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UGC notifies new regulations on PhD degrees, here's what has changed

The ugc has announced new norms for phd degrees that include significant modifications to the qualifications for admission, the application process, and the evaluation procedures.

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First Published: Nov 10 2022 | 10:37 PM IST

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UGC notifies new draft regulations for PhD

The University Grants Commission on Thursday released draft regulations for candidates aspiring to pursue PhD.

The new rules have it that candidates must have an aggregate score over 55% in undergraduate courses and have a one or two-years master’s degree. Else, the candidate must have B grade or above on the UGC 10-point scale.

The new rules apply to every University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act, or a State Act, and every Institution Deemed to be a University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 and every degree-granting autonomous College and every affiliated college, allowed to offer PhD programmes. A candidate seeking admission after a 4-year/8-semester Bachelor’s degree with Research should have a minimum CGPA of 7.5/10

Also, candidates who have cleared the M Phi with at least 55% marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade ‘B’ in the UGC 10-point scale (or an equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed) or an equivalent degree from a Foreign Institution accredited by an Assessment and Accreditation Agency which is approved, recognized or authorized by an authority, established or incorporated under a law in its home country or any other statutory authority in that country to assess, accredit or assure quality and standards of educational institutions are eligible for admission to the PhD programme as per the new draft regulations of the UGC.

Guidelines have been released even for admissions. “All Universities shall admit PhD scholars through a National Eligibility Test (NET) or National Entrance Test or an Entrance test conducted at the level of individual universities,” the draft reads.

The UGC has invited suggestions and feedback from all stakeholders, and these must be sent to the UGC before March 31, 2022. 

Also read: UGC to allow PhD under distance education

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PhD not necessary to teach in varsities: The new UGC guidelines explained

The UGC has scrapped its 2018 regulation that had made PhD mandatory for candidates applying for assistant professor jobs at colleges and universities. While some have welcomed the move, others argue it will reduce the ‘quality’ of the post

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree is no longer mandatory to apply for the post of assistant professor at higher education institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has taken back its 2018 regulation that had made PhD a must for the appointment of teachers in colleges and universities.

Speaking to news agency PTI, UGC chairman Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar said, “PhD qualification for appointment as an assistant professor would continue to be optional. The National Eligibility Test (NET), State Eligibility Test (SET) and State Level Eligibility Test (SLET) shall be the minimum criteria for the direct recruitment to the post of assistant professor for all higher education institutions”.

What happened in 2018 and why has the UGC reversed its decision now? Let’s take a closer look.

Tracing the beginning

In June 2018, the education ministry (known as human resource development ministry at the time) made PhD compulsory for hiring assistant professors at higher education institutions from 2021.

In a notification released in July 2018, the UGC said, “The PhD degree shall be a mandatory qualification for direct recruitment to the post of Assistant Professor in Universities with effect from 01.07.2021.”

The move was opposed by staff from different universities who argued that several candidates could not complete their PhDs amid the COVID-19 pandemic and urged the Centre to relax the criteria.

In October 2021, the UGC deferred the July 2021 deadline for making PhD mandatory to July 2023 in view of the pandemic.

Union education minister Dharmendra Pradhan had said at the time, “We believe that a PhD is not required to become an assistant professor. This condition cannot be kept if good talent is to be drawn to teaching. Yes, it is required at the level of associate professors and professors. But a PhD for an assistant professor is perhaps not favourable in our system and that’s why we have rectified it”.

What is the UGC saying now?

Even before the mandatory PhD criteria could be implemented, the UGC completely scrapped it.

A notification in this regard by the UGC dated 30 June said that the University Grants Commission (Minimum Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers and Other Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and other Measures for the Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education) Regulations, 2018, have been amended.

A PhD degree is optional for applying to assistant professor posts in colleges and universities. Candidates who have cleared NET, SET or SLET will be eligible for appointment.

These new regulations came into effect on 1 July 2023. UGC chairman Kumar said that “depending on the number of applications in higher education institutions received in a given discipline, the shortlisting criteria can be fixed above the minimum standards set by UGC to invite a manageable number of candidates for the interview,” reported Hindustan Times (HT).

Explaining the reason behind the new regulations, Kumar told The Indian Express , “In certain disciplines such as policy-making, design, foreign languages, law, architecture and other similar subjects, universities often find it difficult to get candidates with a PhD. Removal of mandatory PhD conditions at the entry-level will help universities in recruiting candidates with a flair for teaching but without a PhD. They, of course, need to complete their PhD to move to the next level [of associate professor>.”

