juris doctor non thesis meaning

Understanding the Role of a Juris Doctor

The path to becoming a legal professional is often paved with rigorous academic study, practical experience, and a deep understanding of the complexities of law. At the heart of this journey lies the Juris Doctor (JD) degree, a pivotal step for those aspiring to practice law. Understanding the role of a Juris Doctor is essential for anyone considering a career in law, as it provides the foundational knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the intricacies of the legal system.

Academic Foundation

The Juris Doctor program serves as the cornerstone of legal education, offering students a comprehensive understanding of the principles, theories, and practices that underpin the law. From constitutional law to contracts, criminal procedure to torts, students delve into a wide array of legal subjects designed to cultivate analytical thinking, problem-solving skills, and ethical reasoning. The curriculum is meticulously crafted to challenge students to think critically, engage with legal precedent, and develop the ability to construct persuasive arguments.

One of the distinguishing features of the JD program is its emphasis on legal research and writing. Through coursework and experiential learning opportunities, students learn how to navigate legal databases, interpret statutes, and craft clear and concise legal documents. Whether drafting memos, briefs, or appellate arguments, students hone their writing skills under the guidance of seasoned legal professionals. This emphasis on research and writing not only prepares students for the demands of legal practice but also instills a lifelong commitment to scholarship and intellectual inquiry.

Practical Training

In addition to academic coursework, the Juris Doctor program offers students ample opportunities for practical training through internships, externships, and clinical experiences. These hands-on learning opportunities allow students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world legal scenarios, gaining invaluable insights into the day-to-day realities of legal practice. Whether working in a law firm, government agency, or non-profit organization, students have the chance to work alongside experienced attorneys, gaining mentorship and guidance as they develop their professional skills.

Furthermore, many JD programs offer moot court competitions and trial advocacy programs, allowing students to hone their courtroom skills in a simulated environment. These experiences not only bolster students’ confidence and competence in oral advocacy but also foster a deeper understanding of procedural rules and courtroom etiquette. By combining theoretical knowledge with practical training, the JD program equips students with the tools they need to excel in a variety of legal settings, from corporate law firms to public interest organizations.

The Rise of Online Juris Doctor Programs

With advancements in technology and the changing landscape of education, the legal profession has witnessed the emergence of online Juris Doctor degree programs. These programs offer a flexible and accessible alternative to traditional brick-and-mortar law schools, allowing working professionals and non-traditional students to pursue a legal education while balancing other commitments. While online JD programs face unique challenges, such as ensuring the quality of instruction and maintaining a sense of community among students, they also provide opportunities for innovation and experimentation in legal education.

Online JD programs often utilize a combination of asynchronous lectures, live seminars, and interactive exercises to deliver course content in a virtual environment. Through online platforms, students engage with faculty and classmates from diverse backgrounds, fostering a rich and dynamic learning experience. Moreover, online Juris Doctor degree programs may offer specialized tracks or concentrations, allowing students to tailor their education to their specific interests and career goals. By harnessing the power of technology, online JD programs expand access to legal education and empower a new generation of legal professionals to make a difference in their communities.

Professional Development

Beyond the classroom and the courtroom, the Juris Doctor program plays a crucial role in shaping students’ professional identities and fostering a commitment to justice and service. Through workshops, seminars, and networking events, students have the opportunity to engage with legal professionals, alumni, and community leaders, building connections that can support their career aspirations. Moreover, many JD programs offer career counseling services, resume workshops, and interview preparation to help students navigate the job market and secure meaningful employment upon graduation.

Furthermore, the Juris Doctor program instills a sense of responsibility and ethical integrity in students, emphasizing the importance of upholding the rule of law and serving the needs of society. Whether through pro bono work, public interest fellowships, or community outreach initiatives, students are encouraged to use their legal skills to advance the public good and promote access to justice for all. In this way, the JD program not only prepares students for successful careers in law but also cultivates a sense of purpose and civic engagement that extends far beyond the courtroom.

The Juris Doctor program serves as a gateway to the legal profession, offering students the knowledge, skills, and experiences they need to succeed in a dynamic and challenging field. By providing a strong academic foundation, practical training, and opportunities for professional development, the JD program equips students with the tools they need to make a positive impact in their communities and uphold the principles of justice and fairness.

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What Are the Requirements for a Juris Doctor Degree?

Introduction

The Juris Doctor (JD) is a postgraduate degree in the field of law that is mandatory for anyone who desires to practice law in most countries, including the United States of America. Typically, it takes a period of three years to complete the degree on a full-time basis, and it covers a wide range of topics such as legal theory, practical skills, and ethical considerations.

Acquiring a JD degree is a fundamental requirement for anyone who wishes to pursue a career in the legal profession. It offers students an extensive understanding of the law and legal system, as well as the expertise and knowledge necessary to scrutinize and apply legal principles to real-life situations.

Furthermore, in addition to the academic curriculum, most JD programs mandate that students gain practical experience through internships or clinical programs. These avenues offer opportunities to work alongside established lawyers and amass valuable, hands-on experience in the field.

Education requirements for the Juris Doctor degree

As a whole, the JD degree is a crucial credential for anyone who seeks to practice law or progress in the legal profession. It imparts a sturdy foundation in legal theory and practical skills and is often a prerequisite for admission to the bar and obtaining a license to practice law.

In general, to be admitted to law school in the United States, you must have completed an undergraduate degree from an accredited institution. However, some law schools may consider applicants who have completed at least two years of college coursework. It is important to check the specific requirements of the law schools you are interested in applying to.

In addition to an undergraduate degree, law schools typically require a minimum GPA and LSAT score. The GPA requirement varies by school, but it is usually around a 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Some law schools have higher GPA requirements, while others may consider applicants with a lower GPA if they have strong LSAT scores or other exceptional qualifications.

The LSAT is a standardized test that measures critical thinking, reading comprehension, and analytical reasoning skills. Most law schools require applicants to take the LSAT and submit their scores as part of their application. The average LSAT score for students admitted to law school is around 150, but some schools have higher or lower score requirements.

In addition to the undergraduate degree, GPA, and LSAT requirements, law schools may also require applicants to submit letters of recommendation, a personal statement, and a resume or CV. Some schools may also require applicants to participate in an interview or complete additional essays or writing samples.

It is important to research the admission requirements for the law schools you are interested in applying to and to begin preparing for the application process early. Strong academic performance, a competitive LSAT score, and compelling personal statements and recommendations can all help increase your chances of being admitted to the law school of your choice.

Law school application process

To begin the application process for law school, one must submit an application containing personal information, transcripts, LSAT scores, essays, letters of recommendation, and a curriculum vitae or resume, as required by most law schools. Applications are done using the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) website. 

Some law schools require an additional application fee, and some law schools offer fee waivers.  

To gauge the applicant's qualifications and motivation to attend law school, some law schools require an interview, either conducted in person, over the phone, or via video conference. It is crucial to prepare for such interviews and expect inquiries concerning one's background, qualifications, and motivation.

In addition to the application, law schools may request further documentation, such as updated transcripts or additional letters of recommendation.

Law school curriculum

Law school encompasses an extensive array of subjects that pertain to the legal system and its execution. These topics are classified into several categories, which equip students with a comprehensive understanding of the law and its multifaceted nature. The following provides a synopsis of some of the categories and subjects that are commonly taught in law school:

• Constitutional Law: This subject delves into the United States Constitution and its provisions that grant the government and its citizens with rights and powers.
• Contracts: This subject examines the legal principles and regulations that govern the creation and implementation of contracts.
• Criminal Law: This subject covers the legal principles and regulations that govern criminal offenses and the potential sanctions that may be imposed for those offenses.
• Civil Procedure: This subject explores the legal principles and regulations that govern the process of civil litigation, including the rules of evidence and the functions of judges and juries.
• Torts: This subject investigates the legal principles and regulations that govern claims of personal injury and property damage.
• Property Law: This subject scrutinizes the legal principles and regulations that govern the ownership and transfer of property.
• Administrative Law: This subject probes the legal principles and regulations that govern the actions and decisions of government agencies.
• Professional Responsibility: This subject examines the ethical principles and regulations that govern the behavior of lawyers and other legal professionals.
• International Law: This subject explores the legal principles and regulations that govern relations between different countries and the behavior of international organizations.

The value of various types of courses in law school varies depending on the student's aspirations and interests. For example, if a student wishes to practice criminal law, they may prioritize courses in criminal law, whereas a student interested in working for a government agency may prioritize administrative law. Nonetheless, it is crucial for students to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the law, including courses in areas such as constitutional law, civil procedure, and professional responsibility. Furthermore, law school courses foster critical thinking, research, and analytical skills that are valuable in any legal career.

