Hyperlocal
The story sparked a round of attempts to pass pro-fetal personhood state legislation and illustrates how quickly such arguments could gain steam in Texas' more than 450 state district courts ...
Rethinking English essay scores: The argument for ...
To get high scores at essay writing tests, learners of English as a foreign language need to focus on good arguments more than on complex grammar. The finding challenges conventional approaches to ...
Here's What Tech-Savvy Educators Think About Cellphone Bans in Schools
The argument against all or nothing cellphone policies Take: Limit them and teach mindfulness practices to keep kids off their phones. "I do see how it can seem like all or nothing.
America imported tipping from Europe
One activist organization has made the argument that discriminatory tipping, in which people of color earn lower wages than White people, is a violation of the Civil Rights Act. If you read up on ...
Hillary Clinton warns Biden on Trump faceoff: Not a 'normal' debater
Hillary Clinton warned in the New York Times that Donald Trump's 'blather' and digressions have only gotten worse since she debated him in 2016.

How to Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

What Is a Counter Argument?

Why Include a Counter Argument?

How To Write a Counter Argument (Step-by-Step Guide)

1. Brainstorm

2. Making the Transition

3. Offering Evidence

4. Refute the Counter Argument

5. Restate Your Argument

How To Write A Good Counter Argument

Examples of Counter Arguments with Refutation

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Counterarguments

Counterargument in two steps

Where to put a counterargument

Why use a counterargument?

Examples of the counterargument structure

ESL Lesson Plans, Tests, & Ideas

Argumentative Essays: The Counter-Argument & Refutation

You Need to Also Respond to the Counter-Arguments!

The Refutation/Response Paragraph

Where Do We Put the Counter-Argument and Refutation?

Extra Advice on Argumentative Essays

Use Language in Counter-Argument That Shows Its Not Your Position

Choose the Side with the Strongest Support

Do Not Include Too Many Counter-arguments

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A Guide to Rebuttals in Argumentative Essays

What Is a Rebuttal?

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Rebuttals in Action

Step 1. Come up with a Counterargument

Step 2. Point Out Its Flaws

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Summary: Rebuttals

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Writing a Paper: Responding to Counterarguments

Identify the Counterarguments

Investigate the Counterarguments

Address the Counterarguments

Refine Your Argument

Templates for Responding to Counterarguments

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Centers and Offices

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Writing Resources

The Turn Against

The Turn Back

Where to Put a Counterargument

Counterargument in Pre-Writing and Revising

21 Argument, Counterargument, & Refutation

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How To Write A Counter Argument In An Essay

What Is A Counterargument In An Essay – The Definition

Why Are Counterarguments Important

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Counter Argument Starters

Transition Words

Why Include A Counterargument In An Argumentative Essay?

Example Of Counter Argument Paragraph

How To Respond To A Counterargument: The Refutation

Common Mistakes And Fallacies To Avoid While Writing Opposing Arguments

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Do Synthesis Essays Need A Counter Argument?

Does An Argumentative Essay Need A Counter Argument?

Where Does The Counterargument Go In An Essay?

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