what are the six steps in the problem solving model

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Six-Step Problem-Solving Model

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weblink:  http://www.yale.edu/bestpractices/resources/docs/problemsolvingmodel.pdf

This six-step model is designed for the workplace, but is easily adaptable to other settings such as schools and families.  It emphasizes the cyclical , continuous nature of the problem-solving process .  The model describes in detail the following steps:

Step One:   Define the Problem

Step Two:   Determine the Root Cause(s) of the Problem

Step Three:   Develop Alternative Solutions

Step Four:   Select a Solution

Step Five:   Implement the Solution

Step Six:   Evaluate the Outcome

Tuesday, May 15, 2012

• The Six-Step Problem-Solving Process

• Select the problem to be analyzed
• Clearly define the problem and establish aprecise problem statement
• Set a measurable goal for the problem solving effort
• Establish a process for coordinating with and gaining approval of leadership
• Identify the processes that impact the problem and select one
• List the steps in the process as it currently exists
• Map the Process
• Validate the map of the process
• Identify potential cause of the problem
• Collect and analyze data related to the problem
• Verify or revise the original problem statement
• Identify root causes of the problem
• Collect additional data if needed to verify root causes
• Establish criteria for selecting a solution
• Generate potential solutions that will address the root causes of the problem
• Select a solution
• Gain approval and supporter the chosen solution
• Plan the solution
• Implement the chosen solution on a trial or pilot basis
• If the Problem Solving Process is being used in conjunction with the Continuous Improvement Process, return to Step 6 of the Continuous Improvement Process
• If the Problem Solving Process is being used as a standalone, continue to Step 5
• Gather data on the solution
• Analyze the data on the solution
• Achive the desired results?
• If YES, go to Step 6. 
• If NO, go back to Step 1.
• Identify systemic changes and training needs for full implementation
• Adopt the solution
• Plan ongoing monitoring of the solution
• Continue to look for incremental improvements to refine the solution
• Look for another improvement opportunity

4 comments:

Tim, This is a good guideline for any practitioner to follow. I wish I had this a few weeks ago. A client liked a training deck I prepared but didn't want to confuse anyone with terms like Deming Cycle and such. The final version of PDCA was a 6 step process improvement method that's very similar to yours. Thanks for sharing. Cheers, Chris

Thank you for you brief and easy to understand on each step problem solving above.

Wonderful. Well Explained. Thank you for sharing

I mapped this to PDCA and observed that the first 3 steps correspond to P, the next 3 to D, C and A respectively. This Show that indeed planning is the most important step in PDCA.

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Six Steps Demystified

The six-step approach offers a framework for creative problem solving. Although each step is critical, it is important that participants don't forget that conducting RESEARCH on a topic sets up a strong foundation. Being knowledgeable about a topic allows for better understanding of the bigger picture and is a key part of identifying problems as well as generating solutions. Successful problem solvers always have conducted research on the topic.

There are two essential Pre-Steps before starting the six-step process.

Research the topic

Read and analyze the future scene

Underlying Problem

Evaluate Solutions

Action Plan

Develop an Action Plan

The solution idea (which receives the highest total from STEP 5) is described in detail within the action plan. Develop your action plan by relating the idea back to the U.P. Demonstrate how your action plan will achieve what you set out to accomplish in STEP 2 (the KVP and Purpose).

Tips: 

Explain in detail the  who, what, how why, where,  and  when  of your action plan. Who will carry out the plan or be involved? What will be done to solve the problem? When will the results begin and will it continue? Where will the plan be implemented? Why will this idea positively impact the future scene? How will the action plan be carried out? How does it positively impact the U.P.? 

New facts to your action plan may be added, as long as each addition represents a subpart of your action plan.

Sample Format:  One approach might be to write five complete paragraphs in elaboration of your action plan.

 An overview of the plans steps and stages of implementation ( Who  and  What ).

Discuss the reasons or logic behind the solution being the best choice ( Why  and  How  the plan solves every aspect of the U.P.).

Discuss potential roadblocks or challenges that will likely confront this action plan, along with ideas or actions for overcoming these obstacles.

Highlight the strengths which Action Plan possess.

Underscore the many positive impacts that the action plan will provide to the whole situation described in the future scene. Provide a justification ( Why  and How ) for each positive impact and benefit derived from the implementation of the action plan.

Produce Solution Ideas to the Underlying Problem

Solutions are detailed plans to solve all aspects of the team’s U.P.

Elaborate by indicating  WHO  will implement the solution idea,  WHAT  will be done,  HOW  the solution idea will work, and  WHY  the solution idea will solve the KVP and Purpose of the U.P.

Elements of the future should be incorporated within these action proposals by utilizing new or special technologies, methods, or procedures that would be effective.

Solution ideas are to be stated as definite proposals (e.g. "will").

Incorporate futuristic aspects in your writing of the solution idea.

Attempt to produce solutions for every relevant category of thought for the future scene as possible.

Generate and Select Criteria to Evaluate Solution Ideas

Brainstorm criteria that question the creative potential and importance of solution ideas. Create criteria which will measure the comparative quality (relevance and/or validity) of your STEP 3 solutions.

Only identify one concern/dimension with each criterion. Avoid the use of "and" in a criterion.

It is helpful to include  superlatives words (e.g. least, most, greatest, fewest, etc.).

