essay on the greatness of timeless indian culture

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The Greatness Of India (Essay Sample)

The greatness of india.

The greatness of India as a country is overwhelming and significant. India is also referred to as “Bharat” in her national language. It is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent located in south Asia. India is the seventh largest country worldwide by area and the second populous country after China with over a billion people. Moreover, India is the most populous democracy in the world. India is well known for its rich traditional and cultural values plus its advancement in technology and medicine. This paper is meant to discuss the greatness of India.

The Indian diversity and unity are of its kind in the world because of its largest population. Her vast population speaking over a hundred different languages belonging to several religions plus different races manifest endless cultural features that make it unique.  Though Hinduism is the most prominent religion in India, she is a country of multiple religions including Christianity and Buddhism. India is also home to more than six ethnic group including her original inhabitants and immigrants who migrated from other regions. Despite her being diverse with people of different languages, dialects, religions, and ethnicity, her citizens believe in oneness and are united. The unity is behind India’s economic development that is currently scaling higher heights.

Moreover, another important factor that makes India a great country is its fast growing economy. Despite being a third world country with a population of over a billion people, her economy is growing fast as a result of economic liberalization that began in the 1990’s. She was in fact rated the sixth largest economy gross domestic product-wise in the year 2017. Currently, India has one of the largest automotive industry in the world that is well known for the manufacture of motorcycles, tractors and commercial vehicles across the world.

India is also rich regarding its numerous physical features. Her physical features range from valleys rich in agricultural products to deserts where nothing barely grows. It is also drained by large rivers and lakes all over. India is well known for her largest mountains covered with snow for longer periods throughout the year. Mountains such as the Himalayas are sources of rivers like Ganga and Indus whose water are used for irrigation purposes meant to feed and sustain her large population.

The great name of India cannot be mentioned without tagging along with the number of professionals the country has. Currently, the country has the second largest employed human resources. Her professionals include engineers, doctors and actors plus actresses just to mention a few. India is currently one of the leading countries in the science of surgery and medicine. Her movies and songs characterized by skilled and talented actors, actresses and musicians are known worldwide. Her institutions of higher learning produce well-qualified grandaunts who are always up for grabs by leading companies in the world.

India is also home to many inventions and incidents that changed people’s lives. India is believed to be a country full of talented and innovative people not only currently but also in the ancient days. Indians contributed a lot in the mathematics field, the value of pi was first calculated in India by Budhayana who also explained the Pythagoras theorem concept. Trigonometry, Calculus and the number system were birthed in India. Chess which is the brilliant mind blowing game was created in India as well as the game of snakes and ladders. It is also believed that surgery began in India 2600 years ago by Sushruta who is considered to be the father of surgery.

In conclusion, India is a great country that has overcome the odds of being a developing country into being deemed as an emerging super power. It has rich and diverse cultural features owing to its largest population from different ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialect. Her inventions, economic growth, skilled professionals, diversity and unity among other factors are key to its greatness.

Essay on Indian Culture for Students and Children

500+ words essay on indian culture.

India is a country that boasts of a rich culture. The culture of India refers to a collection of minor unique cultures. The culture of India comprises of clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art in India. Most noteworthy, Indian culture has been influenced by several foreign cultures throughout its history. Also, the history of India’s culture is several millennia old.

Components of Indian Culture

First of all, Indian origin religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism . All of these religions are based on karma and dharma. Furthermore, these four are called as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major category of world religions along with Abrahamic religions.

Also, many foreign religions are present in India as well. These foreign religions include Abrahamic religions. The Abrahamic religions in India certainly are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Besides Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and Bahá’í Faith are the other foreign religions which exist in India. Consequently, the presence of so many diverse religions has given rise to tolerance and secularism in Indian culture.

The Joint family system is the prevailing system of Indian culture . Most noteworthy, the family members consist of parents, children, children’s spouses, and offspring. All of these family members live together. Furthermore, the eldest male member is the head of the family.

Arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture. Probably most Indians have their marriages planned by their parents. In almost all Indian marriages, the bride’s family gives dowry to bridegroom. Weddings are certainly festive occasions in Indian culture. There is involvement of striking decorations, clothing, music, dance, rituals in Indian weddings. Most noteworthy, the divorce rates in India are very low.

India celebrates a huge number of festivals. These festivals are very diverse due to multi-religious and multi-cultural Indian society. Indians greatly value festive occasions. Above all, the whole country joins in the celebrations irrespective of the differences.

Traditional Indian food, arts, music, sports, clothing, and architecture vary significantly across different regions. These components are influenced by various factors. Above all, these factors are geography, climate, culture, and rural/urban setting.

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Perceptions of Indian Culture

Indian culture has been an inspiration to many writers. India is certainly a symbol of unity around the world. Indian culture is certainly very complex. Furthermore, the conception of Indian identity poses certain difficulties. However, despite this, a typical Indian culture does exist. The creation of this typical Indian culture results from some internal forces. Above all, these forces are a robust Constitution, universal adult franchise, secular policy , flexible federal structure, etc.

Indian culture is characterized by a strict social hierarchy. Furthermore, Indian children are taught their roles and place in society from an early age. Probably, many Indians believe that gods and spirits have a role in determining their life. Earlier, traditional Hindus were divided into polluting and non-polluting occupations. Now, this difference is declining.

Indian culture is certainly very diverse. Also, Indian children learn and assimilate in the differences. In recent decades, huge changes have taken place in Indian culture. Above all, these changes are female empowerment , westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy , improved education, etc.

To sum it up, the culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the World. Above all, many Indians till stick to the traditional Indian culture in spite of rapid westernization. Indians have demonstrated strong unity irrespective of the diversity among them. Unity in Diversity is the ultimate mantra of Indian culture.

FAQs on Indian Culture

Q1 What are the Indian religions?

A1 Indian religions refer to a major category of religion. Most noteworthy, these religions have their origin in India. Furthermore, the major Indian religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

Q2 What are changes that have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades?

A2 Certainly, many changes have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades. Above all, these changes are female empowerment, westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy, improved education, etc.

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Essay on Incredible India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Incredible India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Incredible India

Land of diversity.

India, often known as “Incredible India,” is a land of rich culture, history, and diversity. It is famous for its colorful festivals, diverse languages, and varied landscapes.

Historical Significance

India’s history spans over five millennia, with significant contributions to art, science, and philosophy. It is home to ancient civilizations and world-famous monuments.

Cultural Richness

The Indian culture, with its myriad traditions, music, dance forms, and cuisines, is a true reflection of its diversity. Each region has a unique cultural identity.

Natural Beauty

From snow-capped mountains to sun-kissed beaches, India’s natural beauty is breathtaking. It has numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

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250 Words Essay on Incredible India

Introduction.

India, often referred to as ‘Incredible India’, is a nation that boasts of rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and historical landmarks. This unique amalgamation of cultures, religions, and languages makes India a truly incredible country to explore.

Cultural Diversity

India’s cultural diversity is its most remarkable feature. Home to a multitude of religions, India thrives on harmonious co-existence, tolerance, and respect for all faiths. With over 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and more than 1,600 spoken languages, the country exemplifies unity in diversity.

India’s historical significance is another aspect that contributes to its incredibility. From the architectural grandeur of Mughal monuments like the Taj Mahal to the spiritual allure of ancient Hindu temples, India’s historical sites are a testament to its rich past.

Natural Wonders

India’s geographical diversity is equally fascinating. From the snow-capped Himalayan peaks to the tropical beaches of Goa, from the arid Thar Desert to the lush Sundarbans, India offers an array of natural wonders that captivate the senses.

In conclusion, the term ‘Incredible India’ perfectly encapsulates the essence of this vibrant nation. Its cultural diversity, historical significance, and natural beauty make it a country like no other. The uniqueness of India lies in its ability to maintain its cultural essence while embracing modernity, making it truly incredible.

500 Words Essay on Incredible India

The land of diversity and harmony.

India, often known as “Incredible India,” is a country that stands out for its diverse culture, rich history, and fascinating traditions. It is a land where 1.3 billion people live in harmony, speaking over 2000 dialects, practicing various religions, and celebrating numerous festivals. This diversity is not a weakness but a strength that adds to the incredible nature of India.

The Cultural Mosaic

India’s culture is a colorful mosaic of different traditions, religions, and languages that have evolved over thousands of years. Each state has its unique culture, food, dance, music, and art forms, contributing to the country’s rich cultural heritage. This diversity in culture is a testament to India’s tolerance and acceptance, where every festival, be it Diwali, Eid, Christmas, or Pongal, is celebrated with equal fervor.

The Architectural Marvels

India is home to numerous architectural wonders that reflect its glorious past. From the intricate carvings of Ajanta and Ellora caves to the majestic Mughal architecture of Taj Mahal, from the grand palaces of Rajasthan to the serene monasteries of Ladakh, India’s architecture is a blend of various styles, each narrating a unique story of its time.

The Land of Spirituality

India is known as the birthplace of many religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It is a spiritual sanctuary where seekers from around the world come to find peace and enlightenment. The sacred Ganges, the tranquil Himalayas, the serene temples, and the vibrant ashrams all contribute to India’s spiritual allure.

India’s Natural Splendour

India’s natural beauty is as diverse as its culture. From the snow-capped Himalayan peaks to the sun-kissed beaches of Goa, from the dense forests of Sundarbans to the arid Thar Desert, India offers a wide range of landscapes. The country is also rich in biodiversity, hosting a variety of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to the region.

