what does phd stand for in engineering

Doctorate degrees

You can apply to our PhD program with a master’s or just a bachelor’s degree, and our PhD students receive full funding, which includes a tuition waiver, monthly living stipend, and health insurance. Find out why you should get a PhD at Michigan .

All of our departments offer doctorate degrees, and we also have interdisciplinary PhD programs that help you make the most of broad expertise at the university.

See what we offer in the Engineering Course Guide and Bulletin.

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About the degrees

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) : Full-time five-year research-based program. Develops skills that apply to careers both inside and outside academia. We provide all PhD students with a tuition waiver, stipend and health insurance.

Doctor of Engineering in Manufacturing (DEng) : Graduate professional degree for students who have already earned both a bachelor’s degree in engineering and a master’s degree in any engineering or business discipline. Details in Michigan Engineering Course Guide and Bulletin .

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The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences. In most countries, it is a terminal research doctorate. A DEng/EngD is equivalent to a PhD in engineering, but different in that it has a solid industrial base and an additional taught element. The DEng/EngD along with the PhD represents the highest academic qualification in engineering, and the successful completion of either in engineering is generally required to gain employment as a full-time, tenure-track university professor or postdoctoral researcher in the field. Individuals can use the academic title doctor, which is often represented via the English honorific "Dr”. DEng/EngD candidates submit a significant project, typically referred to as a thesis or praxis, consisting of a body of original applied research that may be in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Candidates must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners called a thesis or dissertation committee.

1. International Equivalent Qualifications

Countries following the German/US model of education usually have similar requirements for awarding PhD (Eng.) and doctor of engineering degrees. The common degree abbreviations in the USA are EngD, D.Eng., D.Eng.Sc./Eng.Sc.D, whereas in Germany it is more commonly known as Dr.-Ing. The common degree abbreviation in the Netherlands is Professional Doctorate in Engineering (PDEng), which is equivalent to the EngD [ 1 ] (as of 1 September 2022, the PDEng title in The Netherlands will be renamed to EngD [ 2 ] ).

2. History - Research Doctorate

To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must hold a Master's degree in engineering or related science subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam. The student must complete necessary course work, be taught examinable courses, perform independent research under the supervision of a qualified doctoral advisor, and pass the thesis defense. The degree requires a high level of expertise in the theoretical aspects of relevant scientific principles and experience with details of the implementation of theory on realistic problems. The D.Eng. takes three to six years (full-time) to complete and has compulsory taught components and coursework/projects and is granted in recognition of high achievement in scholarship and an ability to apply engineering fundamentals to the solution of complex technical problems.

A Doctor of Engineering degree awarded by universities in China , Japan , and South Korea is equivalent to a PhD degree. To be admitted as a doctoral student, one must hold a master's degree in the same or related subject and pass a comprehensive entrance exam. The student must complete necessary course work, perform independent research under the supervision of a qualified Doctoral Advisor, and pass the thesis defense. It usually takes more than three years for a student with an M.S. Degree to complete his/her doctoral study. However, there are few areas of study (such as Materials Science, Polymer Technology, and Biomedical Engineering) where both Doctor of Science and Doctor of Engineering can be awarded depending upon the graduate school which houses the department.

In Germany the doctoral degree in engineering is called Doktoringenieur (Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften, Dr.-Ing.) and is usually earned after four to six years of research and completing a dissertation. A researcher pursuing a doctorate needs to hold a master's degree or the Diplom-Ingenieur degree (Dipl.-Ing.).

In France the degree of "Doctor-Engineer" ( docteur-ingénieur ) was a formerly applied science research degree. It was discontinued after 1984 and engineers wishing to go further as researchers now seek a PhD.

3. British Higher Doctorate

In the United Kingdom , the D.Eng. degree was traditionally awarded as a higher doctorate on the basis of a significant contribution to some field of engineering over the course of a career. However, since 1992 some British universities have introduced the Engineering Doctorate, abbreviated as "EngD", which is instead a research doctorate and regarded in the UK as equivalent to a PhD.

4. Modern British Engineering Doctorate

The Engineering Doctorate scheme is a British postgraduate education programme promoted by the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The programme is undertaken for over four years. Students conduct PhD-equivalent research and undertake taught business and technical courses whilst working closely with an industrial sponsor. Successful candidates are awarded the degree of Doctor of Engineering (EngD) and are addressed as doctor .

In the UK a similar formation to doctorate is the NVQ 8 or QCF 8. [ 3 ] However, a doctoral degree typically incorporates a research project which must offer an original contribution to knowledge within an academic subject area; an element which NVQs lack. [ 4 ]

The Engineering Doctorate (EngD) scheme was established by the EPSRC in 1992 following the recommendations of the 1990 Engineering Doctorate Report, produced by a working group chaired by Professor John Parnaby. [ 5 ] The scheme was launched with five centres - at Warwick, UMIST and Manchester universities and a Welsh consortium led by University College Swansea. [ 5 ] After a 1997 review, a further tranche of five centres were established, and further centres were added in 2001 and 2006 following calls by EPSRC in particular areas of identified national need. [ 6 ]

In a 2006 stakeholder survey of the scheme conducted on behalf of EPSRC [ 7 ] it was found that the quality of output of research engineers was perceived to match or exceed that of a PhD. However, the majority of respondents disagreed with claims that EngDs were recruited to higher-paid posts than PhDs or that EngDs were more desirable to employers than PhDs. Observations were made that the EngD was not widely known, and that universities may offer EngD degrees that were not necessarily of the format promoted by the EPSRC.

A March 2007 "Review of the EPSRC Engineering Doctorate Centres" [ 6 ] noted that since 1992, some 1230 research engineers had been enrolled, sponsored by over 510 different companies (28 had sponsored at least six REs), at 22 centres based at 14 universities (some jointly run by several collaborating universities). The panel remained convinced of the value and performance of the EngD scheme, and made six key recommendations including clearer brand definition, academic study of the longer-term impacts of the scheme, promotion of the scheme to potential new sponsors, business sectors and REs, work with the Engineering Council UK to develop a career path for REs to Chartered Engineer status, creation of a virtual "EngD Academy", and increased resources for the scheme.

Work on establishing an Association of Engineering Doctorates began in 2010. [ 8 ]

5. Relationship Between EngD and PhD

In some countries, the Doctor of Engineering and the PhD in Engineering are equivalent degrees. Both doctorates are research doctorates representing the highest academic qualification in engineering. As such, both EngD and PhD programs require students to develop original research leading to a dissertation defense. Furthermore, both doctorates enable holders to become faculty members at academic institutions. The EngD and PhD in Engineering are terminal degrees, allowing the recipient to obtain a tenure-track position.

In other cases, the distinction is one of orientation and intended outcomes. The Doctor of Engineering degree is designed for practitioners who wish to apply the knowledge they gain in a business or technical environment. Unlike a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree program, wherein research leads to foundational work that is published in industry journals, the EngD demands that research be applied to solving a real-world problem using the latest engineering concepts and tools. The program culminates in the production of a thesis, dissertation, or praxis, for use by practicing engineers to address a common concern or challenge. Research toward the EngD is “applied” rather than basic.

The PhD is highly focused on developing theoretical knowledge, while the EngD emphasizes applied research. Upon completion, graduates of PhD programs generally migrate to full-time faculty positions in academia, while those of EngD programs re-emerge in the industry as applied researchers or Executives. If working full-time in industry, graduates of EngD and PhD programs often become adjunct professors in top undergraduate and graduate degree programs.

6. List of Universities or Research Centres

6.1. malaysia.

The following universities in Malaysia offer Doctor of Engineering degrees:

• University of Malaya [ 9 ]
• University Sains Malaysia [ 10 ]
• University of Putra Malaysia [ 11 ]
• National University of Malaysia [ 12 ]
• University of Technology Malaysia [ 13 ]
• Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [ 14 ]

6.2. United States

The following universities which also happen to have an ABET accredited undergraduate degree offer Doctor of Engineering degrees:

• Cleveland State University [ 15 ]
• Colorado State University [ 16 ]
• Columbia University
• George Washington University
• Johns Hopkins University [ 17 ]
• Lamar University
• Morgan State University [ 18 ] [ 19 ]
• Old Dominion University
• Southern Methodist University
• Texas A&M
• University of California, Berkeley
• University of Dayton
• University of Illinois at Chicago
• University of Massachusetts Lowell
• University of Michigan–Dearborn [ 20 ]
• Virginia Tech [ 21 ]

This listing is incomplete. ABET accreditation is not applicable to doctoral programs. [ 22 ] Therefore, there are a number of schools with regionally accredited doctoral programs which are not on this list.

6.3. United Kingdom

In 2009, Engineering Doctorate schemes were offered by 45 United Kingdom universities, [ 23 ] both singly or in partnership with other universities as industrial doctorate centres. Students on the scheme are encouraged to describe themselves as 'research engineers' rather than 'research students' and as of 2009 the minimum funding level was £1,500 higher than the minimum funding level for PhD students. [ 24 ] Advocates of the scheme like to draw attention to the fact that EngD students share some courses with MBA students.

