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Essay on Drug Abuse

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Essay on Drug Abuse in 150 words

Essay on drug abuse in 250-300 words, essay on drug abuse in 500-1000 words.

Drug abuse is a global issue that poses serious risks to individuals and society. It involves the harmful and excessive use of drugs, leading to physical and mental health problems. Drug abuse can result in addiction, organ damage, cognitive impairment, and social and economic difficulties. Prevention efforts should focus on education, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is crucial for recovery. Strengthening law enforcement measures against drug trafficking is necessary to address the supply side of the problem. Creating supportive environments and opportunities for positive engagement can help prevent drug abuse. By taking collective action, we can combat drug abuse and build healthier communities.

Drug abuse is a growing global concern that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Drug abuse has severe consequences for individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, damage vital organs, and increase the risk of overdose. Mentally, it can cause cognitive impairment, and psychological disorders, and deteriorate overall well-being. Additionally, drug abuse often leads to social and economic problems, such as strained relationships, loss of employment, and criminal activities.

Preventing drug abuse requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs play a crucial role in informing individuals about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is vital to help individuals recover from substance abuse. Strengthening law enforcement efforts to curb drug trafficking and promoting international cooperation is also essential to address the supply side of the issue.

Community support and a nurturing environment are critical in preventing drug abuse. Creating opportunities for individuals, especially young people, to engage in positive activities and providing social support systems can serve as protective factors against drug abuse.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a significant societal problem with detrimental effects on individuals and communities. It requires a comprehensive approach involving education, prevention, treatment, and enforcement. By addressing the root causes, raising awareness, and providing support to those affected, we can combat drug abuse and create a healthier and safer society for all.

Title: Drug Abuse – A Global Crisis Demanding Urgent Action

Introduction :

Drug abuse is a pressing global issue that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. This essay explores the causes and consequences of drug abuse, the social and economic impact, prevention and treatment strategies, and the importance of raising awareness and fostering supportive communities in addressing this crisis.

Causes and Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

Several factors contribute to drug abuse. Genetic predisposition, peer pressure, stress, trauma, and environmental influences play a role in initiating substance use. The availability and accessibility of drugs, as well as societal norms and cultural acceptance, also influence drug abuse patterns. Additionally, underlying mental health issues and co-occurring disorders can drive individuals to self-medicate with drugs.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has devastating consequences on individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Substance abuse affects vital organs, impairs cognitive function, and increases the risk of accidents and injuries. Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, are often associated with drug abuse. Substance abuse also takes a toll on relationships, leading to strained family dynamics, social isolation, and financial instability. The social and economic costs of drug abuse include increased healthcare expenses, decreased productivity, and the burden on criminal justice systems.

Prevention and Education

Preventing drug abuse requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs are essential in schools, communities, and the media to inform individuals about the risks and consequences of drug abuse. Promoting healthy coping mechanisms, stress management skills, and decision-making abilities can empower individuals to resist peer pressure and make informed choices. Early intervention programs that identify at-risk individuals and provide support and resources are crucial in preventing substance abuse.

Treatment and Recovery

Access to quality healthcare and evidence-based addiction treatment is vital in addressing drug abuse. Treatment options include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and medication-assisted treatments. Rehabilitation centers, support groups, and outpatient programs provide a continuum of care for individuals seeking recovery. Holistic approaches, such as addressing co-occurring mental health disorders and promoting healthy lifestyles, contribute to successful long-term recovery. Support from family, friends, and communities plays a significant role in sustaining recovery and preventing relapse.

Law Enforcement and Drug Policies

Effective law enforcement efforts are necessary to disrupt drug trafficking and dismantle illicit drug networks. International cooperation and collaboration are crucial in combating the global drug trade. Additionally, drug policies should focus on a balanced approach that combines law enforcement with prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Shifting the emphasis from punitive measures toward prevention and rehabilitation can lead to more effective outcomes.

Creating Supportive Communities:

Fostering supportive communities is vital in addressing drug abuse. Communities should provide resources, social support networks, and opportunities for positive engagement. This includes promoting healthy recreational activities, providing vocational training, and creating safe spaces for individuals in recovery. Reducing the stigma associated with drug abuse and encouraging empathy and understanding are crucial to building a compassionate and supportive environment.

Conclusion :

Drug abuse remains a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching consequences. By addressing the causes, raising awareness, implementing preventive measures, providing quality treatment and support services, and fostering supportive communities, we can combat drug abuse and alleviate its impact. It requires collaboration and a collective effort from individuals, communities, governments, and organizations to build a society that is resilient against the scourge of drug abuse. Through education, prevention, treatment, and compassion, we can pave the way toward a healthier and drug-free future.

140 Drug Abuse Essay Topics & Project Topics on Drug Abuse

Looking for an interesting essay title about drugs? You will find it here! This list contains a variety of drug topics to write about, including addiction among students and other issues. But that’s not all of it! In addition to drug abuse research topics, we’ve also included plenty of essay samples for you to check out.

🏆 Best Project Topics on Drug Abuse

✍️ drug abuse essay topics for college, 👍 good drug abuse research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting drug abuse research titles, 💡 simple drug abuse essay ideas, ❓ research questions on drug abuse.