Economic Growth and Challenges

India is a rapidly developing economy, with significant advancements in technology, healthcare, and education. However, it still grapples with challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Addressing these issues is crucial for India to fully realize its potential and continue its journey towards becoming a global superpower.

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Indian Culture and Tradition Essay | Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Indian Culture and Tradition Essay:  Indian Culture and Traditions are unique across the world. The Indian Culture and Traditions Essay elaborated on the variety of traditions and cultures followed by people in India. India is a country of having many cultures, traditions, and religions that made people living in a peaceful, colorful, rich, and diverse nation. It is unbelievable that different directions of India like north, south, east, and west have their own cultures and traditions.

India is having 29 states and 7 union territories across all the directions. There are 22 languages and several religions like Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, etc. exist in India. Whereas Hindi is the official language of India. However, India is the oldest civilization where people still follow their old cultures of caring and humanity. Even though people became modern in today’s world, still they celebrate festivals as per the customs.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Indian Culture and Tradition for Students and Kids in English

Indian culture is famous across the world due to its diversity in music, art, dance, language, cuisine, costume, philosophy, and literature. The important characteristics of Indian Culture are civilized communication, beliefs, values, etiquette, and rituals. India is well known for its ‘Unity in Diversity’ across the world. That means India is a diverse nation where many religious people live together peacefully having their own different cultures. So, we can see people of different languages, dresses, food habits, and rituals living with unity in India.

Long Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition 500 Words in English

A Long Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay will be helpful for students in classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.

Indian Culture and Religion

Indian Religion has a great impact on shaping the culture and traditions of India. India has several religions that originated five thousand years ago. Hinduism originated from Vedas, so all Hindu scriptures have been scripted in the Sanskrit language. People believe that Jainism has an ancient origin and exists in the Indus valley. Whereas another religion, Buddhism originated through the teachings of Gautam Buddha in the country. There are various eras that came and gone but have not changed the influence of real culture. That is why the younger generations still follow the older generation’s culture.

However, Indian ethnic culture teaches people to care for the helpless, help poor people, and respect elders. The traditional aspect of India to greet anybody is by saying ‘Namaste’ and touching the elder’s feet. The traditional family structure in India is a joint family, where many generations stay together in one house. People in India still follow the traditional marriage concept of ‘Arranged Marriage’ where the life partner of a child will be chosen by their parents.

Art is also one of the special cultures of India. Each state of India has its own form of dancing and singing such as Kathakali, Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi, and so forth. Moreover, Indian people welcome their guests like God by following the great Indian culture. People believe in the popular saying that ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’. Therefore, humanity and spiritual practices are the roots of Indian culture.

Indian Festivals

Festivals play an important role in Indian culture and tradition. People from different religions celebrate different festivals in India. Popular festivals like Diwali, Dussehra, Navratri, Janmashtami, Shivratri, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc. are celebrated by Hindu people in India. Whereas Eid-ul-Fitr, Bakrid, Muharram, etc. festivals are celebrated by Islamic people in India. Other than this, many harvest festivals like Makar Sankranti, Chapchar kut, Pongal, Sohrai, etc. are celebrated by farmers.

However, Christians also celebrate Christmas, Good Friday, etc. festivals in India. There also exist different regional festivals in each state of India like Teej, Onam, Ugadi, Saraswati Puja, Panna Sankranti, Chhath Pooja, Pongal, Lohri, and so forth.

Indian Cuisine

Indian Cuisine is also equally diverse in India like festivals and religions. Indian food and eating habits differ from place to place as each state has its own particular food and eating habits. In other words, people belonging to various parts of the country have their own cuisine, living style, environment, and availability of goods. Indian cuisine is most inspirational. Different states have different cuisines. Indian foods include so many ingredients and are more influential across the world. Indian food is mainly influenced by the diversity of people, so it has a variety of rich Cuisine. North Indian food includes vegetables, roti, dal, rice, fish curry, parathas, etc. South Indian food includes dosa, sambar, idli, vada, upma, uttapam, etc. In general, South Indian people cook food using coconut oil rather than mustard or sunflower oil.

Short Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition 300 Words in English

A Short Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition will be helpful for students in classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Indian Costume

Indian Costumes are different for the different states of India. It varies depending on the origin, climate, and heritage of the place. Indian culture still follows traditional costumes. In eastern states such as Odisha, West Bengal and southern states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, women wear saree as the authentic clothing. It is a single and long fabric piece draped around the body.

In a similar way, men wear Dhoti-Kurta or Kurta-Pyjama as the authentic clothing in eastern states. In northern states like Punjab, women wear salwar kameez and Kurti as traditional clothing. Whereas men wear headgear or turban known as the Dastar as the traditional clothing. In India, all the married Women wear Sindoor, a vermilion powder in the parting of their hair. They also wear bindi, Mehendi, bangles, and earrings as part of their attire.

Indian Literature

In the 19th century, the first literature Rigveda was created in India. It was written in Sanskrit and became the foundation of many religious scriptures and literary works laterwards. Also, the Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda written by the Aryans followed by Indians. Other famous literary works are Ramayana written by Rishi Valmiki and Mahabharata written by Rishi Vyasa in India.

The Biographies of kings like the Mughal Empire, Baburnama, and Akbarnama are also precious literature by which we can know about the era. Other than this, foreign travelers have written some scriptures like Fa Hein and Hussein Tsung which provide knowledge about Indian people’s traditions and lifestyles.

Conclusion on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

India is a land of rich culture and tradition which teaches people kindness, generosity, and tolerance. Indian culture differs from place to place as it is a multilingual, multicultural, and multi-ethnic society. Indian culture is a unique blend of modern western culture and historical traditions. India is a country of great legends where many great people were born and remembered forever due to their sacrifice for the nation. People across the world come to enjoy and feel the culture and tradition of India.

FAQ’s on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

Question 1. What are Tradition and Culture?

Answer: Tradition is the customs and beliefs which are followed by people of one generation to another. Whereas culture is the customs, values, and social behavior within a group or society.

Question 2. What is the importance of Indian culture?

Answer:  Indian Culture is unique across the world. India is well known for its ‘Unity in Diversity’ across the world. That means India is a diverse nation where many religious people live together peacefully having their own different cultures. So, we can see people of different languages, dresses, food habits, and rituals living with unity in India. Indian culture is famous across the world due to its diversity in music, art, dance, language, cuisine, costume, philosophy, and literature.

Question 3. What is Indian Tradition?

Answer:  The traditional aspect of India is to greet anybody by saying ‘Namaste’ and touching the elder’s feet. The traditional family structure in India is a joint family, where many generations stay together in one house. People in India still follow the traditional marriage concept of ‘Arranged Marriage’ where the life partner of a child will be chosen by their parents.

Question 4. What is the food culture of India?

Answer: Indian food culture differs from place to place as each state has its own particular food and eating habits. Indian foods include so many ingredients and are more influential across the world. North Indian food includes vegetables, roti, dal, rice, fish curry, parathas, etc. South Indian food includes dosa, sambar, idli, vada, upma, uttapam, etc. In general, South Indian people cook food using coconut oil rather than mustard or sunflower oil.

Question 5. What are the important characteristics of Indian Culture?

Answer:  The important characteristics of Indian Culture are civilized communication, beliefs, values, etiquette, and rituals.

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Lord Shiva in Indian History: Tracing the Significance and Evolution of a Timeless Deity

Lord Shiva is one of the most important deities in Hinduism and has played a significant role in Indian history. Known as the “Destroyer” in the Hindu trinity, Lord Shiva is revered for his power, wisdom, and compassion. He is often depicted in Hindu art and mythology as a powerful god with a third eye, a snake around his neck, and a trident in his hand.

Lord Shiva’s importance in Indian history can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests that the people of this civilization worshipped a male deity, possibly an early form of Lord Shiva. The worship of Lord Shiva continued to evolve over time, with his attributes and characteristics becoming more defined in the Vedic period.

The Puranic period, which followed the Vedic period, saw the rise of various Puranas that celebrated Lord Shiva’s greatness and the significance of his worship. Many of these Puranas also included stories and legends that highlighted Lord Shiva’s role in Indian history and mythology.

In Indian history, Lord Shiva is also closely associated with the development of yoga and meditation. He is believed to be the first yogi, and his teachings on yoga and meditation have had a profound impact on the spiritual practices of India. Even today, Lord Shiva is revered as a symbol of meditation, inner peace, and spiritual enlightenment.

Today, Lord Shiva is worshipped by millions of devotees around the world, who seek his blessings and guidance in their daily lives. His role in Indian history and religion is celebrated through various festivals and rituals, including Mahashivratri, which is dedicated to Lord Shiva and his many forms.

In conclusion, Lord Shiva has played a vital role in Indian history and religion, and continues to be a revered deity in the Hindu pantheon. Through his teachings on yoga and meditation, and his many legends and stories, Lord Shiva has left an indelible mark on the spiritual practices of India and the world.

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The Richness Of Indian Folktales: From Panchatantra To Jataka Tales

Step into a world filled with captivating stories and cultural wonders as we explore “The Richness Of Indian Folktales: From Panchatantra To Jataka Tales.” From the ancient wisdom of the Panchatantra to the moral teachings of the Jataka Tales, these timeless narratives have inspired generations across India and beyond. Join us as we unlock the linguistic and literary treasures of India, shedding light on the profound influence of Sanskrit, classical epics, and contemporary authors. Get ready to embark on a literary journey that will celebrate India’s rich heritage and transport you to a realm where imagination knows no bounds.