Bar exam preparation

Preparing for the bar exam can be a daunting task, but with proper planning and preparation, you can improve your chances of success. Here are some tips to help you study and pass the bar exam:

• Start Early: Give yourself enough time to study, and don't procrastinate. It's important to start studying at least 3-4 months before the exam date.
• Create a Study Schedule: Make a study schedule that includes all the topics you need to cover before the exam. Break down the material into manageable sections and allocate time for each section.
• Use Multiple Study Aids: Don't rely on just one source of study material. Use a variety of study aids such as textbooks, practice exams, flashcards, and study groups to reinforce your knowledge.
• Practice with Past Exams: Try to obtain past exams and practice answering the questions. This will help you become familiar with the format and types of questions that may appear on the exam.
• Focus on Your Weaknesses: Identify your weaknesses and focus on improving them. Spend more time studying the areas you find challenging and seek help if needed.
• Take Breaks: Taking breaks is essential for retaining information and avoiding burnout. Take frequent breaks and reward yourself after completing each study session.
• Stay Motivated: Stay motivated by reminding yourself of your goals and the benefits of passing the exam. Surround yourself with supportive friends and family who can help keep you motivated.
• Get Enough Sleep and Exercise: Getting enough sleep and exercise is important for your overall well-being and can help you perform better on the exam.
• Review Frequently: Review frequently to ensure that you retain the information you have learned. Use the last few weeks leading up to the exam to review and practice.
• Stay Calm and Confident: Stay calm and confident during the exam. Don't panic if you don't know the answer to a question. Move on to the next question and come back to it later if you have time.

In summary, passing the bar exam requires proper planning, preparation, and hard work. With these tips, you can increase your chances of success and achieve your goal of becoming a licensed lawyer.

Career paths for Juris Doctor degree holders

A Juris Doctor (JD) degree has the potential to open a wide array of career pathways. Below are examples of vocations and obligations that are at the disposal of JD graduates.

• Legal Practitioner: The most prevalent profession for JD graduates is to become a legal practitioner. Legal practitioners can serve in an assortment of settings, such as law firms, corporations, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations. Legal practitioners are responsible for representing clients, imparting legal counsel, crafting legal documents, and conducting legal research.
• Adjudicator: JD graduates can also follow a career as an adjudicator. Adjudicators oversee court proceedings and trials, construe laws, and execute legal decisions. Adjudicators can function in a range of courts, including federal, state, and local courts.
• Law Instructor: JD graduates can also become law instructors. Law instructors impart courses on various legal subjects at law schools and universities. They also conduct legal research and publish scholarly articles.
• Legal Adviser: JD graduates can serve as legal advisers for law firms, corporations, or government agencies. Legal advisers offer legal counsel and guidance to clients, aid in legal research, and help with the creation of legal documents.
• In-house Counsel: JD graduates can function as in-house counsel for corporations. In-house counsel offer legal advice to the company and its workers, craft and scrutinize contracts, and handle legal disputes.
• Government Advocate: JD graduates can act as advocates for government agencies. Government advocates represent the government in legal proceedings, give legal advice to government officials, and create legal documents.
• Public Defender: JD graduates can operate as public defenders. Public defenders represent individuals who cannot afford to hire an attorney in criminal cases.
• Legal Aid Lawyer: JD graduates can serve as legal aid lawyers for not-for-profit organizations. Legal aid lawyers provide legal services to low-income individuals and families.
• Mediator: JD graduates can also work as mediators. Mediators aid parties in legal disputes to arrive at a settlement without going to trial.

To sum up, a JD degree can lead to a diverse range of career pathways in the legal field. The above instances are merely a few of the numerous job titles and responsibilities available to JD graduates.

In conclusion, acquiring a JD degree is an essential requirement for anyone who wishes to pursue a career in the legal profession. It offers students an extensive understanding of the law and legal system, as well as the expertise and knowledge necessary to scrutinize and apply legal principles to real-life situations. The admission process for law school can be rigorous, but it is worth it in the end. The law school curriculum encompasses a wide range of subjects that equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in the legal profession.

Learn more about the variety of degrees and certificates you can earn at Caruso School of Law.

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What is a juris doctor (jd) degree - 2024 requirements & salary.

Reviewed by:

David Merson

Former Head of Pre-Law Office, Northeastern University, & Admissions Officer, Brown University

Reviewed: 6/3/24

If you’re considering joining the legal field, you’ve likely come across the term “JD.” To learn more about this term, read on! This guide will go over one of the most popular legal degrees pursued, a Juris Doctor program, and how it can be used. 

What Is a JD Degree?

A Juris Doctor (JD) is a three-year professional graduate degree required to become a licensed lawyer. It signifies an advanced level of expertise and specialization as the highest degree that can be achieved in the legal field.

Juris Doctor Degree Requirements and Salary

Preparing for your JD will require meticulous groundwork to fulfill the lengthy list of JD requirements and adhere to your desired law school’s application timeline :

• An undergraduate degree in a major of your choice  
• A competitive LSAT or GRE score
• A resume detailing your work , volunteer, and extracurricular experience  
• A personal statement
• Letters of recommendation
• Optional addendum for a low GPA or low LSAT score
• Optional diversity statement

Students often spend months of hard work perfecting their applications to ensure they stand out! Along with understanding how to get a JD, it’s also important to consider the salary ranges that come with the degree. 

If you have a Juris Doctor (JD) degree, your salary can vary quite a bit. The average base salary is around $100,849 per year, but with bonuses and other benefits, it could increase to about $148,054 annually. 

Several factors affect your salary: the area of law you specialize in, your location, your experience, and the type of employer. For instance, corporate law tends to pay more than family law. 

Salaries are also typically higher in big cities compared to rural areas. More experienced lawyers generally earn more. Finally, private law firms usually offer higher salaries to lawyers with JD credentials than government or nonprofit jobs. 

JD graduates can also find opportunities in fields like compliance or consulting, where they can use their legal skills.

How Long Does It Take to Get a JD Degree?

You should know what you’re getting yourself into by pursuing a JD ! They typically take three arduous years to complete as a full-time student and are incredibly demanding. 

However, there are several part-time JD programs that take four years to complete. These programs offer the same curriculums and opportunities as full-time JDs but have more flexibility! 

If you need help navigating the process of applying to law school, Our JD application consulting services can help. 

We tailor our services to enhance your application documents, ensuring they meet the high standards expected by top law schools. From setting up your LSAC application to perfecting your personal statement and preparing for interviews, we're here to help you every step of the way, increasing your likelihood of getting accepted.

Not convinced? Check out what Chris who was accepted at Georgetown Law School, had to say.

"I worked with Juris Education for 10 schools and I was accepted into 7 of them! My team was professional, easy to work with, and turned around the essay I sent to them quickly. I appreciated the mix of in-line feedback and thought-provoking comments. Because of their help, I was able to confidently submit my essay. Thank you so much for being so wonderful to work with!"

What Can You Do With a JD Degree?

The majority of individuals who complete a Juris Doctor degree go on to work as practicing lawyers. For graduates seeking to practice law within the United States, it's also necessary to gain admission to the Bar in the specific jurisdiction you plan to practice.

The most common legal specialties Juris Doctor candidates pursue are:

• Animal law : handling cases involving animal cruelty, farming, natural land use, entertainment, and the rules around exotic animals
• Alternative dispute resolution : solving disputes without litigation
• Construction law : protecting construction workers, industry workers, architects, planners, and financial institutions; and ensuring construction organizations follow ethical work, safety, and administration regulations
• Maritime law : focuses on regulations affecting the economic transactions between sailors and maritime traders 
• E-commerce law : supporting businesses and consumers navigate online transactions
• Criminal law : learning about liberties and violations of rights and public safety
• Corporate compliance : ensuring companies abide by all laws, regulations, and policies to avoid lawsuits or violations
• Cybersecurity law : protecting public and private information systems
• Family law : representing individuals within family units, most commonly handling divorce cases and those involving child welfare
• International law : involving the rules governing international relationships, such as those between the UN states and individuals
• Environmental law : protecting the environment by advocating for it and pushing for policies and regulation changes
• Education law : involving the policies involved in education systems
• Health law : involving any legislation that applies to healthcare systems and those within them
• Sports law : working with sports organizations, leagues, teams, or individuals to mainly ensure they receive fair contracts or represent them when accused of committing crimes
• Labor and employment law : ensuring employee-employer relationships follow the necessary standards and regulations
• Tax law : involving all regulations pertaining to state and federal taxes
• Real estate law : supporting buyers, sellers, and organizations in transactions involving properties
• Trust and estate law : protecting clients’ assets during their life and after their death
• Intellectual property law : protecting the intellectual creations of organizations and individuals, including art, music, inventions, brands, patents, trademarks, and more
• Civil rights law : advocating for and protecting the rights and liberties of individuals in areas related to social justice
• Human rights law : protecting the universal rights considered to be inherent to all human beings
• Personal injury law : providing compensation and justice to those injured due to the negligence of another party
• Immigration law : providing legal guidance and services to individuals, families, and businesses regarding various immigration matters
• Prosecution : prosecutors are district attorneys (DAs) who represent the government in criminal cases
• Public defense : public defenders are employed by the government to provide legal representation to individuals who cannot afford private attorneys 

Not sure if working as a lawyer is right for you? Our Would I Be a Good Lawyer? quiz might help. This easy-to-use quiz asks a few simple questions to help you understand if law could be a good fit for you. After completing it, you'll get feedback that could guide your decision on pursuing a legal career, whether you're considering a prestigious law school or a local program. Take the quiz to explore your potential in the legal field and gain some clarity on your future. 