The following EPSRC-funded centres have offered EngDs: [ 25 ]

• Advanced Forming and Manufacture (University of Strathclyde)
• Biopharmaceutical Process Development (Newcastle University)
• Bioprocess Engineering Leadership (University College London)
• Centre for Doctoral Training in Non-Destructive Evaluation (Imperial College London, Bristol, Nottingham, Strathclyde, Warwick)
• Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing [ 26 ] (University of Warwick, University of Exeter, Cranfield University)
• Centre for Digital Entertainment [ 27 ] (University of Bath, Bournemouth University)
• COATED: Centre Of Advanced Training for Engineering Doctorates (Swansea University)
• Doctoral Training Partnership (DTP) in Structural Metallic Systems for Gas Turbine Applications (Universities of Cambridge, Swansea and Birmingham)
• Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (The Universities of Nottingham, University of Birmingham, and Loughborough University)
• Engineering Doctoral Centre in High Value, Low Environmental Impact Manufacturing (University of Warwick)
• Formulation Engineering (University of Birmingham)
• Industrial Doctorate Centre in Composites Manufacture (University of Bristol, University of Nottingham, University of Manchester, Cranfield University)
• Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (IDCORE) (Universities of Edinburgh, Strathclyde and Exeter)
• Innovative and Collaborative Construction Engineering (Loughborough University)
• Large-scale Complex IT Systems (Universities of Leeds, Oxford, St Andrews and York)
• Manufacturing Technology Engineering Doctorate Centre (MTEDC - The Universities of Nottingham, University of Birmingham, and Loughborough University)
• Machining Science (University of Sheffield)
• MATTER: Manufacturing Advances Through Training Engineering Researchers (Swansea University)
• Micro & Nano-Materials and Technologies (University of Surrey)
• Molecular Modelling and Materials Science (University College London)
• Nuclear Engineering (Imperial College London, University of Manchester)
• Optics and Photonics Technologies (Heriot-Watt (lead), Glasgow, St Andrews, Strathclyde and the Scottish University Physics Alliance)
• STREAM - IDC for the Water Sector [ 28 ] (Cranfield University, Imperial College London, University of Exeter, University of Sheffield, Newcastle University)
• Sustainability for Engineering and Energy Systems (University of Surrey)
• Systems (University of Bristol and University of Bath)
• Systems Approaches to Biomedical Science (University of Oxford)
• Technologies for Sustainable Built Environments (University of Reading)
• Transport and the Environment (University of Southampton)
• Urban Sustainability and Resilience (University College London)
• Virtual Environments, Imaging and Visualisation [ 29 ] (University College London)

The following EPSRC-funded centres have offered EngDs: [ 30 ]

• EPSRC and NERC Industrial Centre for Doctoral Training for Offshore Renewable Energy - IDCORE (University of Edinburgh, University of Exeter, Strathclyde University and the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences)
• Renewable Energy Marine Structures (REMS) (Cranfield University, University of Oxford and University of Strathclyde)
• Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing (University of Warwick, University of Exeter, Cranfield University)
• Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (University of Edinburgh, University of Exeter, Strathclyde University, the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences and HR-Wallingford)
• Centre for Digital Entertainment (University of Bath, Bournemouth University)
• STREAM - IDC for the Water Sector (Cranfield University, Imperial College London, University of Exeter, University of Sheffield, Newcastle University)
• "PDEng becomes EngD as of 1 September 2022" (in en). https://www.4tu.nl/sai/PDEng%20becomes%20EngD%20as%20of%201%20September%202022/. 
• "Comparing qualifications levels". http://ofqual.gov.uk/help-and-advice/comparing-qualifications/. 
• "How Do NVQs Stack Up Against Degrees?". Graduates.co.uk - Careers Advice, Postgrad Study and Gap Year. http://www.graduates.co.uk/how-do-nvqs-stack-up-against-degrees/. 
• Irwin, Aisling (17 May 1996). "Doctoring the degree (17 May 1996)". Times Higher Education Supplement. Times Higher Education. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=93762§ioncode=26. 
• Report of a Review of the EPSRC Engineering Doctorate Centres. Swindon: EPSRC. March 2007. 
• "Review of the Engineering Doctorate Scheme: Stakeholders Survey". Strategic Marketing Associates. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/CMSWeb/Downloads/Other/EngDocStakeholderSurvey.pdf. 
• "About the AEngD". Association of Engineering Doctorates. AEngD. http://www.aengd.org.uk/about-us/background/. 
• "Faculty of Engineering" (in en). https://engine.um.edu.my/doctor-of-philosophy-phd. 
• "Postgraduate Programme - USM Admission" (in en). https://admission.usm.my/index.php/en/postgraduate/postgraduate-programme. 
• "Doctor Of Engineering (DEng) - FACULTY OF ENGINEERING" (in en). https://eng.upm.edu.my/academic/postgraduate/doctor_of_engineering_deng-1925?L=en. 
• "Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment – PhD – StudyUKM" (in en). https://www.ukm.my/studyukm/phd-engineering-built-environment/. 
• "Engineering Doctorate (Eng.D)" (in en). https://razak.utm.my/engineering-doctorate-engd/. 
• "Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research" (in en). https://ipsr.utar.edu.my/PhDEng_PK.php. 
• "Doctor of Engineering | Cleveland State University" (in en). https://www.csuohio.edu/engineering/academics/doctor-engineering-6. 
• "Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.)" (in en). https://www.engr.colostate.edu/se/deng/. 
• "Home" (in en-US). https://engineering.jhu.edu/doctor-of-engineering/. 
• "School of Engineering" (in en). https://www.morgan.edu/soe. 
• "Doctor of Engineering" (in en). https://www.morgan.edu/school_of_engineering/departments/civil_engineering/graduate_program/doctor_of_engineering.html. 
• "D.ENG. IN AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS AND MOBILITY". https://umdearborn.edu/cecs/departments/mechanical-engineering/graduate-programs/deng-automotive-systems-and-mobility. 
• "Graduate Degree Programs". https://eng.vt.edu/academics/graduate-life/graduate-degree-programs.html. 
• "What Programs Does ABET Accredit? | ABET". https://www.abet.org/accreditation/what-is-accreditation/what-programs-does-abet-accredit/. 
• "Engineering Doctorate Centre Details". Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/centres/Pages/byuni.aspx. 
• "Minimum payments". Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/Pages/minimumpay.aspx. 
• "Industrial Doctorate Centres". EPSRC. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/students/centres/Pages/indd.aspx. 
• "Centre for Doctoral Training Sustainable Materials Manufacturing / Home". http://www.sustainablematerialsmanufacturing.com/. 
• "About CDE | CDE". http://www.digital-entertainment.org/. 
• [email protected], Mick Redman. "The Stream Industrial Doctorate Centre". http://www.stream-idc.net/. 
• "Home". https://veiv.cs.ucl.ac.uk/. 

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What Can You Do with a PhD in Engineering?

As technological advancements drive innovation across industry sectors, the value of a doctoral degree in engineering has never been more apparent. 

To navigate Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering career opportunities, you’ll need a deep understanding of what the degree entails and how it can be leveraged in various industries. Take an in-depth look at the potential career paths, salary expectations, and industry demands for individuals who have achieved the highest level of academic excellence in engineering.

What Is a PhD in Engineering?

A PhD in Engineering is considered the pinnacle of academic achievement in the engineering field. It involves several years of advanced study and intensive research, culminating in a dissertation that contributes new knowledge to the field. 

Candidates for a PhD in Engineering develop a strong foundation in both theoretical and applied aspects of their chosen specialization, which can range from electrical and mechanical engineering to biomedical and environmental engineering.

Specializations Within Engineering

• Electrical engineering: This field focuses on the technology of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and equipment for power generation and distribution, machine control, and communications.
• Mechanical engineering: This field deals with the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems.
• Civil engineering: This field encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.
• Chemical engineering: This field involves turning raw materials into valuable products through chemical processes, often related to industries like pharmaceuticals, energy, and environmental management.
• Biomedical engineering: This field combines engineering principles with medical and biological sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.

PhD programs encourage engineers to push the boundaries of scientific research, leading to innovations that drive industries forward and improve the quality of life globally. Through rigorous research, PhD students in engineering gain unparalleled expertise and a unique skill set that prepares them for a range of careers in academia, industry, and beyond. The degree not only enhances a candidate’s technical abilities but also develops critical thinking, problem-solving, and leadership skills, which are crucial in high-level positions across sectors.

Why Earn a PhD in Engineering?

Earning a PhD in Engineering is a strategic decision that can significantly elevate a professional’s career trajectory. This advanced degree is designed for those who aspire to lead in innovation, influence future technologies, and contribute to academic knowledge. 

Compelling reasons to pursue this prestigious degree include the following:

• Leadership opportunities: A PhD in Engineering equips individuals with the skills necessary to take on leadership roles in research, academia, and industry settings.
• High-level research: This degree provides the platform to conduct groundbreaking research that can transform industries and improve societal outcomes.
• Academic credentials: Earning a PhD is often essential for those aiming to teach at the university level and influence the next generation of engineers.
• Competitive edge: In a market where advanced technical skills are increasingly valued, a PhD distinguishes individuals as experts in their field.
• Potential for Innovation: PhD holders often drive innovation, applying their research to solve complex problems in new, innovative ways.

Potential Careers with a PhD in Engineering

A PhD in Engineering opens up a diverse array of career paths, each offering unique opportunities to apply advanced skills and knowledge. 

Academic Careers

• University professor: Professors not only teach future engineers but also conduct research and publish their findings, contributing significantly to their fields.
• Research scientist: These professionals primarily focus on conducting experiments and studies to advance knowledge in engineering, often working in university labs or research institutions.

Industry Careers

• Senior engineer: This role involves leading complex projects, developing new technologies, and innovating solutions to engineering problems.
• Research and development manager: Managers in R&D oversee the development of new products and technologies, ensuring projects meet scientific and commercial benchmarks.
• Chief technology officer: As a top executive, a CTO shapes the technological direction of a company, making strategic decisions that impact the organization’s future.

Government and Nonprofit Careers

• Policy advisor: These professionals use their expertise to help shape policies that govern technology and engineering practices, often working with governmental bodies.
• Program manager for governmental research grants: They oversee large-scale research projects funded by government grants, ensuring that projects align with governmental goals and regulations.