You can create advanced criteria by considering various aspects of the future scene or your U.P. (KVP or Purpose) within a criterion.

Include the phrase, "which solution will" and phrase each in the form of a question.

Identify Challenges Related to the Topic or Future Scene

Challenges note important concerns, problems, issues, or challenges that have a strong possibility of occurring within the future scene. 

Written in statement form.

Stated in terms of possibility (e.g. may, could, might).

Must have relation to the future scene by containing terms or phrases that describe the topic, place, and/or individuals detailed in the future scene.

Challenges may either cause the future scene or result from the future scene.

Explain WHAT the challenge is, WHY it is a challenge, and HOW it relates to the future scene.

Phrase your challenges as cause and effect logic statements.

Attempt to find as many challenges as you can for every relevant category of thought for the future scene (about 12 categories should be your goal).

Incorporate ideas or concepts found during your research when writing the selected challenges from your group’s brainstorming whenever possible.

Select an Underlying Problem

The Underlying Problem (U.P.) is a statement of the most important challenge identified in STEP 1. The selected challenge, if solved, might solve many of the other challenges identified in the Future Scene. A challenge causing other concerns to occur in the scenario is much preferred as the U.P. rather than a challenge resulting from the future scene’s situation.

How To Structure A U.P.:   A U.P. should be stated in one question containing the following five basic components.

Condition Phrase: A beginning sentence that describes the most significant challenge selected from STEP 1 that may be causing many other challenges in the future scene. The conditions should describe an effect and a cause arising from the future scene. The conditions are the impetus for the area of concern that the team has chosen for their solution finding. Since and due to (or because) could be a format used to write the condition phrase.

Stem: Phrased as "How might we" or "In what ways might we"

Key Verb Phrase (KVP): One main verb which is active, descriptive, and clear which describes the action that must be done to solve the problem.

Purpose: The what you aim to accomplish by doing the Key Verb Phrase.

Future Scene Parameters (FSP): The geographic location, time, and topic described within the future scene.

The U.P. should address only one issue (one action in the KVP and one goal in the Purpose).

The action stated in your KVP should be clear and the goal or outcome described in your Purpose should be measurable.

Evaluate Solution Ideas to Determine the Better Action Plan

Select your 8 most promising solution ideas and list them in the 8 solution idea blanks of the grid. If you have fewer than 8, list them all. Rank order your solution ideas from 8 (best) to 1 (least effective) relative to each criterion from STEP 4. Ensure that you use each number between 8 and 1 only once in each vertical column. Sum the ratings across the grid to total the ranks given to each solution. The solution with the highest total rank is the solution used to develop your action plan in STEP 6.

It is always helpful to familiarize yourself with the six steps by looking at the full blank booklet and understanding how evaluators review each step through the GIPS Evaluation Scoresheet which can also be found under at the Virtual Center . 

The GIPS Key Tips packet found under at the Virtual Center offers more in-depth explanation of each step. If you have any questions about the six steps never hesitate to reach out to our Evaluation Director, so we can offer more insight. Always remember to review the evaluators' scoresheet after each submission and read the feedback which can offer advice on how to further improve.

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Mastering the Six-Step Problem Solving Model – A Comprehensive Guide for Success

Introduction.

Problem solving skills are a crucial aspect of life. Whether it’s tackling complex issues in the workplace or finding solutions to everyday challenges, being able to effectively solve problems is essential. One popular approach to problem-solving is the Six-Step Problem Solving Model. This model provides a structured and systematic way of approaching problems, enabling individuals and teams to arrive at effective solutions. In this blog post, we will delve into each step of the Six-Step Problem Solving Model and explore techniques and strategies for successful problem solving.

Step 1: Identify and define the problem

Before diving into finding a solution, it is imperative to clearly identify and define the problem at hand. Without a clear understanding of the problem, it becomes difficult to develop effective solutions. One technique for identifying the problem is to ask the right questions. By asking probing questions, you can gain a deeper understanding of the issue and its impact on various aspects.

Gathering relevant information is a vital aspect of defining the problem. This can be done through research, data analysis, or relying on the expertise of individuals who have faced similar issues. The more information you gather, the better equipped you will be to define the problem accurately.

Step 2: Analyze the problem

Once the problem is defined, it is crucial to analyze it thoroughly. This involves exploring the root causes of the problem. By identifying the underlying factors contributing to the problem, you can develop strategies to address them effectively.

Analytical tools and techniques can aid in this step. One such tool is the cause-and-effect diagram, also known as the fishbone diagram. This diagram helps visualize the multiple causes that contribute to a problem, enabling a comprehensive analysis. Other tools, such as SWOT analysis or Pareto analysis, can be utilized depending on the nature of the problem.

Step 3: Generate potential solutions

Brainstorming and creative thinking play a crucial role in the third step of the Six-Step Problem Solving Model. This is the stage where you generate as many potential solutions as possible, without evaluating them yet. Encouraging a free flow of ideas without judgment can lead to innovative and out-of-the-box solutions.

After generating a list of potential solutions, it’s time to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness. Consider factors such as the resources required, the time frame, and the impact on stakeholders. Prioritize the solutions based on these considerations and shortlist a few viable options.

Step 4: Select the best solution

Choosing the best solution from the shortlisted options requires a careful evaluation process. Consider various factors such as the potential positive outcomes, potential risks, and the resources required for implementation. One useful tool in this step is decision matrix analysis. This tool allows you to objectively compare and evaluate different solutions based on predetermined criteria.