Many law school graduates choose not to pursue licensure or leverage their degree in different career paths , including: 

Lawyers can eventually also become judges without any further education. However, this typically involves over a decade of experience working as an attorney and is a highly revered and selective career.

Some JD holders may choose to become mediators instead of lawyers. Mediators are neutral third parties that help resolve conflicts to reach agreeable settlements.

Jury Consultant

Jury consultants assist attorneys in identifying and evaluating potential biases, attitudes, and perceptions of prospective jurors. Through careful research and consideration, their goal is to ensure the right and least biased jurors are chosen.

Legal Secretary

Legal secretaries play an integral role in any law firm by helping with administrative tasks to ensure smooth operation. 

While paralegals often only hold degrees or certificates in paralegal studies, JD students are more than qualified to pursue this role. Paralegals work closely with attorneys and provide them with a range of support services.

Teachers or Professors

You may also pursue a teaching career with a JD but will need to obtain higher education to teach at the postsecondary level.

Choosing the right area of law to practice can be tough, but our quiz can help you figure it out. It matches your interests and skills with different legal fields. For example, if you like debating, you might enjoy being a trial lawyer, or if you're into contracts, corporate law could be a good fit. 

Just remember, this quiz is a starting point. To get a real feel for what each area of law is like, try doing some internships and talk to lawyers who work in those fields.

Are There Other Law Degrees Besides a JD?

While schools offered bachelor’s degrees in law in the past, the main types of law degrees besides a JD are master’s, such as a Master’s of Law (LLM), and doctoral degrees, such as a Doctor or Juridical Science (JSD). These degrees allow students to gain more in-depth knowledge of a specific specialty. 

FAQs: What Is a JD Degree?

For any remaining inquiries, here are the answers to frequently asked questions about this legal degree.

1. What Is a JD Equivalent To?

A JD is unlike any other degree. It is a graduate-level degree that offers you specialized training in law and valuable experience to prepare you for your career. In this way, it can be compared to an MD, as an MD also offers advanced training in medicine and considerable hands-on experience.

But, MD students must also complete residencies to practice medicine. Lawyers can begin practicing right after their JDs, assuming they pass the bar exam !

2. Is a JD Equivalent to a PhD?

No, a JD is not equivalent to a PhD. PhDs require research, independent study, and thesis components that JDs do not. While PhD holders are considered doctors, JD holders are not.

3. Is a JD the Same as a Bachelor’s Degree?

No, a JD is much more extensive than a bachelor’s degree. A bachelor’s degree is a prerequisite to a JD.

4. Is a JD a Doctorate?

Yes, a JD is considered a professional doctorate degree.

5. Should I Pursue a JD for a Non-Lawyer Career?

Getting into a JD program will be difficult. It will require you to write the LSAT, maintain a high GPA, and submit a standout application to admissions committees that have seen thousands of applications. Once you’re in a JD program, the difficulty will only increase . These programs are also extremely expensive ! 

Considering these factors, pursuing a career as a lawyer ensures all of this time, effort, and money is not spent in vain. Lawyers are well-paid and can often handle their student debt when working full-time. However, if you pursue another job, such as a mediator, you will not make as much and may struggle with your student loans.

Additionally, you do not need a JD to pursue other legal careers! There are other cheaper and less competitive options that would serve you better.

Final Thoughts

Bearing in mind the high costs and competitiveness of these programs, it’s essential you carefully consider whether this degree is right for you. After reading this guide, you should be able to make a decision more easily!

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What Is a Juris Doctor (JD)?

• Understanding the JD Degree
• Requirements
• Two-Year JD Degrees

Common Coursework for JD Programs

• Job Prospects
• Job Responsibilities

The Bottom Line

• Government & Policy

Juris Doctor (JD): Definition, Requirements, History, and Jobs

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist.

A Juris Doctor (JD) is a three-year professional degree that confers recognition that the holder has a professional degree in law. Upon completion of a JD. program and passing the bar exam, individuals are eligible to practice law in their jurisdiction. This means they can represent clients, provide legal advice, and advocate for their clients in court.

Key Takeaways

• The American law degree, called a Juris Doctor (JD), is a three-year professional degree.
• Law school applicants must already have a bachelor's degree.
• It typically takes three years to complete the J.D. degree, after which the graduate must pass the bar exam to practice law.
• Drexel, Rutgers, Columbia, and Fordham are among the schools that offer a two-year J.D. degree option.

Understanding Juris Doctor (JD)

A JD degree is a professional graduate degree in law. It is the standard degree required to practice law in the United States and in most other common law jurisdictions. Most JD programs typically involves three years of full-time study or its equivalency in part-time studies.

Some schools offer a joint J.D. and MBA degree so that students can complete both degrees in less time than it would take to complete each separately. Other combined graduate degrees include public policy, medicine, and bioengineering.

Law school applicants must already have a bachelor's degree . It typically takes three years to complete the J.D. degree, after which the graduate must pass the bar exam to practice law. Each state and the District of Columbia has its own bar exam.

Obtaining a JD degree is different than passing the bar. Most often, students pursue the materials needed to pass the bar as part of their JD studies.

History of the JD Degree

The first lawyers trained in the United States underwent an apprenticeship and training with a lawyer who served as a mentor. The first formal law degree granted in the country was a Bachelor of Law from the College of William and Mary in 1793. Harvard University changed the name of the degree to the Latin "Legum Baccalaureus," known as the LL.B., and led the 19th-century movement for a scientific study of law. The LL.B. remains the standard degree in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The faculty of Harvard Law School first suggested changing the degree from LL.B. to J.D. in 1902 to reflect the professional nature of the degree. In 1903, the University of Chicago, which was one of only five law schools that required students to have a bachelor's degree before enrollment, granted the first J.D. degree.  Many law schools offered both an LL.B. to students who entered without a bachelor's degree and a J.D. to students entering with a bachelor's degree.

By the early 1960s, most students entered law school with a bachelor's degree. In 1965, the American Bar Association recommended the standard law degree be the J.D., and that decree took effect by the end of the decade.

Requirements for a JD Degree

In order to get into law school, you must have an undergraduate degree, have passed the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), request your official transcripts from your undergraduate institution(s), obtain letters of recommendation, and write a personal statement.

Complete a Bachelor's Degree

While many graduate programs require the completion of certain prerequisite courses, there are no such requirements for prospective law students. However, you must have earned (or be on track to earn) an undergraduate degree from an accredited institution. Your undergraduate grade point average (GPA) is a key indicator law schools consider when evaluating applicants.

Take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT)

You'll also need to take the LSAT. The basic fee for the LSAT during the 2023-2024 academic year is $222 plus $200 for Credential Assembly Service (CAS) and an additional $45 fee for each CAS report sent to the law schools you apply to. Most people end up paying $500 or more in total LSAT fees.

It is generally recommended that you spend at least three months studying for the exam, although many people dedicate up to a year studying for the exam. There are many resources online to help you study for the LSAT, including free resources. Organized prep courses that guide you through the different components of the LSAT can be quite expensive. Some individuals opt to hire a private tutor to help them prepare for the LSAT.

Request Your Official Transcripts

Law schools require official transcripts from all undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs. Each copy of your official transcript can cost between $10 and $20, so depending on how many schools you apply to, this amount can add up. The process of requesting your transcript and then getting them sent to the appropriate institution can take several days, so make sure that you give yourself adequate time.

Write a Personal Statement

A personal statement is your opportunity to reveal your personality to the admissions committee. It's a good idea if your personal statement covers your career goals and academic achievements, although there are many different approaches. Some schools may have specific prompts they want you to address in your personal statement.

Obtain Letters of Recommendation

Most law schools will require at least one letter of recommendation. Your letters of recommendation can be from undergraduate professors or former employers that can speak to various elements of your success.