Entrepreneurship

• Tech company founder: PhD holders can leverage their advanced knowledge and research skills to start tech companies, driving innovation in the marketplace.
• Consultant: Expert consultants provide specialized knowledge and strategic advice to businesses, helping to solve specific engineering problems or improve processes.

These careers illustrate the vast potential of a PhD in Engineering, highlighting how individuals can leverage their advanced training and research capabilities in various impactful ways. Whether in academia, industry, government, or entrepreneurship, PhD holders in engineering are well-equipped to lead and innovate in their respective fields.

Where Do PhD in Engineering Professionals Work?

Professionals with a PhD in Engineering are found across a wide range of environments, each offering unique opportunities and challenges. Their advanced skills and in-depth knowledge allow them to adapt to various work settings:

• Academic institutions: Many PhD holders in engineering choose academic careers, working as professors, lecturers, or researchers in universities and colleges.
• Corporate research and development: Large technology firms often employ PhD engineers to lead innovative projects and develop new products.
• Government agencies: Federal and state agencies hire PhD engineers for expertise in public infrastructure projects, environmental regulation, and policy development.
• Private research institutes: These organizations focus on specific technological advancements and employ PhD engineers to push the boundaries of what is scientifically possible.
• Startup ventures: Entrepreneurial PhD holders might start their own companies or join startup teams to bring innovative ideas to market rapidly.

PhD in Engineering Careers Salary Information

Beyond salaries for engineers with bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees , salaries for PhD in Engineering holders vary widely depending on the field of specialization, location, and type of employment. 

Average Salary

• National average: According to Payscale, the median annual salary for someone with a PhD in Engineering is approximately $148,000 as of 2024.
• Entry-level vs. experienced: Entry-level positions for PhD holders may start lower, around $90,000 annually, but with experience, professionals can earn upwards of $200,000 annually, especially in managerial or specialized roles.

Highest PhD in Engineering Career Salaries

• Chief technology officer: CTOs can earn a median salary of around $110,000 to $250,000 per year, depending on company size and location.
• Engineering research manager: Managers in research positions can expect salaries in the range of $90,000 to $170,000 annually.

PhD in Engineering Career and Job Growth Information

The job market for PhD in Engineering holders is influenced by the continual advancement of technology and the growing need for innovation across multiple sectors. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) provides insights into the projected growth and demand for engineering professionals with a doctoral degree .

• Overall growth: The BLS projects that employment of engineers will grow by about 7% from 2022 to 2032, reflecting significant opportunities in specific advanced fields.
• High-demand fields: Areas such as industrial and mechanical engineering are expected to see the strongest growth rates.
• Technological innovation: Rapid advancements in areas like artificial intelligence, robotics, and renewable energy continue to drive demand for highly skilled engineers capable of leading cutting-edge research and development projects.

These growth rates indicate not only the resilience of engineering careers but also the expanding opportunities for those with advanced degrees to influence future innovations and technological developments.

Preparing for a Career with a PhD in Engineering

Earning a PhD in Engineering is just the beginning of a lifelong journey in this dynamic field. Preparing for a successful career with this degree involves continuous learning and skills development:

• Advanced technical skills: Continuous updates to one’s knowledge in specific engineering disciplines are crucial, especially with the rapid pace of technological change.
• Professional networking: Building strong professional networks through conferences, seminars, and professional associations can open up new opportunities and collaborations.
• Interdisciplinary knowledge: As engineering increasingly intersects with other fields like data science, healthcare, and environmental science, understanding these areas can provide a competitive edge.
• Soft skills development: Leadership, communication, and project management skills are vital for career advancement, especially in roles that involve leading teams or managing large-scale projects.

By actively engaging in these areas, PhD holders in engineering can enhance their career prospects and stay relevant in a rapidly evolving job landscape.

PhD in Engineering Careers FAQ

What are the top industries hiring phds in engineering.

• Technology sector: Companies in software, hardware, and electronics frequently seek PhD engineers for their expertise in innovation and development.
• Biomedical and healthcare: With advancements in medical technology, PhD engineers are increasingly in demand to develop new medical devices and systems.
• Environmental and energy: Companies focused on sustainability and renewable energy solutions often recruit PhD engineers to lead research and development in these critical areas.
• Automotive and aerospace: These industries require sophisticated engineering solutions, making them prime employers of PhD-level engineers.

How important is industry experience for PhD holders?

• Critical for career advancement: While academic prowess is valuable, practical industry experience is often crucial for career advancement, especially in roles outside academia. It enhances problem-solving skills and understanding of real-world applications.
• Bridging theory and practice: Gaining industry experience helps bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, making PhD holders more effective and innovative in their roles.

Can I switch industries easily with a PhD in Engineering?

• Highly adaptable skills: The advanced research skills and technical knowledge acquired during a PhD program are often transferable across different industries.
• Need for additional training: While switching industries is feasible, it may require additional training or certifications, depending on the specific demands of the new industry.

Discover More About PhD in Engineering Programs

A PhD in Engineering is more than just an academic achievement; it is a gateway to a range of prestigious and impactful careers across various industries. From leading cutting-edge research in biomedical engineering to driving innovations in renewable energy, the opportunities available to PhD holders are both diverse and rewarding. 

By staying informed about industry trends, continuously developing their skills, and leveraging their specialized knowledge, individuals with a PhD in Engineering can look forward to a dynamic and fulfilling career path that not only advances their personal ambitions but also contributes significantly to societal progress.

Whether you are considering embarking on this educational journey or are seeking to maximize your career potential with a PhD, the engineering field offers a robust platform for both professional growth and significant contributions to global challenges.

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DEng vs. PhD

At Johns Hopkins University, both the Doctor of Engineering and the Doctor of Philosophy involve mentored research and in-depth investigation. There are a few key differences, though (although these are not hard and fast rules).

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• What is a PhD?

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD is a doctoral research degree and the highest level of academic qualification you can achieve. The degree normally takes between three and four years of full-time work towards a thesis offering an original contribution to your subject.

This page explains what a PhD is, what it involves and what you need to know if you’re considering applying for a PhD research project , or enrolling on a doctoral programme .

The meaning of a PhD

The PhD can take on something of a mythic status. Are they only for geniuses? Do you have to discover something incredible? Does the qualification make you an academic? And are higher research degrees just for people who want to be academics?

Even the full title, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, has a somewhat mysterious ring to it. Do you become a doctor? Yes, but not that kind of doctor. Do you have to study Philosophy? No (not unless you want to) .

So, before going any further, let's explain what the term 'PhD' actually means and what defines a doctorate.

What does PhD stand for?

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term ‘philosophy’ does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to ‘lover of wisdom’.

What is a doctorate?

A doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. In order to qualify for one you need to produce advanced work that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your field. Doing so earns you the title 'Doctor' – hence the name.

So, is a PhD different to a doctorate? No. A PhD is a type of doctorate .

The PhD is the most common type of doctorate and is awarded in almost all subjects at universities around the world. Other doctorates tend to be more specialised or for more practical and professional projects.

Essentially, all PhDs are doctorates, but not all doctorates are PhDs.

Do you need a Masters to get a PhD?

Not necessarily. It's common for students in Arts and the Humanities to complete an MA (Master of Arts) before starting a PhD in order to acquire research experience and techniques. Students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) don't always need an MS/MSc (Master of Science) to do a PhD as you'll gain training in lab techniques and other skills during your undergraduate degree.

Whether a Masters is a requirement for a PhD also varies by country. Australian PhDs may require a Masters as the equivalent of their own 'honours year' (where students work on research). US PhD programmes often include a Masters.

We have a whole guide dedicated to helping you decide whether a PhD without a Masters is the right route for you.

The origin of the PhD

Despite its name, the PhD isn't actually an Ancient Greek degree. Instead it's a much more recent development. The PhD as we know it was developed in nineteenth-century Germany, alongside the modern research university.

Higher education had traditionally focussed on mastery of an existing body of scholarship and the highest academic rank available was, appropriately enough, a Masters degree.

As the focus shifted more onto the production of new knowledge and ideas, the PhD degree was brought in to recognise those who demonstrated the necessary skills and expertise.

The PhD process – what's required to get a PhD?

The typical length of a PhD is three to four years full-time, or five to six years part-time.

Unlike most Masters courses (or all undergraduate programmes), a PhD is a pure research degree. But that doesn’t mean you’ll just spend years locked away in a library or laboratory. In fact, the modern PhD is a diverse and varied qualification with many different components.

Whereas the second or third year of a taught degree look quite a lot like the first (with more modules and coursework at a higher level) a PhD moves through a series of stages.

A typical PhD normally involves:

• Carrying out a literature review (a survey of current scholarship in your field).
• Conducting original research and collecting your results .
• Producing a thesis that presents your conclusions.
• Writing up your thesis and submitting it as a dissertation .
• Defending your thesis in an oral viva voce exam.

These stages vary a little between subjects and universities, but they tend to fall into the same sequence over the three years of a typical full-time PhD.

The first year of a PhD

The beginning of a PhD is all about finding your feet as a researcher and getting a solid grounding in the current scholarship that relates to your topic.

You’ll have initial meetings with your supervisor and discuss a plan of action based on your research proposal.

The first step in this will almost certainly be carrying out your literature review . With the guidance of your supervisor you’ll begin surveying and evaluating existing scholarship. This will help situate your research and ensure your work is original.

Your literature review will provide a logical jumping off point for the beginning of your own research and the gathering of results . This could involve designing and implementing experiments, or getting stuck into a pile of primary sources.

The year may end with an MPhil upgrade . This occurs when PhD students are initially registered for an MPhil degree and then ‘upgraded’ to PhD candidates upon making sufficient progress. You’ll submit material from your literature review, or a draft of your research findings and discuss these with members of your department in an upgrade exam . All being well, you’ll then continue with your research as a PhD student.