Remember that the best solution might not be perfect, but it should have a higher probability of success and address the root causes identified in the analysis phase.

Step 5: Implement the chosen solution

Once you have selected the best solution, it’s time to develop an action plan for implementation. The action plan should outline the necessary steps, allocate resources, and set clear timelines for each task. It’s important to involve all relevant stakeholders in this phase to ensure their buy-in and cooperation.

During implementation, it’s common to encounter obstacles and risks. It is important to anticipate and proactively address these challenges. Regular communication and monitoring of progress can help identify potential risks and resolve issues in a timely manner.

Step 6: Evaluate the results and make adjustments

After implementing the chosen solution, it is crucial to evaluate its effectiveness. Assess whether the solution has successfully addressed the problem and achieved the desired outcomes. This evaluation can be done through various means such as surveys, feedback from stakeholders, or quantitative measurements.

If the solution did not produce the desired results, it’s important to make adjustments and improvements. This might involve revisiting the problem definition, analyzing the root causes more deeply, or even considering alternate solutions. Continuous improvement is key to success in problem-solving endeavors.

The Six-Step Problem Solving Model provides a systematic approach to addressing and resolving problems. By following these steps, individuals and teams can enhance their problem-solving skills and arrive at effective solutions. Remember to always start with a clear definition of the problem, analyze it thoroughly, generate potential solutions, select the best solution, implement it carefully, and evaluate the results before making adjustments. By applying this model, you can tackle complex problems with confidence and achieve success in your problem-solving endeavors.

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Six Steps to Effective Problem Solving Within Organizations

• Dr. Nancy Zentis
• March 20, 2015

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  Managers and their subordinates sometimes lack the problem-solving skills necessary to move things forward within their organizations. Luckily, OD process consulting focused towards problem solving training can be an effective antidote to this, as it helps in building critical skills to handle a possible deadlock.

Problem solving training is an intervention tool that helps managers and employees develop critical thinking skills to sharpen their logic, reasoning, and problem-defining capability. Problem solving training also helps develop abilities to evaluate causation, analyze alternatives, and select and execute solutions. This training is an integral part of organizational efforts to introducing quality management programs as it helps define a process to manage problems.

In this article, we will introduce the six-step problem solving process defined by Edgar Schein, so that teams trained in this can find the best solution to a problem and create an action plan.

Why Use a Problem Solving Process?

Since problems can be many and root causes hidden, it may take an extended period of time to come to a solution. Developing a team to help search for answers and formulating a decision is advantageous to improving organizational quality and efficiency.

OD Problem Solving Process based on Edgar H. Schein’s Approach

OD expert, Edgar Schein along with other OD experts suggested that a process that helps in problem-solving, steers groups to successful outcomes. Schein’s approach is presented in a model that investigates problem definition, brainstorming, group decision-making, idea development, action planning, and assessment.

As an OD consultant, you can use this process to improve communication,  strengthen group cohesion, and make effective decisions.

• Problem Definition .  Identify problems through  problem formulation and questioning. The key is asking the  right questions to discover root causes.
• Brainstorming .  During this process,  assumptions are uncovered  and underlying problems are further revealed. Also, this is an opportunity to collect and analyze data.
• Selection . Decisions are made within the group to  determine the appropriate solution and process  through creative selection .
• Development .  Once the group has formed solutions and alternatives to the problem(s), they need to explore the pros and cons of each option through  forecasting consequences .
• Action Planning . Develop an  action plan to implement and execute the solution process.
• Assessment . This final stage requires an  evaluation of the outcomes and results of the solution process. Ask questions such as: Did the option answer the questions we were working on? Did this process address the findings that came out of the assumptions?

​ This process makes group problem solving in projects and meetings agreeable, action-oriented, and productive. Without a process, it can become challenging for teams or groups to create the best solutions and establish a plan of action.

Do tell us about the problem solving methods you use within your organization. We would love to hear from you.

Reference: Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership, (Vol 2). John Wiley & Sons.

About the Author:  Valamere S. Mikler is the founder and principal consultant of V.S.M. Professional Services and Consulting, a consulting firm providing organizational efficiency and administrative office management services. She can be reached at  [email protected] .

Additional Information: The Institute of Organization Development offers certification in OD Process Consulting. You can become certified as an OD Process Consultant and play an important role as a partner to make the organization more effective and help to align organizational changes with the strategy, culture, structure, systems, skills, and people. To learn more or register, please check out our website: www. instituteod.com or email us at [email protected].

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Overview of the Problem-Solving Mental Process

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS, is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in eating behaviors, stress management, and health behavior change.

• Identify the Problem
• Define the Problem
• Form a Strategy
• Organize Information
• Allocate Resources
• Monitor Progress
• Evaluate the Results

Frequently Asked Questions

Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue.

The best strategy for solving a problem depends largely on the unique situation. In some cases, people are better off learning everything they can about the issue and then using factual knowledge to come up with a solution. In other instances, creativity and insight are the best options.

It is not necessary to follow problem-solving steps sequentially, It is common to skip steps or even go back through steps multiple times until the desired solution is reached.

In order to correctly solve a problem, it is often important to follow a series of steps. Researchers sometimes refer to this as the problem-solving cycle. While this cycle is portrayed sequentially, people rarely follow a rigid series of steps to find a solution.