• Drug Abuse among Teenagers Causes and Effects
• Drug Abuse and Theories Explaining It
• Drug Abuse in Homeless Community
• The Link Between Drug Abuse and Corruption
• Adolescent Drug Abuse, Their Awareness and Prevention
• Drug Abuse Relation to the Violent Behavior
• Social Factors of Substance Drug Abuse
• The Theme of Drug Abuse in Egan’s Book In her novel “A Visit from the Goon Squad”, Jennifer Egan discusses a number of problems of modern society. Among them is the problem of drug abuse.
• Drug Abuse and Its Effects on Families Because of the lack of control that a substance abuse patient has over their actions, families of the people that develop chemical dependency are under constant threat.
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the Workplace Alcohol and drug abuse is one of the major causes of accidents in the workplace. Random alcohol and drug tests would discourage employees of organization from abusing alcohol or drugs.
• Drug Abuse and Alcohol-Related Crimes in Adolescents The current paper focuses on the topic of drug abuse and alcohol-related crimes among teenagers, showing that substances remain the most notable factor in juvenile crime.
• Drug Abuse in the United States’ Social Context Drug abuse is one of the problems affecting people in the United States. Society has contributed to the continued misuse of drugs today, through bad parenting or the environment.
• Juvenile Drug Abuse Problems Analysis This essay describes the problem of juvenile drug use and applies the relevant delinquency theory. Additionally, the interventions or programs to fix the issue will be highlighted.
• Psychotherapy and Counseling for Drug Abuse Treatment Drugs are the biggest vice of humanity, along with the mental and moral deviations, horrible diseases of modern times, social neglect and abuse it causes and goes along with.
• The Drug Courts: The Question of Drug Abuse Drug abuse is one of the most prevalent crimes in the world. It is a concern for both local governments and international organizations.
• Drug Abuse Among Teenagers Before analyzing the causes of addiction among teenagers, we have to look at this issue from sociological point of view.
• Drug Abuse Case: Jenny G This paper present the case of drug abuse. Jenny G., a 48-year-old recovering IV drug abuser, presents with general malaise, anorexia, abdominal pain, and slight jaundice.
• Drug Abuse Treatment in Nursing Jenny G., a 48-year-old recovering IV drug abuser, presents with general malaise, anorexia, abdominal pain, and slight jaundice. She is currently staying in a women’s shelter and looking for a job.
• Drug Abuse Among Homeless People in Miami This paper aims to better assess the disaster of drug abuse among homeless people in Miami, and develop ways to counter this issue.
• Drug Abuse During Pregnancy: Policy Options Heated discussions on whether or not drug abuse during pregnancy should be illegal due to the potential risks to the developing fetus or child persist.
• Leadership in Drug Abuse Program Development Within the context of a potential intervention for drug abuse, the roles and competencies of leaders are the primary emphasis of this paper.
• Drug Abuse and Its Impact on Creativity The boosting effect of drugs on creativity is a myth because changes in thinking are a brain reaction to a narcotic that is temporary yet severe.
• The Drug Abuse Problem in Indiana Drug usage is one of Indiana’s most serious societal problems, affecting the state’s health, economy, behavioral, and criminal elements.
• Overcoming the Drug Abuse Addiction The use of narcotic drugs brings irreparable harm to health and diminishes the quality of life. Opioid abuse is a predominant problem that continues to be a concern.
• Drug Abuse Demographics in Prisons Drug abuse, including alcohol, is a big problem for the people contained in prisons, both in the United States and worldwide.
• Drug Abuse at the Workplace and a Policy to Address It In this proposal, a policy to address worker substance abuse and addiction, will be discussed, with both its major goals and potential benefits being outlines.
• Victimless Crimes: Drug Abuse and Sex Work This work’s primary objective is to research and analyze victimless crimes, namely drug abuse and sex work, from the viewpoint of criminology.
• National Association for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors This paper will consider the fourth principle of the organization’s ethical code, which reads: “Working in a culturally diverse world.”
• Prescription Drug Abuse Problem Providing access to prescription drugs is among the key tasks that the modern healthcare system should fulfill to increase recovery rates.
• Accessory Plus Incorporated’s Drug Abuse Case In the case of Accessory Plus Incorporated, the issue of drug abuse has been suspected. However, there is no policy framework for the company to deal with the case.
• Prescription Drug Abuse as a Community Health Issue Consumption of prescription drugs in a manner that has not been prescribed by the doctor is an outstanding community health issue. This can be more harmful than people understand.
• Crime Trends: Drug Abuse in Adults and Juveniles One notes a mixed trend in the different crimes over the years. Drug abuse, for example, increased steadily from the 1970s in both the adult and juvenile populations.
• Drug Abuse in Correction Facilities The purpose of this article is to consider the problem of drug abuse in correctional facilities, as well as to suggest possible solutions to this problem.
• Community Health: Prescription Drug Abuse The rising access to frequently abused prescription drugs via the internet has created public anxieties within the healthcare system in the United States.
• Health Issue Analysis: Prescription Drug Abuse Prescription drug abuse is a rapidly growing epidemic that spreads worldwide. Various national and international health organizations research this field.
• The Drug Abuse in the U.S. Navy: The Problem Analysis The purpose of this report is to capture drug abuse in the U.S. Navy and to analyze some of the measures that the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) has put in place.
• Drug Abuse Factors: Substance Use Disorder The various reasons for the abuse of opioids, alcohol, and nicotine account for the challenge in research and treatment.
• Drug Abuse and Addiction: Risk Factors People with drug abuse issues have enhanced motivation to take drugs, increased probability of reacting to stress, emotional dysregulation, and impaired self-control.
• The Relations Between Drug Abuse and Criminal Justice The purpose of this article is to use conflict theory to analyze how race, class, and gender affect drug abuse and crime in the United States.
• Drug Abuse: Impaired American Society The history of American society as far as drug abuse is concerned has had a dark past where drugs and alcohol were considered a lifestyle.
• The Issue of Drug Abuse in the Community of Kinsburg This paper aims to research the community of the city of Keansburg, located in the state of New Jersey and its issue of substance abuse.
• Adolescent Drug Abuse: Diagnosis and Cultural Awareness The paper examines the effect of amphetamine on human and, as a consequence, the development of mental illness, namely, mood disorder.
• The Problem of Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States Prescription drug abuse is a serious health concern that causes an overdose crisis in the United States. There are determinants such as social, economic, and healthcare-related issues.
• A Health Issue Analysis: Prescription Drug Abuse Prescription drug abuse is one of the acutest problems of healthcare systems in the USA. In the past decade, the rate of deaths due to prescription drug overdose grew by 142%.
• Drug Abuse and Drug Addiction and Various Policies Related to Drugs The harm reduction policy is concerned with reducing or minimizing the risks that are accrued to drug abuse in various societies.
• Drug Abuse and Crime Correlation The correlation between drug use and crimes go, most prisoners said they commit crimes for obtaining money for drugs, so drugs are the motivation.
• Fear Appeal in Anti-Drug Abuse Public Campaign The problem of prescription drug abuse has become a crucial concern for Florida residents. The public campaign proposes raising awareness about the dangers of prescription drugs.
• Drug Abuse, HIV/AIDS, and Songs on Social Issues Drug abuse and HIV/AIDS are some of the major social issues affecting society today. Songs have been used in raising awareness about social issues that affect the world.
• Minimizing Prescription Drug Abuse in Oklahoma Over the past few years, the rates of prescription drug abuse in Oklahoma have grown impressively. The issue must be addressed by raising awareness via modern media.
• Crisis of Chemical Dependence: Drug Abuse Drug abuse mainly begins during teenage. The first part of this essay discusses social and cultural determinants of substance abuse. The second part focuses on the dynamics of addiction.
• Drug Abuse Among Adolescents and Behavior Therapy
• Pharmacists and Prescription Drug Abuse
• Recognizing Drug Abuse and Addiction in Older Adults
• American Drug Abuse McCuen and Winkler
• Prescription Drugs and Drug Abuse in the United
• Drug Abuse Has Become a Real Problem
• Combating Combat Drug Abuse at Australian Music Festivals
• Prevention of Drug Abuse and Mental Disorders
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse Are The Most Common Issues of Today‘s
• Drug Abuse and Adolescent Risky Behavior
• Drug Abuse Hazards Across the Board in Fiji
• Drug Abuse Sociological and Psychological Causative Factors
• Drug Abuse and Mental Illness in Nursing
• Drug Abuse and Smoking in Our Society
• Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
• Drug Abuse and Addiction Among Teenagers
• Neuroticism and Drug Abuse
• Drug Abuse and Its Effects on the World
• Drug Abuse and Its Effects on Other Members of Society
• The Relationship Between the Type of Crime and Drugs
• Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers
• Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcohol
• Drug Abuse and Heroin Epidemic
• Addiction and Opioid Use for Drug Abuse
• Drug Abuse Within Teens in Hazleton
• Past and Current Trends of Drug Abuse
• Emergency Medical Services and Drug Abuse Among the Personnel
• Impetus Toward Drug Abuse
• Drug Abuse Among Professional Athletes
• Drug Abuse and Treatment Centers in Afghanistan
• Physiological and Behavior Effects on Drug Abuse
• Psychological and Physical Aspects of Drug Abuse in Adolescent
• Drug Abuse Among College Students
• Alcoholism and Prescription Drug Abuse and the Elderly
• Drug Abuse Within University Students in Ottawa
• Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse in the United States
• Capitalism, Drug Abuse, and the American Dream
• Drug Abuse, Prison and Justice in Hungary
• Drug Abuse and Associated Problems in Ireland
• Role of the Limbic System in Drug Abuse
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse Causes Domestic Violence
• Drug Abuse and Its Effects on a Person’s Behavior
• Drug Abuse During Central Ohio
• Drug Abuse Among Health Care Professionals
• Medication Addiction and Drug Abuse Problems
• Drug Abuse Among Teenagers in Malaysia
• Juvenile Delinquents and Drug Abuse
• Factors That Are Associated With Women and Drug Abuse
• Alcoholism and Drug Abuse: The Pressures and Temptations of a Teenager
• Athletes’ Motivation for Performance-Enhancement Drug Abuse
• Drug Abuse and the Drug Industry
• Adolescent Drug Abuse and Its Effects
• American Universities, Colleges, Drug Abuse and Effects
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse During Pregnancy
• Juveniles and Drug Abuse in America
• The Link Between Schizophrenia and Drug Abuse
• Drug Abuse and Its Effects on the Health and Choice of Lifestyle
• Alcoholism and Drug Abuse: Roots, Effects, and Prevention
• Drug Abuse and the Views of Saint Augustine, Aristotle, and Plato
• Drug Abuse and Addiction Among America
• How Does Drug Abuse Affect the Personal Development of Hong Kong Teenagers?
• What Are Influences That Cause Drug Abuse on Youth?
• How Does Prescription Drug Abuse Affect Teens?
• What Are the Primary Causes and Effects of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Among Young People?
• How Does Drug Abuse Ruin Families and Destroy Relationships?
• What Causes Teenage Drug Abuse?
• How Can We Prevent Prescription Drug Abuse?
• Why Do Children Need to Be Educated About Drug Abuse?
• Who Is Most Affected by Prescription Drug Abuse?
• How Does Drug Abuse Affect a Person’s Social Life?
• What Are the Side Effects of Drug Abuse?
• Why Do We Need to Prevent Drug Abuse?
• How Does Drug Abuse Affect Public Health?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Drug Abuse?
• How Can the Government Reduce Drug Abuse?
• What Are the Six Forms of Drug Abuse?
• Can We Reduce Drug Abuse in the Community?
• What Are the 4 Steps That Lead to Drug Abuse?
• How to Educate Youth About Drug Abuse?
• What Are the Effects of Drug Abuse on the School?
• How Does Drug Abuse Affect the Brain?
• What Profession Has the Highest Rate of Drug Abuse?
• How Are Drug Abuse and Crime Related?
• Why Is It Important to Learn About the Risk Factors of Drug Use and Abuse?
• What Is the Role of the Youth in Preventing Drug Abuse?
• Are There Social Factors That Contribute to Drug Abuse?
• What Is the Impact of Drug Abuse on Society?
• Is There a Connection Between Drug Abuse and Crime?
• What Can Be Done to Overcome the Problem of Drug Abuse?
• How Can Drug Abuse Cause Violence?

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StudyCorgi . "140 Drug Abuse Essay Topics & Project Topics on Drug Abuse." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/drug-abuse-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "140 Drug Abuse Essay Topics & Project Topics on Drug Abuse." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/drug-abuse-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Drug Abuse were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts

Many people don't understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. They may mistakenly think that those who use drugs lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop their drug use simply by choosing to. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting usually takes more than good intentions or a strong will. Drugs change the brain in ways that make quitting hard, even for those who want to. Fortunately, researchers know more than ever about how drugs affect the brain and have found treatments that can help people recover from drug addiction and lead productive lives.

What Is drug addiction?

Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. The initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. These brain changes can be persistent, which is why drug addiction is considered a "relapsing" disease—people in recovery from drug use disorders are at increased risk for returning to drug use even after years of not taking the drug.

It's common for a person to relapse, but relapse doesn't mean that treatment doesn’t work. As with other chronic health conditions, treatment should be ongoing and should be adjusted based on how the patient responds. Treatment plans need to be reviewed often and modified to fit the patient’s changing needs.

Video: Why are Drugs So Hard to Quit?

What happens to the brain when a person takes drugs?

Most drugs affect the brain's "reward circuit," causing euphoria as well as flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. A properly functioning reward system motivates a person to repeat behaviors needed to thrive, such as eating and spending time with loved ones. Surges of dopamine in the reward circuit cause the reinforcement of pleasurable but unhealthy behaviors like taking drugs, leading people to repeat the behavior again and again.

As a person continues to use drugs, the brain adapts by reducing the ability of cells in the reward circuit to respond to it. This reduces the high that the person feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect known as tolerance. They might take more of the drug to try and achieve the same high. These brain adaptations often lead to the person becoming less and less able to derive pleasure from other things they once enjoyed, like food, sex, or social activities.

Long-term use also causes changes in other brain chemical systems and circuits as well, affecting functions that include:

• decision-making

Despite being aware of these harmful outcomes, many people who use drugs continue to take them, which is the nature of addiction.