Table of Contents

The Panchatantra: A collection of animal fables

Overview of panchatantra.

The Panchatantra is a renowned collection of animal fables from ancient India. Composed in Sanskrit by the scholar Vishnu Sharma, it consists of five books, or ‘tantras,’ hence the name ‘Panchatantra,’ which translates to “Five Treatises” in English. The Panchatantra is widely regarded as one of the oldest and most influential works of Indian literature, with its origins dating back to around the 3rd century BCE. It is primarily written in the form of prose interspersed with verse, and it features a variety of animal characters that engage in conversations and adventures.

Influence of Panchatantra on Indian literature

The Panchatantra has had a profound impact on Indian literature, both ancient and modern. Its narrative techniques and moral teachings have influenced countless authors and storytellers throughout the centuries. The framework of storytelling found in the Panchatantra, with its use of animal characters and relatable situations, continues to be a popular style employed in children’s books and fables today. Additionally, the Panchatantra has served as a source of inspiration for famous works such as the Hitopadesha and the Arabian Nights.

Key themes and moral lessons

The Panchatantra is renowned for its moral teachings and life lessons. While entertaining readers with captivating stories, the fables offer invaluable wisdom on topics such as friendship, loyalty, wisdom, and cleverness. The stories often explore the consequences of one’s actions and the importance of making wise choices. Through the adventures of animal characters such as the lion, the monkey, and the tortoise, the Panchatantra imparts timeless messages that resonate with readers of all ages.

Popular stories from the Panchatantra

Some of the most popular and enduring stories from the Panchatantra include:

• “The Lion and the Mouse”: This tale teaches the value of kindness and compassion, as a small mouse saves a mighty lion from a hunter’s trap.
• “The Monkey and the Crocodile”: In this story, a clever monkey outwits a cunning crocodile who attempts to deceive him. It emphasizes the significance of intellect and wit in navigating challenging situations.
• “The Rabbit and the Tortoise”: A classic tale about the importance of perseverance and determination, this story follows a slow tortoise as it triumphs over a speedy yet arrogant rabbit in a race.
• “The Brahmin and the Mongoose”: This story explores the consequences of rushing to judgment and the need for prudence. It tells the tale of a Brahmin who mistakenly kills a mongoose, causing devastating consequences.

The Jataka Tales: Stories of the Buddha’s previous lives

Introduction to jataka tales.

The Jataka Tales are a collection of stories that recount the previous lives of the Buddha, Prince Siddhartha Gautama, before his enlightenment. These tales, which are an integral part of Buddhist literature, describe the Buddha’s various incarnations and the moral lessons he learned during each life. The Jataka Tales provide insight into the principles of Buddhism and offer inspiration and guidance for individuals on their spiritual path.

Historical background and origin

The Jataka Tales originated in ancient India and were preserved through an oral tradition before being recorded in written form. They draw from a mix of historical events, folklore, and mythical elements. Scholars believe that the Jataka Tales were compiled sometime between the 3rd century BCE and the 5th century CE, serving as a means of conveying Buddhist teachings in a relatable and accessible manner.

Teachings and moral messages in Jataka Tales

The Jataka Tales convey important moral messages and teachings rooted in Buddhism. Each story highlights a particular virtue or ethical principle, emphasizing the importance of compassion, generosity, honesty, and mindfulness. Through the actions and experiences of the Buddha in his previous lives, the Jataka Tales serve as valuable guides for individuals seeking to cultivate positive qualities and progress along the path to enlightenment.

Famous Jataka Tales

Some of the most well-known Jataka Tales include:

• “The Monkey King’s Sacrifice”: This story depicts the selfless sacrifice of a monkey king who offers his own body as food for a starving traveler. It teaches the virtue of compassion and the willingness to help others, even at great personal cost.
• “The Golden Mallard”: This tale recounts the story of a golden mallard who guides a wandering traveler to a hidden treasure, symbolizing the importance of trust and the rewards of virtuous actions.
• “The Grateful Elephant”: In this tale, an elephant demonstrates gratitude towards a king who had previously saved its life. It exemplifies the significance of gratitude and reciprocity in building harmonious relationships with others.

Similarities and Differences between Panchatantra and Jataka Tales

Shared elements and motifs.

Both the Panchatantra and the Jataka Tales share several commonalities in their storytelling. Animal characters play a prominent role in both collections, symbolizing human characteristics and reflecting the foibles and virtues of human nature. Both collections incorporate moral lessons and teachings, utilizing stories as a means of imparting wisdom. The presence of anthropomorphic animals, moral dilemmas, and allegorical storytelling are shared elements found in both the Panchatantra and the Jataka Tales.

Divergent narrative styles

While the Panchatantra utilizes a more secular and diverse narrative style, the Jataka Tales have a more focused religious and didactic approach. The Panchatantra covers a wide range of themes and situations, catering to a more general audience. In contrast, the Jataka Tales are specifically centered around the previous lives of the Buddha and his pursuit of enlightenment, targeting a primarily Buddhist audience. This difference in narrative style reflects the distinct purposes and contexts of the two collections.

Cultural influences in the tales

The Panchatantra reflects the multi-cultural nature of ancient India, drawing inspiration from various religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions. It incorporates elements from Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, showcasing the diverse beliefs and worldviews prevalent during that time. Conversely, the Jataka Tales are deeply rooted in Buddhist philosophy and reflect the ethical principles and teachings espoused by Buddhism. The cultural influences in these tales contribute to the distinctiveness of each collection and the messages they convey.

Comparison of moral teachings

Both the Panchatantra and the Jataka Tales share a common objective of imparting moral education and guidance. However, the moral teachings in each collection differ in their focus and emphasis. The Panchatantra often explores pragmatic wisdom, cunningness, and practical intelligence, catering to a broader range of life situations and circumstances. In contrast, the Jataka Tales primarily emphasize virtues such as compassion, selflessness, and spiritual growth, aligning with the core values of Buddhism. These differences in moral teachings offer readers diverse perspectives on ethics and values.

The Influence of Indian Folktales on Literature and Culture

Role of folktales in shaping indian identity.

Indian folktales have played a pivotal role in shaping the cultural and literary identity of the country. These tales, passed down through generations, embody the essence of Indian traditions, beliefs, and values. By preserving and sharing stories that resonate with the common people, folktales have become a cultural thread that binds communities together. They provide a sense of continuity and heritage, instilling pride and a strong sense of identity among Indians.

Impact on literature across the world

Indian folktales have transcended national boundaries and influenced literature across the world. Their universal themes of love, bravery, wisdom, and justice resonate with readers from diverse cultures. Writers and storytellers worldwide have drawn inspiration from Indian folktales, adapting them into their own works or taking inspiration from their narrative techniques and moral lessons. Indian folklore continues to inspire and captivate readers beyond India, contributing to the global appreciation of diverse storytelling traditions.

Adaptations and retellings of Indian folktales in modern media

In addition to their influence on literature, Indian folktales have found their way into various other forms of media. From television series to animated films and graphic novels, these tales have been adapted and retold in contemporary formats. These modern adaptations not only breathe new life into the stories but also introduce them to younger generations, ensuring the preservation of Indian folklore in the digital age.

Preserving and promoting the oral tradition

Despite the rise of written literature and digital media, efforts are being made to preserve and promote the oral tradition of Indian folktales. Storytelling festivals, cultural events, and community gatherings serve as platforms for oral storytellers to share these timeless tales. Organizations and individuals are also working towards documenting and archiving folktales, ensuring their survival for future generations. By actively engaging with the oral tradition, Indian folktales continue to thrive as living, breathing stories.

Variations of Indian Folktales in Different Regions

Folktales from north india.

North Indian folktales are rich in diversity, reflecting the vast cultural landscape of the region. These tales often revolve around figures from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, showcasing the North Indian reverence for these literary masterpieces. Stories of valor, devotion, and mystical encounters with gods and goddesses are commonly found in this region’s folklore.

Folktales from South India

South Indian folktales, on the other hand, draw inspiration from the ancient Tamil Sangam literature and the region’s distinctive cultural heritage. These tales often incorporate elements of nature worship, with animals and plants taking on symbolic significance. Folktales from South India frequently celebrate themes of morality, love, and spirituality.

Folktales from East India

The folktales of East India reflect the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region. Influenced by tribal traditions, as well as Buddhist and Hindu practices, these tales combine myth, legend, and history. Stories from East India often explore themes of divine intervention, social hierarchy, and the triumph of good over evil.

Folktales from West India

West Indian folktales showcase a blend of indigenous traditions, Persian influences, and the impact of ancient trade routes. These tales often revolve around craft and trade, reflecting the region’s historical prominence in commerce. Stories of bravery, adventure, and wit echo the spirit of the people from this vibrant region.

Important Characters and Motifs in Indian Folktales

Animal characters and their symbolic significance.

Animal characters play a significant role in Indian folktales, embodying various qualities and symbolizing human traits. The lion represents strength and royalty, while the monkey signifies wit and mischief. The snake often symbolizes both danger and divine protection, depending on the context. These animal characters serve as vehicles for conveying moral lessons and provide a relatable medium through which readers and listeners can understand and internalize the tales’ teachings.

Supernatural beings and mythical creatures

Supernatural beings and mythical creatures populate Indian folktales, adding an element of magic and enchantment. Figures such as gods, goddesses, and demons often feature prominently, engaging in epic battles or granting blessings to mortal beings. Creatures like the magical sorcerer, the genie, and the celestial nymph are awe-inspiring and contribute to the fantastical nature of Indian folklore.

