qualitative research methods human geography

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Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

Qualitative research is the collection of information about human behaviour and perception. It is about focusing in depth to find out why and how certain activities and events occur.

In research we aim to be rigorous in the scientific processes, which means aiming to be thorough, exhaustive and accurate. This requires ensuring that a study is replicable, by being transparent about the steps that were taken to obtain the findings that are presented. It also means being able to justify why you took each step in your research. Triangulation is a technique used to instill rigour. Triangulation is the use of multiple research methods for data collection to reveal insight about a specific topic.

Key Considerations

Positionality:  Who you are, where you are, and how you ask your questions will influence the responses you elicit from participants in your study.

Reflexivity:  This is a process of considering your own positionality and the effects that your positionality will have on your research. It entails throughly considering the benefits and drawbacks of your positionality, and how this in turn can benefit or hinder your research.

S ample: A sample is a set of data. In the case of qualitative data methods covered in this section, your sample is composed of those who are taking part in your study. The number of people who participate will be your sample size. When you reach a point of saturation, it means that you are starting to collect the same ideas over and over from your sample.

Interview:  An interview is a method of inquiry in which you ask your participants a set of questions.  It can be semi-structured or and structured and can use different mediums (e.g., phone, email, in-person). A semi-structured interview is one in which you have an idea about the types of questions you ask but the order and way you ask the question may vary.  A structured interview is a specified set of questions that is asked in the same order using the same words during each interview.

Focus group:  This is a method in which you have a heterogeneous population come together in one room to discuss a certain topic of interest. Typically a facilitator organizes the focus group and will guide the conversation to keep the topic of conversation on track. The strength of this method is the opportunity for free flow of conversation; comments tend to stimulate new ideas and discussion topics. The challenge associated with this method is that it is possible for a few assertive people to dominate the conversation.

Participant observation:  This refers to when a researcher embeds him- or herself in the research context by becoming an active participant.

S urvey:  This method uses a set of written questions that the participants then answer directly on paper or online.

Oral history:  This is the process of gathering and listening to people tell their stories and share knowledge. Traditionally oral histories were passed down through generations, building the knowledge bases of communities. Oral histories are often recorded so that both the information, as well as the voices and character of the story telling, can be preserved.

Participatory mapping:  Sometimes called sketch mapping, this is asking a set of questions and having the participants draw how they view the world in a map form. It is typically done using a piece of paper, but could be done using digital free drawing applications.

Journaling:  When a researcher or a participant documents his or her thoughts feelings or ideas on a topic on a regular basis, it is referred to as journaling. Journaling is a free-flow writing exercise.

Content analysis:  This method collects content in multimedia formats from the media, policy documents and other outlets and then codes the material for common themes and ideas.

Qualitative data analysis: Qualitative data is collected via the methods described above and then is often transcribed and thematically coded. This means a researcher will read the transcript to identify common themes. There are multiple strategies to code qualitative data, either by formulating codes prior to collection it and reading transcripts, or by the researcher identifying common themes that emerge from the data.

Obtaining informed consent:  Ethically, researchers are required to inform the participants of what data they are collecting, why, and how the data will be used and shared. Depending on the study, researchers may wish to maintain anonymity of the participants; however, in some studies they may wish to have their real names be used.

Further resources

• Iain Hay (2000) Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography

British Columbia in a Global Context Copyright © 2014 by Geography Open Textbook Collective is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Qualitative Methods

Introduction, textbooks and edited collections.

• Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions
• Ethics Statements
• Feminist Contributions to Qualitative Methodology
• Methods of “Reading” Landscape and “Sense of Place”
• Historical and Archival Methods
• Oral Histories
• Group Interviews and Focus Groups
• Ethnography
• Participatory Methods and Action Research
• Indigenous Methods and “Decolonizing” Methodologies
• Mapping and Participatory Mapping
• Case Study and Comparative Analysis
• Social Theory
• Writing and Representation

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Qualitative Methods by Annette Watson LAST REVIEWED: 20 December 2016 LAST MODIFIED: 25 November 2014 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0109