Why do some people become addicted to drugs while others don't?

No one factor can predict if a person will become addicted to drugs. A combination of factors influences risk for addiction. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs can lead to addiction. For example:

• Biology . The genes that people are born with account for about half of a person's risk for addiction. Gender, ethnicity, and the presence of other mental disorders may also influence risk for drug use and addiction.
• Environment . A person’s environment includes many different influences, from family and friends to economic status and general quality of life. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual abuse, early exposure to drugs, stress, and parental guidance can greatly affect a person’s likelihood of drug use and addiction.
• Development . Genetic and environmental factors interact with critical developmental stages in a person’s life to affect addiction risk. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to addiction. This is particularly problematic for teens. Because areas in their brains that control decision-making, judgment, and self-control are still developing, teens may be especially prone to risky behaviors, including trying drugs.

Can drug addiction be cured or prevented?

As with most other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, treatment for drug addiction generally isn’t a cure. However, addiction is treatable and can be successfully managed. People who are recovering from an addiction will be at risk for relapse for years and possibly for their whole lives. Research shows that combining addiction treatment medicines with behavioral therapy ensures the best chance of success for most patients. Treatment approaches tailored to each patient’s drug use patterns and any co-occurring medical, mental, and social problems can lead to continued recovery.

More good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Results from NIDA-funded research have shown that prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media are effective for preventing or reducing drug use and addiction. Although personal events and cultural factors affect drug use trends, when young people view drug use as harmful, they tend to decrease their drug taking. Therefore, education and outreach are key in helping people understand the possible risks of drug use. Teachers, parents, and health care providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use and addiction.

Points to Remember

• Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
• Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
• Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
• Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. Surges of dopamine in the reward circuit cause the reinforcement of pleasurable but unhealthy activities, leading people to repeat the behavior again and again.
• Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine, which reduces the high that the person feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect known as tolerance. They might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same dopamine high.
• No single factor can predict whether a person will become addicted to drugs. A combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors influences risk for addiction. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs can lead to addiction.
• Drug addiction is treatable and can be successfully managed.
• More good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Teachers, parents, and health care providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use and addiction.

For information about understanding drug use and addiction, visit:

• www.nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-abuse-addiction

For more information about the costs of drug abuse to the United States, visit:

• www.nida.nih.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics#costs

For more information about prevention, visit:

• www.nida.nih.gov/related-topics/prevention

For more information about treatment, visit:

• www.nida.nih.gov/related-topics/treatment

To find a publicly funded treatment center in your state, call 1-800-662-HELP or visit:

• https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/

This publication is available for your use and may be reproduced in its entirety without permission from NIDA. Citation of the source is appreciated, using the following language: Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Essay on Drug/ Substance Abuse

Drug and substance abuse remains one of the most challenging and destructive problems facing societies worldwide. It refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. This essay aims to delve into the complexities of drug and substance abuse, examining its causes, effects, and the crucial steps needed to address this epidemic.

Drug and Substance Abuse

Drug and Substance Abuse involves the recurrent use of drugs or substances leading to significant impairment, including health problems, disability, and failure to meet responsibilities at work, school, or home. This includes the misuse of legal substances like alcohol and prescription medications, as well as illegal substances like heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamines.

Causes of Drug and Substance Abuse

The reasons behind drug and substance abuse are multifaceted and can vary from individual to individual:

• Genetic Predisposition : Research indicates a genetic component to the susceptibility to substance abuse.
• Mental Health Disorders : Many individuals with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or PTSD turn to substances as a form of self-medication.
• Peer Pressure : Particularly among adolescents and young adults, peer pressure can significantly influence substance use.
• Stressful Life Events : Traumatic experiences, chronic stress, or life-changing events can lead to substance abuse as a coping mechanism.
• Curiosity and Experimentation : Often, particularly in young individuals, there’s a desire to experiment, which can lead to misuse and addiction.

Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse

Drug and substance abuse, a major public health challenge, affects individuals, families, and communities across the globe. This essay explores the multifaceted effects of drug and substance abuse, including physical health, mental well-being, social relationships, and broader societal impacts.

Physical Health Effects

Immediate physical effects.

• Altered State of Consciousness : Substances like alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens alter perception, mood, and consciousness.
• Overdose Risk : Excessive consumption of drugs can lead to overdose, potentially resulting in coma or death.
• Infectious Diseases : Intravenous drug use increases the risk of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B and C due to needle sharing.

Long-Term Health Effects

• Organ Damage : Chronic substance abuse can lead to severe damage to vital organs like the liver (cirrhosis), heart, and brain.
• Neurological Impact : Long-term effects on the brain can include memory loss, cognitive decline, and mental health disorders.
• Physical Dependency : Prolonged use leads to dependency, where the body requires the substance to function normally.

Mental Health and Psychological Effects

• Mental Health Disorders : Substance abuse can trigger or exacerbate mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
• Behavioral Changes : Changes in behavior, such as increased aggression or impulsivity, are common.
• Cognitive Impairments : Drugs can impair decision-making abilities, judgment, and other cognitive functions.

Social and Relationship Impacts

• Family Dynamics : Drug abuse can strain family relationships, leading to conflict, mistrust, and breakdown of family structures.
• Workplace Issues : It affects job performance, leading to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and higher risk of accidents.
• Legal Problems : Substance abuse can result in legal issues, including arrests for possession, driving under the influence, or engaging in illegal activities to support the addiction.

Societal and Economic Impacts

• Healthcare Costs : Treating drug-related health complications burdens healthcare systems.
• Crime and Safety : There’s a correlation between substance abuse and increased crime rates, impacting community safety.
• Economic Burden : The economic impact includes loss of productivity, healthcare expenses, and law enforcement costs.

Prevention and Treatment

• Education and Awareness : Programs aimed at educating individuals about the risks of drug use are crucial.
• Rehabilitation Programs : Effective treatment programs, including therapy and medication-assisted treatment, help individuals recover.
• Support Systems : Family, community, and peer support are vital in the recovery process.

Addressing Drug and Substance Abuse

• Prevention Programs : Education and awareness programs, particularly targeting young people, are crucial in preventing substance abuse.
• Treatment and Rehabilitation : Access to effective treatment, including counseling, medication, and support groups, is vital for recovery.
• Policy and Regulation : Government policies to regulate the availability of substances, and laws to address drug trafficking and misuse, play a critical role.
• Community Support : Community-based efforts, including support from families, schools, and religious organizations, are essential in supporting those affected.

The Role of Society and Individuals

• Destigmatization : Removing the stigma around substance abuse and addiction encourages individuals to seek help.
• Educational Initiatives : Schools and universities should have programs to educate students about the dangers of substance abuse.
• Role Models : Influential figures and celebrities should promote healthy lifestyles and speak out against substance abuse.
• Supportive Environment : Creating an environment that fosters open discussion and support for those struggling with substance abuse.

In conclusion, Drug and substance abuse is a complex issue requiring a multifaceted approach. It is not just a personal problem but a societal challenge that calls for comprehensive prevention strategies, effective treatment programs, supportive policies, and community involvement. Understanding and addressing the root causes, along with providing support and care for those affected, is crucial in mitigating the impact of this global issue. For students participating in essay competitions, exploring this topic provides an opportunity to contribute to a critical dialogue, advocating for change and supporting those in need.

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The Effects of Drug Addiction on the Brain and Body

Signs of drug addiction, effects of drug addiction.

Drug addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease that involves complex interactions between a person’s environment, brain circuits, genetics, and life experiences.

People with drug addictions continue to use drugs compulsively, despite the negative effects.

Substance abuse has many potential consequences, including overdose and death. Learn about the effects of drug addiction on the mind and body and treatment options that can help.

Verywell / Theresa Chiechi

Drug Abuse vs. Drug Addiction

While the terms “drug abuse” and “drug addiction” are often used interchangeably, they're different. Someone who abuses drugs uses a substance too much, too frequently, or in otherwise unhealthy ways. However, they ultimately have control over their substance use.

Someone with a drug addiction uses drugs in a way that affects many parts of their life and causes major disruptions. They can't stop using drugs, even if they want to.

The signs of drug abuse and addiction include changes in behavior, personality, and physical appearance. If you’re concerned about a loved one’s substance use, here are some of the red flags to watch out for:

• Changes in school or work performance
• Secretiveness 
• Relationship problems
• Risk-taking behavior
• Legal problems
• Aggression 
• Mood swings
• Changes in hobbies or friends
• Sudden weight loss or gain
• Unexplained odors on the body or clothing

Drug Addiction in Men and Women

Men and women are equally likely to develop drug addictions. However, men are more likely than women to use illicit drugs, die from a drug overdose, and visit an emergency room for addiction-related health reasons. Women are more susceptible to intense cravings and repeated relapses.

People can become addicted to any psychoactive ("mind-altering") substance. Common addictive substances include alcohol , tobacco ( nicotine ), stimulants, hallucinogens, and opioids .

Many of the effects of drug addiction are similar, no matter what substance someone uses. The following are some of the most common effects of drug addiction.

Effects of Drug Addiction on the Body

Drug addiction can lead to a variety of physical consequences ranging in seriousness from drowsiness to organ damage and death:

• Shallow breathing
• Elevated body temperature
• Rapid heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Impaired coordination and slurred speech
• Decreased or increased appetite
• Tooth decay
• Skin damage
• Sexual dysfunction
• Infertility
• Kidney damage
• Liver damage and cirrhosis
• Various forms of cancer
• Cardiovascular problems
• Lung problems
• Overdose and death

If left untreated drug addiction can lead to serious, life-altering effects on the body.