He added that the changes would not affect the quality of education.

On Thursday (6 July), Kumar issued a clarification and said PhD holders do not need to clear NET, SET, or SLET to apply for assistant professor posts.

“For those with a Master’s degree, UGC-NET/SLET/SET is the minimum requirement for the direct recruitment as an Assistant Professor, and 2) Ph.D. degree holders, awarded as per UGC Regulations, are eligible for direct recruitment to the post of Assistant Professor and are exempted from UGC-NET/SLET/SET. Depending on the number of applications received in a given discipline, HEIs (higher education institutions) can use suitable criteria given in the regulations for appointment at the Assistant Professor level.”

Assistant Professor and are exempted from UGC-NET/SLET/SET. Depending on the number of applications received in a given discipline, HEIs can use suitable criteria given in the regulations for appointment at the Assistant Professor level. pic.twitter.com/sjrOjAtjim — Mamidala Jagadesh Kumar (@mamidala90) July 6, 2023

Moreover, a PhD degree will still be required for promotion to the post of associate professor. “Therefore, even if someone joins as an assistant professor without a PhD, the faculty member, while teaching in the HEI, has to do good quality research and obtain a PhD to be eligible for promotion to the next level leading to improved research outcomes in HEIs,” he said, as per HT.

New regulation gets mixed reaction

Abha Dev Habib, an associate professor at Delhi University (DU), welcomed the move. “The DU Teachers Association has always opposed the requirement of PhD for assistant professors in universities. Such a requirement affects the entry of candidates from marginalised sections since most of them do not have the resources and support to pursue PhD,” she was quoted as saying by The Telegraph.

Habib claimed that the mandatory PhD requirement was “prompting candidates to pursue research courses without rigour”, thus hurting their quality of research.

However, some have expressed dismay at the decision.

Speaking to Indian Express, Ajeya Vajpayee, PhD candidate at DU’s Department of History, claimed the move will bring down the “quality” of assistant professors.

“It will definitely tone down the quality of assistant professors because we go through a rigorous learning process during the 5-6 years of the PhD programme. With MPhil scrapped, which prepares the students in a big way for the colossal work that they take up during their doctoral research, there’s definitely a downside to it,” she argued.

Rishabh Pandey, PhD candidate in Psychology, IIT Kanpur told Indian Express , It is disheartening for those who spent five to seven years of their lives pursuing a PhD degree, to get the job of an assistant professor, and now it’s not even a compulsion.”

With inputs from agencies

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PhD admission: New UGC guidelines to be implemented from 2022-23

New guidelines of university grants commission (ugc) for phd scholars would be implemented in allahabad university (au) from academic session 2022-23.

New guidelines of University Grants Commission (UGC) for PhD scholars would be implemented in Allahabad University (AU) from academic session 2022-23.

Since, AU would be holding admissions for the PhD courses against the vacant seats at the main campus and its constituent colleges for the academic session 2021-22, the UGC guidelines for PhD aspirants who haven’t cleared National Eligibility Test (NET) or aren’t eligible for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) won’t be implemented at AU.

Once the guidelines are implemented, AU like other universities, would have to reserve 60 percent of the vacant seats of PhD courses for candidates who have passed NET or have bagged JRF, AU officials said.

The remaining 40 percent seats will be filled by conducting Combined Research Entrance Test (CRET). The UGC has sent a proposal to all the central universities and AU has started making the necessary preparation, said AU officials.

“According to the guidelines issued by the UGC for admission to PhD courses at AU, NET and JRF qualified candidates will be given due reservation in PhD admission from academic session 2022-23,” said public relation officer (PRO), prof Jaya Kapoor.

Presently the admission process for the academic session 2021-22 through CRET-2021 at AU has commenced. So, admission in this session will be done the same way as was done in previous years.

The last date of application is May 16. Admission will be given against 614 vacant seats of 41 subjects. Of these, 227 seats are at AU and 387 seats are in constituent colleges. The maximum number of 62 seats is in department of Chemistry. At the same time, there are no seats in Urdu, Persian, Agriculture Botany and Rural Technology. Through CRET, admission will be given in PhD in AU, CMP degree College, Allahabad degree College, Iswar Saran Degree College, Jagat Taran Girls Degree College, SS Khanna Degree College, Arya Kanya Degree College, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Government Degree College and Ewing Christian College (ECC).