Much of the current qualitative scholarship in geography can be characterized as inductive or descriptive, theory-building work. In understanding human experience, qualitative methods aim to be holistic and to articulate actual causes of particular events or phenomena, thus preserving the context of “data” in collecting and producing evidence. By contrast, quantitative work aims to be deductive or hypothesis-driven, testing data to make generalizations. But qualitative methods can be designed to test hypotheses, often relying upon approaches of triangulation (correspondence of evidence across contexts or sources) to make generalizations. A complaint shared among many social sciences is that qualitative methods are not explicitly taught or well-articulated, compared to quantitative methods. Perhaps because of geography’s history of “borrowing” methods developed in other disciplines, or because of the complexity of some mixed-method research designs, geographers can be relatively silent about their use of qualitative methods. But the discipline has contributed to developing these methods in key ways, because of geography’s epistemological and ontological commitments to analyze space, place, and scale, and because of its tradition of fieldwork. During the Age of Exploration and amidst the rise of Enlightenment humanism, early geographers were explorers and natural historians; geography as a discipline evolved in service to the nation-state, cartographically circumscribing territories and describing regions and their resources. Geographers articulated a “regional approach” to describe places in the early 20th century, but it was not until the quantitative revolution of the 1960s that geographers more carefully began to articulate qualitative methods in the discipline. “Humanistic” approaches to understanding “sense of place” and “landscape” developed more rigorous methods to analyze qualitative human experience, expanding on a core of fieldwork and interviewing techniques. Recent engagements with social theory, especially feminist theory, have spawned many contributions to understanding qualitative experience, and engagements with poststructural and postcolonial scholarship have also produced a growing literature in critical qualitative methods. Today’s global problems have increased investments into understanding qualitative experiences of place and space, such as the meanings and practices societies develop within urban experience, the global political-economy, or in response to climate change. The works of critical qualitative geographers are also finding increasing relevance in an age where both research and governance is becoming decentralized and participatory. Geographers have recently begun to explore “post-humanist” epistemologies and nature-society ontologies—called the “more-than-human”—and in these and other ways, they are poised to contribute to post-Enlightenment qualitative research across the social sciences.

The following volumes, all with significant “how-to” approaches to qualitative methods, are useful in designing course syllabi on methods. The choices below reflect the variety of contexts in which qualitative methods in geography are taught; these sources are instructive for developing research projects from beginning to end, both inside and outside the classroom. Gomez and Jones 2010 ; Clifford, et al. 2010 ; and Flowerdew and Martin 2005 cover the entire range of the discipline, across human and physical geography, both qualitative and quantitative methods. These texts are especially useful in undergraduate teaching, when designing mixed-methods projects, or when engaging in larger-scale projects that bridge multiple subfields of the discipline. Among those works that focus only on human geography or qualitative methods, there is surprising diversity in range of topics and how the chapters are organized. For example, Cloke, et al. 2004 and DeLyser, et al. 2010 contain chapters explaining how to collect and analyze data using particular qualitative approaches; but Cloke, et al. 2004 is organized more as a textbook, while DeLyser, et al. 2010 focuses less on step-by-step instruction because each chapter draws on the authors’ particular research experiences. Pryke, et al. 2003 and Shurmer-Smith 2002 are useful to graduate students in that they devote chapters tying theory to the practice of qualitative methods within specific geographic subfields. Hay 2010 covers issues such as ethics and representing results, important considerations for all geographic research, and not necessarily tied to particular research practices.

Clifford, Nicholas, Shaun French, and Gill Valentine, eds. Key Methods in Geography . 2d ed. London: SAGE, 2010.

Covers the broad spectrum of qualitative and quantitative approaches in geography. Authors downplay literature reviews to emphasize a how-to focus; individual chapters could be used for undergraduates as well as for introducing graduate students to practicing qualitative methods. Some chapters are highlighted in this bibliography as particularly instructive.

Cloke, Paul, Ian Cook, Phillip Crang, Mark Goodwin, Joe Painter, and Chris Philo, eds. Practicing Human Geography . London: SAGE, 2004.

Primarily informs the collection of qualitative data—including chapters on “official sources” (p. 41), “non-official sources” (p. 62), and “imaginative sources” (p. 93). Also instructive on how to process qualitative data, such as the “sifting and sorting” (p. 215) that researchers do in their efforts to assess patterns in their data.

DeLyser, Dydia, Steve Herbert, Stuart Aiken, Mike Crang, and Linda McDowell, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Human Geography . London: SAGE, 2010.