Tuition varies dramatically between law schools. In 2023, top law schools will cost nearly $70,000, while there are plenty of laws schools that charge less than $20,000.

Two-Year JD Degrees

Job prospects for lawyers fell sharply following the 2008 financial market collapse, and law school enrollment dropped by 24% from 2010 to 2013. With tuition continuing to rise, some schools have looked at shortening the program. Drexel, Rutgers, Columbia, and Fordham are among the schools that offer a two-year J.D. option or allow students to start their first year of law school after completing the third year of college.

JD programs typically structure their coursework to provide students with a fairly comprehensive study. During the first year, commonly referred to as the 1L year, students delve into foundational subjects such as contracts, torts, property law, criminal law, civil procedure, and constitutional law. These courses lay the groundwork for legal analysis and reasoning, both of which are leveraged as the student progresses with their degree.

As students progress into their second and third years, they often explore more specialized areas of law through. These may include corporate law, environmental law, intellectual property, family law, international law, or tax law. Students usually also get exposure to legal writing and research courses regardless of their specialization.

In addition to classes, many law schools offer clinical programs, externships, and internships where students can apply their legal knowledge in real-world settings. This gives prospective JDs an opportunity to function under the supervision of licensed attorneys.

Job Prospects for JD Degrees

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment outlook for lawyers is promising with a projected 8% growth from 2022 to 2032. This growth rate exceeds the average for all occupations. This growth is expected to result in approximately 39,100 job openings annually during this decade.

The demand for legal services remains high, driven by the legal needs of individuals, businesses, and government entities. However, increasing price competition may lead law firms to reconsider staffing and cost-saving measures.

Job Responsibilities for JD Holders

A juris doctor graduate performs a wide range of legal tasks and responsibilities which can vary depending on their specialization and practice area. Here are some common things that a JD holder may do.

• Legal Research: Lawyers use their research skills to investigate and understand the relevant laws, regulations, precedents, and case law that pertain to their clients' cases. They analyze legal sources to build strong arguments and support their clients' positions.
• Client Consultation: Lawyers meet with clients to discuss their legal issues and provide guidance. During these consultations, they assess the situation, offer legal advice, and discuss potential strategies or courses of action.
• Document Drafting: Lawyers are responsible for drafting various legal documents, including contracts, wills, deeds, legal briefs, pleadings, and agreements. These documents serve as formal records of legal transactions and arguments.
• Negotiation: Many lawyers engage in negotiation on behalf of their clients to reach mutually beneficial settlements and agreements. Negotiation skills are crucial in areas like family law, personal injury, and business transactions.
• Legal Analysis: Lawyers analyze complex legal issues, breaking them down to identify relevant laws, regulations, and case law. They assess the strengths and weaknesses of legal arguments and provide strategic advice to their clients.
• Mediation and Arbitration: Some lawyers specialize in alternative dispute resolution methods, like mediation and arbitration. They act as neutral parties to facilitate negotiations and resolve disputes without the need for a court trial.
• Compliance and Regulatory Work: Lawyers in areas such as corporate law, environmental law, and healthcare law ensure their clients comply with relevant laws and regulations. They help clients navigate complex regulatory frameworks and minimize legal risks.
• Specialized Work: Many lawyers specialize in specific practice areas, such as criminal defense, family law, intellectual property, tax law, immigration law, or corporate law. Specialization allows them to focus on particular legal issues and become experts in their chosen field.

What Is a JD Degree Equivalent to?

A JD degree, the American law degree, is a three-year professional degree. A JD is the minimum educational level for lawyers. The JD is considered a professional doctorate.

Is a JD a Lawyer?

To become a lawyer, you'll need to earn a Juris Doctor (JD) degree. Once you graduate, you are entitled to take the bar exam and begin the practice of law. Obtaining a JD degree alone does not permit you to practice law. You must also pass the bar exam. Every state (and the District of Columbia) has its own bar exam.

Is a JD Higher Than a Masters?

While the JD is the only degree necessary to become a professor of law or to obtain a license to practice law, it is not a research degree. However, there are two types of research degrees available to individuals who are interested in studying law. These are the Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree, which typically requires a JD as a prerequisite before pursuing study, and the Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD/JSD) degree, which typically requires a Master of Laws as a prerequisite.

Is Someone With a JD a Doctor?

It is not customary in the U.S. to address individuals who hold a JD as a "Doctor." In the late 1960s, the Canons of Professional Ethics issued a full ethics opinion regarding whether lawyers could ethically use the title "Doctor." The organization came down against this usage, with some exceptions. It is permissible for lawyers to use the title "Doctor" when dealing with countries where the use of "Doctor" by lawyers is standard practice. In addition, lawyers are allowed the use of the title in academia as long as the school of graduation considers the JD degree a doctorate degree.

How Many Years Is a JD Degree?

A traditional, full-time JD program lasts three years. There are some accelerated programs that allow individuals to complete their degrees in just two years or their undergraduate and JD degrees in a total of six years. Part-time JD programs usually take four years (or more) to finish.

A Juris Doctor is a professional graduate degree in law, typically required to become a practicing attorney in the United States and some other countries. It involves a comprehensive study of legal principles, statutes, and case law, equipping graduates with the knowledge and skills needed for a legal career.

Stanford Law School. " A Brief History of Stanford Law School: Seventy Fifth Anniversary ."

Harvard Law School Library. " What Is the Difference Between LL.B Degree and the J.D. Degree? "

LSAC. " LSAT & CAS Fees ."

PublicLegal. " Law School Rankings By Tuition ."

The New York Times. " Law Schools’ Applications Fall as Costs Rise and Jobs Are Cut ."

University of Wisconsin-Madison. " J.D. Curriculum ."

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. " Occupational Outlook Handbook: Lawyer ."

American Bar Association Journal. " Summaries of Informal Opinions on Professional Ethics ."

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Juris Doctor (J.D.)

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Juris Doctor (J.D.) is the professional degree that has been required to practice law in the United States in almost all states for decades. The degree usually requires three years of study involving a wide-range of subjects as set by the American Bar Association , and the J.D. is a professional degree, requiring a Bachelor degree in any subject prior to starting J.D. studies. In order to practice law, a student must complete their J.D. and pass the bar . However, in California, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington, a student may forgo law school if they go through an apprenticeship program for three to four years and pass other requirements, but very few lawyers do not go through a J.D. program even in these states today. 

Historically, the main legal degree in the United States was simply a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) degree that did not involve a professional element. The J.D. became used as a more specialized degree in the early part of the twentieth century, and overtime, became the standard legal degree at top universities until most other law schools eliminated the LL.B. in the 1960s. The LL.B. and similar degrees remain used by countries throughout the world. In most countries, a law student must receive an undergraduate degree in legal studies, and then student must receive a shorter masters or doctorate degree to practice most areas of law. The United States system is unique in that a law student does not begin legal education until reaching the professional degree level. 

[Last updated in March of 2022 by the Wex Definitions Team ]

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What is the difference between a Juris Doctor and a PhD in law?

A Juris Doctor degree is technically a professional doctorate. But unlike other Ph. D. holders, lawyers don't hold the title of “Doctor.” Instead, they can choose to use the title “esquire,” which is shortened to “Esq.” and is fashioned after the lawyer's name.

Is a JD or PhD higher?

What is the phd equivalent in law.

A Juris Doctor, a Doctor of Jurisprudence, or a Doctor of Law (abbreviated JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree in law. The JD is the standard degree obtained to practice law in the United States; unlike in some other jurisdictions, there is no undergraduate degree to practice in the United States.

Is it easier to get a PhD or a JD?

In a PhD program, coursework is the easiest part , and the exams, while challenging, aren't a big deal; the real work is your research, where you are required to do something others haven't done. By comparison, for a JD, the coursework and the bar exam are the hard parts.

What is higher than a Juris Doctor?

Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) A Doctor of Juridical Science degree is considered the highest level of a law degree and is designed for professionals who are looking to gain an advanced legal education after earning their JD and LLM.

Juris Doctor

What are the 4 main types of law?

When researching the law, it is important to remember the four main types of law: constitutional, statutory, administrative and case (common) law .

How do you put a JD after your name?

Use abbreviations without periods—such as AB, BA, MA, MS, MBA, JD, LLB, LLM, DPhil, and PhD—when the preferred form is cumbersome. Use the word degree after the abbreviation . Example: Louise has a JD degree from California Western School of Law. On occasion it may also be appropriate to use formal names of degrees.

How long is PhD after JD?

JD/PhD students spend the first two years doing graduate-level course work in a doctoral program at the Graduate School, the following two years at the Law School, with the option of up to 8 additional hours of class during the next year, and the final years conducting research and completing their dissertations.

Is it better to get a master's or JD?