The following steps include developing strategies and organizing knowledge.

1. Identifying the Problem

While it may seem like an obvious step, identifying the problem is not always as simple as it sounds. In some cases, people might mistakenly identify the wrong source of a problem, which will make attempts to solve it inefficient or even useless.

Some strategies that you might use to figure out the source of a problem include :

• Asking questions about the problem
• Breaking the problem down into smaller pieces
• Looking at the problem from different perspectives
• Conducting research to figure out what relationships exist between different variables

2. Defining the Problem

After the problem has been identified, it is important to fully define the problem so that it can be solved. You can define a problem by operationally defining each aspect of the problem and setting goals for what aspects of the problem you will address

At this point, you should focus on figuring out which aspects of the problems are facts and which are opinions. State the problem clearly and identify the scope of the solution.

3. Forming a Strategy

After the problem has been identified, it is time to start brainstorming potential solutions. This step usually involves generating as many ideas as possible without judging their quality. Once several possibilities have been generated, they can be evaluated and narrowed down.

The next step is to develop a strategy to solve the problem. The approach used will vary depending upon the situation and the individual's unique preferences. Common problem-solving strategies include heuristics and algorithms.

• Heuristics are mental shortcuts that are often based on solutions that have worked in the past. They can work well if the problem is similar to something you have encountered before and are often the best choice if you need a fast solution.
• Algorithms are step-by-step strategies that are guaranteed to produce a correct result. While this approach is great for accuracy, it can also consume time and resources.

Heuristics are often best used when time is of the essence, while algorithms are a better choice when a decision needs to be as accurate as possible.

4. Organizing Information

Before coming up with a solution, you need to first organize the available information. What do you know about the problem? What do you not know? The more information that is available the better prepared you will be to come up with an accurate solution.

When approaching a problem, it is important to make sure that you have all the data you need. Making a decision without adequate information can lead to biased or inaccurate results.

5. Allocating Resources

Of course, we don't always have unlimited money, time, and other resources to solve a problem. Before you begin to solve a problem, you need to determine how high priority it is.

If it is an important problem, it is probably worth allocating more resources to solving it. If, however, it is a fairly unimportant problem, then you do not want to spend too much of your available resources on coming up with a solution.

At this stage, it is important to consider all of the factors that might affect the problem at hand. This includes looking at the available resources, deadlines that need to be met, and any possible risks involved in each solution. After careful evaluation, a decision can be made about which solution to pursue.

6. Monitoring Progress

After selecting a problem-solving strategy, it is time to put the plan into action and see if it works. This step might involve trying out different solutions to see which one is the most effective.

It is also important to monitor the situation after implementing a solution to ensure that the problem has been solved and that no new problems have arisen as a result of the proposed solution.

Effective problem-solvers tend to monitor their progress as they work towards a solution. If they are not making good progress toward reaching their goal, they will reevaluate their approach or look for new strategies .

7. Evaluating the Results

After a solution has been reached, it is important to evaluate the results to determine if it is the best possible solution to the problem. This evaluation might be immediate, such as checking the results of a math problem to ensure the answer is correct, or it can be delayed, such as evaluating the success of a therapy program after several months of treatment.

Once a problem has been solved, it is important to take some time to reflect on the process that was used and evaluate the results. This will help you to improve your problem-solving skills and become more efficient at solving future problems.

A Word From Verywell​

It is important to remember that there are many different problem-solving processes with different steps, and this is just one example. Problem-solving in real-world situations requires a great deal of resourcefulness, flexibility, resilience, and continuous interaction with the environment.

Get Advice From The Verywell Mind Podcast

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You can become a better problem solving by:

• Practicing brainstorming and coming up with multiple potential solutions to problems
• Being open-minded and considering all possible options before making a decision
• Breaking down problems into smaller, more manageable pieces
• Asking for help when needed
• Researching different problem-solving techniques and trying out new ones
• Learning from mistakes and using them as opportunities to grow

It's important to communicate openly and honestly with your partner about what's going on. Try to see things from their perspective as well as your own. Work together to find a resolution that works for both of you. Be willing to compromise and accept that there may not be a perfect solution.

Take breaks if things are getting too heated, and come back to the problem when you feel calm and collected. Don't try to fix every problem on your own—consider asking a therapist or counselor for help and insight.

If you've tried everything and there doesn't seem to be a way to fix the problem, you may have to learn to accept it. This can be difficult, but try to focus on the positive aspects of your life and remember that every situation is temporary. Don't dwell on what's going wrong—instead, think about what's going right. Find support by talking to friends or family. Seek professional help if you're having trouble coping.

Davidson JE, Sternberg RJ, editors.  The Psychology of Problem Solving .  Cambridge University Press; 2003. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511615771

Sarathy V. Real world problem-solving .  Front Hum Neurosci . 2018;12:261. Published 2018 Jun 26. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00261

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

• Guide: Problem Solving
• January 7, 2024
• Learn Lean Sigma

Problem-solving stands as a fundamental skill, crucial in navigating the complexities of both everyday life and professional environments. Far from merely providing quick fixes, it entails a comprehensive process involving the identification, analysis, and resolution of issues.

This multifaceted approach requires an understanding of the problem’s nature, the exploration of its various components, and the development of effective solutions. At its core, problem-solving serves as a bridge from the current situation to a desired outcome, requiring not only the recognition of an existing gap but also the precise definition and thorough analysis of the problem to find viable solutions.