NET-JRF qualified students will also have to appear in the level one of the CRET for admission to PhD courses for the academic session 2021 at AU. In level-II i.e. interview, a weightage of three additional marks will be given to NET and five marks to JRF candidates, officials said.

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New Delhi: Academicians are wary of the University Grants Commission (UGC)’s latest regulation which says that students who have completed a four-year undergraduate course can now directly pursue a doctoral degree. Academics say these students will have no research experience and will be lost in the first few years of their study.

Another argument raised by academicians was that the implementation of the four-year undergraduate programme, as devised under the National Education Policy (NEP), has not been brought into effect in all universities. Since this undergraduation is a prerequisite for a direct entry into the PhD program, current students will have to continue to pursue a Master’s degree to be eligible for the same.

Rohit, Assistant Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), said that in the Indian higher education system, every programme has served a purpose. The bachelors course introduces the student to a subject, master’s offers a specialisation, an M.Phil degree gives them an interim training to conduct research and then ultimately the PhD helps them establish themselves as a subject matter expert. The latest regulations disrupt this structure.

He said “It does seem like the UGC is trying to emulate the American system of an integrated PhD but it stands to do more damage than good. Without specialised knowledge in a discipline, no student can write a doctoral research paper, be it a humanities or a sciences student.”

Adding that the move will discourage students from joining doctoral programs, he argued “At JNU we have seen the academic rigour of students improve with time and degrees. Students who have not had excellent education in their undergraduate degree will naturally shy away from going for a doctorate when they are not able to perform on par with their contemporaries in their graduate degree courses or masters courses itself.”

Also Read: ‘Need well-rounded professionals’ — why IITs, IIMs & IIITs are giving humanities a new thrust

Removal of M.Phil, master’s programmes 

Associate Professor Debraj Mookerjee of the Ramjas College in Delhi University said the scrapping of the clause mandating students to publish research papers in journals is a positive move. However, the decision to remove the M.Phil and master’s programme will force students to spend the first couple of years of the doctoral study in learning research methodology.

He said “The bachelors and master’s programme in our country is designed in a way where students do not get to conduct any research. While the M.Phil programme gave them the space to conduct a full-fledged research, its removal will pose an issue for aspiring doctorate students. They will be forced to spend the first couple of years of their doctoral study trying to figure out the process.”

Srikanth Kondapalli, the Dean of School of International Studies and a Professor of China studies at the JNU, said that while the move seems to be a measure by the UGC to implement the NEP, there are not enough undergraduate colleges with a four-year programme.

“The scrapping of the M.Phil degree made sense since it now makes the pursuit of a doctorate degree at par with universal standards. However, at JNU, where students from all regions and strata of the society come in, the M.Phil served as a preparatory course for those students who did not have the calibre to pursue a doctoral degree.”

He added, “Since the implementation of the NEP’s four-year-long undergraduate programmes has not been brought into effect in all universities across the country, this provision stands to help tech students more.”

On removal of the need for publishing research articles in peer-reviewed publications, Prof Mookerjee said, “For the past couple of years, we have witnessed an increase in the number of bogus journals in which students would pay money to get published. This provision will put a stop to publication of poor quality research papers.”

Learning right methodology is vital

Prof Pankaj Kumar of the Allahabad University said that the UGC has made the higher education institutions a field of rigorous experimentation. Research for all doctoral students has to be an endeavour that they can achieve only if they have an academic bent of mind and have the motivation to conduct research on their own.

He said, “Students have lost the bent for research post the coming of the internet. Most of their work is a simple copy and paste. In addition to this, with the removal of courses that teach them how to conduct research, students will not be able to conduct research.”

He added that pre-doctoral courses, at par with international standards, is the need of the hour so that interested students can learn the right methodology and design to work towards their doctorate degree.

The new PhD regulations — “University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022” — says a candidate should have a minimum of 75 per cent marks in “aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed”.

If not, the student has to pursue a one-year master’s programme and score at least 55 per cent.

The rules further say “A 1-year master’s degree programme after a 4-year bachelor’s degree programme, or a 2-year master’s degree programme after a 3-year bachelor’s degree programme, or qualifications declared equivalent to the master’s degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory body, with at least 55 per cent marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed” will be required.