Ultimately, the main question to keep in mind when choosing whether an M.A. in Law or a J.D degree would be right for you is what your professional goals are. If you are interested in becoming a lawyer, working in the law field with clients and in courtrooms, a J.D. program is likely to be the best path for you.

Is a JD degree useful?

There are many jobs you can do with a law degree and legal-related roles where having a J.D. may be an asset . Whether you're an arbitrator, law clerk, paralegal, banker, research fellow, or law librarian, there are multiple ways you can apply the skills you've gained in law school.

What is a lawyer with a PhD called?

The Doctor of Jurisprudence (Juris Doctor or J.D.) is the professional doctorate degree that is usually required for admissions to post-graduate studies in law.

Why aren t lawyers called dr?

The ABA committee also stated: “Until the time comes when the JD degree is the universal degree for the initial study of law (as the MD degree is in medicine) we can see no reason to permit the professional use of this degree, so as to distinguish its holder as compared with others who hold a different degree.”

How long does a PhD in law take?

The PhD in Law may be awarded after three to four years of full-time study or five to seven years of part-time study (including a probationary period) of supervised independent research on the basis of a thesis not exceeding 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography, table of contents and any other preliminary matter.

Is JD PhD paid for?

JD-PhD Funding Structure Students admitted to the JD-PhD program are typically granted full funding (including tuition and all living expenses) for six academic years and five summers .

Is a JD harder than a Masters?

Yes. A J.D. (Juris Doctor) takes longer to get. Your typical Master's takes one to two yours, a J.D. takes three years. However, a J.D. is not research-oriented as it is a professional degree.

Does law school give you a PhD?

The Ph. D. in Law prepares graduates for global leadership in the judiciary, academia, business and government. Since 1966, the program has offered a select number of diverse students the opportunity to attain their highest professional aspirations and career goals.

Why an MBA is better than a JD?

MBA vs. JD and MBA degrees offer various career paths. A JD is typically for people who want to become practicing attorneys, though there are other options. Some law school graduates clerk for judges or teach. An MBA helps prepare you to take on a leadership role in business .

What do the initials LLM stand for?

LLM stands for Master of Laws , and it is an advanced law certification for lawyers that is recognized globally. Attorneys typically pursue an LLM degree to further specialize their work in certain types of law or law-related topics, including tax law, human rights law, international law, or dispute resolution.

Is an MBA worth it if you have a JD?

If both apply to you, then a JD/MBA is a good idea . If you don't want to practice law, then I'd recommend avoiding the JD. The direct cost and opportunity cost of 2 years of post-MBA salary is extremely high, so it only makes sense if it's really a perfect fit for what you want to do.

Which PhD in law is best?

• PhD in Legal Studies.
• PhD in Jurisprudence.
• PhD in Administrative Law Studies.
• PhD in International Law Studies.
• PhD in Criminal Justice.
• PhD in Criminal Law Studies.
• PhD in Dispute Resolution Studies.
• PhD in National Law Studies.

Is a PhD in law useful?

You can use that credential to work as a legal research scholar or teach at a post-secondary level . This is not only a prestigious career path but also a lucrative one — today's law PhD holders have an average salary of $93,000.

What do you do with a PhD in law?

The Ph. D. in Law degree program is designed to prepare J.D. graduates for careers as legal scholars and teachers through a doctoral program aimed at the production of a substantial body of academic research and writing under the close supervision of a three-member faculty dissertation committee.

Does having a JD make you a lawyer?

A Juris Doctor (JD) degree is a professional degree required to practice law. A Juris Doctor (JD) degree is the professional degree necessary to become a lawyer . A JD degree is a terminal degree—or the highest level of degree you can achieve in a given discipline.

Is JD an Esquire?

J.D. stands for Juris Doctor, and signifies that someone has completed law school and earned their J.D. degree. Esq. stands for Esquire and this title typically signifies that someone has both completed law school and passed the bar exam.

Do attorneys use JD after their names?

Everyone who graduates from law school is a JD, but they will not use the title Dr or refer to themselves as JD . This is why it is not as well-known as Esq. A JD may not be qualified to practice law, as they will become a JD before they take the bar exam. However, you do not need a JD to take the bar exam.

The Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) Degree

Overview of degree requirements.

The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence are:

• For students who entered law school before 2019, successful completion of all first-year required courses plus an additional 82 quarter units of elective coursework (111 total units);
• For students who entered law school in 2019 or later, successful completion of all first-year required courses plus an additional 78 quarter units of elective coursework (111 total units);
• Satisfaction of the experiential learning requirement;
• Satisfaction of the ethics requirement;
• Satisfaction of the writing requirement;
• Satisfaction of the learning outcomes requirement;
• Nine quarters of residency;
• Timely filing of an application for graduation.

In accordance with ABA accreditation standards, JD students may not count toward the JD graduation requirement more than thirty-one (31) quarter units of the following types of coursework: externship, directed research, directed writing, senior thesis, research track, courses taken outside the Law School, and moot court (Kirkwood competition).

Additionally, students must make satisfactory academic progress (see the section on ‘Satisfactory Academic Performance.’)

Required Curriculum: First-Year Program

For JD students entering law school in 2019 or later, each JD student must complete the following courses during his or her first year at the Law School:

Autumn Quarter

• Civil Procedure
• Legal Writing
• 1L Discussion Seminars

Winter Quarter

• Constitutional Law I
• Criminal Law
• Federal Litigation in a Global Context
• Electives (0-5 units)

Spring Quarter

• Electives (3-8 units)

Each first-year student is assigned to a small section of approximately 30 students. During the first quarter of the first year, students take Legal Writing and one other of their required courses with only their small section. With the exception of 1L Discussion Seminars, they take the other required courses in combination with their section and one other small section. Usually, each of these courses will be with a different small section. Neither section assignments nor class assignments may be changed. 1L Discussion Seminars will be assigned separately.

Unit Requirement

Students who entered law school before 2019 must complete all first-year required courses plus an additional 82 approved quarter units of elective coursework to obtain a JD (a total of 111 units). Students who entered law school in 2019 or later must complete all first-year required courses plus an additional 78) approved quarter units of elective coursework to obtain a JD (a total of 111 units).

During the Autumn Quarter, a first-year student may take only those courses on the required list.

First-year JD students may take no more than 5 units of electives in the Winter Quarter, and they must take at least 3 units but no more than 8 units of electives in the Spring Quarter. Elective courses are limited to those within the Law School, with the exception that first-year JD students may take a physical education course or music lessons each quarter but those courses will not count toward residency or graduation.

Experiential Learning Requirement

Students must complete 8 units of coursework designated as fulfilling the Experiential Learning (EL) requirement pursuant to ABA Standard 303.

Pathway A – Full-time Clinic:

Students who complete any of Stanford Law School’s full-time clinics are deemed “Pathway A” students. These students will automatically satisfy the ABA Experiential Learning Requirement.

Pathway B – Self-Design:

Students who do not enroll in one of Stanford Law School’s full-time clinics are deemed “Pathway B” students. Pathway B students must submit to the Registrar’s Office a Self-Design Plan specifying which courses the student has taken and/or intends to take to satisfy the ABA Experiential Learning requirement.

Courses that count towards the EL requirement are identified on the Registrar’s website and in course listings . Students choosing Pathway B to fulfill this requirement should note that not all courses are offered every year and that enrollment for some courses may be limited.

All students who elect Pathway B must include a Professional Writing (“PW”) course within their individually tailored plan. A course designated as a “PW” course is defined as one in which the students engage in the sort of professional writing common to practicing lawyers, e.g. writing briefs, drafting contracts, etc. PW courses include only those approved by the Curriculum Committee and explicitly classified as a PW class before the term begins. They do not include externships or courses outside the law school.

Primary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form (Rising 2Ls)

All rising 2L students must submit a Primary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form by the deadline set by the Registrar’s office before the start of the student’s second year. This form will indicate whether the student intends to satisfy the EL graduation requirement through one of Stanford’s full-time clinics (Pathway A) or through Self-Design (Pathway B). Students who do not meet this deadline will have a hold placed on their course registration until they submit the form.

Students planning to satisfy the EL requirement via clinic must indicate whether they have applied and been accepted to a clinic for the 2L year and/or intend to enroll during the 3L year. Stanford has capacity for 100 percent of our students to take a full-time clinic, but admission to a particular clinic in a particular quarter is not guaranteed. Students electing Pathway A should ordinarily plan to apply to more than one clinic, and will be required to apply to multiple clinics (the number will be set by the Associate Dean for the Clinics) if they need to gain admission into a clinic during the third year to satisfy the graduation requirement.