Table of Contents

What is problem solving.

At its core, problem-solving is about bridging the gap between the current situation and the desired outcome. It starts with recognizing that a discrepancy exists, which requires intervention to correct or improve. The ability to identify a problem is the first step, but it’s equally crucial to define it accurately. A well-defined problem is half-solved, as the saying goes.

Analyzing the problem is the next critical step. This analysis involves breaking down the problem into smaller parts to understand its intricacies. It requires looking at the problem from various angles and considering all relevant factors – be they environmental, social, technical, or economic. This comprehensive analysis aids in developing a deeper understanding of the problem’s root causes, rather than just its symptoms.

Finally, effective problem-solving involves the implementation of the chosen solution and its subsequent evaluation. This stage tests the practicality of the solution and its effectiveness in the real world. It’s a critical phase where theoretical solutions meet practical application.

The Nature of Problems

The nature of the problem significantly influences the approach to solving it. Problems vary greatly in their complexity and structure, and understanding this is crucial for effective problem-solving.

Simple vs. Complex Problems : Simple problems are straightforward, often with clear solutions. They usually have a limited number of variables and predictable outcomes. On the other hand, complex problems are multi-faceted. They involve multiple variables, stakeholders, and potential outcomes, often requiring a more sophisticated analysis and a multi-pronged approach to solving.

Structured vs. Unstructured Problems : Structured problems are well-defined. They follow a specific pattern or set of rules, making their outcomes more predictable. These problems often have established methodologies for solving. For example, mathematical problems usually fall into this category. Unstructured problems, in contrast, are more ambiguous. They lack a clear pattern or set of rules, making their outcomes uncertain. These problems require a more exploratory approach, often involving trial and error, to identify potential solutions.

Understanding the type of problem at hand is essential, as it dictates the approach. For instance, a simple problem might require a straightforward solution, while a complex problem might need a more comprehensive, step-by-step approach. Similarly, structured problems might benefit from established methodologies, whereas unstructured problems might need more innovative and creative problem-solving techniques.

The Problem-Solving Process

The process of problem-solving is a methodical approach that involves several distinct stages. Each stage plays a crucial role in navigating from the initial recognition of a problem to its final resolution. Let’s explore each of these stages in detail.

Step 1: Identifying the Problem

Step 2: defining the problem.

Once the problem is identified, the next step is to define it clearly and precisely. This is a critical phase because a well-defined problem often suggests its solution. Defining the problem involves breaking it down into smaller, more manageable parts. It also includes understanding the scope and impact of the problem. A clear definition helps in focusing efforts and resources efficiently and serves as a guide to stay on track during the problem-solving process.

Step 3: Analyzing the Problem

Step 4: generating solutions, step 5: evaluating and selecting solutions.

After generating a list of possible solutions, the next step is to evaluate each one critically. This evaluation includes considering the feasibility, costs, benefits, and potential impact of each solution. Techniques like cost-benefit analysis, risk assessment, and scenario planning can be useful here. The aim is to select the solution that best addresses the problem in the most efficient and effective way, considering the available resources and constraints.

Step 6: Implementing the Solution

Step 7: reviewing and reflecting.

The final stage in the problem-solving process is to review the implemented solution and reflect on its effectiveness and the process as a whole. This involves assessing whether the solution met its intended goals and what could have been done differently. Reflection is a critical part of learning and improvement. It helps in understanding what worked well and what didn’t, providing valuable insights for future problem-solving efforts.

Tools and Techniques for Effective Problem Solving

Problem-solving is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a variety of tools and techniques to navigate effectively. Different stages of the problem-solving process can benefit from specific strategies, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the solutions developed. Here’s a detailed look at some key tools and techniques:

Brainstorming

Swot analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats), root cause analysis.

This is a method used to identify the underlying causes of a problem, rather than just addressing its symptoms. One popular technique within root cause analysis is the “ 5 Whys ” method. This involves asking “why” multiple times (traditionally five) until the fundamental cause of the problem is uncovered. This technique encourages deeper thinking and can reveal connections that aren’t immediately obvious. By addressing the root cause, solutions are more likely to be effective and long-lasting.

Mind Mapping

Each of these tools and techniques can be adapted to different types of problems and situations. Effective problem solvers often use a combination of these methods, depending on the nature of the problem and the context in which it exists. By leveraging these tools, one can enhance their ability to dissect complex problems, generate creative solutions, and implement effective strategies to address challenges.

Developing Problem-Solving Skills

Developing problem-solving skills is a dynamic process that hinges on both practice and introspection. Engaging with a diverse array of problems enhances one’s ability to adapt and apply different strategies. This exposure is crucial as it allows individuals to encounter various scenarios, ranging from straightforward to complex, each requiring a unique approach. Collaborating with others in teams is especially beneficial. It broadens one’s perspective, offering insights into different ways of thinking and approaching problems. Such collaboration fosters a deeper understanding of how diverse viewpoints can contribute to more robust solutions.

Reflection is equally important in the development of problem-solving skills. Reflecting on both successes and failures provides valuable lessons. Successes reinforce effective strategies and boost confidence, while failures are rich learning opportunities that highlight areas for improvement. This reflective practice enables one to understand what worked, what didn’t, and why.