Dependence and withdrawal also affect the body:

• Physical dependence : Refers to the reliance on a substance to function day to day. People can become physically dependent on a substance fairly quickly. Dependence does not always mean someone is addicted, but the longer someone uses drugs, the more likely their dependency is to become an addiction.
• Withdrawal : When someone with a dependence stops using a drug, they can experience withdrawal symptoms like excessive sweating, tremors, panic, difficulty breathing, fatigue , irritability, and flu-like symptoms.

Overdose Deaths in the United States

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 100,000 people in the U.S. died from a drug overdose in 2021.

Effects of Drug Addiction on the Brain

All basic functions in the body are regulated by the brain. But, more than that, your brain is who you are. It controls how you interpret and respond to life experiences and the ways you behave as a result of undergoing those experiences.

Drugs alter important areas of the brain. When someone continues to use drugs, their health can deteriorate both psychologically and neurologically.

Some of the most common mental effects of drug addiction are:

• Cognitive decline
• Memory loss
• Mood changes and paranoia
• Poor self/impulse control
• Disruption to areas of the brain controlling basic functions (heart rate, breathing, sleep, etc.)

Effects of Drug Addiction on Behavior

Psychoactive substances affect the parts of the brain that involve reward, pleasure, and risk. They produce a sense of euphoria and well-being by flooding the brain with dopamine .

This leads people to compulsively use drugs in search of another euphoric “high.” The consequences of these neurological changes can be either temporary or permanent. 

• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability 
• Angry outbursts
• Lack of inhibition 
• Decreased pleasure/enjoyment in daily life (e.g., eating, socializing, and sex)
• Hallucinations

Help Someone With Drug Addiction

If you suspect that a loved one is experiencing drug addiction, address your concerns honestly, non-confrontationally, and without judgment. Focus on building trust and maintaining an open line of communication while setting healthy boundaries to keep yourself and others safe. If you need help, contact the SAMHSA National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357.

Effects of Drug Addiction on an Unborn Child

Drug addiction during pregnancy can cause serious negative outcomes for both mother and child, including:

• Preterm birth
• Maternal mortality

Drug addiction during pregnancy can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) . Essentially, the baby goes into withdrawal after birth. Symptoms of NAS differ depending on which drug has been used but can include:

• Excessive crying
• Sleeping and feeding issues

Children exposed to drugs before birth may go on to develop issues with behavior, attention, and thinking. It's unclear whether prenatal drug exposure continues to affect behavior and the brain beyond adolescence.  

While there is no single “cure” for drug addiction, there are ways to treat it. Treatment can help you control your addiction and stay drug-free. The primary methods of treating drug addiction include:

• Psychotherapy : Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy , can help someone with a drug addiction develop healthier ways of thinking and behaving.
• Behavioral therapy : Common behavioral therapies for drug addiction include motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and contingency management (CM). These therapy approaches build coping skills and provide positive reinforcement.
• Medication : Certain prescribed medications help to ease withdrawal symptoms. Some examples are naltrexone (for alcohol), bupropion (for nicotine), and methadone (for opioids).
• Hospitalization : Some people with drug addiction might need to be hospitalized to detox from a substance before beginning long-term treatment.
• Support groups : Peer support and self-help groups, such as 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous, can help people with drug addictions find support, resources, and accountability.

A combination of medication and behavioral therapy has been found to have the highest success rates in preventing relapse and promoting recovery. Forming an individualized treatment plan with your healthcare provider's help is likely to be the most effective approach.

Drug addiction is a complex, chronic medical disease that causes someone to compulsively use psychoactive substances despite the negative consequences.

Some effects of drug abuse and addiction include changes in appetite, mood, and sleep patterns. More serious health issues such as cognitive decline, major organ damage, overdose, and death are also risks. Addiction to drugs while pregnant can lead to serious outcomes for both mother and child.

Treatment for drug addiction may involve psychotherapy , medication, hospitalization, support groups, or a combination.

If you or someone you know is experiencing substance abuse or addiction, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357.

American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of addiction .

HelpGuide.org. Drug Abuse and Addiction .

Tennessee Department of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Services. Warning signs of drug abuse .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Sex and gender differences in substance use .

Cleveland Clinic. Drug addiction .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction Drugs and the Brain .

American Heart Association. Illegal Drugs and Heart Disease .

American Addiction Centers. Get the facts on substance abuse .

Szalavitz M, Rigg KK, Wakeman SE. Drug dependence is not addiction-and it matters . Ann Med . 2021;53(1):1989-1992. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1995623

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug overdose deaths in the U.S. top 100,000 annually .

American Psychological Association. Cognition is central to drug addiction .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts .

MedlinePlus. Neonatal abstinence syndrome .

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Treatment and recovery .

Grella CE, Stein JA.  Remission from substance dependence: differences between individuals in a general population longitudinal survey who do and do not seek help . Drug and Alcohol Dependence.  2013;133(1):146-153. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.019

By Laura Dorwart Laura Dorwart is a health journalist with particular interests in mental health, pregnancy-related conditions, and disability rights. She has published work in VICE, SELF, The New York Times, The Guardian, The Week, HuffPost, BuzzFeed Reader, Catapult, Pacific Standard, Health.com, Insider, Forbes.com, TalkPoverty, and many other outlets.

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• March 01, 2024 | VOL. 181, NO. 3 CURRENT ISSUE pp.171-254
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Substance Use Disorders and Addiction: Mechanisms, Trends, and Treatment Implications

• Ned H. Kalin , M.D.

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The numbers for substance use disorders are large, and we need to pay attention to them. Data from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( 1 ) suggest that, over the preceding year, 20.3 million people age 12 or older had substance use disorders, and 14.8 million of these cases were attributed to alcohol. When considering other substances, the report estimated that 4.4 million individuals had a marijuana use disorder and that 2 million people suffered from an opiate use disorder. It is well known that stress is associated with an increase in the use of alcohol and other substances, and this is particularly relevant today in relation to the chronic uncertainty and distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along with the traumatic effects of racism and social injustice. In part related to stress, substance use disorders are highly comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses: 9.2 million adults were estimated to have a 1-year prevalence of both a mental illness and at least one substance use disorder. Although they may not necessarily meet criteria for a substance use disorder, it is well known that psychiatric patients have increased usage of alcohol, cigarettes, and other illicit substances. As an example, the survey estimated that over the preceding month, 37.2% of individuals with serious mental illnesses were cigarette smokers, compared with 16.3% of individuals without mental illnesses. Substance use frequently accompanies suicide and suicide attempts, and substance use disorders are associated with a long-term increased risk of suicide.

Addiction is the key process that underlies substance use disorders, and research using animal models and humans has revealed important insights into the neural circuits and molecules that mediate addiction. More specifically, research has shed light onto mechanisms underlying the critical components of addiction and relapse: reinforcement and reward, tolerance, withdrawal, negative affect, craving, and stress sensitization. In addition, clinical research has been instrumental in developing an evidence base for the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of substance use disorders, which, in combination with psychosocial approaches, can provide effective treatments. However, despite the existence of therapeutic tools, relapse is common, and substance use disorders remain grossly undertreated. For example, whether at an inpatient hospital treatment facility or at a drug or alcohol rehabilitation program, it was estimated that only 11% of individuals needing treatment for substance use received appropriate care in 2018. Additionally, it is worth emphasizing that current practice frequently does not effectively integrate dual diagnosis treatment approaches, which is important because psychiatric and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. The barriers to receiving treatment are numerous and directly interact with existing health care inequities. It is imperative that as a field we overcome the obstacles to treatment, including the lack of resources at the individual level, a dearth of trained providers and appropriate treatment facilities, racial biases, and the marked stigmatization that is focused on individuals with addictions.

This issue of the Journal is focused on understanding factors contributing to substance use disorders and their comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, the effects of prenatal alcohol use on preadolescents, and brain mechanisms that are associated with addiction and relapse. An important theme that emerges from this issue is the necessity for understanding maladaptive substance use and its treatment in relation to health care inequities. This highlights the imperative to focus resources and treatment efforts on underprivileged and marginalized populations. The centerpiece of this issue is an overview on addiction written by Dr. George Koob, the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and coauthors Drs. Patricia Powell (NIAAA deputy director) and Aaron White ( 2 ). This outstanding article will serve as a foundational knowledge base for those interested in understanding the complex factors that mediate drug addiction. Of particular interest to the practice of psychiatry is the emphasis on the negative affect state “hyperkatifeia” as a major driver of addictive behavior and relapse. This places the dysphoria and psychological distress that are associated with prolonged withdrawal at the heart of treatment and underscores the importance of treating not only maladaptive drug-related behaviors but also the prolonged dysphoria and negative affect associated with addiction. It also speaks to why it is crucial to concurrently treat psychiatric comorbidities that commonly accompany substance use disorders.

Insights Into Mechanisms Related to Cocaine Addiction Using a Novel Imaging Method for Dopamine Neurons

Cassidy et al. ( 3 ) introduce a relatively new imaging technique that allows for an estimation of dopamine integrity and function in the substantia nigra, the site of origin of dopamine neurons that project to the striatum. Capitalizing on the high levels of neuromelanin that are found in substantia nigra dopamine neurons and the interaction between neuromelanin and intracellular iron, this MRI technique, termed neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI), shows promise in studying the involvement of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illnesses. The authors used this technique to assess dopamine function in active cocaine users with the aim of exploring the hypothesis that cocaine use disorder is associated with blunted presynaptic striatal dopamine function that would be reflected in decreased “integrity” of the substantia nigra dopamine system. Surprisingly, NM-MRI revealed evidence for increased dopamine in the substantia nigra of individuals using cocaine. The authors suggest that this finding, in conjunction with prior work suggesting a blunted dopamine response, points to the possibility that cocaine use is associated with an altered intracellular distribution of dopamine. Specifically, the idea is that dopamine is shifted from being concentrated in releasable, functional vesicles at the synapse to a nonreleasable cytosolic pool. In addition to providing an intriguing alternative hypothesis underlying the cocaine-related alterations observed in substantia nigra dopamine function, this article highlights an innovative imaging method that can be used in further investigations involving the role of substantia nigra dopamine systems in neuropsychiatric disorders. Dr. Charles Bradberry, chief of the Preclinical Pharmacology Section at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contributes an editorial that further explains the use of NM-MRI and discusses the theoretical implications of these unexpected findings in relation to cocaine use ( 4 ).