If the student plans to elect Pathway B, the student must complete the portion of the form calling for the student’s Self-Design Plan. Self-design plans will be reviewed and approved by the Associate Dean for Student Affairs and the Associate Dean for Curriculum. The plan should demonstrate how the student will complete at least 50% of their EL credits (4 units) by the end of their second year.

Plans in which fewer than 4 units will be completed by the end of the 2L year will be approved only upon a showing of good cause necessitating the completion of more than half of the credits in the third year. Students whose plans are initially rejected may resubmit the form to address any identified deficiencies by the deadline, or may elect to move to Pathway A. If the resubmitted form is rejected, the student will be moved to Pathway A.

In some circumstances, an externship may satisfy the Experiential Learning Requirement. Ordinarily, an externship that otherwise meets the criteria will be approved for EL credit when the field placement provides specialized experience complementary to a student’s intended career path and comparable benefits cannot be obtained through other EL coursework at Stanford. Students who plan to satisfy the experiential learning requirement through an externship should consult with the law school’s Externship Director regarding the externship proposal as early in the process as possible and must secure approval for the externship no later than the deadline for rising 3Ls to file Pathway B curriculum plans. (These Secondary Curricular Planning forms are described below).

If, during the second year, the student finds that they are deviating from the submitted and approved Self-Design Plan (because, for example, the student did not gain admission to a limited-enrollment EL offering the student had planned to take), the student must, as soon as practicable, consult with the Associate Dean for Student Affairs concerning the deviation.

Secondary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form (Rising 3Ls)

Students who have not completed a clinic by the end of their second year must also submit a Secondary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form by the deadline set by the Registrar’s office at the start of the student’s third year. Students who do not meet this deadline will have a hold placed on their course registration until they submit the form.

Students who indicate on the Secondary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form that they plan to satisfy the EL requirement via a clinic in their 3L year must, in the spring of their 2L year, apply to multiple  clinics (the number will be set by the Associate Dean of the Clinics) in the clinic application process or, if they apply to fewer clinics, have a clearly articulated and feasible back-up plan in Pathway B.

If the student had previously elected Pathway A on the Primary Experiential Learning CurricularPlanning Form as a rising 2L but has decided to switch to Pathway B, the student must demonstrate good cause for the switch.

For students who had previously elected Pathway B on the Primary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form, the Secondary Experiential Learning Curricular Planning Form must indicate whether the student did in fact complete at least 4 units towards the EL requirement prior to the start of their 3L year or, if they failed to do so (and did not have an approved plan for doing so), why extraordinary circumstances excuse their failure to complete the units on schedule and how they realistically plan to complete the 8 units before graduation.

The Associate Dean for Students Affairs and the Associate Dean of Curriculum will review the forms containing the Self-Design Plans to ensure that each student has a coherent and feasible plan for completing the graduation requirements that takes into account, among other things, the fact that some classes may not be offered every year or have limited enrollment. Students whose plans are rejected may resubmit to address any identified deficiencies by the deadline, or may elect to move to Pathway A.

If the submitted form is rejected, students will be moved to Pathway A. If, during the third year, the student finds that he or she is deviating from the submitted and approved Self-Design Plan (because, for example, the student did not gain admission to a limited-enrollment EL offering, the student had been planning to take), the student must, as soon as practicable, consult with the Associate Dean for Student Affairs concerning the deviation.

Students who plan to satisfy the EL requirement through an externship should consult with the Law School’s Externship Director regarding the externship proposal as early in the process as possible and must secure approval for the externship from the law school’s Externship Director no later than the deadline for rising 3Ls to file Pathway B curriculum plans.

Ethics Requirement

JD students must complete at least one advanced course that contains one or more units of ethics instruction. Only a course approved by the Curriculum Committee and explicitly classified as an ethics course before the quarter begins satisfies this requirement.

Course Catalog

Writing Requirement

In addition to first-year Legal Writing and Federal Litigation, all students must complete another course of at least two units in which a principal part of the assigned work is a paper or other written product (an “R” paper). Only courses approved by the Curriculum Committee and explicitly classified as an R course before the term begins can satisfy this requirement.

• A course designated as an “R” course is defined as one in which the written product is substantial and is based on open-ended research by the student.
• A Directed Research paper may count as the equivalent of an “R” course with the approval of the supervising faculty member.
• Satisfactory completion of a Senior Thesis or Research Track counts as the equivalent of an “R” course.

Double-Counting Requirements

If a course satisfies two requirements (such as “R” and “Ethics,”) students may use that course to satisfy both requirements. However, this rule permitting double-counting does not apply to the Experiential Learning requirement . Students wishing to use a course to satisfy the Experiential Learning requirement cannot double-count, and must use that course solely to satisfy the Experiential Learning requirement.

Learning Outcomes Requirement

The ABA requires each law school to “establish and publish learning outcomes” designed to “prepare its students, upon graduation, for admission to the bar and for effective, ethical, and responsible participation as members of the profession.” ABA Standards 301 (a) & (b). The syllabus for each course may either set forth the course’s particular Learning Outcomes or direct students to the online course description, where Learning Outcomes are provided. By completing your degree, Stanford Law School certifies that you have satisfied the ABA’s Learning Outcome requirements listed below.

• LO1: Exhibit knowledge and understanding of key concepts in substantive law, procedural law, and legal thought.
• LO2: Demonstrate facility with legal analysis and reasoning. This may include, but will not necessarily include, a combination of skills such as synthesizing cases, identifying and applying relevant principles, and mastering modes of inquiry (whether scientific, social scientific, or humanistic) that inform and contextualize legal analysis and reasoning.
• LO3: Demonstrate the ability to conduct legal research.
• LO4: Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively in writing.
• LO5: Demonstrate the ability to communicate orally (such as in group or individual presentations, while delivering advice to a client, or in the course of oral advocacy).
• LO6: Display familiarity with the law governing lawyers and exhibit an understanding of a lawyer’s distinctive ethical responsibilities to clients, the legal system, and the broader public.
• LO7: Display other professional skills needed for effective and responsible participation in the legal profession (such as, interviewing; counseling; negotiation; fact development and analysis; trial practice; contract review and drafting; conflict resolution; leadership behaviors, attitudes, and styles; collaboration and teamwork; execution; and cultural competency).

Residency Requirement

To graduate, a JD student must be “in residence” as a law student for at least nine (9) quarters and no more than twelve (12) quarters. For purposes of the JD degree, the term “in residence” means that a student:

• Takes at least 9 quarter units of credit that can be counted toward the degree each quarter.
• By the date all grades for the quarter are due, passes at least 8 such units each quarter.
• Pays full tuition to the law school.
• Does not work more than 20 hours per week during the term. (See section entitled ‘Limitations on Working’ for more information.)
• A student must be in residence during the quarter in which the final degree is conferred or during the quarter immediately preceding degree conferral.

Timely Filing of a "Graduation Application"

Students should consult the University’s online Academic Calendar for the Graduation Application deadline dates for each term. The Academic Calendar is available through the Office of the University Registrar.

Transfer Students

In a transfer student’s offer of admission to Stanford Law School, the Associate Dean for Admissions and Financial Aid will specify the amount of transfer credit that the student will receive and the course requirements that the student will need to fulfill at the Law School to ensure that the student’s professional training in law will be substantially equivalent to that required of a student who does all of his or her JD coursework at the Law School. Thus, it is possible that transfer students may be required to enroll in one or more first-year required courses.

Transfer students will not be given credit for law course work taken elsewhere unless at the time they took such course work it would have been allowed credit toward a first degree in law if taken at the Law School.

Difference Between a Master of Laws & a Juris Doctor Degree

What Does J.D. Stand for in College?

For those who are interested in pursuing a career in law, choosing which degree you are going to earn can be confusing. The law profession requires attending law school, as it is traditionally called, but it can be difficult to discern what degree is actually required to practice law. Depending on your career goals, you may want to earn a master's degree in law or a Juris Doctor degree.

What Is a J.D.?

There is a lot of confusion about the difference between a Juris Master vs. a Juris Doctor. A J.D. is the degree that people refer to when they say that they graduated from law school. The letters "J.D." stand for "Juris Doctor" and reflect the degree of education that a student has after completing a law school program. These programs typically last between two and four years. The Juris Doctor program covers a variety of topics pertaining to the legal profession. These degree programs are available to students on campus and online.

The content of a J.D. program varies from school to school. Some J.D. programs allow students to take electives and earn certificates in specific areas and offer the option for concentrations. Other J.D. programs allow students to earn a dual degree, such as a J.D./MBA, which allows the graduate to pursue the field of law in a business context or perhaps become in-house legal counsel for a corporation or another business entity. This also allows a graduate to practice exclusively corporate law and may make him more desirable to hire in that context.