Themes of love, bravery, and justice

Love, bravery, and justice are recurring themes found in Indian folktales. Tales of star-crossed lovers who overcome obstacles to be together, courageous heroes who fight against tyranny, and wise judges who ensure fairness and equity are abundant in Indian folklore. These themes often resonate with the core values of society and provide inspiration for individuals to emulate these virtues in their own lives.

Recurring motifs and symbols

Indian folktales contain several recurring motifs and symbols that add depth and meaning to the stories. The lotus flower, for example, symbolizes purity and enlightenment. The peacock feathers represent beauty and majesty, often associated with Hindu deities. The use of colors, such as red for passion or blue for tranquility, imbues the tales with visual symbolism. These motifs and symbols enrich the storytelling experience and provide deeper layers of interpretation.

Transmitting Indian Folktales: Oral Tradition and Written Collections

Evolution from oral tradition to written form.

Like many ancient storytelling traditions, Indian folktales were initially transmitted orally, passed down from generation to generation through spoken word. The oral tradition allowed for the flexibility and adaptability of the tales, allowing them to be tailored to suit different audiences and cultural contexts. With the advent of writing, these stories were eventually recorded in various regional languages and scripts, ensuring their preservation and wider dissemination.

Renowned collectors of Indian folktales

Several scholars and collectors have made significant contributions to the preservation of Indian folktales. Luminaries such as Rabindranath Tagore, Pandit Vishnu Sharma, and A.K. Ramanujan have extensively documented and translated Indian folktales, making them accessible to a broader audience. Their efforts have helped ensure that the rich tapestry of Indian storytelling is not lost to the sands of time.

Challenges in translating folktales to different languages

Translating Indian folktales poses unique challenges due to the linguistic and cultural nuances embedded within them. Capturing the essence of the original tales while ensuring coherence and readability in different languages requires skill and expertise. Translators must navigate through the intricate wordplay, metaphors, and idiomatic expressions, while still conveying the core messages and beauty of the stories.

Digital initiatives preserving and disseminating folktales

The digital era has opened up new avenues for preserving and sharing Indian folktales. Online platforms, digital archives, and storytelling apps are making these stories more accessible to a global audience. Additionally, augmented reality and multimedia technologies offer interactive and immersive experiences, allowing individuals to engage with Indian folklore in innovative ways. These digital initiatives contribute to the revitalization and dissemination of Indian folktales in the modern era.

The Cultural and Historical Context of Indian Folktales

Influence of religious and philosophical beliefs.

Religious and philosophical beliefs have heavily influenced Indian folktales, infusing them with spiritual and moral dimensions. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, among others, have contributed to the mythological and ethical underpinnings of these tales. Concepts such as karma, dharma, reincarnation, and the pursuit of enlightenment are intertwined with the narratives, providing a deeper cultural and philosophical context.

Social and caste dynamics reflected in the tales

Indian folktales often mirror the social structure and dynamics prevalent in society. Caste divisions, social roles, and power dynamics find expression in the stories. Characters belonging to different castes or social classes play distinct roles, reflecting the societal hierarchy. These tales serve as a means of social commentary, subtly critiquing injustices and advocating for harmony and equality.

Historical events and dynasties in folk narratives

Indian folktales often incorporate historical events, ancient kingdoms, and legendary rulers into their narratives. They draw from the rich tapestry of Indian history, weaving epic tales of valor, conquest, and dynastic struggles. By interweaving historical and mythical elements, folktales connect the present with the past, providing a sense of historical continuity and cultural pride.

Interplay between Indian folklore and other art forms

Indian folklore has influenced various other art forms, including dance, music, and visual arts. Dance forms such as Kathakali and Bharatanatyam often draw inspiration from mythological stories, bringing them to life on stage through intricate movements and expressive gestures. Traditional music and folk songs provide a melodic backdrop to the tales’ retellings. Visual arts, such as miniature paintings and sculptures, depict scenes from folktales, adding a visual dimension to the narrative experience.

The Impact of Indian Folktales on Children’s Learning and Development

Moral education through storytelling.

Indian folktales serve as valuable tools for moral education and character development among children. Through engaging narratives, children learn about virtues such as honesty, compassion, courage, and humility. The moral lessons embedded within the stories provide guidance on navigating ethical dilemmas and making responsible choices.

Cognitive and emotional benefits for children

Engaging with Indian folktales has numerous cognitive and emotional benefits for children. Listening to stories helps enhance language skills, vocabulary, imagination, and critical thinking. It also fosters emotional intelligence by allowing children to empathize with the characters’ experiences and emotions. The diverse range of tales exposes children to different cultures, perspectives, and values, promoting cultural awareness and empathy.

Incorporating folktales in educational curricula

Recognizing the educational value of Indian folktales, efforts have been made to incorporate them into educational curricula. These stories can be integrated into language arts, social studies, and character education lessons, allowing children to explore cultural diversity and develop an appreciation for different narratives and traditions. By incorporating folktales, educators provide a well-rounded and multicultural learning experience for children.

Multicultural perspectives and global understanding

Indian folktales offer a multicultural perspective that fosters global understanding and appreciation for diverse cultures. By exploring stories from different regions and communities, children gain insight into different ways of life, traditions, and values. This exposure cultivates open-mindedness and empathy, preparing children to become global citizens who can navigate complex and interconnected societies.

Preserving and Revitalizing Indian Folktales in the Modern Era

Efforts to document and archive folktales.

Numerous organizations and individuals are working tirelessly to document and archive Indian folktales. Through fieldwork, interviews, and ethnographic research, these efforts aim to preserve the rich oral tradition and safeguard fading stories. These initiatives include compiling written collections, audio recordings, and videos of storytellers, ensuring that these tales are preserved for future generations.

Reviving the oral tradition through performances

To keep the oral tradition alive, storytelling performances and festivals are organized. Storytellers bring the magic of Indian folktales to life through captivating performances, utilizing techniques such as voice modulation, gestures, and audience interaction. These events not only entertain but also promote the passing down of these stories in their original oral form.

Modern adaptations of Indian folktales

Indian folktales have witnessed a resurgence in modern adaptations across various media platforms. Writers, filmmakers, and artists are reimagining these stories in contemporary settings, making them accessible and relatable to today’s audience. These adaptations breathe new life into the tales while retaining their timeless wisdom and cultural significance.

Engaging young audiences through interactive media

Digital platforms and interactive media have become instrumental in engaging young audiences with Indian folktales. From interactive e-books to mobile apps, these platforms leverage technology to create immersive and interactive storytelling experiences. By combining elements of animation, games, and interactivity, these digital initiatives ignite children’s imagination and foster a love for traditional storytelling.

In conclusion, the richness of Indian folktales is evident in the various collections and traditions that make up this vibrant tapestry of storytelling. From the animal fables of the Panchatantra to the moral teachings of the Jataka Tales, these narratives have left an indelible mark on Indian literature, culture, and education. With efforts to preserve and revitalize these folktales, their timeless wisdom continues to inspire and shape the hearts and minds of people, both young and old, across the globe.

Indian Culture Team

6 Reasons Why Indian Culture Is Important

A country’s culture is one of the defining factors that makes it unique. A nation’s culture is made up elements such as its food, dress, architecture, religion, ceremonies and traditions. There are millions of different cultures around the world, all of which are significant. However, one of the most prominent, and highly regarded cultures, is that of India. But why is Indian culture so significant globally? And what makes Indian culture so important? Well, let us explain…

1. India Has An Amazing Culture

A first reason why Indian culture is important is because it is incredible.

India has one of the most diverse, rich and absorbing cultures in the world. Everything from Indian food, music, dance, dress and traditions are vibrant and colourful. This is a huge contrast to many other cultures, especially Western cultures, and is one reason why Indian culture is so important.

The depth of Indian culture , combined with its incredible vitality and life-fullness makes it one of the most important cultures in the world. India is renowned for having one of the most unique, and amazing cultures of any place. The fact that Indian culture is so highly regarded, and is seen as one of the world’s most incredible, is a major reason why it is so important.

Think of the richest cultures in the world, and many people would list Indian culture near the top. This shows just how important it is.

2. Indian Culture Is Highly Diverse

A second reason why Indian culture is important is because it is so diverse.

India is an enormous country – covering 1.2 million square miles and with a population of over 1.4 billion people. There are 705 officially recognized ethnic groups across India and 398 languages spoken in the country. This incredible diversity is mirrored in India’s diverse culture, which is one reason why it’s so important.

Across India, there is an enormous range of food, dress, traditions and customs. The incredible diversity across India, combined with the country’s huge population, means a range of unique and defined sub-cultures have emerged. This means you can go to one part of India and experience and culture, before traveling to another and experiencing very different cultural traditions.

There many countries with diverse cultures, but few with the diversity that India has. This makes the country’s culture hugely important.

3. Indian Culture Has A Deep History

A third reason why Indian culture is important is because of its deep history.

India’s culture can trace its roots back millennia. The history of India and its culture is well-studied and research shows the deep historical ties that modern Indian culture has. Anyone who travels to India, or engages with Indian culture , will recognize that it is a long-standing and deep-rooted culture. This makes it important.

The culture of India has gone through many transitions and major events throughout its history. From the Muslim Mughal conquest in the 1500s, to the British colonization of the country, through to partition and modern India’s independence – Indian culture has been defined by the nation’s past.