Treatment Implications of Understanding Brain Function During Early Abstinence in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder

Developing a better understanding of the neural processes that are associated with substance use disorders is critical for conceptualizing improved treatment approaches. Blaine et al. ( 5 ) present neuroimaging data collected during early abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder and link these data to relapses occurring during treatment. Of note, the findings from this study dovetail with the neural circuit schema Koob et al. provide in this issue’s overview on addiction ( 2 ). The first study in the Blaine et al. article uses 44 patients and 43 control subjects to demonstrate that patients with alcohol use disorder have a blunted neural response to the presentation of stress- and alcohol-related cues. This blunting was observed mainly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a key prefrontal regulatory region, as well as in subcortical regions associated with reward processing, specifically the ventral striatum. Importantly, this finding was replicated in a second study in which 69 patients were studied in relation to their length of abstinence prior to treatment and treatment outcomes. The results demonstrated that individuals with the shortest abstinence times had greater alterations in neural responses to stress and alcohol cues. The authors also found that an individual’s length of abstinence prior to treatment, independent of the number of days of abstinence, was a predictor of relapse and that the magnitude of an individual’s neural alterations predicted the amount of heavy drinking occurring early in treatment. Although relapse is an all too common outcome in patients with substance use disorders, this study highlights an approach that has the potential to refine and develop new treatments that are based on addiction- and abstinence-related brain changes. In her thoughtful editorial, Dr. Edith Sullivan from Stanford University comments on the details of the study, the value of studying patients during early abstinence, and the implications of these findings for new treatment development ( 6 ).

Relatively Low Amounts of Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy Are Associated With Subtle Neurodevelopmental Effects in Preadolescent Offspring

Excessive substance use not only affects the user and their immediate family but also has transgenerational effects that can be mediated in utero. Lees et al. ( 7 ) present data suggesting that even the consumption of relatively low amounts of alcohol by expectant mothers can affect brain development, cognition, and emotion in their offspring. The researchers used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, a large national community-based study, which allowed them to assess brain structure and function as well as behavioral, cognitive, and psychological outcomes in 9,719 preadolescents. The mothers of 2,518 of the subjects in this study reported some alcohol use during pregnancy, albeit at relatively low levels (0 to 80 drinks throughout pregnancy). Interestingly, and opposite of that expected in relation to data from individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, increases in brain volume and surface area were found in offspring of mothers who consumed the relatively low amounts of alcohol. Notably, any prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with small but significant increases in psychological problems that included increases in separation anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Additionally, a dose-response effect was found for internalizing psychopathology, somatic complaints, and attentional deficits. While subtle, these findings point to neurodevelopmental alterations that may be mediated by even small amounts of prenatal alcohol consumption. Drs. Clare McCormack and Catherine Monk from Columbia University contribute an editorial that provides an in-depth assessment of these findings in relation to other studies, including those assessing severe deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome ( 8 ). McCormack and Monk emphasize that the behavioral and psychological effects reported in the Lees et al. article would not be clinically meaningful. However, it is feasible that the influences of these low amounts of alcohol could interact with other predisposing factors that might lead to more substantial negative outcomes.

Increased Comorbidity Between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders in Sexual Identity Minorities

There is no question that victims of societal marginalization experience disproportionate adversity and stress. Evans-Polce et al. ( 9 ) focus on this concern in relation to individuals who identify as sexual minorities by comparing their incidence of comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders with that of individuals who identify as heterosexual. By using 2012−2013 data from 36,309 participants in the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III, the authors examine the incidence of comorbid alcohol and tobacco use disorders with anxiety, mood disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings demonstrate increased incidences of substance use and psychiatric disorders in individuals who identified as bisexual or as gay or lesbian compared with those who identified as heterosexual. For example, a fourfold increase in the prevalence of PTSD was found in bisexual individuals compared with heterosexual individuals. In addition, the authors found an increased prevalence of substance use and psychiatric comorbidities in individuals who identified as bisexual and as gay or lesbian compared with individuals who identified as heterosexual. This was most prominent in women who identified as bisexual. For example, of the bisexual women who had an alcohol use disorder, 60.5% also had a psychiatric comorbidity, compared with 44.6% of heterosexual women. Additionally, the amount of reported sexual orientation discrimination and number of lifetime stressful events were associated with a greater likelihood of having comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders. These findings are important but not surprising, as sexual minority individuals have a history of increased early-life trauma and throughout their lives may experience the painful and unwarranted consequences of bias and denigration. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the strong negative societal impacts experienced by minority groups and should sensitize providers to the additional needs of these individuals.

Trends in Nicotine Use and Dependence From 2001–2002 to 2012–2013

Although considerable efforts over earlier years have curbed the use of tobacco and nicotine, the use of these substances continues to be a significant public health problem. As noted above, individuals with psychiatric disorders are particularly vulnerable. Grant et al. ( 10 ) use data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected from a very large cohort to characterize trends in nicotine use and dependence over time. Results from their analysis support the so-called hardening hypothesis, which posits that although intervention-related reductions in nicotine use may have occurred over time, the impact of these interventions is less potent in individuals with more severe addictive behavior (i.e., nicotine dependence). When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, the results demonstrated a small but significant increase in nicotine use from 2001–2002 to 2012–2013. However, a much greater increase in nicotine dependence (46.1% to 52%) was observed over this time frame in individuals who had used nicotine during the preceding 12 months. The increases in nicotine use and dependence were associated with factors related to socioeconomic status, such as lower income and lower educational attainment. The authors interpret these findings as evidence for the hardening hypothesis, suggesting that despite the impression that nicotine use has plateaued, there is a growing number of highly dependent nicotine users who would benefit from nicotine dependence intervention programs. Dr. Kathleen Brady, from the Medical University of South Carolina, provides an editorial ( 11 ) that reviews the consequences of tobacco use and the history of the public measures that were initially taken to combat its use. Importantly, her editorial emphasizes the need to address health care inequity issues that affect individuals of lower socioeconomic status by devoting resources to develop and deploy effective smoking cessation interventions for at-risk and underresourced populations.

Conclusions

Maladaptive substance use and substance use disorders are highly prevalent and are among the most significant public health problems. Substance use is commonly comorbid with psychiatric disorders, and treatment efforts need to concurrently address both. The papers in this issue highlight new findings that are directly relevant to understanding, treating, and developing policies to better serve those afflicted with addictions. While treatments exist, the need for more effective treatments is clear, especially those focused on decreasing relapse rates. The negative affective state, hyperkatifeia, that accompanies longer-term abstinence is an important treatment target that should be emphasized in current practice as well as in new treatment development. In addition to developing a better understanding of the neurobiology of addictions and abstinence, it is necessary to ensure that there is equitable access to currently available treatments and treatment programs. Additional resources must be allocated to this cause. This depends on the recognition that health care inequities and societal barriers are major contributors to the continued high prevalence of substance use disorders, the individual suffering they inflict, and the huge toll that they incur at a societal level.

Disclosures of Editors’ financial relationships appear in the April 2020 issue of the Journal .

1 US Department of Health and Human Services: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2018. Rockville, Md, SAMHSA, 2019 ( https://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/reports-detailed-tables-2018-NSDUH ) Google Scholar

2 Koob GF, Powell P, White A : Addiction as a coping response: hyperkatifeia, deaths of despair, and COVID-19 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1031–1037 Link ,  Google Scholar

3 Cassidy CM, Carpenter KM, Konova AB, et al. : Evidence for dopamine abnormalities in the substantia nigra in cocaine addiction revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1038–1047 Link ,  Google Scholar

4 Bradberry CW : Neuromelanin MRI: dark substance shines a light on dopamine dysfunction and cocaine use (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1019–1021 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

5 Blaine SK, Wemm S, Fogelman N, et al. : Association of prefrontal-striatal functional pathology with alcohol abstinence days at treatment initiation and heavy drinking after treatment initiation . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1048–1059 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

6 Sullivan EV : Why timing matters in alcohol use disorder recovery (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1022–1024 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

7 Lees B, Mewton L, Jacobus J, et al. : Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with psychological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1060–1072 Link ,  Google Scholar

8 McCormack C, Monk C : Considering prenatal alcohol exposure in a developmental origins of health and disease framework (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1025–1028 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

9 Evans-Polce RJ, Kcomt L, Veliz PT, et al. : Alcohol, tobacco, and comorbid psychiatric disorders and associations with sexual identity and stress-related correlates . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1073–1081 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

10 Grant BF, Shmulewitz D, Compton WM : Nicotine use and DSM-IV nicotine dependence in the United States, 2001–2002 and 2012–2013 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1082–1090 Link ,  Google Scholar

11 Brady KT : Social determinants of health and smoking cessation: a challenge (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1029–1030 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

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A Psychedelics Reporter With a Changing Perspective

Can an experimental drug cure opioid addiction? Andrew Jacobs, who writes about psychedelic medicine for The Times, explored the “promise and peril” of ibogaine.

By Andrew Jacobs

Times Insider explains who we are and what we do and delivers behind-the-scenes insights into how our journalism comes together.

As a reporter covering psychedelic medicine for the Health and Science desk at The New York Times, the drugs that often command my attention are familiar to any veteran psychonaut: ketamine ; LSD ; psilocybin, or “magic mushrooms” ; and MDMA, also known as Molly or Ecstasy.