PhDs in other countries

The information on the page is based on the UK. Most countries follow a similar format, but there are some differences. In the USA , for example, PhD students complete reading assignments and examinations before beginning their research. You can find out more in our guides to PhD study around the world .

The second year of a PhD

Your second year will probably be when you do most of your core research. The process for this will vary depending on your field, but your main focus will be on gathering results from experiments, archival research, surveys or other means.

As your research develops, so will the thesis (or argument) you base upon it. You may even begin writing up chapters or other pieces that will eventually form part of your dissertation .

You’ll still be having regular meetings with your supervisor. They’ll check your progress, provide feedback on your ideas and probably read any drafts your produce.

The second year is also an important stage for your development as a scholar. You’ll be well versed in current research and have begun to collect some important data or develop insights of your own. But you won’t yet be faced with the demanding and time-intensive task of finalising your dissertation.

So, this part of your PhD is a perfect time to think about presenting your work at academic conferences , gaining teaching experience or perhaps even selecting some material for publication in an academic journal. You can read more about these kinds of activities below.

The third year of a PhD

The third year of a PhD is sometimes referred to as the writing up phase.

Traditionally, this is the final part of your doctorate, during which your main task will be pulling together your results and honing your thesis into a dissertation .

In reality, it’s not always as simple as that.

It’s not uncommon for final year PhD students to still be fine-tuning experiments, collecting results or chasing up a few extra sources. This is particularly likely if you spend part of your second year focussing on professional development.

In fact, some students actually take all or part of a fourth year to finalise their dissertation. Whether you are able to do this will depend on the terms of your enrolment – and perhaps your PhD funding .

Eventually though, you are going to be faced with writing up your thesis and submitting your dissertation.

Your supervisor will be very involved in this process. They’ll read through your final draft and let you know when they think your PhD is ready for submission.

All that’s left then is your final viva voce oral exam. This is a formal discussion and defence of your thesis involving at least one internal and external examiner. It’s normally the only assessment procedure for a PhD. Once you’ve passed, you’ve done it!

Looking for more information about the stages of a PhD?

How do you go about completing a literature review? What's it like to do PhD research? And what actually happens at an MPhil upgrade? You can find out more in our detailed guide to the PhD journey .

Doing a PhD – what's it actually like?

You can think of the ‘stages’ outlined above as the basic ‘roadmap’ for a PhD, but the actual ‘journey’ you’ll take as a research student involves a lot of other sights, a few optional destinations and at least one very important fellow passenger.

Carrying out research

Unsurprisingly, you’ll spend most of your time as a PhD researcher… researching your PhD. But this can involve a surprisingly wide range of activities.

The classic image of a student working away in the lab, or sitting with a pile of books in the library is true some of the time – particularly when you’re monitoring experiments or conducting your literature review.

Your PhD can take you much further afield though. You may find yourself visiting archives or facilities to examine their data or look at rare source materials. You could even have the opportunity to spend an extended period ‘in residence’ at a research centre or other institution beyond your university.

Research is also far from being a solitary activity. You’ll have regular discussions with your supervisor (see below) but you may also work with other students from time to time.

This is particularly likely if you’re part of a larger laboratory or workshop group studying the same broad area. But it’s also common to collaborate with students whose projects are more individual. You might work on shorter projects of joint interest, or be part of teams organising events and presentations.

Many universities also run regular internal presentation and discussion groups – a perfect way to get to know other PhD students in your department and offer feedback on each other’s work in progress.

Working with your supervisor

All PhD projects are completed with the guidance of at least one academic supervisor . They will be your main point of contact and support throughout the PhD.

Your supervisor will be an expert in your general area of research, but they won’t have researched on your exact topic before (if they had, your project wouldn’t be original enough for a PhD).

As such, it’s better to think of your supervisor as a mentor, rather than a teacher.

As a PhD student you’re now an independent and original scholar, pushing the boundaries of your field beyond what is currently known (and taught) about it. You’re doing all of this for the first time, of course. But your supervisor isn’t.

They’ll know what’s involved in managing an advanced research project over three years (or more). They’ll know how best to succeed, but they’ll also know what can go wrong and how to spot the warning signs before it does.

Perhaps most importantly, they’ll be someone with the time and expertise to listen to your ideas and help provide feedback and encouragement as you develop your thesis.

Exact supervision arrangements vary between universities and between projects:

• In Science and Technology projects it’s common for a supervisor to be the lead investigator on a wider research project, with responsibility for a laboratory or workshop that includes several PhD students and other researchers.
• In Arts and Humanities subjects, a supervisor’s research is more separate from their students’. They may supervise more than one PhD at a time, but each project is essentially separate.

It’s also becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have two (or more) supervisors. The first is usually responsible for guiding your academic research whilst the second is more concerned with the administration of your PhD – ensuring you complete any necessary training and stay on track with your project’s timetable.

However you’re supervised, you’ll have regular meetings to discuss work and check your progress. Your supervisor will also provide feedback on work during your PhD and will play an important role as you near completion: reading your final dissertation draft, helping you select an external examiner and (hopefully) taking you out for a celebratory drink afterwards!

Professional development, networking and communication

Traditionally, the PhD has been viewed as a training process, preparing students for careers in academic research.

As such, it often includes opportunities to pick up additional skills and experiences that are an important part of a scholarly CV. Academics don’t just do research after all. They also teach students, administrate departments – and supervise PhDs.

The modern PhD is also viewed as a more flexible qualification. Not all doctoral graduates end up working in higher education. Many follow alternative careers that are either related to their subject of specialism or draw upon the advanced research skills their PhD has developed.

PhD programmes have begun to reflect this. Many now emphasise transferrable skills or include specific training units designed to help students communicate and apply their research beyond the university.

What all of this means is that very few PhD experiences are just about researching and writing up a thesis.

The likelihood is that you’ll also do some (or all) of the following during your PhD:

The work is usually paid and is increasingly accompanied by formal training and evaluation.

Conference presentation

As a PhD student you’ll be at the cutting edge of your field, doing original research and producing new results. This means that your work will be interest to other scholars and that your results could be worth presenting at academic conferences .

Doing this is very worthwhile, whatever your career plans. You’ll develop transferrable skills in public speaking and presenting, gain feedback on your results and begin to be recognised as an expert in your area.

Conferences are also great places to network with other students and academics.

Publication

As well as presenting your research, you may also have the opportunity to publish work in academic journals, books, or other media. This can be a challenging process.

Your work will be judged according to the same high standards as any other scholar’s and will normally go through extensive peer review processes. But it’s also highly rewarding. Seeing your work ‘in print’ is an incredible validation of your PhD research and a definite boost to your academic CV.

Public engagement and communication

Academic work may be associated with the myth of the ‘ivory tower’ – an insular community of experts focussing on obscure topics of little interest outside the university. But this is far from the case. More and more emphasis is being placed on the ‘impact’ of research and its wider benefits to the public – with funding decisions being made accordingly.

Thankfully, there are plenty of opportunities to try your hand at public engagement as a PhD student. Universities are often involved in local events and initiatives to communicate the benefits of their research, ranging from workshops in local schools to public lectures and presentations.

Some PhD programmes include structured training in order to help students with activities such as the above. Your supervisor may also be able to help by identifying suitable conferences and public engagement opportunities, or by involving you in appropriate university events and public engagement initiatives.

These experiences will be an important part of your development as a researchers - and will enhance the value of your PhD regardless of your career plans.

What is a PhD for – and who should study one?

So, you know what a PhD actually is, what’s involved in completing one and what you might get up to whilst you do. That just leaves one final question: should you do a PhD?

Unfortunately, it’s not a question we can answer for you.

A PhD is difficult and uniquely challenging. It requires at least three years of hard work and dedication after you’ve already completed an undergraduate degree (and probably a Masters degree too).

You’ll need to support yourself during those years and, whilst you will be building up an impressive set of skills, you won’t be directly progressing in a career.

But a PhD is also immensely rewarding. It’s your chance to make a genuine contribution to the sum of human knowledge and produce work that other researchers can (and will) build on in future. However obscure your topic feels, there’s really no such thing as a useless PhD.

A PhD is also something to be incredibly proud of. A proportionately tiny number of people go on to do academic work at this level. Whatever you end up doing after your doctorate you’ll have an impressive qualification – and a title to match. What’s more, non-academic careers and professions are increasingly recognising the unique skills and experience a PhD brings.

Other PhDs - do degree titles matter?

The PhD is the oldest and most common form of higher research degree, but a few alternatives are available. Some, such as the DPhil are essentially identical to a PhD. Others, such as the Professional Doctorate or DBA are slightly different. You can find out more in our guide to types of PhD .

Is a PhD for me?

There’s more advice on the value of a PhD – and good reasons for studying one – elsewhere in this section. But the following are some quick tips if you’re just beginning to consider a PhD.

Speak to your lecturers / tutors

The best people to ask about PhD study are people who’ve earned one. Ask staff at your current or previous university about their experience of doctoral research – what they enjoyed, what they didn’t and what their tips might be.

If you’re considering a PhD for an academic career, ask about that too. Are job prospects good in your field? And what’s it really like to work at a university?

Speak to current PhD students

Want to know what it’s like studying a PhD right now? Or what it’s like doing research at a particular university? Ask someone who knows.

Current PhD students were just like you a year or two ago and most will be happy to answer questions.

If you can’t get in touch with any students ‘face to face’, pop over to the Postgraduate Forum – you’ll find plenty of students there who are happy to chat about postgraduate research.

Take a look at advertised projects and programmes

This may seem like a strange suggestion. After all, you’re only going to study one PhD, so what’s the point of reading about lots of others?