Regardless of what path a law student ultimately chooses, the first year of law school at most schools is spent taking courses that get students focused on and familiar with the American legal system, the history of the legal system, legal practices and procedures and critical cases in the history of American law that have set important precedents in the field. Upon graduating, graduates are eligible to practice law or bring their training to bear on any other related field.

What Is an LL.M.?

An LL.M. is an often-misunderstood degree. Because the program is shorter than a Juris Doctor program, most people assume that the degree is a lesser degree. This is also because the degree's official name is "Master of Laws," while a J.D. is called a "Juris Doctor." Typically, the doctorate degree is understood to be the terminal degree or the highest level of education in a subject that a graduate can earn. However, in the case of the LL.M. vs. the J.D., the situation is somewhat reversed.

An LL.M. or Master of Laws degree is a short program, typically requiring about one year of full-time study. Rather than preceding the Juris Doctor degree the way master's programs traditionally precede doctorate degrees, the LL.M. is completed by choice after completing the Juris Doctor degree program. It is a specialized degree program that is focused on deepening a student's legal knowledge. As such, students very often need to complete an extensive specialized writing project to complete the program, tantamount to a thesis.

Because the LL.M. is a specialized degree , the courses will focus on an area pertinent to the student's career interests. These may be as varied as labor law, gaming law, entertainment law or work related to judgeships or the government. Aside from this focus, students will need to take courses and complete a rigorous curriculum of reading and writing. In almost every case, a student applying to an LL.M. program must already hold a J.D.

What Is the Difference Between a J.D. and LL.M.?

The key difference between the two degrees is their level in the field. A Juris Doctor must be earned before pursuing a Master of Laws degree. In every case, the J.D. is the first step. Once a student has graduated from law school, earned her J.D. and in most cases passed the bar exam, she is eligible to practice law in that state. Most students who finish a J.D. go on to practice law or work as legal counsel in some field.

However, some students choose to pursue an advanced degree after several years of practical life experience in the field. The LL.M. is specialized in a particular area and can make the holder of the degree a more desirable hire. This is true particularly if you intend to go into government, want to pursue a judgeship or feel that you may be interested in pursuing a career as a law professor or an administrator at a law school.

By all accounts, pursuing an LL.M. is commendable and a wise choice for the J.D. holder who is interested in moving forward and pursuing an advanced degree in order to get a coveted job. That being said, many law professors and government lawyers caution that real-world experience practicing law is more valuable than an LL.M. For some government jobs, the advanced degree may be necessary, but in many cases, it should only be earned after several years of professional experience.

If You Have a J.D., Should You Get an LL.M.?

For most lawyers who plan to practice law, an LL.M. will not be necessary. For many lawyers, it is their years of professional and practical experience that make them strong lawyers and desirable hires. Their years working in the field and their experience applying the theories of law and the lessons they learned in law school to real-world scenarios are what make them great lawyers. An advanced degree is a tool that can help hone and shape this experience into something even more comprehensive.

Many law school administrators and employers agree that students should not apply for an LL.M. until they have spent several years working. Even then, an LL.M. is not a crucial degree for all lawyers. It is critical to examine your career goals before attempting to commit to earning a degree that may be costly, time consuming and afford you little in the way of professional advancement.

Students in LL.M. programs will take courses that are heavy with reading and writing requirements. They will demand extensive research, extensive analysis and the ability to articulate knowledge and understanding clearly. This sort of in-depth knowledge and comprehension is often learned out in the working world and not from library-based research or lectures. Students will also pursue a particular focus and likely complete a project related to this specialization, demonstrating what they have learned over the years of both study and practice.

Are There Scholarships for Law School?

Prospective applicants to law school who are concerned about the cost of their education will be relieved to learn that there are many Juris Doctor scholarships available. There are scholarships for students who want to pursue study at particular schools, there are scholarships for students who are from particular cultural or ethnic backgrounds and there are scholarships available for students who have a particular sort of law that they are hoping to practice.

The first step toward getting a scholarship or grant funding for law school is to do your research. Begin by writing down a list of every possible characteristic that you could use to describe yourself. Where are you from? How do you identify? What are you hoping to study? Where did you do your undergraduate work? What experiences have you had that make you a unique applicant? By plumbing your own past and your identity and your goals for the future, you can make yourself a Juris Doctor candidate who is eligible for all opportunities that may be available to you.

The next step is to do extensive web-based research on organizations that offer law school scholarships to people like you. Ask questions, do research and make note of application deadlines and other necessary material. Another tactic may be to reach out to your undergraduate school and see if they have any knowledge of scholarships or funding opportunities for which you might be eligible. Your undergraduate university may even have relationships with law schools, and you may find that you qualify for reduced tuition.

When Do I Need to Take the LSAT?

As most people applying to law school after completing their undergraduate work are well aware, there is a standardized test required for admission. The LSAT is the test that all applicants must complete before being eligible to apply to law school. Generally, depending on the law school to which you are applying, there is a minimum score that you need to get to be eligible for admission. People may take the LSAT more than once to ensure that their score is high enough to be considered for the school they want to attend.

While the LSAT is an absolute non-negotiable requirement for admission to law school in order to earn a Juris Doctor, there is no such requirement when pursuing an LL.M. Applications to a Master of Laws degree program are predicated on the fact that the applicant has completed a J.D. program and has thus already demonstrated the core competencies that the LSAT would require and measure.

There is no standardized test required or any other admission assessment when applying for an LL.M. program. Students who apply for an LL.M. program are assumed to have already completed a level of work that speaks for itself. This makes the process of applying somewhat easier and somewhat less competitive, as students are coming from similar backgrounds.

Why Is an LL.M. Useful?

People who graduate with a J.D. and begin to practice law immediately may see very little use for an LL.M. after the beginning of their career. After all, if you're hoping to practice law, and you've passed the bar, you do not need to take on an additional degree that is largely symbolic and won't prepare you for the work that you're doing any more than your current experiences can.

However, there are areas of the law profession where an advanced degree is not only desirable but required. These are limited positions, yes, but for lawyers who want to pursue them, an LL.M. is a necessity. Typically, judgeships, positions in the Supreme Court or in circuit courts and academic professorships in the law field are the kinds of jobs that require you to earn an LL.M. Historically, policymakers and elected officials are among those who hold this degree.

Another advantage to the LL.M. is that it is a qualification with global recognition. It offers the lawyer the opportunity to work internationally and is a credential that indicates expertise in a certain area of the field. Lawyers who are hoping to work as diplomats in a foreign capacity are often encouraged and sometimes required to earn this degree. In addition to years of practical experience, the LL.M. demonstrates that the holder of the degree has gone as far as possible in the field.

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• Law School Admission Council: Types of Law Degrees
• LawyerEDU.org: Understanding the Difference Between LLM and Juris Doctorate Degrees
• Northeastern University: Master of Legal Studies vs. Juris Doctor: Which Is Right for You?
• University of California Berkeley: Law School - Overview

Ashley Friedman is a freelance writer with experience writing about education for a variety of organizations and educational institutions as well as online media sites. She has written for Pearson Education, The University of Miami, The New York City Teaching Fellows, New Visions for Public Schools, and a number of independent secondary schools. She lives in Los Angeles.

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JD Degree Programs

“I always knew I wanted to go to law school, but maybe back then I didn’t know what it meant to be a lawyer. … The more diverse the profession becomes, the more we can serve people who need our help.”

– Abyan Gurase’s story

The JD: What Every Lawyer Needs

If you’re considering pursuing a Juris Doctor (JD) degree, you aren’t alone. Thousands of people in the United States earn a JD every year, and our research shows they do so for a variety of reasons: to help others, to work in an exciting field, or to open doors to a variety of professions, among others. This page includes a summary of the JD degree, as well as resources you can use to plan your journey to law school.

The JD degree is considered to be a “first degree” in law. In other words, if you want to practice law in the United States, you will, in almost all cases, need a JD degree. But a JD isn’t just for people who want to become lawyers. Some people use a JD to become a law librarian, enter the world of academia, or go into consulting, among other careers. You might also find it useful if you want to enter politics or do advocacy work. 

What You Should Know

• JD degrees are offered by ABA-approved law schools, by schools that are not ABA-approved, and by many law schools in Canada and other countries around the world. Find a law school .
• In the U.S., admission to a JD program requires a bachelor’s degree. The admission requirements differ in other countries.
• Additionally, every school has its own set of requirements . Make sure you know what your schools require so that you can apply efficiently.
• Most JD programs are three-year, full-time programs. However, many law schools do offer part-time programs that take approximately four years to complete.
• LSAC’s flagship exam, the LSAT , is an integral part of the law school admission process in the U.S., Canada, and a growing number of other countries. All ABA-approved law schools accept the LSAT.