The deep connection Indian culture has with its history , combined with the amazing traditions the culture has gone through in the country’s turbulent past, makes it one of the most important cultures in the world.

4. Indian Culture Is Enjoyed All Over The World

Another reason why Indian culture is so important is because it is enjoyed all over the world.

India has a massive cultural reach. In almost every town and city in the world there are Indian restaurants – ok, some dispute how authentic many of these establishments are, but still, there presence shows how wide Indian culture has spread.

Major Indian festivals, such as Diwali, are often celebrated publicly in major global cities such as London, New York and Paris. This also shows how important many around the world see Indian culture to be.

There are massive Indian diaspora communities all around the world. As people have emigrated from India, they have taken their culture with them. This has imbedded Indian culture in many places around the world, as well as ensured it is seen as culturally important globally.

5. Indian Culture Has Had A Massive Influence

One reason why Indian culture is important is because of the massive influence it has had.

For centuries, Indian culture has had a huge global influence. For example, during the era of the British Raj, everything from the architecture to clothing styles in the UK were heavily influenced by Indian culture. This has resulted in Indian culture having a defining influence on the culture of Great Britain.

The Beatles – arguably the most famous and important musical group of all time, looked heavily to Indian culture to inspire their later music. This is a great example of how important Indian culture is.

The popularity of yoga around the world – now a trendy workout with yoga studies across many major cities, again shows how influential Indian culture has been.

…these are just some examples that show the huge influence Indian culture has had on other cultures around the world. This influence is a big reason why Indian culture is so important.

Millions Of People Travel To India To Enjoy Its Culture

A final reason why Indian culture is important is because millions of people travel to India each year, partly to experience the country’s rich culture.

India receives nearly ten million tourists a year. People from all over the world travel to India, partly to experience the country’s incredible culture. Everything from the food, customs, traditions, architecture, cultural history and religious sites draw tourists to India. Many people who go to India say that experiencing the country’s culture is one of the biggest factors for them. This goes to show just how important people around the world see Indian culture to be.

Tourism to India is a major part of the country’s economy. Tourist spending provides significant revenue for Indian business, and visas fees also raise money for the Indian government. This economic boost is very much built on the back of the importance of Indian culture – as so many people travel to India because they are drawn by the culture of the nation.

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Essay on Swami Vivekananda for Students and Children in 1000 Words

In this article, read an Essay on Swami Vivekananda for students and children in 1000 words. It includes early life, education , yogic life, and teachings.

Table of Contents

He was a great patriotic leader and an Indian monk. Swami Vivekananda was a chief disciple of the 19th century Indian mystic Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.

Introduction and Early Life of Swami Vivekanand

His name was Narendranath Dutta, and his father was an educated man who knew English and Persian well. By profession, he was a successful lawyer at the Calcutta high court. 

Education and His Yogic temperament

Sri Ramakrishna replied: “Yes, I have. I see him as clearly as you, only in a very intense sense. “Influenced by his divine spirituality, Vivekananda became one of the great followers of Sri Ramakrishna and began to follow his teachings.

He asked many religious people about his desires in the past, but none could satisfy him. Now, this man-god of Dakshineswar told Naren that, as you can see, he also sees God in the same original form. His words did not convince Naren.

Therefore, among preachers of different religions, there should be no disputes that they worship God in various ways or with different beliefs. Swami Vivekanand’s vision was received with great appreciation, and many American men and women became his followers, who joined the Ramakrishna mission.

It had a significant impact on a Western understanding of yoga, according to Elizabeth de Michelis marking the beginning of modern yoga.

Swami Vivekananda Worldwide Followers

The Vivekananda mantra also initiated Christina Greenside from Detroit, and she became Sister Christine and established close father-daughter relations.

Swami Vivekananda returned to India on December 16, 1896, from England with his students, captain, Mrs. Sevier, and J.J. Goodwin. In the way, they visited France and Italy and sailed to India from Naples on December 30, 1896.

Death of Swami Vivekananda

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• The Richness of Indian Mythology and Epics

Indian mythology and epics are a treasure trove of ancient tales and legends that hold a special place in the cultural heritage of India. Filled with gods, goddesses, heroes, and mythical creatures, these stories offer a fascinating glimpse into the vibrant tapestry of Indian civilization. From the grand narratives of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana to the enchanting tales of various gods and goddesses, Indian mythology is a rich and diverse collection that sparks imagination and touches upon profound aspects of life. These myths and epics not only entertain but also impart valuable lessons, reflecting the values, beliefs, and wisdom of generations past. They continue to captivate and inspire people, serving as a source of cultural identity, spirituality, and timeless storytelling.

Indian mythology and epics are not mere stories but are deeply rooted in the fabric of Indian culture and belief systems. They have shaped the religious practices, rituals, and traditions that are followed to this day. These myths and epics have also influenced various art forms such as painting, sculpture, dance, and theater, creating a rich cultural tapestry that transcends time. Moreover, Indian mythology offers profound insights into the human condition, exploring complex themes of love, sacrifice, honor, and the eternal battle between good and evil. It is a testament to the imaginative prowess of ancient Indian sages and the enduring power of storytelling to capture the hearts and minds of people across generations. Indian mythology and epics stand as a testament to the richness and depth of India's cultural heritage, captivating both Indians and people from around the world with their timeless allure.

What is Mythology?

Mythology refers to a collection of traditional stories and legends that explain beliefs, customs, and natural phenomena. These stories often involve gods, goddesses, heroes, and mythical creatures, and are passed down through generations, usually through oral tradition. Mythology serves as a way to make sense of the world, its origins, motives,and the human experience. Itenvelopes various cultures and civilizations, providing insights into their beliefs, values, and cultural heritage. Mythology can be both entertaining and educational, offering moral lessons, explaining cultural practices, and reflecting the human imagination and quest for meaning.It explores universal themes such as creation, heroism, love, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. These stories often hold symbolic and metaphorical meanings, revealing deeper& darker truths about human nature, the mysteries of our existence, and the human relationship with the celestials & divine. Mythology has the power to inspire, captivate, and connect people across time and cultures, reminding us of our shared humanity and the timeless quest for meaning and understanding in the world.

The Richness of Indian Mythology

Indian mythology is incredibly rich because it is like a treasure chest full of captivating stories, colorful characters, and deep wisdom. It is a collection of ancient tales that teach us about gods, goddesses, heroes, and mythical creatures. These stories explore important values, such as bravery, love, and justice, and they provide guidance on how to live a good and meaningful life. Indian mythology is a vibrant part of Indian culture, inspiring art, music, and festivals, and reminding us of the enduring power of imagination and storytelling. It is a source of wonder and wisdom that has been passed down through generations, connecting us to our past and shaping our present.

In addition to its captivating stories and moral teachings, the richness of Indian mythology lies in its incredible diversity. India is a vast land that has numerous regions, languages, and traditions, and each has its own unique mythological tales and deities. This diversity reflects the multicultural fabric of India, celebrating the richness of its various beliefs and practices.

Moreover, Indian mythology is not limited to a fixed set of stories or characters. It is an ever-evolving and dynamic tradition, with new narratives, interpretations, and adaptations constantly emerging. This allows for a continuous exploration and reinterpretation of its themes, keeping the mythology alive and relevant in contemporary times.

Indian mythology also possesses a deep spiritual essence, providing a connection to the divine and offering insights into the mysteries of life, death, and the nature of existence. It invites contemplation and self-reflection, encouraging individuals to seek higher truths and understand their place in the cosmic order. And the specialty of these mythologies is that they never get old, no matter how advanced and modern we can become, during our bad times, struggles, and confusions we can always go through these folklore and stories. These Mythological stories will always guide us to the right path.

Famous Indian Mythology and Epics Vishnu Purana – The Vishnu Purana is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas, these are the ancient texts that include mythological stories and religious teachings. It focuses on the deity Vishnu and explores his various incarnations (avatars), including Lord Rama and Lord Krishna. The Vishnu Purana offers insights into creation, the cycles of time, and the significance of devotion and righteousness. Ramayana – The Ramayana is an epic story that follows the adventures of Prince Rama as he embarks on a journey during his exile period to rescue his beloved wife, Sita, who has been kidnapped by the demon king Ravana. Along the way, Rama is aided by his loyal allies, including the Hanuman (a devotee of Rama). Portraying heroism, devotion, and moral teachings, the Ramayana showcases the triumph of good over evil and serves as a guide for a sinless and honest living. Mahabharata – The Mahabharata is an epic saga that narrates the story of two families, the Kurukshetra War between two families over the throne of Hastinapur. It explores complex family dynamics, moral dilemmas, and philosophical teachings and comprises numerous characters and events including the Game of Dice (Chausar), Draupadi’s Vastra Haran, the exile period of Pandavas, and the great Kurukshetra War. The Mahabharata is not just a war story but also encompasses profound dialogues like the Bhagavad Gita, where Lord Krishna imparts spiritual wisdom to the warrior Arjuna. Bhagavad Gita – The Bhagavad Gita is a sacred text within the Mahabharata. It is a conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Lord Krishna imparts teachings on duty, righteousness, and the nature of the soul. The Bhagavad Gita provides guidance for leading a balanced and purposeful life, emphasizing the importance of selfless action and devotion to the divine. Shiva Purana – The Shiva Purana is another Mahapurana devoted to Lord Shiva. It narrates the tales of Lord Shiva's cosmic dance, his meditative powers, and his role as a creator, protector, and destroyer. The Shiva Purana explores the concepts of abandonment, liberation, and the interconnectedness of the material and spiritual worlds. Indian Mythological Creatures & Beings