Well, looking at the details of different PhD projects is a great way to get a general sense of what PhD research is like. You’ll see what different PhDs tend to have in common and what kinds of unique opportunity might be available to you.

And, with thousands of PhDs in our database , you’re already in a great place to start.

Read our other advice articles

Finally, you can also check out some of the other advice on the FindAPhD website. We’ve looked at some good (and bad) reasons for studying a PhD as well as the value of a doctorate to different career paths.

More generally, you can read our in-depth look at a typical PhD journey , or find out more about specific aspects of doctoral study such as working with a supervisor or writing your dissertation .

We add new articles all the time – the best way to stay up to date is by signing up for our free PhD opportunity newsletter .

Ready to find your PhD?

Head on over to our PhD search listings to learn what opportunities are on offer within your discipline.

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

You may also like....

What happens during a typical PhD, and when? We've summarised the main milestones of a doctoral research journey.

The PhD thesis is the most important part of a doctoral degree. This page will introduce you to what you need to know about the PhD dissertation.

This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student, explaining how your daily life will look at you progress through a doctoral degree.

Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.

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Popular Posts

Applied Doctorate vs. Ph.D.: What are the Differences?

Making a choice between two similar but different things can be a challenge.

Oh, sure, some things don’t fall under the “do-or-die” category of decision making. With some things, there simply is no wrong choice.

Take a sports car versus an SUV, for example. Either is a great choice, depending on your budget, your lifestyle and your personal preferences.

What about an angus beef burger versus a textured soy protein patty? When it comes to radically opposing food choices, there’s usually a clear-cut winner.

Yet what about the more important things in life … like your career, your future and your doctoral education?

You already know the drill when it comes to deciding if a Ph.D. or doctorate is right for you:

• Investigate each type of degree program.
• Make a list of personal and professional pros and cons for each type of degree.
• Seek the wise counsel of colleagues, academic advisors and professional mentors.
• Make a confident decision about which degree is right for.

But first, let’s define the Ph.D. and the professional doctorate and then look at how they’re different from one another.

What is a Ph.D.?

A Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy, is a high-level degree earned after a period of three or more years of graduate-level study, culminating in the creation, submission, presentation and defense of a research dissertation.

The Ph.D. can be awarded in a wide variety of fields, including the sciences, engineering and humanities. The term “philosophy,” according to Wikipedia, “does not refer solely to the field or academic disciple of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is ‘love of wisdom.’”

For some professions, such as university professor or researcher, the Ph.D. is pretty much de rigueur. Most Ph.D.s are earned as a means of contributing original research findings to an academic community, field of study or professional discipline.

Earning a doctorate is challenging and rewarding, but do you know what to really expect? Download this free guide for tips and insights to help you prepare for success.  

What is an applied professional doctorate.

This doctorate is an advanced, high-level degree, too, earned after a period of three or more years of graduate-level study across a wide variety of disciplines. Like the Ph.D. it, too, culminates in the creation, submission, presentation and defense of a research dissertation or similar type of comprehensive final project.

The professional doctorate is also a research-based degree, only it emphasizes looking at existing bodies of knowledge and raising questions for the purposes of solving a problem and applying theories to a real-world setting.

Applied doctorate degrees first became well established in the United Kingdom and Australia and were initially offered in the United States by for-profit colleges and universities. Employer demand for higher skill levels and actionable problem-solving, however, opened up new programs at accredited non-profit institutions.

Different than a theoretical, Ph.D. degree, the professional doctorate is often the best terminal degree for the working professional who’s driven to lead and innovate.

Applied doctoral degree programs offer the opportunity to earn a practical degree that enables both subject mastery and field application.

What is the difference between the Ph.D. and doctorate?

It’s often assumed that a Ph.D. is a teaching-only degree while a professional doctorate is for the corporate player. The truth is, either degree can be valued in an academic or professional setting, depending on the type of institution or organization. Furthermore, either degree could be right for you.

Dr. Christopher Washington, Franklin University’s provost and chief academic officer explains the fundamental difference between the Ph.D. and the applied professional doctorate degree this way:

“With a Ph.D., you generate new theory. With the professional doctorate, you start from a place of practice and what’s going on in the world. You look at existing bodies of knowledge to see what theories have been created. Then you raise questions to determine how to design experiences that test theory to practice. In cultivating these types of practitioner-oriented scholars, there’s potential for a stronger and better relationship between the scholar and the community he or she serves. Such a connection helps us convene people to tackle the hard questions.”

Here we offer a side-by-side comparison of the Ph.D. and the professional doctorate to further demonstrate the differences (and similarities):

As you can see, the differences between the Ph.D. and the applied doctorate are few – and many – most of which are directly related to how earning the degree will impact your career.

Here are a few questions to ask yourself before deciding which degree is right for you :

• Do you want to conduct research or analyze and apply it?
• Do you want to work in an academic or professional setting?
• Do you want to identify problems or lead solutions to them?

Explains Dr. Washington, “If you want to generate new theory and conduct pure science within the pursuit of an academic life, then the Ph.D. is probably more in line with what you’ll need. If, however, you want to advance knowledge within a complex, global practice context while challenging yourself professionally, consider the applied doctorate degree.”

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BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD - what do they all mean?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD (and more) are abbreviations of British degrees.

They reflect the specific level and discipline of a qualification achieved at university.

While most courses are conducted on a full-time basis, there are options for part-time, distance learning and other flexible learning arrangements.

Here is a breakdown of some of the most common qualifications and ones that Aberystwyth University offers.

• BA = Bachelor of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• BSc = Bachelor of Sciences;
• BENG = Bachelor of Engineering (Software, Robotics and Physics);
• LLB = Bachelor of Law.

Achieved after 3 to 4 years of study. The extra year (for a 4 year course) can be from a year studying abroad or a year working in industry.

Integrated-Masters:

• MARTS = Masters of Arts;
• MBIOL = Masters of Biology;
• MCOMP = Masters of Computer Science;
• MENG = Masters of Engineering;
• MMATH = Masters of Mathematics;
• MPHYS = Masters of Physics;
• MSCI = Masters of Sciences and Humanities.

4 years course (3-year Bachelors, 1 year Masters) that enables you to secure a loan for the full duration rather than having to fund a Masters degree separately.

• MA = Masters of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• MSc = Masters of Sciences;
• MBA = Masters of Business Administration;
• MPhil = Masters of Philosophy: Advanced research Masters degree;
• MRes = Masters of Research: Contains some taught and research elements;
• LLM = Masters of Law.

Achieved after graduation from Bachelors level, usually 1-2 years duration.

• PhD = Doctor of Philosophy: for a range of disciplines.

Achieved after graduating from Masters level, usually 3-8 years duration.

A wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Further-Research courses – across the Arts and Sciences – are available at Aberystwyth.

• General Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Nuclear Engineering
• Materials Engineering
• Engineering

PE vs MS vs PhD: Which Should I Do First in US?

• Thread starter jehan60188
• Start date Mar 23, 2012
• Mar 23, 2012
• Researchers figure out optimal stiffness-toughness trade-off
• Research team develops metamaterial to enable real-time shape and property control
• New kinds of padding could make football gear, bike helmets safer than ever

The FE exam should be taken as soon after the BS as possible, while the undergraduate material is as fresh as possible in mind. Some states allow it to be taken during the senior year, others require a certain amount of experience before it can be taken. The PE exam should also be taken as soon as it is allowed, again while school is as fresh in mind as possible. For exactly the same reasons as above.  

A PE license is real important in civil engineering but a lot less so with other disciplines. Still it is never a bad thing to get the license, it can only help. The american society of civil engineers (ASCE) has been pushing to make it a requirement to have a masters degree to take the PE exam starting in 2015, but ASCE has no authority, they are trying to influence the state licensing boards who set the requirements. Part of their argument is that there is a lot more required liberal arts electives in todays undergraduate degrees than in the past and thus students arent taking as many engineering classes as they used to and a BS+MS today is nearly equivalent to a BS from 30 years ago. As it stands, there is a lot of material on the PE exam that isn't covered in undergrad programs and would need to be learned on the job and taking more grad school courses would certainly help. The second part of their reasoning for it is they don't feel engineers are getting the level of respect (and pay) in society that they deserve relative to doctors and lawyers and they believe requiring a graduate degree would help.  

Related to PE vs MS vs PhD: Which Should I Do First in US?

1. what is the difference between a pe, ms, and phd in the us.

A PE (Professional Engineer) license is a certification that allows an engineer to practice and offer their services directly to the public. An MS (Master of Science) is a graduate degree that typically requires 2-3 years of coursework and research, while a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is a higher level graduate degree that usually requires 4-6 years of coursework and research, and is focused on original research and contribution to knowledge in a specific field.

2. Which degree should I pursue first in the US?

The answer to this question depends on your career goals and personal preferences. If you are interested in pursuing a career in engineering and want to work directly with clients, a PE license may be the best option for you. If you want to gain in-depth knowledge and experience in a specific field, and potentially pursue a career in research or academia, a PhD may be a better choice. If you want to enhance your technical skills and advance your career in a specific industry, an MS may be the most beneficial degree for you.

3. Can I pursue a PE, MS, or PhD in any field of engineering in the US?

Yes, you can pursue a PE, MS, or PhD in any field of engineering in the US, as long as you meet the requirements for the specific degree and program. However, certain fields may have more job opportunities and demand for certain degrees. It is important to research and consider the job market and your personal interests before deciding on a degree.

4. What are the benefits of each degree in terms of career opportunities and salary?

A PE license can open up opportunities for higher-paying and more specialized roles in engineering, as well as the ability to start your own engineering firm. An MS can provide advanced technical skills and knowledge, which can lead to higher-paying roles in industry or research positions. A PhD can lead to career opportunities in research, academia, and other high-level positions with competitive salaries.