Critical thinking is a foundational skill in problem-solving. It involves analyzing information, evaluating different perspectives, and making reasoned judgments. Creativity is another vital component. It pushes the boundaries of conventional thinking and leads to innovative solutions. Effective communication also plays a crucial role, as it ensures that ideas are clearly understood and collaboratively refined.

In conclusion, problem-solving is an indispensable skill set that blends analytical thinking, creativity, and practical implementation. It’s a journey from understanding the problem to applying a solution and learning from the outcome.

Whether dealing with simple or complex issues, or structured or unstructured challenges, the essence of problem-solving lies in a methodical approach and the effective use of various tools and techniques. It’s a skill that is honed over time, through experience, reflection, and the continuous development of critical thinking, creativity, and communication abilities. In mastering problem-solving, one not only addresses immediate issues but also builds a foundation for future challenges, leading to more innovative and effective outcomes.

• Mourtos, N.J., Okamoto, N.D. and Rhee, J., 2004, February. Defining, teaching, and assessing problem solving skills . In  7th UICEE Annual Conference on Engineering Education  (pp. 1-5).
• Foshay, R. and Kirkley, J., 2003. Principles for teaching problem solving.   Technical paper ,  4 (1), pp.1-16.

Q: What are the key steps in the problem-solving process?

A : The problem-solving process involves several key steps: identifying the problem, defining it clearly, analyzing it to understand its root causes, generating a range of potential solutions, evaluating and selecting the most viable solution, implementing the chosen solution, and finally, reviewing and reflecting on the effectiveness of the solution and the process used to arrive at it.

Q: How can brainstorming be effectively used in problem-solving?

A: Brainstorming is effective in the solution generation phase of problem-solving. It involves gathering a group and encouraging the free flow of ideas without immediate criticism. The goal is to produce a large quantity of ideas, fostering creative thinking. This technique helps in uncovering unique and innovative solutions that might not surface in a more structured setting.

Q: What is SWOT Analysis and how does it aid in problem-solving?

A : SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a situation. In problem-solving, it aids by providing a clear understanding of the internal and external factors that could impact the problem and potential solutions. This analysis helps in formulating strategies that leverage strengths and opportunities while mitigating weaknesses and threats.

Q: Why is it important to understand the nature of a problem before solving it?

A : Understanding the nature of a problem is crucial as it dictates the approach for solving it. Problems can be simple or complex, structured or unstructured, and each type requires a different strategy. A clear understanding of the problem’s nature helps in applying the appropriate methods and tools for effective resolution.

Q: How does reflection contribute to developing problem-solving skills?

A : Reflection is a critical component in developing problem-solving skills. It involves looking back at the problem-solving process and the implemented solution to assess what worked well and what didn’t. Reflecting on both successes and failures provides valuable insights and lessons, helping to refine and improve problem-solving strategies for future challenges. This reflective practice enhances one’s ability to approach problems more effectively over time.

Daniel Croft

Daniel Croft is a seasoned continuous improvement manager with a Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma. With over 10 years of real-world application experience across diverse sectors, Daniel has a passion for optimizing processes and fostering a culture of efficiency. He's not just a practitioner but also an avid learner, constantly seeking to expand his knowledge. Outside of his professional life, Daniel has a keen Investing, statistics and knowledge-sharing, which led him to create the website learnleansigma.com, a platform dedicated to Lean Six Sigma and process improvement insights.

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Article • 9 min read

Hurson's Productive Thinking Model

Solving problems creatively.

By the Mind Tools Content Team

Creativity is incredibly important in problem solving. If you're not creative, you'll struggle to understand the issues surrounding a problem, and you'll find it hard to identify the best solutions. Worse still, you might fail to solve the problem altogether!

So, what's a good way to be more creative in your problem solving, and come up with the best ideas to move forward with? Hurson's Productive Thinking Model could be just the thing to help you. This framework encourages you to use creativity and critical thinking at each stage of the problem-solving process. This means that you get a better understanding of the problems you face, and you come up with better ideas and solutions as a result.

About the Model

The Productive Thinking Model was developed by author and creativity theorist, Tim Hurson, and was published in his 2007 book, " Think Better ." [1]

The model presents a structured framework for solving problems creatively. You can use it on your own or in a group.

The model consists of six steps, as follows:

• Ask "What is going on?"
• Ask "What is success?"
• Ask "What is the question?"
• Generate answers.
• Forge the solution.
• Align resources.

From " Think Better: An Innovator's Guide to Productive Thinking " by Tim Hurson. © 2008. Reproduced with permission from The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The advantage of this model over other problem-solving approaches (like Simplex or Plan-Do-Check-Act ) is that it encourages you to use creative and critical thinking skills at each stage of the problem-solving process. This means that you can take a well-rounded look at a problem, and come up with better potential solutions.

Let's look at each step in further detail, and explore how you can apply the model.

Step 1: Ask "What Is Going On?"

First, you need to get a good understanding of the problem that you want to deal with. This is often the most involved part of the process.

To do this, explore the following four questions:

What Is the Problem?

First, brainstorm all of the problems and issues that you have – a tool such as CATWOE will help here. As you do this, think about the following questions:

• What's bugging you? And what annoys your customers?
• What's out of balance?
• What could work better? What could you improve?
• What are your customers or users complaining about?
• What challenges do you have?
• What's making you take action?