Many of these psychoactive substances have been the subjects of research for years, if not decades. And a growing tranche of scientific evidence suggests these drugs have the potential to treat some mental health issues, among them depression, substance abuse and eating disorders.

But research on psychedelics has largely ignored ibogaine, a drug that’s derived from a plant native to the rainforests of Central Africa.

Over the past three years on this beat, I have interviewed researchers who have occasionally mentioned ibogaine, often in tones that hinted at both promise and peril. The handful of experts who have worked directly with the drug cast it as a powerful addiction interrupter — one that can quell the excruciating symptoms of opioid withdrawal and tame the cravings to use again. According to a number of small studies, many patients report being able to achieve long-term sobriety after a single therapeutic session. (In the United States, the drug remains illegal; many patients will travel abroad for ibogaine therapy.)

But there are downsides. An ibogaine journey can be grueling. Some patients can feel the effects for up to 24 hours.

From 1990 to 2020, more than 30 ibogaine-related deaths have also been reported — some of them ascribed to severe arrhythmia, or an irregular heartbeat, that in rare cases can lead to fatal cardiac arrest. Those risks were enough to prompt the Food and Drug Administration in the 1990s to end further study on ibogaine’s potential to treat crack cocaine addiction.

Many psychedelic researchers just left ibogaine alone.

But then came an initiative in Kentucky that electrified the close-knit world of psychedelic research. In 2023, a committee convened by the state’s Republican attorney general was considering a proposal to spend $42 million on ibogaine research and drug development. The money would come from the funds the state was expected to receive in opioid settlements from pharmaceutical companies.

A friend of a friend, Adriana Kertzer, a lawyer in New York whose firm specializes in psychedelic medicine, invited me for coffee to talk about the proposal. In November, Ms. Kertzer put me in touch with W. Bryan Hubbard, the commission’s chair. Mr. Hubbard had little experience with psychedelics, but he became fascinated with ibogaine after reading accounts about its potential to treat opioid addiction.

“I was desperate, and felt that I needed to explore all options that might show promise,” said Mr. Hubbard, who grew up in Appalachia near the West Virginia-Kentucky border, a region of the United States that has been devastated by the opioid epidemic. “I’ve seen the carnage first hand.”

With the number of fatal drug overdoses in the United States topping more than 112,000 between May 2022 and May 2023 — and opioids like fentanyl contributing to the record high — it felt like the right time to take a closer look at ibogaine.

In late November, I traveled to Louisville, Ky., to meet with harm reduction workers, recovering opioid users and those still in the throes of addiction. Among those I met was Jessica Blackburn, 37, who started using Oxycodone in high school and later turned to heroin. Ms. Blackburn spent time in five different inpatient treatment clinics and tried medical interventions, like Suboxone , to treat her addiction. Nothing helped her remain sober until she tried ibogaine eight years ago. She has not touched opioids since.

Given the limitations of existing treatment options, many people I spoke with in Louisville agreed that any treatment with promise should be considered.

But what about ibogaine’s cardiac risks?

Mr. Hubbard was confident that the dangers could be mitigated. He connected me with scientists working on the issue. They included Dr. Deborah Mash, a veteran ibogaine researcher at the University of Miami who has used ibogaine to treat more than 300 patients with opioid use disorder; Dr. Martín Polanco, the medical director of the Mission Within , a program that has used ibogaine to treat over 1,000 veterans with traumatic brain injury and addiction issues; and Dr. Nolan Williams, a Stanford University neuroscientist who was preparing to publish a study that highlighted measures to reduce ibogaine’s heart risks.

All were adamant that ibogaine-related fatalities could be effectively managed by screening out individuals with cardiovascular problems and ensuring ibogaine was administered in a medical setting.

Covering psychedelic medicine can be nerve-racking, given the field’s relatively nascent state, the paucity of large studies and the occasionally breathless boosterism of its advocates.

Journalists on The Times’s Health and Science team are cautious about allowing hope to get ahead of science. When writing the article, my editors and I took care to balance the seeming promise of ibogaine against the clear risks.

The article, which was published this month , elicited a largely positive reaction from experts. In the comments section, more than 100 readers, among them people who had undergone ibogaine therapy, expressed hope that federal regulators might one day approve study of the drug.

Kentucky’s newly elected attorney general, Russell Coleman, doesn’t share their optimism. On March 13, Mr. Coleman effectively killed the commission’s ibogaine initiative.

Mr. Hubbard remains undaunted. Last month, he began working for the Ohio state treasurer’s office on a similar initiative to use opioid settlement money to fund research of ibogaine. A half-dozen other states, he said, have expressed interest in doing the same.

I, too, will be keeping a close eye on this fascinating psychedelic in the months and years to come.

Andrew Jacobs is a Times reporter focused on how healthcare policy, politics and corporate interests affect people’s lives. More about Andrew Jacobs

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Beyoncé’s ‘Cowboy Carter’

Drug overdoses reach another record with almost 108,000 Americans in 2022, CDC says

FILE - A member of the Solutions Oriented Addiction Response organization holds a dose of the opioid overdose reversal drug Narcan at the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Charleston in Charleston, W.Va., Tuesday Sept. 6, 2022. Nearly 108,000 Americans died of drug overdoses in 2022, according to final federal figures released Thursday, March 21, 2024. (AP Photo/Leah Willingham, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — Nearly 108,000 Americans died of drug overdoses in 2022, according to final federal figures released Thursday.

Over the last two decades, the number of U.S. overdose deaths has risen almost every year and continued to break annual records — making it the worst overdose epidemic in American history.

The official number for 2022 was 107,941, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said, which is about 1% higher than the nearly 107,000 overdose deaths in 2021.

Earlier provisional data estimated more than 109,000 overdose deaths in 2022, but provisional data includes all overdose deaths, while the final numbers are limited to U.S. residents.

The female overdose death rate declined for the first time in five years, although the male overdose death rate continued to inch up, the report said. Males account for about 70% of U.S. overdose deaths.

The overall drug overdose death rate rose from 2021 to 2022, but the increase was so small it was not considered statistically significant.

The CDC has not yet reported overdose numbers for last year, although provisional data through the first ten months of the year suggest overdose deaths continued to be stable in 2023.

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

Benefits of using drugs, drawbacks of drug use.

Currently, people around the globe have access to a wider range of substances than ever was available to the mankind. While some substances are prescribed by healthcare practitioners to relieve pain or combat virus, others are purchased illegally for recreational purposes. The endless stream of drugs, obtainable to the individuals with little or no restrictions, poses a serious inquiry. The question is as follows – is drug use a curse or a blessing of the twenty-first century?

Attributable to environmental, social, and cultural factors, research behind drug use fails to explain why some people tend to abuse substances while others can control themselves when it comes to developing addictions. Essentially, addiction does not develop overnight rather being a consequence of using drugs with habit-forming characteristics. Therefore, there is no absolute answer to the everlasting dilemma of using drugs, and two sides need to be evaluated separately.

When assessing the advantages of using pharmaceutical drugs, it is essential to consider the severity of health conditions existing. Advanced pharmaceutical drugs allow to decrease or completely eliminate the suffering of people, minimizing their physical pain (Earp et al. 136). Apart from serving as painkillers, medical substances frequently prevent individuals from getting diseases. Vaccines, immune modulating drugs, and vitamin supplements constitute only a small portion of such substances. For example, cases of smallpox were almost annihilated with the introduction of Fleming’s vaccination in 1800. Similarly to polio, a life-threatening illness leading to permanent paralysis, which was eradicated with the help of vaccines.

Medical drugs also allow people with incurable diseases to live longer and more comfortably. With the use of daily treatments, patients with diabetes, HIV, and depression substantially improve their quality of life, reducing symptoms and pain associated with them (Earp et al. 146). Antibiotics are vital for the treatment of bacterial infections, while marijuana is effective for cancer patients. Consequently, the aforementioned advantages of using drugs advocate for the positive side of the discussion.

At its core, drug use is not harmful to people, bringing a variety of benefits to patients suffering from severe diseases. Yet, the problem arises when individuals start confusing drug use with abuse. A clear line should be drawn between consuming prescribed medical substances to treat a health condition and taking drugs without medical assistance (Earp et al. 136). The three major clusters of the issue should be addressed:

• recreational drugs;
• prescription drugs;
• unethical healthcare treatment.

First, abuse of recreational drugs is prevalent among common people due to the availability and accessibility of the so-called street substances. Reasons why individuals decide to take drugs vary depending on their ultimate goal. For instance, heroin and cocaine lead to euphorical feelings; LSD causes hallucinations; Marijuana relaxes and induces good mood. Abuse of recreational drugs is likely to result in loss of employment, crime, divorce, lower performance at school, and other consequences discussed later (Earp et al. 137). Second, Abuse of prescription drugs occurs when patients decide to present misleading information to the doctors in order to obtain necessary drugs.

One of the most commonly abused prescribed substance is marijuana. As people are seeking to use medical characteristics of cannabis to induce mood without the corresponding health condition, the addiction appears quick to develop (Earp et al. 147). Third, unethical healthcare practices constitute another cluster of drug abuse. When doctors refuse to seek causes for the real diagnosis of the person and prescribe a painkiller to ease the symptoms, patients are likely to grow the addiction to the substance consumed.

All the aforementioned constituents of drug abuse may have similar negative effects on the individual’s wellness. People facing drug abuse are more likely to engage in delinquency and commit crimes than those refusing to take substances (Earp et al. 141). While there is no proven causal relationship between drug addiction and felony, the established positive correlation suggests that individuals abusing drugs often fall under the influence of negative peer groups (Earp et al. 142).

Such adverse impact of the peers is the primary reason for higher crime rates among the addicts. With the loss of judgement and independence, addicts can find it difficult to combat stress, irritability, and anxiety, searching for alternative sources to restore the lost feeling of control over one’s life. In this case, violence and behavioral misconduct appear as accessible options.