5. Can I pursue multiple degrees (PE, MS, PhD) in the US?

Yes, it is possible to pursue multiple degrees in the US. However, it is important to carefully consider the time and financial commitments for each degree and whether it aligns with your career goals. Some individuals may choose to obtain a PE license after completing an MS or PhD, while others may pursue multiple degrees simultaneously or at different points in their career.

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DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (ENGINEERING) COURSES IN INDIA | ENGINEERING COURSES AFTER POST GRADUATION

Collegedunia Team

Content Curator

PHD Engineering or Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering is a 2 to 5 years of course in India. However, it can extend to up to 8 years For part time students depending upon the registered University.

The basic eligibility to pursue this course is to hold a PG degree with at least 50% from a recognizable institution in India under any allied Engineering branch.

Admission to the course is offered by conducting national level or institute level entrance exams, counselling or interviews as mandated by the affiliated university.

Most of the IIT’s like IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Guwahati and IIT Kanpur offer admission strictly after scoring remarkable marks in the entrances. GATE is one of the prime entrance for the admission to this course in India.

Academic records are also taken into account by some prestigious universities like IIT Roorkee , NIT Trichy, and IIT Indore while admitting the candidates.

The cost that any candidate should afford for the PHD Engineering courses spans in the range of INR 30,000 to 4,00,000 excluding the journal publication and experimentations.

Some of the most common subjects taught under this course are: English or Business English Communication; Mathematics; Basic principles of Physics; Principles of Quality Management; Management skills; Applied Science; and Basics of computers and many more.

Tabulated below are some of the top colleges offering PHD Engineering courses in India.

Highest salary of around 40 LPA could be earned annually by the PHD Engineering holders and the lowest being around 15 Lakhs Per Annum.

PHD Engineering courses give a wide variety of opportunities from sectors like IT sector, E-Commerce, Banking sector, Education Sector, and Automobiles, etc. However, Senior Scientist, Principal Scientist, Data Analyzer, Network Engineer, Professor, Technical Lead, etc. are the common posts that the doctoral holders fancy their chances.

It is to note that these graduates remain on a high demand by the government and private MNCs like DRDO, CSIR, HAL, Microsoft, Google, etc.

After successfully obtaining the degree of PHD Engineering, one can remain involved in research and findings or be a part of Commercialized R&D’s and the teaching sectors.

PHD Engineering Admission Process

Since, this is the top most degree in Engineering discipline, most of the Engineering institutions like IIT New Delhi, IIT Mumbai , etc prefer entrance exams and subsequent counselling/interviews to admit the candidates.

Candidates have to undertake common national level entrance exams like VITMEE or GATE or any institute level exams in order to get admitted into the doctoral course in Engineering.

Normal Entrance-based admission

• IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur , and IIT Hyderabad conduct the entrance exams and then admit the candidates based on the score of it and counselling.
• These institutions don’t take the academic records into much consideration while admitting the candidates into Doctoral courses in Engineering.

Entrance-based admission with Critical Scrutiny

• Some of the institutions like IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee, NIT Trichy , and IIT Indore conducts interviews and takes the academic records of the candidates applying to the course in addition to the qualifying exam scores and counselling.
• Only 50% to 60 % in PG are not enough for these institutions, but instead they expect around 80% percent or 8.0 CGPA as the minimum criteria for admission into PHD Engineering.
• Thus, the scrutiny of the admission applications will be very critical.

Basic steps to follow for PHD Engineering admission 2020 are as follows:

• Check the whole admission process and make yourself aware completely by accessing the official sites of the admitting institutions.
• Choose your preferred PHD Engineering courses and then check what entrance is required for it.
• Register and login with valid contact number and email ID enabling smoother future correspondences.
• Read the brochure and important dates.
• Apply for the concerned entrance by uploading all the required documents and start your preparation.
• Then, check whether a separate online or offline application for PHD Engineering is needed or not.
• After qualification of entrance exam, the interview, counselling, academic background checks would be followed.
• Results of all rounds will be released.
• After the final shortlisting, pay the required fees and get admitted.
• The course also aided/funded under a variety of funded schemas/fellowships. Hence, the candidates needing the same should be faster.

PHD Engineering Eligibility

As far as the eligibility is concerned, many institutions have their own eligibility criteria for the selection of candidates into PHD Engineering. Most common eligibility criteria are as follows:

• The candidates should have at least 50 % in allied PG/UG in Engineering from a recognizable institution in India.
• A CGPA of 8.0 or more is desirable by certain premier institutions offering PHD Engineering.
• Prior experience and research contributions are part of the academic records that some institutions verify.

PHD Engineering Entrance exams

Many Engineering institutions prefer entrance -based admissions over merit-based admissions because it is the top professional course in the discipline. Some of the most common entrance exams are listed below.

• GATE 2020: GATE stands for Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering. This entrance exam is being conducted by any of the IITs everywhere for admitting the candidates into many PG and doctoral level courses.
• VITMEE 2020: VITMEE exam is conducted for admission to MCA, M.Tech/M.Tech and Integrated Ph.D programs in VIT .
• ITM NEST 2020: ITM NEST is a common entrance examination for admission to various programs offered by ITM University Gwalior .

How do one prepare for the PHD Engineering entrance exams?

Candidates fancying their chances of admission into PHD Engineering courses should be aware of the below mentioned common sections in these entrance exams.

• English Language
• Quantitative aptitude
• Technical part with reference to the chosen discipline of study.

Points to remember before entrance exams:

• English Language tested might be Business English. Thus, you have to be ready for anything.
• If time in solving the quantitative part could be reduced, the remainder time could be more useful when solving the complex technical part.
• Reasoning skills could be improved by developing analytical skills.
• Revision of important formulas and laws should do the work for the technical part.
• Be confident and alert. Keep yourself with all the notifications related to your exams.

How to get admission in a good PHD Engineering College?

Many candidates might have several questions/queries in them regarding how to get admitted into the good PHD Engineering College. Few points aiding them are discussed below for your reference.

• Check for the PHD Engineering Colleg e on the basis of national rankings and ratings.
• Check the corresponding entrance exams to be prepared.
• Prepare a preparation strategy well behind the entrance exams so that all the syllabus for those exams could be covered.
• Prioritize the numerical parts in any entrance exams since that could reduce the time taken for it.
• Do practice many model exams as much as possible so that the syllabus is well-versed that much.
• Download the admission and application brochures to be aware of the desired colleges/universities.
• Periodically check the dates to be remembered for the entrance exams in addition to the admission process.
• Appear and crack the entrance exam with a good score.
• Beware whether the institution prefers the critical admission process or not and cross checks with yours.
• Keep on checking the changes in any dates by the universities in regards to the admission process.

PHD Engineering: What is it About?

To know everything about the course, refer to the mentioned below points:

• After successful completion of PG, the candidates can opt for PHD Engineering based on their previous field of study. The candidates who wish to excel in the domain of engineering research/investigations prefer to choose this level of course.
• The courses are being awarded in a variety of specializations like Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Energy Engineering, etc.
• The IT sector, Banking, E-Commerce, and many governmental research institutes prefer doctoral degrees in Engineering.
• During the first year, the candidates have to undertake course work on the basis of the available elective subjects.
• Gradually, they have to develop 2 or more novel ideas to publish in the esteemed international journals with the support of observation/experimental evidence.
• According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics, the general duties of these students includes to help scientists and engineers in analyze the results of their experiments and Publish their findings in academic journals

PHD Engineering: Course Highlights

Few of the highlights in Pursuing doctoral in Engineering are as follows:

Why study PHD Engineering?

The underlying reasons behind many candidates getting interested towards Ph.D. course in Engineering are as follow:

• Good Fame and academic excellence: On doing PHD Engineering courses, one gets awarded with the highest degree in that discipline. Many project funding and research activities get smoother with this degree which gives them national fame and recognition.
• Higher Salary: The successful scholars can become the Principal Scientist whose pay will be considerably high because he/she deals with sophisticated data. The average salary of these professionals is INR 15 to 40 LPA.
• Scope for career in Abroad: Many foreign countries like the UK, the USA, etc have better career options for these degree holders. Thus, PHD Engineering is an add-on for those people who want to settle abroad.
• Scope for getting funded: Many funding agencies across the globe prefer PHD Engineering holders to grant the funds against the proposed project/product development.
• Opportunities to collaborate: When pursuing doctoral degrees in the central/premier institutions, it provides the graduated candidates with opportunities to collaborate with the international researchers/publishers towards the development of novel ideas.

Course Comparison

The table drawn below shows a comparison made between PHD Engineering vs PHD Science :

Source: University website and Payscale

PHD Engineering Specializations

Plenty of Specializations are available under PHD Engineering. Some of the most common of them are:

• PhD in Mechanical Engineering:  PhD in Mechanical Engineering makes the candidates to be trained with all the bodies under motion and its related properties.

• PhD in Civil Engineering: The candidates make themselves strong under all the basic and complex principles of construction towards a variety of applications while studying PhD in Civil Engineering .

• PhD in Computer Science Engineering: Computing basics and many programmed algorithms are taught under PhD in Computer Science Engineering .

• PhD in Electronics and Communication Engineering: Electronic devices and its principles with references to communication are taught in PhD in Electronics and Communication Engineering .

• PhD in Electrical Engineering: Electrical devices and its wide applications are dealt towards the efficient handling of it with the expertise in PhD in Electrical Engineering .

• PhD in Chemical Engineering: Computing basics and many programmed algorithms are taught under PhD in Chemical Engineering.