List as many issues as possible, even if you already have a good idea of what your main problem is. These don't have to be well defined or even justified. All that you're doing is generating a good list of possibilities, so don't worry about being right or wrong.

Then, use an Affinity Diagram to organize the issues that you've identified into common themes, and identify the most important problem or group of problems to deal with. If this isn't obvious, use techniques like Pareto Analysis or Paired Comparison Analysis to decide.

What Is the Impact?

Next, brainstorm how the problem impacts you and your organization, and how it affects other stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and competitors.

Make a list of all of your stakeholders, and identify the positive and negative impact that the problem has on each of them.

To help with this, ask questions such as:

• Who does this problem affect, directly and indirectly?
• Why is this problem important to them? What concerns do you have about it?
• Who'll benefit if you don't deal with the problem? And who'll benefit when you solve it?

Rolestorming is also useful here, as it helps you to look at problems from other people's perspectives.

What Is the Information?

Now, gather information about the problem. What do you know about it? What don't you know? Has someone else tried to fix this or a similar problem before? If so, what happened, and what can you learn? Make sure that you have evidence that the problem really does exist.

This is where it helps to use tools such as Cause and Effect Analysis , Root Cause Analysis , and Interrelationship Diagrams to identify the actual causes of your problem. You'll need to deal with these root causes to solve the problem fully.

What Is the Vision?

Finally in this step, identify your vision for the future once you've solved the problem – what Hurson calls the "target future."

Begin by writing down as many target futures as possible, and then narrow these down to something that's achievable and important to you.

If you're finding this difficult, use starter phrases such as "I wish...," "If only we could...," or "It would be great if...." For example, you might say, "I wish that the majority of our customers were happy with how we process returns," or, "It would be great if we could cut waste by 20 percent."

Step 2: Ask "What Is Success?"

In this step, you're going to develop your target future by defining what success is once you've implemented a solution to your problem.

A good way to do this is to use the "DRIVE" acronym. This stands for:

• Do – What do you want the solution to do?
• Restrictions – What must the solution not do?
• Investment – What resources are available? What are you able to invest in a solution? How much time do you have?
• Values – What values must this solution respect?
• Essential outcomes – What defines success? How will you measure this?

Step 3: Ask "What Is the Question?"

The aim in this step is to generate a list of questions that, if answered well, will solve your problem.

To do this, look at all of the information that you gathered in the first two steps. Then brainstorm the questions that you'll need to answer to achieve your target future. Use phrases such as "How can I…?" and "How will we…?" to begin.

For instance, imagine that your target future is to have a bigger departmental budget. One question might be, "How can I get a bigger budget?" Then you could brainstorm related questions, such as, "How can we spend less on routine work, so that we can do more with our existing budget?" or, "How would we operate if we had no budget?"

If you generate a long list of questions, narrow these down to the questions that are most relevant for solving your problem.

Step 4: Generate Answers

In this step, you generate solutions to your problem by coming up with answers to the questions that you developed in the previous step.

Again, brainstorm as many possible solutions as possible, and don't criticize – just concentrate on coming up with lots of ideas. If you're struggling to come up with solutions, techniques like Reverse Brainstorming , Random Input , and Provocation will help to jump-start your creativity.

Step 5: Forge the Solution

You're now going to develop your ideas into a fully formed solution.

First, evaluate the most promising ideas by comparing them with the success criteria that you identified in step 2. Pick the solution that best meets those criteria. ( Decision Matrix Analysis is helpful here.)

Then develop your best idea further. What else could make this idea better? How could you refine the solution to fit your success criteria better?

If you're working on a complex problem or project, don't underestimate the effort needed to develop and refine your solution.

Step 6: Align Resources

In this last step, you identify the people and other resources that you need in order to implement your solution.

For small projects, Action Plans are useful for this. However, if you're implementing a large-scale project, you'll need to use a more formal project management approach .

At this point, you may still decide not to move ahead with your solution. See our article on Go/No-Go Decision-Making for more on this.

Tim Hurson developed the Productive Thinking Model and published it in his 2007 book, "Think Better." The model provides a structured approach for solving problems creatively. You can use it on your own and in a group.

There are six steps in the model:

The advantage of the model is that it encourages you to use creative and critical thinking skills at each step of the problem-solving process. This means that you can take a well-rounded look at a problem, and come up with better solutions.

[1] Hurson, T. (2008) ' Think Better ,' New York: McGraw-Hill.

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What are the 6 steps of problem solving?

• Step 1: Identify and define the problem. State the problem as clearly as possible.
• Step 2: Generate possible solutions.
• Step 3: Evaluate alternatives.
• Step 4: Decide on a solution.
• Step 5: Implement the solution.
• Step 6: Evaluate the outcome.

What are the steps to problem solving in physics?

• Read the problem.
• Draw a diagram.
• State the known and unknown variables.
• State the equations (formulae).
• Solve the equation(s).
• Substitute known values into the solved equation.
• Calculate unknown from known values.
• Check final answer for reasonability.

What is problem solving in physics?

The idea is to figure out exactly what the problem is and then develop a strategy for solving it. Some general advice for this stage is as follows: Examine the situation to determine which physical principles are involved. It often helps to draw a simple sketch at the outset.

Why following the 6 steps of problem solving process is important?

The Six-Step method provides a focused procedure for the problem solving (PS) group. techniques on the same issue. It makes the decision making process easier. It provides a justifiable solution.