The UGC has removed the clause “publishing paper in a peer-reviewed journal” as mandatory for a PhD. The 2016 regulations had said that PhD scholars “must publish at least one research paper in a refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences/seminars before the submission of the dissertation/thesis for adjudication”.

The latest regulations by UGC have also brought in several provisions to improve the quality of research by students and aid provided by their mentors/guides. Women candidates and persons with disability will be given extra time to finish their research.

Scholars who were previously required to appear before the Research Advisory Committee to present their findings and progress once every six months will now have to do so every semester.

The new rules bars faculty members with less than three years of service left before superannuation from taking new students. While the move encourages the entry of an increased number of students into PhD programs, the previously proposed common entrance test for PhDs has been left out.

The new regulations also allow each supervisor to guide up to two international research scholars in addition to their domestic students.

(Edited by Geethalakshmi Ramanathan)

Also Read: Only 34% Indian schools have internet access, less than 50% have functional computers, shows data

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CDC updates Covid isolation guidelines for people who test positive

People who test positive for Covid no longer need to isolate for five days , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday.

The CDC’s new guidance now matches public health advice for flu and other respiratory illnesses: Stay home when you’re sick, but return to school or work once you’re feeling better and you’ve been without a fever for 24 hours.

The shift reflects sustained decreases in the most severe outcomes of Covid since the beginning of the pandemic, as well as a recognition that many people aren’t testing themselves for Covid anyway.

“Folks often don’t know what virus they have when they first get sick, so this will help them know what to do, regardless,” CDC director Dr. Mandy Cohen said during a media briefing Friday.

Over the past couple of years, weekly hospital admissions for Covid have fallen by more than 75%, and deaths have decreased by more than 90%, Cohen said.

“To put that differently, in 2021, Covid was the third leading cause of death in the United States. Last year, it was the 10th,” Dr. Brendan Jackson, head of respiratory virus response within the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, said during the briefing.

Many doctors have been urging the CDC to lift isolation guidance for months, saying it did little to stop the spread of Covid.

The experiences of California and Oregon , which previously lifted their Covid isolation guidelines, proved that to be true.

“Recent data indicate that California and Oregon, where isolation guidance looks more like CDC’s updated recommendations, are not experiencing higher Covid-19 emergency department visits or hospitalizations,” Jackson said.

Changing the Covid isolation to mirror what’s recommended for flu and other respiratory illnesses makes sense to Dr. David Margolius, the public health director for the city of Cleveland.

“We’ve gotten to the point where we are suffering from flu at a higher rate than Covid,” he said. “What this guidance will do is help to reinforce that— regardless of what contagious respiratory viral infection you have — stay home when you’re sick, come back when you’re better.”

Dr. Kristin Englund, an infectious diseases expert at the Cleveland Clinic, said the new guidance would be beneficial in curbing the spread of all respiratory viruses.

“I think this is going to help us in the coming years to make sure that our numbers of influenza and RSV cases can also be cut down, not just Covid,” she said.

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Still, the decision was likely to draw criticism from some clinicians who point to the fact that the U.S. logged 17,310 new Covid hospitalizations in the past week alone.

“It’s something that is likely to draw a wide array of opinions and perhaps even conflicting opinions,” said Dr. Faisal Khan, Seattle’s director of public health. “But [the CDC’s] rationale is sound in that the pandemic is now in a very different phase from where it was in 2021 or 2022 or 2023.”

Though the isolation guidelines have been wiped away, the CDC still encourages people to play it safe for five days after they are feeling better. That includes masking around vulnerable people and opening windows to improve the flow of fresh air indoors.

The majority of viral spread happens when people are the sickest. “As the days go on, less virus spreads,” Cohen said.

People at higher risk for severe Covid complications, such as the elderly, people with weak immune systems and pregnant women, may need to take additional precautions.

Dr. Katie Passaretti, chief epidemiologist at Atrium Health in Charlotte, said it was a “move in the positive direction.”

“We are continuing to edge into what the world looks like after Covid, with Covid being one of many respiratory viruses that are certain that circulate,” she said.

The new guidance is for the general public only, and does not include isolation guidelines in hospital settings, which is generally 10 days.

On Wednesday, the agency said that adults 65 and older should get a booster shot of the Covid vaccine this spring. It’s anticipated that the nation will experience an uptick in the illness later this summer.