Indian mythology is filled with fascinating creatures and beings that add depth and plot to its stories. Here are a few examples of mythological creatures and beings from Indian mythology:

• Hanuman – Hanuman is a revered figure in Hindu mythology and is known as the monkey deity. He possesses immense strength, intelligence, and unwavering devotion to Lord Rama. Hanuman plays a pivotal role in the epic Ramayana, where he assists Rama in his quest to rescue Sita and symbolizes loyalty, courage, and devotion.
• Jatayu – Jatayu is a divine bird mentioned in the Ramayana. He valiantly fights against Ravana when the demon king abducts Sita but is ultimately defeated. Jatayu's sacrifice and unwavering commitment to righteousness serve as an embodiment of bravery and selflessness.
• Kinnaras – Kinnaras are celestial beings often depicted as half-human and half-horse. They possess exceptional musical abilities and are associated with beauty, grace, and divine harmony. Kinnaras find mention in various mythological texts and are revered for their enchanting melodies.
• Asuras and Devas – Asuras and Devas are two distinct groups of supernatural beings in Indian mythology. Asuras are often portrayed as powerful demons who challenge the authority of the Devas, who are considered gods. The constant conflicts between the Asuras and Devas reflect the eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness.
• Apsaras – Apsaras are celestial nymphs renowned for their mesmerizing beauty and grace. They are adept in various art forms, particularly dance, and are often depicted as companions of gods and entertainers in heavenly realms. Apsaras brings charm, elegance, and artistic allure to mythological narratives.
• Vetalas – Vetalas are mythical creatures associated with spirits or ghosts. They are often portrayed as mischievous and unpredictable beings with supernatural abilities. Vetalas finds mention in ancient folklore and are known for their ability to possess corpses and engage in enigmatic conversations with humans.
• Yakshas and Yakshinis – Yakshas and Yakshinis are supernatural beings associated with nature and fertility. They are often depicted as benevolent guardians of treasures and natural resources. Yakshinis are depicted as beautiful female beings, while Yakshas are their male counterparts.

Moral Values and Teachings of Mythology and Epics

Mythology and epics, like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, teach us important moral values and lessons. They show us the importance of righteousness, doing our duty, and being responsible. They teach us to respect our elders and teachers and to be loyal and devoted to our loved ones. Compassion and forgiveness are also emphasized, as well as the ongoing battle between good and evil. These stories inspire us to seek wisdom and make wise choices in life. The moral values and teachings from mythology and epics continue to guide us and help us become better individuals in our personal and societal lives.

Indian mythology is a treasure chunk of ancient stories that have shaped Indian culture and beliefs. The epics like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana have along-lasting impact on literature, art, philosophy, and spirituality. These stories teach important lessons about morality, duty, justice,and the battle between good and evil. Indian mythology is deeply rooted in the traditions and beliefs of Indian civilization, making it an integral part of the cultural heritage. Its richness lies in its ability to inspire and captivate people of all ages, and its timeless tales continue to hold significance in modern times.

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Kuki women attending a protest in Churachandpur District in the northeastern state of Manipur, India, 22 July 2023. Photo by Adnan Abidi/Reuters

India and indigeneity

In a country of such extraordinary diversity, the un definition of ‘indigenous’ does little more than fuel ethnic violence.

by Dikshit Sarma Bhagabati   + BIO

In early May 2023, a video surfaced on social media of a mob of young men parading two naked women. With the women’s faces, bosoms and genitalia blurred, the boys could be heard chastising them: ‘Your men raped our women, now we will rape you.’ This happened in Manipur, a state in northeast India. ‘We’ denoted the Meiteis, the dominant tribe in the state, and ‘you’ the Kukis, their hill neighbours.

In December 2019, on the plains of neighbouring Assam, a huge civil-society movement against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was taking shape. The CAA is a controversial law that grants fast-track citizenship to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian – but not Muslim – immigrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. People across religions and classes took to the streets, raising slogans that ultimately boiled down to a common sentiment : ‘We are the sons of the soil, and they must be deported.’ Here, ‘we’ represented Assamese speakers, and ‘they’ referred to the Bangladeshi immigrants against whom the Assamese have been rallying since the mid-1970s.

The Assamese and Meitei nativists both drew on a common impulse to prefigure themselves as indigenous while reviling another as a threat to the purity of their indigeneity. However, against the claims of the Meiteis and the Assamese, the Kukis and the Bengali-speaking immigrants also maintain avowals of indigeneity.

Assam and Manipur are bordering states in the northeastern stretch of India. Located at the confluence of South Asia and Southeast Asia, the region serves as the country’s gateway to Tibet, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Since May 2023, the Meiteis and the Kukis have been engaged in an ethnic strife that has killed at least 175 people, injured 1,000 more, destroyed more than 4,000 houses, and left close to 70,000 displaced. Though the anti-CAA movement in Assam took far fewer lives, mostly resulting in the death of Assamese protesters due to police brutality, it brought civic and economic activities in the state to a standstill for close to two months. As much as the political conflicts in Manipur and Assam differ in important ways, both also feature groups with overlapping, at times even mutually exclusive, claims over land, nativity and nationhood that rest on the mantle of indigeneity. From caste-Hindu communities to tribes living in the contiguous highlands between India and Myanmar, multiple groups identify as indigenous. Yet none of them can fully satisfy the definition of indigenous peoples that has emerged in international law and Indian jurisprudence.

W hat international law has to say about indigeneity has repercussions outside courtrooms and global organisations. Since the 1960s, there has been a flow of ideas from decolonial struggles on the margins to influential legal institutions, defining who is indigenous and who is not. These definitions have then travelled back to the grassroots in vernacularised idioms. The intellectual itinerary of ‘indigeneity’ has been a circuit back and forth between the UN and its allied institutions, on the one hand, and societies in the Americas and Oceania that have experienced a wholesale replacement of their native populations, or settler colonialism, on the other. India, meanwhile, is mired in its own squabbles over tribality, caste and religion. Indian contests over forms of belonging do not quite accord with the efforts underway in the West to internationalise indigeneity.

Until about 50 years ago, indigenous peoples were completely absent from global institutions. Their legal personality arose in contrast to the enduring effects of the European conquest and the genocides in the Americas and Australia. It was only in 1971 that the UN finally admitted in ECOSOC Resolution 1589 (L) that ‘indigenous populations often encounter racial prejudice and discrimination’. Special Rapporteur José Martínez Cobo was then tasked with compiling a detailed report on the status of indigenous groups around the world. The prevalent belief at that point in time favoured the integration of these disenfranchised communities within their parent states. Cobo’s 25-chapter report , published over 12 years, offered a definition of indigeneity that still remains the dominant legal standard.

Indigeneity has become just another ambivalent and opportunity-costed postcolonial identity

To put it succinctly, Cobo constructed two objective markers of indigeneity: precolonial continuity and territorial rootedness. The first seeks to carve ‘historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies’. The second captures the intimate relationship that the indigenous share with their lands to differentiate them from ‘other sectors of the society’. In law and international covenants, these two criteria have become a hard-and-fast matrix to distinguish communities as indigenous and vest them with certain cultural and material rights. To this objective roster, the International Labour Organization’s handbook Understanding the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (1989) added a subjective element, allowing groups to self-identify as indigenous. We now have an awkward juridical position where the capacity to call oneself indigenous exists, but, in order to translate the entitlement into concrete rights, communities must rely on courts and international institutions that still encourage Cobo’s formula. Notably, Cobo’s objective criteria, along with subjective self-identification, loosely compose the putative understanding of indigeneity in the dialogue between international law and the struggles of the marginalised.

Over the past half century, the progress of indigenous rights has been so significant that communities today can harbour aspirations in international law to transcend the nation-states responsible for their historical enslavement. When municipal constitutionalism fails, the language of human rights provides an alternative framework for activism and action at multinational platforms – the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, for example. Creation stories, traditions of Dreaming, and other mythological or religious methods of land ownership can now be translated into the grammar of modern law to converse with the state and the civil society in the only voice they recognise. In India, on the contrary, competition over such strategic benefits has concocted a systemic trend of killing and maiming over who is more indigenous and to the exclusion of whom. Amid the country’s extraordinary diversity, indigeneity has become just another ambivalent and opportunity-costed postcolonial identity. Any liberatory promise of freedom contained within the concept has been obscured by violent recurrences of one Assam after another Manipur. In India, there really is no determinative way to spell out who is indigenous.

L et’s consider the insistence on precolonial continuity in Cobo’s definition, which has also become a commonsensical notion. The Meiteis in Manipur, who populate the plains, portray themselves as more indigenous since they have purportedly been living there for longer than the Kukis in the nearby hills. The Meiteis are largely Hindu, hence their sense of being there concomitantly fuses the Hindu Right’s impossible assertion of timeless sovereignty over India. The Kukis are predominantly Christian, and their conversion in the past 200 years is derided by the Meiteis as a break from their indigenous or tribal faith. The Kukis in turn dismiss Meitei indigeneity on the grounds that their Hindu affiliation should curtail any minority status. The recent violence in Manipur, after all, started after a High Court judgment recognising the Meiteis as a Scheduled Tribe, which would have given them affirmative action measures of a similar kind to that enjoyed by the Kukis. Tribality, or indigeneity, in India is not a trait to be determined once and for all, but is a dynamic assemblage of affinities and differences with respect to the caste-Hindu mainstream. Different communities can shift registers to indigeneity to proliferate a seemingly historical, anthropological or legal claim of belonging. But these truths, Manipur teaches us, are usually circumscribed by violent political or fundamentalist clashes.