Excellent for graduate students because of particular emphasis on tracing the literature of the use of qualitative methods in geography; authors do blend their heavy lit reviews with their own practices and practical experience.

Flowerdew, Robin, and David Martin, eds. Methods in Human Geography: A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project . New York: Prentice Hall, 2005.

Comprehensive step-by-step guide for undergraduates and graduates; especially useful are chapters on conducting literature reviews, as well as structuring and presenting data and evidence in dissertations.

Gomez, Basil, and J. P. Jones III, eds. Research Methods in Geography: A Critical Introduction . New York: John Wiley, 2010.

Comprehensive across qualitative and quantitative traditions in geography, ties the collection and analysis of data to the discipline’s main ontological and epistemological commitments. Most useful at the graduate level.

Hay, Iain, ed. Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography . 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Useful especially for graduate students, particularly chapters discussing case studies and the ethics of cross-cultural research. The final section includes essays on writing research proposals and writing geography for the public.

Pryke, Michael, Gillian Rose, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. Using Social Theory: Thinking Through Research . London: SAGE, 2003.

This volume informs the asking of research questions using social theory. Chapters carefully tie theory to methodological practice—particularly field practices.

Shurmer-Smith, Pamela, ed. Doing Cultural Geography . London: SAGE, 2002.

Collection that addresses the connection between theory and practice in the subfield of cultural geography. Early chapters review humanistic, Marxist, feminist, poststructuralist, and postcolonial epistemologies, followed by a section on collecting qualitative data, and a final section on issues in presenting research.

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The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography

• Edition: First Edition
• By: Dydia DeLyser , Steve Herbert , Stuart Aitken , Mike Crang & Linda McDowell
• Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Publication year: 2010
• Online pub date: December 28, 2018
• Discipline: Geography
• Methods: Case study research , Focus groups , Life history research
• DOI: https:// doi. org/10.4135/9780857021090
• Keywords: geography , interviews , knowledge , qualitative geography , qualitative geography , qualitative methods , qualitative research Show all Show less
• Print ISBN: 9781412919913
• Online ISBN: 9780857021090
• Buy the book icon link

Subject index

Exploring the dynamic growth, change, and complexity of qualitative research in human geography, The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography brings together leading scholars in the field to examine its history, assess the current state of the art, and project future directions. Moving beyond textbook rehearsals of standard issues, the Handbook shows how empirical details of qualitative research can be linked to the broader social, theoretical, political, and policy concerns of qualitative geographers and the communities within which they work. The book is organized into three sections: Part I: Openings engages the history of qualitative geography, and details the ways that research, and the researcher's place within it, are conceptualized within broader academic, political, and social currents. Part II: Encounters and Collaborations describes the different strategies of inquiry that qualitative geographers use, and the tools and techniques that address the challenges and queries that arise in the research process. Part III: Making Sense explores the issues and processes of interpretation, and the ways researchers communicate their results. Retrospective as well as prospective in its approach, this is geography's first peer-to-peer engagement with qualitative research detailing how to conceive, carry out and communicate qualitative research in the twenty-first century. Suitable for postgraduate students, academics, and practitioners alike, this is the methods resource for researchers in human geography.

Front Matter

• Notes on Contributors
• Chapter 1 | Introduction: Engaging Qualitative Geography
• Introduction
• Chapter 2 | A History of Qualitative Research in Geography
• Chapter 3 | ‘Throwntogetherness’: Encounters with Difference and Diversity
• Chapter 4 | A Taut Rubber Band: Theory and Empirics in Qualitative Geographic Research
• Chapter 5 | Policy, Research Design and the Socially Situated Researcher
• Chapter 6 | Mixed Methods: Thinking, Doing, and Asking in Multiple Ways
• Chapter 7 | Ethnography and Participant Observation
• Chapter 8 | Autoethnography as Sensibility
• Chapter 9 | Interviewing: Fear and Liking in the Field
• Chapter 10 | Life History Interviewing
• Chapter 11 | Focus Groups as Collaborative Research Performances
• Chapter 12 | Visual Methods and Methodologies
• Chapter 13 | Doing Landscape Interpretation
• Chapter 14 | Caught in the Nick of Time: Archives and Fieldwork
• Chapter 15 | Textual and Discourse Analysis
• Chapter 16 | GIS as Qualitative Research: Knowledge, Participatory Politics and Cartographies of Affect
• Chapter 17 | “A Little Bird Told me …”: Approaching Animals Through Qualitative Methods
• Chapter 18 | Performative, Non-Representational, and Affect-Based Research: Seven Injunctions
• Chapter 19 | Writing Qualitative Geography
• Chapter 20 | The Art of Geographic Interpretation
• Chapter 21 | Representing the Other: Negotiating the Personal and the Political
• Chapter 22 | Major Disasters and General Panics: Methodologies of Activism, Affinity and Emotion in the Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army
• Chapter 23 | Reflections on Teaching Qualitative Methods in Geography