Winter and summer waves of Covid have emerged over the past four years, with cases peaking in January and August, respectively, according to the  CDC .

Another, reformulated, shot is expected to be available and recommended this fall.

CDC’s main tips for reducing Covid spread:

• Get the Covid vaccine whenever it is available. Cohen said that 95% of people who were hospitalized with Covid this past winter had not received the latest vaccine.
• Cover coughs and sneezes, and wash hands frequently.
• Increase ventilation by opening windows, using air purifiers and gathering outside when possible.

Erika Edwards is a health and medical news writer and reporter for NBC News and "TODAY."

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In a pandemic milestone, the NIH ends guidance on COVID treatment

Pfizer's Paxlovid combines two antiviral drugs to fight the virus that causes COVID-19. Joe Raedle/Getty Images hide caption

Pfizer's Paxlovid combines two antiviral drugs to fight the virus that causes COVID-19.

These days, if you're sick with COVID-19 and you're at risk of getting worse, you could take pills like Paxlovid or get an antiviral infusion.

By now, these drugs have a track record of doing pretty well at keeping people with mild to moderate COVID-19 out of the hospital.

The availability of COVID-19 treatments has evolved over the past four years, pushed forward by the rapid accumulation of data and by scientists and doctors who pored over every new piece of information to create evidence-based guidance on how to best care for COVID-19 patients.

One very influential set of guidelines — viewed more than 50 million times and used by doctors around the world — is the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

"I think everyone [reading this] will remember [spring of] 2020, when we did not know how to treat COVID and around the country, people were trying different things," recalls Dr. Rajesh Gandhi , an infectious diseases specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital and a member of the NIH's COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Around that time, people were popping tablets of hydroxychloroquine and buying livestock stores out of ivermectin, when there was no proof that either of these drugs worked against infection by the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 ( later studies showed that they are ineffective ).

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It was early in the COVID-19 pandemic when the NIH convened a panel of more than 40 experts and put out its first guidelines, which became a reference for doctors around the world.

For the next few years, it was an "all hands on deck" endeavor, says Dr. Cliff Lane , director of the clinical research division at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and a co-chair of the panel.

Panel members met several times a week to review the latest scientific literature and debate data in preprints. They updated their official guidance frequently, sometimes two or three times a month.

End of an era

Lately, the development of new COVID-19 treatments has slowed to a drip, prompting the guideline group to rethink its efforts. "I don't know that there was a perfect moment [to end it], but ... the frequency of calls that we needed to have began to decrease, and then on occasion we would be canceling one of our regularly scheduled calls," says Lane. "It's probably six months ago we started talking about — What will be the end? How do we end it in a way that we don't create a void?"

The last version of the NIH's COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines was issued in February. The archives of the guidance — available online until August — document how scientific understanding and technological progress evolved during the pandemic.

Lane says specialty doctors groups — such as the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of America — will be the keepers of COVID-19 treatment guidance from now on. They're the usual stewards of best-practice guidelines anyway, he says.

At this transition point, panel members say the evolution of COVID-19 treatments offers lessons for dealing with new emerging infectious diseases.

Turning points in treatment

In the spring of 2020, hospitals in parts of the U.S. were filling up with the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 patients. "We were just learning how the disease progressed. Our first guideline [ issued that April ] was, basically, we don't know what does and doesn't work," says Gandhi, of Massachusetts General Hospital. "But we did learn fairly quickly — mostly in hospitalized patients — what did work."

By June 2020, data supported a treatment plan for very ill patients: Use steroids like dexamethasone to stop the body's immune system from attacking itself, and combine them with antivirals, to stop the virus from replicating.

Then, about a year into the pandemic, came another turning point: solid evidence that early treatment with lab-made antibodies could help keep COVID-19 patients out of the hospital. "This was a somewhat unexpected and dramatic [positive] effect," Lane says, noting that previous attempts to develop antibody therapies against influenza were unsuccessful.

The way these drugs, called monoclonal antibodies, worked out "provided so much insight into the virus itself," says Dr. Phyllis Tien , of the University of California, San Francisco, and a member of the COVID-19 treatment panel. While initially successful, the antibodies targeted the coronavirus's fast-changing spike protein. New strains of the coronavirus would knock out each new antibody version in about a year .

This cat-and-mouse strategy didn't last.