Drug addiction oftentimes results in distorted social interaction with friends, colleagues, and family members. There is an observed tendency for drug users to distant themselves from their significant others which leads to psychological, financial, and emotional crisis of the social units (Earp et al. 138). Substance abuse impairs judgment and decreases decision-making ability, contributing to the feelings of hostility and aggression (Earp et al. 139).

Furthermore, drug abusers may alienate themselves from peers, disengaging from the usual community events. Other psychosocial dysfunctions prevalent among drug addicts include but are not limited to apathy, withdrawal, and depression, proving that people who abuse substances are more susceptible to mental problems (Earp et al. 140). In this case, mental impairments range from personality disorders to learning disabilities, as individuals struggle to maintain healthy psychomotor skills and memory capacity.

Apart from distorted social interaction, drug addiction is closely associated with the decline in the academic or professional performance. One explanation behind such finding is that drug abusers are subject to absenting from work-related activities. Another reason is cognitive and behavioral problems induced by alcohol and drug addiction that interfere with the academic performance (Earp et al. 142).

For example, drug abuse has harmful effects on the patient’s perception skills, concentration, and motor function that is one of the reasons why driving under the influence of substances is so dangerous. Behavioral problems associated with drug addiction are closely linked to the lack of judgment and controlled impulse among the substance abusers (Earp et al. 142). Adverse behavioral patterns vary from sharing used needless to engaging into non-consensual sexual activities with a high risk of getting STD.

It is evident that drugs are strongly beneficial for people suffering from severe illnesses. Minimizing pains, decreasing the risk of obtaining contagious disease, and treating existing conditions are few of the advantages of medical substances. Yet, the issue arises as drugs in harmful doses remain highly accessible for common people to purchase. Damaging to health, substances can also have negative consequences on the person’s social interactions, resulting in job losses, imprisonment, and toxic relationships. When making an informed decision to consume drugs, an individual should be able to find a balance between medical drugs that save lives and abused substances that substantially decrease life quality.

Earp, Brian D., et al. “Addiction, Identity, Morality.” AJOB Empirical Bioethics , vol. 10, no. 2, 2019, pp. 136–153. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2023, November 20). Consequences of Drug Abuse. https://ivypanda.com/essays/consequences-of-drug-abuse/

"Consequences of Drug Abuse." IvyPanda , 20 Nov. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/consequences-of-drug-abuse/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Consequences of Drug Abuse'. 20 November.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Consequences of Drug Abuse." November 20, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/consequences-of-drug-abuse/.

1. IvyPanda . "Consequences of Drug Abuse." November 20, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/consequences-of-drug-abuse/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Consequences of Drug Abuse." November 20, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/consequences-of-drug-abuse/.

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Health Insurance

Drug, substance abuse and addiction statistics 2024

Timothy Moore

Jennifer Lobb

“Verified by an expert” means that this article has been thoroughly reviewed and evaluated for accuracy.

Heidi Gollub

Published 12:25 a.m. UTC March 28, 2024

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• 25% of Americans (70 million people) admitted they use illicit drugs, according to the most recent National Survey on Drug Use.
• 48.7 million people nationwide struggle with substance abuse according to the same survey.
• Alcohol is the most commonly used drug, followed by tobacco and marijuana.
• Health insurance policies sold on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Marketplace or provided by Medicaid are required to cover substance abuse.

Drug and substance abuse continues to be a major problem across the United States, with 1 in 4 Americans over the age of 12 admitting that they used illicit drugs in 2022. 1  While alcohol, tobacco and marijuana represent the most popular drugs among Americans, many struggle with more illicit drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamines and heroin, according to the most recent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) survey. 3

Below, we’ve compiled comprehensive drug, substance abuse and addiction statistics that demonstrate the pervasiveness of the issue — and the importance of quality, affordable health insurance that offers substance abuse treatment.

How many people use drugs in the U.S.?

Nearly 25% of Americans ages 12 or older say they used illegal drugs in 2022. That’s 70.3 million people nationwide. 1 Approximately 50% of Americans 12 or older admit they used illegal drugs in their lifetime. 2  

The breadth of the problem is detailed in the most recent SAMHSA survey, which asked participants about their drug use habits. The survey included questions about current use (defined as using a substance within the month prior to taking the survey) as well as lifetime use. 

Current use 3

Based on survey results and the definition of current use:

• 16.5% of those who used illicit drugs in the survey year used marijuana, making it the most common illicit drug among those surveyed. 
• 3.4% of respondents admit to using marijuana and other illicit drugs within a month of taking the survey.
• Central nervous system stimulants and prescription psychotherapeutics (misuse) were the second most common illicit drugs, each representing just under 2% of reported use. 
• LSD, PCP, ecstasy and sedatives account for the lowest percentage of use, each representing 0.1% or less of illicit drugs used.

Lifetime use 3

• 47% admitted to using marijuana at some time in their life, making it the most common illicit drug among lifetime use statistics.
• Hallucinogens were the second most widely used illicit drug, with 17% admitting they used them during their lifetime. 
• Cocaine was the third most commonly used illicit drug, with 15% of participants admitting to using it over their lifetime.

What is the most popular drug in the U.S.?

Alcohol is the most popular drug in the U.S., with nearly half of Americans ages 12 and older saying they used it in the last statistically available month, based on the SAMHSA survey. Nearly 22% admitted they engaged in binge drinking in the past month at the time of the survey. 3

Tobacco use is also prevalent in the United States, with more than 1 in 5 Americans consuming tobacco in some form in the last statistically available month — and nearly 17% specifically smoking cigarettes.

While harder drug use is still a problem, less than 2% of Americans ages 12 and older reported having used cocaine in the past year. It’s even lower for methamphetamines (1%) and heroin (0.3%).

Note: These are self-reported usage statistics. It is possible some Americans may not accurately report drug use.

How many people die from drugs?

The U.S. has experienced a rising number of drug-related deaths for more than a decade, according to the latest National Safety Council Data. There were 108,490 drug-related deaths in 2022, according to preliminary data. That’s slightly lower than those reported in 2021 (106,699 deaths) but a 141% increase over the last decade and a 494% increase since 1999, the first year for which NSC data is available. 4  

This data includes drug-related deaths by suicide, homicide and undetermined intents. Of those 108,490 deaths, 92% (100,105) were categorized as preventable drug overdoses.

Opioid overdoses are the most common cause of drug-related deaths, but even cannabis (marijuana) has resulted in preventable deaths.

Here’s how those drug-related deaths break down according to NSC’s preliminary 2022 data:

Source: Preliminary 2022 data from the National Safety Council as of March 21, 2024

How many people struggle with substance abuse?

Nationwide, 38,679,000 American adults reported having a substance abuse disorder in the last statistically available year. 5  

Montana has the highest self-reported rate (19.2% of adults) of substance abuse. Oregon , Washington , South Dakota and Kansas round out the top five.

Georgia is the state with the lowest rate of self-reported substance abuse (11.31% of adults).

Source: 2023 State of Mental Health in America Report

What percentage of Americans abuse alcohol?

Alcohol abuse can be defined in two ways: binge drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD).

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines binge drinking as five drinks on one occasion for men and four drinks on one occasion for women. 6
• The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines AUD as a medical condition wherein someone cannot stop or control their alcohol intake, no matter the consequences. 7

Nationwide, an average of 21.7% of people reported having engaged in binge drinking in the past statistically available month, and 10.8% said they had dealt with alcohol use disorder in the last statistically available year. 3

States with the highest alcohol abuse

North Dakota and Wisconsin are the two states with the highest rate of binge drinking, with 25.99% of people ages 12 and older reporting binge drinking in the past month. 3 Nebraska , Vermont and Iowa also have high rates of binge drinking.

North Dakota also leads the country in alcohol use disorder, with more than 15% of individuals 12 and up reporting struggling with AUD in the past year. Montana , New Mexico , Oregon and Alaska round out the top five states with the highest rate of reported alcohol use disorder.

Source: SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health

How many people die from alcohol each year?

In the United States, 178,000 people died from alcohol in the last statistically available year (2021). That’s 488 deaths every day from alcohol. 8

Of those 178,000 deaths:

• 117,000 deaths are attributed to chronic conditions related to long-term alcohol use.
• 61,000 deaths are attributed to alcohol-related car crashes, alcohol poisoning or suicide. 

What percentage of Americans use tobacco?

Across the U.S., an average of 21.2% of people ages 12 and older reported tobacco use in the last statistically available month. More specifically, 16.82% reported smoking cigarettes. 3

States with the most smokers

Kentucky is the state with the most tobacco users; more than one-third of Kentuckians ages 12 and older report using tobacco of some kind in the past month. Kentucky also leads the country in cigarette users, with 1 in 4 people self-reporting smoking cigarettes. 3

More than 1 in 5 people smoke cigarettes in West Virginia , Missouri, Wyoming , Louisiana and Arkansas . West Virginia, Missouri and Louisiana are also close behind Kentucky for overall tobacco use as well.

Only 13.01% of Californians reported having used tobacco in the last statistically available month. Cigarette usage is even lower in Utah, where just over 10% of the state’s population reported cigarette usage.

How many people use marijuana?

On average, more than 13% of Americans ages 12 and older reported using cannabis, also known as marijuana, in the previous month. 3

However, the most recent statistically significant data comes from 2021 to 2022. It’s important to note that since then, several additional states have legalized marijuana both medicinally and recreationally, which may lead to an increase in usage.