Who created the 6 step problem solving model?

In this article, we will introduce the six-step problem solving process defined by Edgar Schein, so that teams trained in this can find the best solution to a problem and create an action plan.

What are the six steps of the problem solving method quizlet?

• Identify the problem.
• analyze the problem.
• Determine Criteria for judging solutions.
• Identify Alternative Solutions.
• evaluate solutions and decide.
• implement the agreed solution.

What is the first step in problem solving for physics?

1. Identify the Problem (Dynamics) Any problem that asks you to relate force and motion is a Newton’s Second Law problem, no matter what was given or requested in the problem. In some cases, Newton’s Second Law is easy to identify—for example, a problem might ask you for the value of a particular force.

What are the 7 steps problem solving?

• 7 Steps for Effective Problem Solving.
• Step 1: Identifying the Problem.
• Step 2: Defining Goals.
• Step 3: Brainstorming.
• Step 4: Assessing Alternatives.
• Step 5: Choosing the Solution.
• Step 6: Active Execution of the Chosen Solution.
• Step 7: Evaluation.

What are the 7 steps in problem solving model?

• Step 1: Define The Problem.
• Step 2: Analyse The Problem.
• Step 3: Develop Potential Solutions.
• Step 4: Evaluate The Options.
• Step 5: Select The Best Option.
• Step 6: Implement The Solution.
• Step 7: Measure The Results.

What is problem-solving and its steps?

Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution. The problem-solving process.

What are the 5 problem-solving steps?

• Step 1: Identify the Problem. As obvious as it may sound, the first step in the problem-solving process is to identify the root of the issue.
• Step 2: Generate potential solutions.
• Step 3: Choose one solution.
• Step 4: Implement the solution you’ve chosen.
• Step 5: Evaluate results.

What are the types of problem-solving?

Many different strategies exist for solving problems. Typical strategies include trial and error, applying algorithms, and using heuristics. To solve a large, complicated problem, it often helps to break the problem into smaller steps that can be accomplished individually, leading to an overall solution.

Why is the last step Step 6 evaluate important?

Why is the last step (step 6-evaluate) important? B. It helps you to think about your decision afterward to see if you would make that same decision again another time.

What is the 6 step decision process?

The DECIDE model is the acronym of 6 particular activities needed in the decision-making process: (1) D = define the problem, (2) E = establish the criteria, (3) C = consider all the alternatives, (4) I = identify the best alternative, (5) D = develop and implement a plan of action, and (6) E = evaluate and monitor the …

What is step 6 of the design process?

6. Improve. Reflect on all of your feedback and decide if or to what extent it should be incorporated. It is often helpful to take solutions back through the Design Process to refine and clarify them.

What is the first step in the Six Step Process?

• Step 1: Define Desired Outcomes and Actions.
• Step 2: Endorse the Process.
• Step 4: Develop Alternatives or Options.
• Step 5: Evaluate, Select, and Refine Alternative or Option.
• Step 6: Finalize Documentation and Evaluate the Process.

What are the 4 steps in solving word problems in Grade 6?

• Step 1: Understand the problem.
• Step 2: Devise a plan (translate).
• Step 3: Carry out the plan (solve).
• Step 4: Look back (check and interpret).

What are the steps of physics?

The five steps of the scientific method include 1) defining the problem 2) making observations, 3) forming a hypothesis, 4) conducting an experiment and 5) drawing conclusions.

What are the 9 steps to problem solving?

• Take the time to define the problem clearly.
• Pursue alternate paths on “facts of life” and opportunities.
• Challenge the definition from all angles.
• Iteratively question the cause of the problem.
• Identify multiple possible solutions.
• Prioritize potential solutions.
• Make a decision.

What are the 8 problem solving steps?

• Step 1: Define the Problem. What is the problem?
• Step 2: Clarify the Problem.
• Step 3: Define the Goals.
• Step 4: Identify Root Cause of the Problem.
• Step 5: Develop Action Plan.
• Step 6: Execute Action Plan.
• Step 7: Evaluate the Results.
• Step 8: Continuously Improve.

What are the 10 steps of problem solving?

• Define the issue. What is the real problem you’re trying to solve?
• Define the time frame.
• Gather information.
• Develop alternatives.
• Discuss potential solutions.
• Change your perspective.
• Set the issue aside.

What are the 4 types of problem solving?

• Type 1: Troubleshooting.
• Type 2: Gap from standard.
• Type 3: Target condition.
• Type 4: Open-ended.

How many steps are there in problem solving?

The Six Step Problem Solving Model provides a shared, collaborative, and systematic approach to problem solving. Each step must be completed before moving on to the next step. However, the steps are repeatable. At any point the group can return to an earlier step, and proceed from there.

What are the 7 steps to problem solving PDF?

• Identify the issues. •
• Understand everyone’s interests. •
• List the possible solutions (options) •
• Evaluate the options. •
• Select an option or options. •
• Document the agreement(s). •
• Agree on contingencies, monitoring, and evaluation. •

What are the 5 Why method in problem-solving?

The 5 Whys Problem Solving technique is a simple process to follow to solve any problem by repeatedly asking the question “Why” (five times is a good rule of thumb), to peel away the layers of symptoms that can lead to the root cause of a problem. This strategy relates to the principle of systematic problem solving.

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