More PHD Engineering Specializations Colleges in India

PHD Engineering Colleges

There are 488 Computer science, 472 Mechanical Engineering, 427 Electronics and Communication Engineering, 361 Civil Engineering, 203 Electrical Engineering, 160 Information Technology Engineering, 160 Electrical and Electronics 108 Chemical Engineering, and many more specialized Engineering based institutions that offer PHD Engineering .

Here, we tabulate and discuss some governmental and private institutions below.

Top Government colleges

Top Private colleges/universities

College Comparison

The comparison between some of the top colleges offering PHD Engineering in India are tabulated below.

PHD Engineering Syllabus

PHD Engineering courses irrespective of either regular or part time courses, its educating syllabus is distributed among 6 semesters. The Scholars taking up the doctoral degree have to publish international arena papers after carrying novel contributions to the research community in India.

This course has a total of 6 semesters with the first two semesters concentrating on pure course works and others on multidisciplinary and same subjects.

The syllabus of PHD Engineering depends on the specializations taken but for instance, let us discuss the semester wise syllabus for PhD in Electrical Engineering is indicated below:

PHD Engineering Books

Some of the common books of PHD Engineering are:

PHD Engineering Job Prospects and Career options

PHD Engineering Degree holders mostly get placed in the education sector, IT sector, and Research institutions.

Candidates pursuing this degree fancy their chances towards getting recruited as the Scientist/Senior level Scientist. They also get exposed to the research community which gives them access to international research collaborations across the globe. Thus, the PHD Engineering Salary ranges from INR 15 to 40 LPA

Governmental organizations like CSIR and DRDO and MNCs like Amazon, Google and many others hire scientists to forecast any market investments/good sector for making investment.

Few of the most feasible PHD Engineering Jobs and its description with salary are:

Source: Payscale

PHD Engineering Scope

It takes a lot to reach a level to pursue PHD Engineering courses, as it is considered one of the supreme degrees of this domain. However, below mentioned are some of the PHD Engineering Scopes:

• Multi-disciplinary applications: In the recent ages, many researches carried out are multi-disciplinary. Thus, the collaboration with other disciplined personnel is a must to get your research fulfilled and completed. This gives a better research score in google scholar for publishing with famous authors.
• Benefits due to the age of optimization: Optimizations are required in almost everything that we use these days. So, scope for PHD Engineering research and development never shortens.
• Research and findings: Due to the skills and expertise gained through PHD Engineering, many novel ideas and products could be developed with the aid of fund grants from the variety of funding agencies available across the globe. Also, many international collaborations could be made with many international authors for making their dream research or project true towards any novel idea.
• Commercialized R&D: Many opportunities are open for the PHD Engineering degree holders because many top industries and governmental institutions prefer to invest in the arena of R&D towards betterment of the society.
• Teaching sector: Many engineering universities make Ph.D. to be mandatory for every professor in the institution. Thus, it opens yet another job opportunity for the Scholars completing their PHD Engineering. It's a matter of respect to be a professor of an engineering institution.
• Lead scientist: Good exposure to industries after completing their doctoral degree in Engineering, the candidates have more chances to get placed as Principal scientist and Senior Research Scientist. These are the top jobs available for the doctoral holders in the research arena.

Huge industrial exposure and expertise could be gained after completing your Doctoral in Engineering. Many funded projects and research activities could be done under research Fellowship for postdoctoral schemes available in India.

PHD Engineering: FAQs

Ques. What does a PHD Engineering stand for?

Ans. PHD Engineering stands for Doctorate of Philosophy in Engineering disciplined courses.

Ques. What are the common specializations in PHD Engineering?

Ans. Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Bio-informatics Engineering, etc. are the common specializations in PHD Engineering

Ques. Which institute is the best for taking up a PHD Engineering?

Ans. IIT Madras situated in the Chennai, capital city of State Tamil Nadu is the top institute offering PHD Engineering.

Ques. Which are the top paying specializations coming under PHD Engineering?

Ans. Doing Ph.D. in Computer Science and Bioinformatics gives you the top pay than other specializations.

Ques. What is the significance of taking PHD Engineering courses in India?

Ans. The significance of taking a PHD Engineering course in India is that it gives extensive knowledge and skills in undertaking numerous out-of-the-box Research findings.

Ques. What are the common dual degrees courses offering a Ph.D. in India?

Ans. M.S.+ Ph.D., MCP + Ph.D., M.Tech.. +Ph.D., M.Sc-Ph.D. are the common dual degrees courses offering Ph.D. in India.

Ques. Why does PHD Engineering interest keep on increasing?

Ans. Interest towards PHD Engineering degrees keeps on increasing because national level developments could only be possible if the research activities are in progress obviously.

Ques. Whether PHD Engineering admission got affected because of the Corona Pandemic?

Ans. PHD Engineering admissions didn’t get affected because of Corona Pandemic since many institutions have conducted their entrance exams well before April 2020.

Ques. What are the common entrance exams for PHD Engineering?

Ans. GATE and ITM NEST are some of the common entrance exams conducted for PHD Engineering admissions in India.

Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering)

• Course Overview

Ph.D. (Computer Science and Engineering)

Ph.d. (civil engineering), ph.d. electronics and communications engineering, ph.d. (electrical engineering), ph.d. (electrical and electronics engineering), ph.d. (information technology), ph.d. (chemical engineering), ph.d. (engineering), ph.d. (electronics and telecommunication), ph.d. (computer engineering), ph.d. (electronics engineering), ph.d. (bioinformatics), ph.d. (engineering and technology), ph.d. (food technology), ph.d. (biomedical engineering), ph.d. (nanotechnology), ph.d. (environmental engineering), master of technology [m.tech] (research), m.phil. (bioinformatics), ph.d. (electrical communication engineering), ph.d. (petroleum engineering), ph.d. (software engineering), master of philosophy [m.phil] (mechanical engineering).

• Career Options & Jobs

Ph.D. (Geotechnical Engineering)

IIT Madras - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITM]

Chennai , Tamil Nadu

IIT Delhi - Indian Institute of Technology [IITD]

New Delhi , Delhi NCR

IIT Bombay - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITB]

Mumbai , Maharashtra

IIT Kharagpur - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITKGP]

Kharagpur , West Bengal

IIT Kanpur - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITK]

Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh

IIT Roorkee - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITR]

Roorkee , Uttarakhand

BITS Pilani (Pilani Campus)

Pilani , Rajasthan

IIT Guwahati - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITG]

Guwahati , Assam

IIT Hyderabad - Indian Institute of Technology - [IITH]

Hyderabad , Telangana

Chandigarh University - [CU]

Chandigarh , Chandigarh

Anna University - [AU]

Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu

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• EXPIRES SOON
• Vrije Universiteit Brussel
• Posted on: 13 June 2024

PhD Position in Photonics/Electrical engineering: femtosecond laser-inscribed advanced fiber Bragg grating sensors for laser dynamics aided crack detection

Job information, offer description.

Optical fiber-based sensing stands as a cornerstone measurement and detection technology across diverse fields and disciplines, showcasing remarkable efficacy in applications ranging from structural health monitoring in civil engineering to biomedical sensing in healthcare. The detection of ultrasonic guided waves using optical fibers, which could be key enabling for structural health monitoring of aerospace structures, has so far remained out of reach. A breakthrough in terms of sensitivity and detection speed is required. To address this, we have already explored and successfully demonstrated fiber sensing by ways of laser dynamics. Owing to the fast response time and high-sensitivity of the laser itself, we believe that this approach holds potential for significant advancements in fiber sensor interrogation. However, such a sensing scheme requires fiber gratings with customized refractive index modification profiles that are specially designed and fabricated in fibers to enhance the sensitivity of the laser dynamics.

We have recently won a grant for the project named LADYBIRD, funded by the Research Foundation of Flanders (Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO). The aim is to experiment with and investigate the relevance of laser dynamics-based approaches for fiber sensing and apply the technique to the detection of ultrasonic guided waves. Within the project we target developing our own approach for grating-based sensor fabrication. This will be done by means of inverse grating design and plane-by-plane femtosecond laser inscription approach, which allows reaching unprecedented control over amplitude and phase response of the gratings. In this context, we are looking for an excellent PhD candidate in photonics (duration = 48 months) to join our team. The research work will include: 

• Development of inverse design approach for periodic and aperiodic fiber Bragg gratings with target amplitude and phase response.
• Mastering fabrication and characterization of custom fiber Bragg gratings with advanced spectral response profiles using the state-of-the-are femtosecond laser micromachining setup at B-PHOT Photonic Innovation Center.
• Implementation of plane-by-plane grating inscription approach in standard and specialty fibers, such as photonic crystal fibers, multi-core optical fibers, and few-moded fibers.
• The construction of an experimental setup for the precise generation and detection of ultrasonic guided waves with fiber Bragg grating sensors.
• Collaboration with a second doctoral researchers to optimize the architecture of fiber grating interrogation and sensing, fostering synergistic innovation and breakthrough advancements.

The candidate will join the Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) research group of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in Belgium, www.b-phot.org . Chaired by Prof. H. Thienpont, the team composed of more than 45 internationally recognized researchers is widely known for its work in fundamental and applied photonics research covering the entire research cycle from modelling and fabrication, to characterization and Proof-Of-Concept. In the last 20 years, the group has built significant expertise in the field of optical fiber sensing applied to real-life and industrial applications, and in the field of semiconductor laser – including modelling, design and on-chip implementation of new laser structures – but also in nonlinear dynamics and chaos-based applications. The candidate will therefore have the opportunity to contribute to these fields in a multidisciplinary setting.  

Starting date: September – December 2024.

For more information, please contact or Prof. T. Baghdasaryan ( [email protected] ) and Prof. M. Virte ( [email protected] ).