The problem in Assam stems from the Assamese-speaking majority fearing that they will be rendered a minority in their own home if immigrants from Bangladesh are naturalised. Two facts cannot be denied. First, immigration is a reality in Assam. It began in the 19th century as a colonial policy of transporting labourers to cultivate inhospitable sandbars in the Brahmaputra basin, and was aggravated in the aftermath of the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war. Second, unlike the Hindu Right’s paranoia of Muslim domination, demographic overhauls are not uncommon to the Northeast. Between 1881 and 2011, the tribal population in the neighbouring state of Tripura dropped from 63.77 per cent to 31.78 per cent, turning them into a minority against Bengali immigrants. The Assamese thus have long been afraid of becoming homeless in their own home.

So, who is indigenous to Assam? In the 15th and 16th centuries, the caste-Hindu population was consolidated by a priestly class that came from mainland India. The Ahoms – the people who unified Assam and ruled the area until the British dethroned them in 1826 – themselves arrived here in the 13th century from South China. The tribes, likewise, can trace unhindered presence in the state only from the recent past, and have much older cultural ties across the Southeast Asian highlands. In protests, these communities all identify as Assamese speakers although some speak it only as a second language. They celebrate themselves as indigenous in distinction to Bengali immigrants. Most of these groups can show some magnitude of cultural uninterruptedness, truncated simply by an act of migration that clearly did not have colonial motives. But they also exhibit a xenophobia that frequently erupts as riots and the internment of Bangladeshi immigrants in premises harrowingly akin to concentration camps. To speak of precolonial continuity in this situation does not lead to any ascertainment of indigeneity; for the question of varying degrees and dynamics of continuity within the category of Assamese speakers cannot be resolved through Cobo’s criteria. The Assamese themselves do not care for greater clarity in their movements for belonging and self-determination. As a result, we have another instance where indigeneity in India is linked to exclusion and violence.

The contours of that indigenous personality are contested, so territory affords little help in identification

Cobo’s idea of territorial rootedness has produced another share of dangers. Territory in indigenous struggles entails more than land ownership. It often becomes a material venue that hosts fights against resource extraction. To talk of territory is to inaugurate dialogue between various indigenous peoples and between the indigenous and their settler neighbours about self-determination, co-managing resources, and apportioning legal entitlements. In India as well, marginalised communities have highlighted their profound associations with where they live to combat the militant-managerial state’s hunger for natural riches that lie beneath their sacred hills and rivers. But when these justified claims are redirected against rival groups for control over scarce resources, indigeneity becomes a morbid weapon.

The Kukis contend that the Meiteis’ preponderance in the Imphal Valley has enabled a monopoly over developmental initiatives. The Meiteis, on the other hand, allege that the Kukis threaten the territorial integrity of India. By accommodating ethnically similar immigrants from Myanmar in their villages, the Kukis supposedly have managed to boost their population to the brink of a demographic replacement. Their territorial relationship to an imagined ethnic terrain spread across the international border is taken by the Meiteis and Hindu nationalists as a token of disrespect to India’s sovereignty. Territory, by definition, is a political construction of geography. This is as valid elsewhere as it is in India. But in Australia and the Americas, movements around territorial control are oriented towards reclaiming the authority that European colonialism had invaded under the guise of terra nullius or barring the state from further expropriating these lands. In the settler-colonial societies of these continents, we can see coherence, in principle, in a reflexive distinction between indigenous and non-indigenous populations. In India, the contours of that indigenous personality itself are murky and contested, so territory affords little help in identification. It becomes another battleground.

In Assam, inclusion in the National Register of Citizens (NRC) required proving ancestry or residence in the state before 24 March 1971 through any one of 14 possible documents, among which were property records and electoral rolls. Many immigrants who had arrived recently managed to forge documents. Many who had been living in the state for generations lacked the necessary papers, and the state declared them foreigners. The government then planned to regularise the possession of numerous sandbars, the main home of immigrants, into ownership based on the new NRC. This project of who gets to rightfully call certain lands their own and who must be imprisoned prompted groups to manufacture nativity through a legal device to win property awards.

Unlike the Aboriginal peoples in Australia, very few communities in South Asia can backdate where they currently live to originary creation stories. For most, their communitarian folk identity is constitutive of constant movements. One can move upwards from Assam towards the Himalayas and would chance upon the Lisu people in Arunachal. Although they had migrated from modern-day Myanmar and China, they learned to call their current villages their undisturbed home until the state evicted them from their forests to create a national park. Or one can travel south to Mizoram’s border with Myanmar’s Chin State. Here the Bru people have been living under the threat of constant pogroms at the hands of the majority Mizo population. But the Mizo were quite content to open the borders for their ethnic brethren from Myanmar following the 2021 coup. The Mizo, the Bru and the Lisu are all tribal communities. Movement is at the heart of their history and selfhood. Any attempt to freeze this indeterminacy under the guise of indigeneity will only incite such groups to fight among themselves for supremacy over the territories where they now find themselves trapped.

I t might be possible to abjure Western notions of indigeneity drawn from their brush with settler colonialism and devise the concept anew for India. But doing so is not easy. Anthropologically, there remain doubts about how to objectively distinguish tribal formations. For the sake of argument, we can agree that those constitutionally designated as Scheduled Tribes are properly indigenous, irrespective of the heterogeneity within this classification itself. The difficulty arises when some tribal groups actually tend to fulfil Cobo’s criteria and still choose to represent themselves differently.

The word ‘Adivasi’ means original inhabitants. Some forest tribes use this self-referent as a more perspicacious name for their cultural uniqueness. Many present-day Adivasis trace their ancestry back by four millennia to the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Their association with their traditional forests, too, goes back to antiquity. Alas, we may have found the Indian indigenous. The Gond, the Oraon, the Santhals can well seek membership in the international cast. Adivasi is not an official term regulated by the state, thus all the other tribes in the Northeast may also join the bandwagon and begin to so denote themselves.

At present, however, these northeastern communities prefer their tribal identities over being hailed as Adivasi. Regardless of anthropological and historical uncertainty, both terms invoke similar attitudes, though ‘Adivasi’ foregrounds the entitlement of being original inhabitants, whereas ‘tribality’ underlines differentiation from the caste-Hindu, capitalist mainstream. Wanting to be indigenous as tribals is a political refusal to subscribe to Adivasi marginalisation. Still more, the Adivasis themselves hold on to their unique identification. It is not that they have never claimed to be indigenous. Nor is it the case that the concept has not been gaining popular appeal and theoretical currency of late. Rather, indigeneity for the Adivasis is a semantic gambit devoid of the conceptual baggage it carries in international law and popularly in the West. In their dealings with the state, civil society and mainstream populations, they present themselves by the chosen name of their organised solidarity – original inhabitants, quite indigenous, but à la an Adivasi, not an indigenous, people.

The Mizo, the Kukis, the Meiteis and others harness the term to help hide their wanton records

The Adivasis in the Chota Nagpur Plateau have grown tired of the Indian legal system’s prolonged failure to stop their lands from being mined and their forests from being cleared. In response, they conceived of a movement called Pathalgadi. They engraved their constitutional rights on gigantic stone tablets that are usually epitaphs to dead ancestors. The move signified the national civic legal order as dead to them because the communities wanted to show that they could represent their rights better than the Indian state. The solidarity they were striving to build was across Adivasi cosmologies and not the globalised index of indigeneity. For them, Adivasi was the politically loaded term, while indigeneity, when used intermittently, was just an everyday shorthand to translate the belonging they were fighting for into a language intelligible to all.

Even those who seem to fit the American and Australian template of indigeneity in India have an alternative way – an Adivasi way – to define themselves. This is in addition to the Mizo, the Kukis, the Meiteis and others who harness the term to help hide their wanton records. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples gives us an alternative to the deadlock of whether indigeneity or being indigenous in India is a strictly legal matter. It advocates the subjective right of groups to self-identify, which opens up the possibility of fostering the term as a political comparative to link select organised movements around the world. The prospects of these struggles rely on agreement as to who is indigenous. In India, the established criteria in international law and the dominant scholarship make the matter of indigeneity itself a source of confusion, ending up as a racialised justification for violence.

Be it in Assam or Manipur, or of the Mizo or the Pathalgadi Adivasis, their struggles are all geared towards self-determination. Conversely, their travails stem from the intrusion, apathy and high-handedness of the state. Why should they not fight for complete sovereignty, for freedom from the state that has failed them? One, international law denies sovereignty to indigenous self-determination. In fact, The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention of 1989 stipulates that ‘the term peoples’, when read with indigenous, ‘shall not be construed as having any implications as regards the rights which may attach to the term under international law’. Second, flirting with secessionism is a risky move, especially if the enemy now is not the courtroom or another community but the formal armed forces. Very few groups, therefore, exhibit consensus in desiring freedom at such high costs. And secessionism is not a guarantee against violence, however justified its cause might be. There is no assurance that partitioning Manipur into two separate states for the Kukis and the Meteis will ensure a peaceful population transfer or that xenophobia will wane out in an independent Assam. But a newfound zeal for full sovereignty in these places will disentangle indigeneity from what the people are actually struggling for – freedom from the disorder spawned by the Indian state.