States with the highest rate of marijuana use

Vermont leads the nation with the highest rate of marijuana use; just over 22% of people 12 and up reported using marijuana in the last month. Recreational marijuana has been legal in Vermont since 2020. 3

Alaska , Colorado , Oregon and Maine round out the top five states for marijuana usage. Recreational marijuana has been legal in Alaska and Oregon since 2014, Colorado since 2012 and Maine since 2016.

Oklahoma is the state with the highest rate of marijuana usage (16.61%) where recreational use is currently not legal.

How many people die from marijuana usage?

Preliminary data for 2022 indicates that there were 1,183 linked to marijuana and its derivatives, in the U.S., which marks an increase over the years prior. 4 The National Safety Council specifies that marijuana derivatives can include THC, CBD or their synthetic derivatives.

Source: National Safety Council data

The National Safety Council has data dating back to 1999 when there were only 36 cannabis-related deaths.

What percentage of people have used cocaine?

Nationwide, an average of 1.7% of people ages 12 and older reported having used cocaine in 2022, the last statistically available year. 3

States with the highest rate of cocaine use

Vermont is the state with the highest rate of self-reported cocaine use, with 3.2% of people 12 and up saying they used the drug in the year prior. New York , Maryland , Massachusetts and Rhode Island make up the remaining top five states. 3

The state with the lowest cocaine use is Texas, with just 1 in 100 Texans self-reporting cocaine use.

What percentage of people have used methamphetamines?

Nationwide, an average of 1% of people 12 and older reported having used methamphetamines in the last statistically available year. 3

States with the highest rate of methamphetamine use

Nevada tops the list of states with the highest rate of methamphetamine usage. More than 1 in 50 people ages 12 and up reported using this drug in the last statistically available year. Self-reported meth use is also high in Tennessee , Iowa , Mississippi and Alabama . 3

Connecticut and Florida have the lowest rate of methamphetamine use; just 0.52% of residents self-reported usage in the last statistically available year.

What percentage of people abuse prescription pain pills?

Nationwide, an average of 3.12% of people 12 and older reported having abused prescription pain pills in the last statistically available year. 3

States with the highest rate of prescription pain pill abuse

Tennessee leads the country in prescription pain pill misuse. More than 4% of the state’s population, ages 12 and older, reported having abused pain relievers in the year prior. 3

Prescription pain pill abuse is also high in Arkansas , Nevada , Louisiana and Alabama .

Nebraska is the state with the lowest rate of self-reported pain pill abuse (2.39%).

What percentage of people have used heroin?

Nationwide, an average of 0.3% of people ages 12 and up reported having used heroin in the last statistically available year. 3

States with the highest rate of heroin use

Heroin use is most common in the state of Delaware , where 0.6% (that’s more than 1 in every 200 residents) of people ages 12 and up reported having used heroin in the year prior. The only other states with a rate higher than 1 in 200 are Maine , Vermont and Alaska . 3

Texas is the state with the lowest rate of self-reported heroin use: Only 0.15% of Texans 12 and up reported having used the drug in the most recent statistically available year.

What percentage of people have abused opioids?

Across the country, an average of 3.3% of Americans ages 12 and up reported having abused opioids in the year prior. 3

States with the highest rate of opioid abuse

Tennessee has the highest rate of opioid abuse in the U.S. Nearly 4.7% of people in the state reported having engaged in opioid abuse in the last statistically available year. Arkansas , Alabama , Louisiana and Nevada round out the top five. 3  

Nebraska has the lowest rate of opioid abuse in the country, with only 2.4% saying they had abused opioids in the year prior.

States with the highest number of overdose deaths

West Virginia has the highest rate of overdose death in the U.S., with 84 overdose deaths for every 100,000 people. Nebraska and South Dakota has the lowest rate of overdose deaths, with 9 deaths for every 100,000 people. 10

Overdose deaths are on the rise in West Virginia (up by 7.3%) but on the decline in South Dakota (down by 16.7%). Oregon has seen the biggest increase (41.5%) in overdose deaths over the last statistically available 12 months.

What drug causes the most overdose deaths?

Opioids are involved in more overdose deaths than any other drug. In 2022, there were 108,490 drug-related deaths — and just over 75% of them (82,234 deaths) involved an opioid. 4

Fentanyl is by far the deadliest opioid. Of the 82,234 opioid-related deaths, 70,601 of them involved fentanyl.

Health insurance and substance abuse

Substance abuse disorders represent a dangerous health condition — one that deserves the proper care and treatment. Yet 93.5% of Americans with a self-reported substance abuse problem do not seek help. 5

If you or someone you love is suffering from substance abuse, know that there are options available. Many health insurance plans include coverage for mental health and substance abuse. If you purchase health insurance from the ACA Marketplace, the insurer is required to cover substance abuse counseling and treatment. 11 Medicare will also pay for treatment of alcoholism and substance use disorders, though its coverage is not as extensive as it is for other services.

If you’re not sure if your current health plan covers mental health surveys or substance abuse counseling and treatment, contact your insurer to discuss your benefits. 

Looking for better health insurance that includes coverage for substance abuse disorders? Browse our roundup of the best health insurance companies to get started.

Worried about the cost? How to save money on health insurance

For free, confidential help with substance abuse, contact the SAMHSA's National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP(4357). The service is available 24/7, 365 days a year to help individuals and families facing mental and/or substance use disorders find treatment referrals and information services.

Article sources

• United States Department of Health and Human Services
• National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration - National Survey on Drug Use and Health
• National Safety Council
• State of Mental Health in America Report
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Binge Drinking
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Excessive Alcohol Deaths
• National Institute on Drug Abuse - Drug Overdose Death Rates
• Centers for Disease Control - Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts
• Substance Abuse and Affordable Care Act

Blueprint is an independent publisher and comparison service, not an investment advisor. The information provided is for educational purposes only and we encourage you to seek personalized advice from qualified professionals regarding specific financial decisions. Past performance is not indicative of future results.

Blueprint has an advertiser disclosure policy . The opinions, analyses, reviews or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the Blueprint editorial staff alone. Blueprint adheres to strict editorial integrity standards. The information is accurate as of the publish date, but always check the provider’s website for the most current information.

Timothy Moore is a writer and editor covering personal finance, travel, autos, and home renovation. He's written financial advice for sites like LendEDU, LendingTree, Forbes Home and The Penny Hoarder; edited complex ROI analyses for B2B tech companies like Microsoft and Google; served as managing editor at a print magazine; led content creation for a digital marketing agency; and written for brands like Chime, Angi and SoFi.

Jennifer Lobb is deputy editor at USA TODAY Blueprint and is an experienced insurance and personal finance writer. Jennifer served as an insurance staff writer and editor at U.S. News and World Report and deputy editor of insurance at Forbes Advisor. She also spent several years covering finance and insurance for various financial media sites, including LendingTree and Investopedia. For nearly a decade, she’s helped consumers make educated decisions about the products that protect their finances, families and homes.

Heidi Gollub is the USA TODAY Blueprint managing editor of insurance. She was previously lead editor of insurance at Forbes Advisor and led the insurance team at U.S. News & World Report as assistant managing editor of 360 Reviews. Heidi has an MBA from Emporia State University and is a licensed property and casualty insurance expert.

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Homeless people need housing, not jail time for drug possession

Opinion: as a former detective and substance abuse counselor, i can tell you that criminalizing behavior is no solution for homelessness..

We are all familiar with the old saying that insanity is defined as doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.

Yet, the wisdom in this proverb seems to escape most of our state legislators, who consistently try to solve nearly every problem plaguing Arizonans with some kind of crackdown or restriction — regardless of how ineffective such measures have proven.

More than a half-century of failed policies under the “War on Drugs” should be enough to illustrate the ineffectiveness of punitive approaches.

Yet Arizona lawmakers persist in proposing that we can arrest and incarcerate our way out of whatever problems we face.

Arresting people for drugs is not 'help'

A recent example of this is House Bill 2782 , an anti-homelessness measure introduced by Rep. Matt Gress, a Republican who represents the Phoenix area.

While containing some positive provisions, such as the creation of a Homeless Shelter and Services Fund, the bill would mean harsher criminal penalties for those possessing drugs within “drug-free homeless service zones” near shelters, as well as within shelters themselves.

The largest homeless shelters already have policies prohibiting possessing or using drugs on premise. Violators lose the right to the shelter.

To impose greater barriers will hurt, not help, the efforts to get more people to take or stay on the path of sobriety.  

Gress told The Arizona Republic that his bill is designed to give unhoused people “a bit of help and structure along the way” to a more stable life. 

But it seems unlikely that many unhoused people would consider prosecution and incarceration for substance use “a bit of help.” 

Addiction itself does not cause homelessness

I know from my experience as a career law enforcement officer and substance abuse counselor that criminalizing people who misuse alcohol or drugs is not helpful in their journey to becoming whole.

The idea that cracking down on substance abuse will solve homelessness is based on the erroneous belief that addiction itself causes homelessness. People who work to assist the unhoused know this is rarely the case.

Gress: We must offer drug treatment before housing

If lawmakers truly want to address this problem, punishment is not the only tool at their disposal.

During the last decade, Houston has moved more than 25,000 unhoused people directly into apartments and houses without these kinds of threats, according to a New York Times report. 

The overwhelming majority of them have remained housed after two years of placement. Houston’s “housing first” approach has helped reduce homelessness in the region by 63% since 2011, and there is every reason to believe Arizona could follow the example. 

It’s time we faced the fact that people are not homeless because they are criminals or addicts, but for a variety of reasons that are often beyond their control.

The primary issue is their lack of housing, not substance abuse. 

Measures like HB 2782 that criminalize the unhoused are counterproductive and should not be enacted.

Detective Sgt. J. Gary Nelson served 27 years as a patrol officer, a burglary and theft detective and sergeant with the Scottsdale Police Department. After retiring from the force in 2004, he earned a degree in counseling and worked with substance abuse clients for four years. Reach him at [email protected] .