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Qualitative research methods in human geography

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Research output : Book/Report › Anthology › peer-review

• Research methods
• Research methodologies
• Qualitative Research
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2006, New Zealand Geographer

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Qualitative research methods in human geography

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Qualitative methods in human geography

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• 1. John Eyles (Teaches McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario) Interpreting the Geographical World: Qualitative Approaches in Geographical Research
• 2. Susan J. Smith (Research Fellow, ESRC's Centre for Housing Research, Glasgow University) Constructing Local Knowledge: The Analysis of Self in Everyday Life
• 3. Michael Keith Racial Conflict and the "No-Go Areas" of London
• 4. Peter Jackson (Lecturer in Geography, University College London) Definitions of the Situation: Neighbourhood Change and Local Politics in Chicago
• 5. J. Douglas Porteous (Professor of Geography, University of Victoria, British Columbia) Topocide: The Annihilation of Place
• 6. Jacquelin Burgess and Peter Wood (respectively Lecturer in Geography, University College London and Senior Lecturer in Geography, University College London) Decoding Docklands: Place Advertising and the Decision-Making Strategies of the Small Firm
• 7. David Evans (research consultant in a joint partnership between the Department of Geography, Loughborough University and a private multi-disciplinary practice) Social Interaction and Conflict over Residential Growth: A Structuration Perspective
• 8. Keyan G. Tomaselli The Geography of Popular Memory in Post-Colonial South Africa: A Study of Afrikaans Cinema
• 9. Courtice Rose (Associate Professor of Geography, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec) The Concept of Reach and the Anglophone Minority in Quebec
• 10. Jenny Donovan (was until December 1987, Arthritis and Rheumatism Council Research Fellow, Birmingham University) "When you're ill, you've gotta carry it": Health and Illness in the Lives of Black People in London
• 11. Mel Evans (Action Research Worker in Newham Docklands for Community Economy Ltd) Participant Observation: The Researcher as Research Tool
• 12. Jocelyn Cornwell (Locality Manager in Islington Health Authority's newly decentralised community health services) A Case Study Approach to Lay Health Beliefs: Reconsidering the Research Process
• 13. John Pickles (Assistant Professor of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University) From Fact-World to Life-World: The Phenomenological Method and Social Science Research
• 14. David M. Smith (Professor of Geography, Queen Mary College, University of London) Towards an Interpretative Human Geography.
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Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography 2nd Edition

There is a newer edition of this item:.

• ISBN-10 019555079X
• ISBN-13 978-0195550795
• Edition 2nd
• Publisher Oxford University Press
• Publication date July 14, 2005
• Language English
• Dimensions 6.75 x 1 x 9.5 inches
• Print length 368 pages
• See all details

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Oxford University Press; 2nd edition (July 14, 2005)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 368 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 019555079X
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0195550795
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.45 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.75 x 1 x 9.5 inches

About the author

Iain Hay is Matthew Flinders Distinguished Professor of Geography at Flinders University and former Australian Learning and Teaching Council Discipline Scholar for the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities. He completed his PhD at the University of Washington as a Fulbright Scholar and received a LittD from the University of Canterbury for 20+ years of post-doctoral work on geographies of domination and oppression. He is author or editor of ten books including Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography (3rd edn Oxford 2010) and Geographies of the Super-Rich (Elgar 2013); General Editor of Springer's 'International Handbooks of Human Geography' series; and has had editorial roles with journals including Applied Geography, Ethics, Place and Environment and Social and Cultural Geography. In 2006, he received the Prime Minister's Award for Australian University Teacher of the Year. Iain is immediate past-President of the Institute of Australian Geographers

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