Without any theoretical cohesion about what the term ‘indigenous’ denotes, it will continue to be an empty signifier that India has borrowed from elsewhere. The only substance behind it has proven to be violence. No doubt anthropologists, political theorists and critical legal scholars have also criticised the rigid Western design of indigeneity and cautioned against adopting it as a universally cogent concept. Many have also regretted the violence inflicted in its name. But in India these pathologies have become the rule. Since, as we saw, the fundamental method of designating indigeneity does not work here, there is no medium except violence to settle competing claims – neither a legal doctrine, nor any scope for public reasoning. This, in the end, brings us to two conclusions. First, no matter how vernacularised, localised or situated indigeneity gets as we move towards the grassroots, the persistence of a Western agent – be it in international law, academia or activism – means that the spectre of objective definitions will return every so often as conflicts even in places where they are supposed to work. Yet without transnational networks and some international supervision, there is no assurance that indigenous peoples anywhere will finally be free from pain and suffering in their home countries. Perhaps all experiences of oppression need not be articulated in the lexis of indigeneity. There are other political methods, like the Adivasis’, to envision a shared feeling of belonging somewhere before colonisers took over. Indigeneity may be useful for others, but we can pull the plug on it in India.

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Timeless Tresses: The Braid

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COMBS: FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN TIMES

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Panchatantra Tales: Empowering Readers with Timeless Wisdom

• Post author By Mala Chandrashekhar
• Post date May 20, 2023
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Introduction:

Throughout history, various cultures have shared stories that transcend time, imparting wisdom and moral lessons to generations. One such treasure trove of timeless tales is the Panchatantra, an ancient Indian collection of fables. Written by Vishnu Sharma, this literary masterpiece has enthralled readers for centuries with its engaging narratives and profound teachings. In this blog post, we will explore some of the timeless stories from the Panchatantra and the invaluable life lessons they offer.

• The Lion and the Hare: In this tale, a clever hare outwits a ferocious lion by exploiting its pride and arrogance. The story teaches us that intelligence and wit can overcome physical strength. It reminds us to use our wisdom and ingenuity to navigate challenging situations rather than relying solely on brute force.

Lesson: “Brains over brawn.”

• The Tortoise and the Geese: The story revolves around a tortoise seeking the help of two geese to migrate to a safer place. The geese agree to carry the tortoise in their beaks and warn him against speaking during the journey. However, the tortoise, unable to resist boasting, opens his mouth and falls to his demise. The story teaches us the importance of discretion, keeping our secrets, and the perils of unnecessary self-disclosure.

Lesson: “Think before you speak.”

• The Monkey and the Crocodile: This story narrates the friendship between a monkey and a crocodile. The cunning crocodile tricks the monkey into visiting his home to feed his wife, intending to eat the monkey. However, the monkey’s wit saves him by using his knowledge of the crocodile’s true intentions. This tale teaches us the significance of discerning true friends from those with ulterior motives.

Lesson: “Beware of false friendships.”

• The Blue Jackal: The story revolves around a jackal who accidentally falls into a tub of blue dye and emerges as a blue jackal. Other animals, mistaking his appearance for a unique creature, become terrified and bow down to him. The blue jackal revels in his newfound power until he reveals his true identity while howling. The moral of the story is that external appearances are deceptive, and true worth lies in one’s character.

Lesson: “Don’t judge a book by its cover.”

• The Mice and the Elephants: This story depicts a group of mice deciding to rid themselves of their elephant oppressors by climbing onto their backs and causing them discomfort. However, when the mice succeed, they inadvertently kill one of the elephants, facing dire consequences for their hasty actions. The tale emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences before taking impulsive actions.

Lesson: “Think before you act.”

Here are a few more story ideas inspired by the Panchatantra:

1.The Clever Crows: A group of crows faces a food shortage and devises a plan to deceive a flock of eagles to share their abundant resources, teaching the importance of teamwork and strategy.

Lesson – Teamwork and strategy can overcome difficult situations.

2.The Elephant and the Ant: An arrogant elephant dismisses the help of a tiny ant, but soon realizes the ant’s bravery and resourcefulness when facing a common enemy, highlighting the significance of humility and valuing others.

Lesson – Humility and valuing others regardless of their size or stature.

3.The Greedy Dog: A dog finds a bone and becomes possessive, losing it in a river while attempting to snatch another dog’s bone. The story emphasizes the perils of greed and the importance of contentment.

Lesson – The perils of greed and the importance of contentment.

4.The Fox and the Grapes: A fox tries to reach a cluster of juicy grapes hanging high above. Unable to reach them, the fox convinces itself that the grapes are sour, teaching the lesson of sour grapes and overcoming disappointment gracefully.

Lesson – Overcoming disappointment gracefully and avoiding sour grapes.

5.The Wise Owl’s Counsel: Animals approach a wise owl seeking advice for their problems. Through the owl’s guidance and wisdom, each animal learns to overcome their challenges and find solutions, highlighting the importance of seeking counsel and wise guidance.

Lesson – Seeking wise guidance and counsel to overcome challenges.

6.The Talking Cave: Two travelers stumble upon a cave that grants them the ability to understand the language of animals. They learn valuable lessons from the conversations they overhear, emphasizing the significance of observation and learning from others.

Lesson – The power of observation and learning from others.

7.The Monkey and the Cap Seller: A cap seller takes a nap, and mischievous monkeys steal all his caps. The cap seller cleverly retrieves them by imitating the monkeys’ behavior, illustrating the power of outwitting through understanding.

Lesson – Outwitting through understanding and adapting to situations.

8.The Miser and His Gold: A miser hoards his gold but eventually loses it all. Through his misfortune, he learns the importance of generosity and the true value of wealth lies in sharing and helping others.

Lesson – The true value of wealth lies in sharing and generosity.

9.The Swan and the Stork: A swan and a stork become friends, but their different habitats cause them distress. They learn to embrace their differences and appreciate the uniqueness of their own environments, teaching the lesson of accepting diversity.

Lesson – Accepting diversity and appreciating the uniqueness of different environments.

10.The Talking Drum: A magical drum imparts wisdom and advice to a musician, guiding him on a journey of self-discovery and the pursuit of his true passion, emphasizing the importance of following one’s heart.

Lesson – Following one’s heart and pursuing true passion.

These story ideas are further developed, adding characters, conflicts, and resolutions to create engaging narratives that encapsulate the essence of moral lessons and wisdom from the great Panchatantra tales.

Conclusion:

The Panchatantra’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to engage readers of all ages and cultures with its captivating stories and profound wisdom. These timeless tales provide invaluable life lessons that are as relevant today as they were centuries ago.

Through the adventures of animals and humans, the Panchatantra teaches us valuable principles of wisdom, wit, friendship, discretion, and self-reflection. As we immerse ourselves in these ageless stories, we unlock a treasure trove of knowledge that enriches our lives and shapes our character.

Let us cherish and pass down these invaluable tales from the Panchatantra for generations to come.

By Mala Chandrashekhar

Introducing Blogger Mala Chandrashekhar - A specialist academically trained in modern Western sciences, yet deeply enamored with India's timeless ethnic arts, crafts, and textiles. Her heart beats for the rich and glorious cultural and spiritual heritage of India, and she has dedicated her entire blog to spreading the immortal glories of ancient India worldwide. Through her simple yet impactful blog posts, Mala aims to reach every nook and corner of the globe, sharing India's beauty and wisdom with the world.

But Mala doesn't stop at just sharing her own thoughts and ideas. She welcomes constructive criticisms and suggestions to improve her blog and make it even more impactful. And if you share her passion for India's culture and heritage, she extends a warm invitation for high-quality guest blog posts.

Ready to dive into the world of India's ageless beauty? Follow Mala on LinkedIn, Twitter & Facebook and join her in spreading the magic of ancient India to the world.

LinkedIn Profile: https://in.linkedin.com/in/mala-chandrashekhar-04095917a Twitter Handle: @MalaCShekhar Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/mala.chandrashekhar

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Who Are the Far-Right Groups Behind the U.K. Riots?

After a deadly stabbing at a children’s event in northwestern England, an array of online influencers, anti-Muslim extremists and fascist groups have stoked unrest, experts say.

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By Esther Bintliff and Eve Sampson

Esther Bintliff reported from London, and Eve Sampson from New York.

Violent unrest has erupted in several towns and cities in Britain in recent days, and further disorder broke out on Saturday as far-right agitators gathered in demonstrations around the country.

The violence has been driven by online disinformation and extremist right-wing groups intent on creating disorder after a deadly knife attack on a children’s event in northwestern England, experts said.

A range of far-right factions and individuals, including neo-Nazis, violent soccer fans and anti-Muslim campaigners, have promoted and taken part in the unrest, which has also been stoked by online influencers .

Prime Minister Keir Starmer has vowed to deploy additional police officers to crack down on the disorder. “This is not a protest that has got out of hand,” he said on Thursday. “It is a group of individuals who are absolutely bent on violence.”

Here is what we know about the unrest and some of those involved.

Where have riots taken place?

The first riot took place on Tuesday evening in Southport, a town in northwestern England, after a deadly stabbing attack the previous day at a children’s dance and yoga class. Three girls died of their injuries, and eight other children and two adults were wounded.

The suspect, Axel Rudakubana , was born in Britain, but in the hours after the attack, disinformation about his identity — including the false claim that he was an undocumented migrant — spread rapidly online . Far-right activists used messaging apps including Telegram and X to urge people to take to the streets.

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