Planning Your Next Steps

If you’re planning to apply to multiple schools, signing up for LSAC’s Credential Assembly Service (CAS) can save you time and work in doing so. When you use this service, you send your transcripts and letters of recommendation to LSAC one time, and we package everything for the schools to which you apply. We will also send updates to your schools when you add items to your file at LSAC.

There also is a way for law schools to find you. LSAC’s optional (and free) Candidate Referral Service (CRS) allows you to release information about yourself into a recruitment database that law schools use to reach out to potential applicants based on various characteristics such as undergraduate major and location. You can register for CRS through your free LSAC JD Account .

Check out LSAC’s JD Application Checklist to get an idea of what else you need to do — and how we can help.

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The Juris Doctor Program Thesis

J.D. students are required to prepare and defend a thesis on a subject of law, which must deal with a legal issue which has not been resolved by the courts and requires extensive discussion and analysis of laws, legal principles, and jurisprudence relevant to the thesis proposal. The preparation of the thesis is supervised by a thesis adviser chosen by the student who is a member of the ALS faculty.  The J.D. thesis must be based on a thesis proposal previously approved and must contain at least 13,000 words excluding footnotes. Once the thesis is completed and certified by the thesis adviser as ready for defense, the student is required to defend his or her thesis before an oral defense panel of three (3) persons knowledgeable in the relevant field of law.

The Thesis course, which includes preparation and defense, is graded numerically and carries an academic credit of six (6) units, computed as part of the student’s quality point index (QPI) upon graduation.

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JURIS DOCTOR (J.D.) PROGRAM

On 31 July 2007, UP President Emerlinda R. Roman approved the Change in Degree Title from Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) to Juris Doctor (J.D.). The J.D. program entails a study of general principles and basic theories of law as an intellectual discipline, as well as a systematic and analytical examination of the specific codes and statutory enactments in force in the Philippines, together with interpretative court decisions and other pertinent materials. Closely studied are the civil law basis of most private laws of the country and the common law concept embodied in the public laws and derived particularly from Anglo-American jurisprudence. Consequently, the materials of study are textbooks, statutes, cases, and other authoritative works on law and jurisprudence.

Applicants to the program leading to Juris Doctor (J.D.) are required to have satisfactorily completed in an authorized university or college a bachelor’s degree in arts or science with any of the following subjects as major or field of concentration:

Political Science

A bachelor’s degree holder in a field other than those mentioned above must have earned the following minimum number of units:

A qualified applicant, who passes the Law Aptitude Examination (LAE) , must undergo an interview. The UP LAE is usually administered in the 2nd week of February in seven (7) testing centers (UP Diliman, UP Baguio, UP Cebu, UP Visayas, UP Mindanao, Cagayan de Oro City, Naga City). Registration starts in November.

Holders of graduate degrees are not exempted from taking the test.

No student will be admitted to the College unless the Committee on Student Admissions recommends his/her admission. The College has a “no deferment” policy. Those admitted to the College but do not enroll or enroll in the first semester but drop all courses will have to re-take the LAE.

Only those who are employed full-time are permitted to enroll in the evening classes.

The College holds classes from Monday to Saturday. Classes under the five-year program for evening students generally start at 6:00 P.M. and end at 9:00 P.M.

Graduation requirements

All the courses offered in the College are required to be taken in residence. The satisfactory completion of each of them is required for graduation (133 units for both day and evening students).

All senior students must satisfactorily complete 8 units (two semesters) of the practicum component of their course before graduation. Additionally, all senior students are required to submit a publishable paper under the guidance of a Faculty Adviser.

For the grant of the Juris Doctor degree, besides the completion of all courses, the candidate must attain a general weighted average of not less than 2.75 computed on the basis of units at the end of the law course.

Atty. Fina dela Cuesta-Tantuico

• Assistant to the Dean for Alumni Affairs
• Senior Lecturer, UP College of Law
• Professorial Lecturer, Lyceum of the Philippines College of Law
• Fellow, 1st UP Creative Writers’ Workshop (1980)
• Instructor I, UP Department of English and Comparative Literature (1982)
• Trustee and Corporate Secretary, UP Law Alumni Foundation Inc.; Justice George Malcolm Foundation Inc.
• Past President, UP Women Lawyers’ Circle
• Past President, Philippine Bar Association
• UP College of Arts and Sciences, A.B. English, cum laude (1982)
• UP Law Class 1988

Atty. Rizalde Laudencia

• Member, Sangguniang Panlungsod, San Fernando, La Union
• Studied at Confucius Institute, Ateneo de Manila University
• Does Chinese Painting ( Lingnan Style)
• Writes poems in English, Tagalog, and Ilocano
• UP A.B. Political Science (1978)
• UP Law Class 1982

Dr. Rolando Tolentino

• Professor, UP Film Institute
• Director, UP Institute of Creative Writing
• Former Dean, UP College of Mass Communication
• Member, Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino and the Film Development Council of the Philippines
• Awardee: UP Press Centennial Publication Award; National Book Award, Obermann Summer Research Fellowship; Manila Critics Circle Award; Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
• A.B. Economics, De La Salle University
• M.A. in Philippine Studies, De La Salle University
• Ph. D. in Film, Literature and Culture, University of Southern California

Atty. Nicolas Pichay

• Director, Legislative Research Service, Senate of the Philippines
• Poet, playwright, essayist
• Hubert Humphrey Fellow, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University 2018
• Awardee: Carlos Palanca Literary Prize (2007 Hall of Fame); NCCA Literary Awards; CCP Literary Awards; Asian Cultural Council; and Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas of UMPIL (2016)
• UP A.B. Political Science (1984)

Atty. Alden Lauzon

• Assistant Professor 7, Department of Art Studies, UP College of Arts and Letters (CAL)
• Associate Dean for Administration, CAL (June 2015 – June 2021)
• Senior Partner, Pedregosalaw Offices
• UP M.A. Art Studies, Art History (1998)
• UP Law Class 2000

Dr. Jose Dalisay Jr.

• Professor Emeritus , English and Creative Writing, UP
• Fellow and Former Director, UP Institute of Creative Writing
• Author, writer
• Awardee: 16 Carlos Palanca Awards in 5 genres
• UP College of Arts and Sciences, A.B. English, cum laude (1984)

Jayvee Arbonida del Rosario (Student)

Fever dream (I want to stay)

What is to wake? As days blur by and memory fails, so too does the line between dream and reality fade. One is as ephemeral as the other. Perhaps, it is in this realm of warped time and lost futures, of muted joys and terrors, where things make more sense.

Marissa Lucido Iñigo (Admin Staff)

Pagsulong sa kabila ng pagsubok

Bagamat matagal at paulit-ulit na tayong naghihigpit at lumuluwag sa mga kwarantin na ipinapatupad sa ating bansa, iisa lang ang nababakas sa mga buhay ng mga Pilipino araw-araw, pagsulong at pagtataguyod sa pamilya sa kabila ng pagsubok na sinasagupa araw-araw.

Nababata ng mga manggagawa ang lahat para sa kanilang mga pamilya. Nadagdag isuot araw-araw ang proteksyon laban sa nakakahawang sakit, pero talaga nga bang napoproteksyunan tayo sa totoong sakit sa bansa?

“Ano nga ba ang tunay na pagsubok? Ang Pandemya o ang sistema?” – Tanong ng Pilipinong lumalaban.

Gianina O. Cabanilla (REPS)

Stay with me till the sun sets and we rise together

The fury, the fire, the glory of endings and beginnings, the bone melting pain of it all

Life goes on… and we will not stop pushing for a better tomorrow. Not now, not ever.

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J.D. Thesis Program

JURIS DOCTOR PROGRAM (J.D. THESIS CURRICULUM)

It is a basic four-year law degree program with completion of a thesis as prerequisite to graduation. Although classified as a professional doctorate degree, it shall not however entitle the holder of the degree to be addressed with the designation reserved for holders of academic or research doctorate degrees. In addition to the subjects required under the J.D. Non-Thesis Curriculum, additional mandatory and elective courses, as well completion of a thesis, are required under the J.D. Thesis Curriculum.

Classification:

• Perspective Courses
• Core Subjects
• Elective Courses (Optional)
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Normal 0 false false false EN-PH X-NONE X-NONE

JURIS DOCTOR (J.D.) Thesis Curriculum

Effective School Year 2022-2023

First Semester

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SECOND YEAR

SECOND SEMESTER

  Note: MLAW 319 is a core subject.

FOURTH YEAR

Total Number of Units: 172  

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Juris Doctor (Non-Thesis)

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The place for those who are currently enrolled in law school, and those who are already passed the Bar.

Juris Doctor Thesis vs Non-Thesis

Are there advantages if I chose the JD with Thesis curriculum? Will law firms give upperhand on those who took JD with Thesis?