To apply, please send your detailed CV (including a copy of the Master diploma and a Transcript of records), letters of recommendation, any supporting documents demonstrating technical skills (theses or scientific papers), and an application letter to Prof. T. Baghdasaryan ( [email protected] ) by e-mail.        The position will remain open until a suitable candidate is found. Therefore, early application is encouraged. Once we identify a qualified candidate, the position will be closed.

If your application is selected based on the CV and accompanying documents, you will be invited for a teleconference interview and online tests.

Where to apply

Requirements.

Research profile:

• Candidates should possess a master’s degree in Electrical Engineering, Physics, Photonics, Applied Math or related scientific field. Interest in photonic system and light technology are necessary.
• Knowledge about optical fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, fiber grating inscription, femtosecond laser machining and fiber sensing is a strong plus.
• Good knowledge of numerical techniques and advanced simulation methods (Lumerical FDTD and MODE, COMSOL) is a plus.
• Experience with experimental optical setup, fiber optics and equipment such as optical fiber interrogators, optical spectrum analysers, photodetectors or high-precision positioning and motion systems is a plus.
• Knowledge about photonics, photonic integration, sensing, laser physics, nonlinear dynamics or signal processing is a plus.
• Good programming skills are a strong plus. Experience with Matlab, Python or a similar language and environment is a plus. Depending on the skills of the candidate, training can be arranged in the first year of the PhD.
• The candidate is expected to be able to carry out the research activities independently and in a critical manner, whilst having excellent communication skills and a positive attitude towards collaboration.
• Good time management skills are a must, along with the ability to meet tight deadlines and work efficiently under pressure.
• Proficiency in both spoken and written English (typically CEFR level C1 or equivalent) is required. The candidate will have the opportunity to take evening English classes to improve his/her language skills if needed.
• The candidates should be prepared to travel in Europe and potentially worldwide e.g. for participation in conferences or research stays at partner institutions.

Candidates that have not yet acquired their master’s degree can apply and participate in the selection procedure, but need to offer proof of registration in their Masters programme and need to have complied with all diploma requirements before starting their position at VUB.

The available PhD position has a normal duration of 4 years in Belgium.

The candidate is expected to endorse the educational vision of the university (full text available on the university website).

Female candidates are particularly encouraged to apply.

Additional Information

The main work location will be the VUB Photonics Campus at Vollezelestraat 46, 1755 Gooik, Belgium, as well as the VUB Humanities, Science and Engineering campus, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

At VUB, your days will be spent in a dynamic, diverse and multilingual environment. Our main campus is set within green oases on the outskirts of the centre of the capital of Flanders, Belgium and Europe. This centre, with all its opportunities, is within your reach by public transport in under half an hour. As a PhD student, you will receive an attractive salary (scholarship) corresponding to one of the pay scales laid down by the government, as well as benefits such as commuting expense coverage, possibilities to work from home, eco-vouchers, attractive discounts via Benefits@Work, etc.

More information is available at  www.vub.be  under the heading ‘future employees'.

The selection process will take place in two steps:

• First, the file of each applicant will be carefully screened and reviewed. Well-suited candidates will be selected on this basis.
• Second, selected candidates will be invited to a teleconference interview during which they will be asked a broad set of technical and non-technical questions.

Finally, all retained candidates will be ranked based on their academic records and their interview, and the candidate ranked 1 st will be offered the position.

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) is a dynamic university with 4 campuses in and around Brussels, one of which is dedicated to photonics research. The university has 8 faculties that accomplish the three central missions of the university: education, research, and service to the community. The faculties cover a broad range of fields of knowledge including natural sciences, classics, life sciences, social sciences, humanities, and engineering. worldwide. With more than 150 internationally recognised research teams, VUB performs high-level fundamental and applied research. Thanks to the creation of more than 20 spin-offs in various domains, VUB plays a prominent role in attracting and instigating new economic activity in and around the Brussels-Capital Region. Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) offers high quality education to more than 21,000 students from 145 nationalities on four campuses in Brussels. VUB has been chosen by the European Commission as one of the first pilot projects for developing a “European University”: the EUTOPIA alliance of 10 European Universities Transforming to an Open Inclusive Academy.

Teaching and research at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel are founded on the principle of  unfettered inquiry  to benefit the progress of mankind. This means rejecting dogmatic positions and guaranteeing the freedom to form opinions without interference; in this way the University aims to ensure the dispersal of the principle of unfettered inquiry throughout society.

The University is autonomous and  democratically  run. This means guaranteeing the exercise of the fundamental freedoms within the University, as well as the right of the University Community to participate in the decision-making process and scrutiny of University policy.

The following form part of the University’s mission:

• the development, the communication and the application of a high level of academic education and scientific research,  free from all preconceived ideas ;
• the translation of these ideals and knowledge into society in the spirit of  social engagement;
• the creation of a society in which everyone is capable of engaging in critical thinking.

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WWDC24 Highlights

Apple Reveals Apple Intelligence

iOS 18 Makes iPhone More Personal and Intelligent Than Ever

iPadOS 18 Takes iPad to the Next Level

macOS Sequoia Brings New Ways of Working and Transformative Intelligence to Mac

watchOS 11 Offers Powerful Health and Fitness Insights, and More Personalization

visionOS 2 Brings New Spatial Computing Experiences to Apple Vision Pro

Home and Audio Updates Elevate Entertainment and Bring More Convenience

Text of this article

June 10, 2024

Relive the biggest moments from WWDC24

Today Apple kicked off its 2024 Worldwide Developers Conference, revealing groundbreaking new technologies and features during a keynote that was live-streamed from Apple Park to millions around the world. During the weeklong event, developers and students will have unique access to Apple experts, as well as insight into new tools, frameworks, and features to help elevate their apps and games.

This year’s keynote revealed Apple Intelligence , the personal intelligence system that combines the power of generative models with users’ personal context — at the core of iPhone, iPad, and Mac to deliver intelligence that’s incredibly useful and relevant. Major updates also come to iOS 18 , iPadOS 18 , macOS Sequoia , and watchOS 11 , including the biggest-ever redesign of the Photos app, game-changing productivity tools, and new ways for users to express themselves and customize their devices. visionOS 2 brings powerful new ways to interact with Apple Vision Pro and exciting updates to spatial photos and Mac Virtual Display, and tvOS 18 infuses useful information in Apple TV+ films and shows on users’ biggest screen in the home.

Beginning this month, Apple Vision Pro is also coming to more countries and regions, including China mainland, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and next month will come to Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the U.K.

Apple Intelligence harnesses the power of Apple silicon to understand and create language and images, take action across apps, and draw from users’ personal context to simplify and accelerate everyday tasks. A cornerstone of Apple Intelligence is on-device processing, which delivers personal intelligence without collecting users’ data. Private Cloud Compute sets a new standard for privacy in AI, with the ability to flex and scale computational capacity between on-device processing, and larger, server-based models that run on dedicated Apple silicon servers.

With iOS 18 , users will now be able to arrange apps and widgets in any open space on the Home Screen, customize the buttons at the bottom of the Lock Screen, and quickly access more controls in Control Center. With the biggest redesign ever of the Photos app, photo libraries are automatically organized in a new single view in Photos, and helpful new collections keep favorites easily accessible. All-new text effects come to iMessage, amplifying any letter, word, phrase, or emoji with dynamic, animated appearances to bring conversations to life. Users can also now communicate over satellite in the Messages app, even when a cellular or Wi-Fi connection isn’t available.

With iPadOS 18 , the iPad experience is more versatile and intelligent than ever with new features and apps designed for Apple Pencil. The Calculator app comes to iPad with Math Notes, which allows users to type or write out mathematical expressions and see them instantly solved in their own handwriting. New handwriting tools in Notes including Smart Script make handwritten notes more fluid, flexible, and easier to read.

With macOS Sequoia , Continuity between iPhone and Mac gets better than ever with iPhone Mirroring, enabling full access to and control of iPhone directly from Mac. Safari gets another big update with the new Highlights feature for effortless information discovery on webpages while browsing. Gaming is even more immersive with Personalized Spatial Audio that puts players in the middle of the action like never before. And Apple Intelligence unlocks new ways for Mac users to enhance their writing and communicate more effectively, create playful images in seconds, and more. Apple Intelligence takes full advantage of the power of Apple silicon and its Neural Engine, and will be supported by every Mac with an M-series chip.

watchOS 11 offers breakthrough insights into users’ health and fitness, and more personalization than ever. The new Vitals app surfaces key health metrics and context, the ability to measure training load offers a game-changing new experience when working out, and the popular Activity rings are even more customizable. The Smart Stack and Photos face use intelligence to feature more individualization, and Apple Watch and the Health app on iPhone and iPad offer additional support for users who are pregnant. Check In, the Translate app, and new capabilities for the double tap gesture come to Apple Watch for added connectivity and convenience.

Just months after its initial release, visionOS 2 brings powerful spatial computing experiences to Apple Vision Pro, including new ways for users to create spatial photos with the images already in their library, intuitive hand gestures to easily access important information at a glance, and new features for Mac Virtual Display, Travel Mode, and Guest User. visionOS 2 also introduces exciting new capabilities like Follow Your Breathing in the Mindfulness app, SharePlay for Photos, and multiview in the TV app.

With tvOS 18 , intelligent new features like InSight — and updates to Enhance Dialogue and subtitles — level up cinematic experiences, while new Apple Fitness+, Apple Music, and FaceTime capabilities get even better on users’ biggest screen. The Home app gains new features with iOS 18, like guest access and hands-free unlock with home keys, delivering effortless and secure access to the home. AirPods software updates will transform the way users respond to Siri with new gestures, take calls with friends and loved ones, and immerse themselves in their favorite games.

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