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How monoclonal antibodies lost the fight with new covid variants.

By the end of 2021, the Food and Drug Administration authorized two pill courses that COVID-19 patients could try taking at home to get better: Merck's molnupiravir and Pfizer's Paxlovid, a combination of two antiviral drugs: ritonavir and nirmatrelvir.

"Both have, as I like to say, warts," says Carl Dieffenbach , director of the AIDS division at NIAID and part of the agency's program to develop antivirals for pandemics. "Molnupiravir's warts are that it works marginally," meaning the data shows that it isn't very effective. And while Paxlovid works pretty well, it can't be taken with a lot of common drugs. "[Many] doctors are uncomfortable or unwilling to manage ... [patients] who should take it, but are on a statin or some other drug through the process," Dieffenbach says.

Another antiviral drug, remdesivir , is also considered fairly effective for treating mild to moderate COVID-19, though it's harder for patients to access, as it's administered intravenously. The drug company Gilead tried to make it into a pill, but it didn't work .

Underuse of effective treatment

The hurdles that come with each of these outpatient treatments have contributed to low usage rates among the patients they're intended to help, says Jenny Shen , a research scientist at the CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health.

Shen's research found that at the height of the pandemic, just 2% of COVID-19 patients reported getting molnupiravir and 15% reported getting Paxlovid, among those considered to be eligible for the drugs.

The study uses data from 2021-2022 — a time when the federal government bought these drugs from manufacturers and provided them free to states, health centers and pharmacies. Shen notes that rates of use have likely further declined since late 2023, after the drugs got transitioned to the commercial market , since they're "not as free as before" and, in many cases, require copayments.

Goats and Soda

Coronavirus faq: is paxlovid the best treatment is it underused in the u.s..

Another part of the problem is that doctors can be reluctant to prescribe these outpatient treatments, since they can be difficult to manage if a patient has other health problems, Shen says.

Yet another challenge is that many patients with risk factors just don't believe they'll get very sick. "A dilemma we have observed is that patients want to see how severe their disease may become," but in waiting, they become ill beyond the point where the treatment would help, Shen says.

Even now, when some 13,000 people are getting hospitalized with COVID-19 each week, more patient education on how the drugs work and when they're most effective could help those who are sick make better-informed decisions, she says.

There's one more COVID-19 drug in late-stage clinical trials that could be promising, says Dieffenbach. It's a pill course by the Japanese company Shionogi that's getting tested for its efficacy against both acute and long COVID. "I'm waiting to see how this all turns out," he says, "But then that's it. That's what's in the pipeline" for the near future.

• COVID treatments

Mortality in the United States, 2022

NCHS Data Brief No. 492, March 2024

PDF Version (435 KB)

Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Sherry L. Murphy, B.S., Jiaquan Xu, M.D., and Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D.

• Key findings

How long can we expect to live?

What are the age-adjusted death rates for race-ethnicity-sex groups, did age-specific death rates in 2022 change from 2021 for those age 1 year and older, what are the death rates for the 10 leading causes of death, what are the mortality rates for the 10 leading causes of infant death and for infant deaths overall, definitions, data source and methods, about the authors, suggested citation.

Data from the National Vital Statistics System

• Life expectancy for the U.S. population in 2022 was 77.5 years, an increase of 1.1 years from 2021.
• The age-adjusted death rate decreased by 9.2% from 879.7 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2021 to 798.8 in 2022.
• Age-specific death rates increased from 2021 to 2022 for age groups 1–4 and 5–14 years and decreased for all age groups 15 years and older.
• The 10 leading causes of death in 2022 remained the same as in 2021, although some causes changed ranks. Heart disease and cancer remained the top 2 leading causes in 2022.
• The infant mortality rate was 560.4 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2022, an increase of 3.1% from the rate in 2021 (543.6).

This report presents final 2022 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, age-adjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, the 10 leading causes of death, infant mortality rates, and the 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2022 and 2021 final data ( 1 ).

Keywords : life expectancy, leading cause, National Vital Statistics System

In 2022, life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years for the total U.S. population—an increase of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021 ( Figure 1 ). For males, life expectancy increased 1.3 years from 73.5 in 2021 to 74.8 in 2022. For females, life expectancy increased 0.9 year from 79.3 in 2021 to 80.2 in 2022.

In 2022, the difference in life expectancy between females and males was 5.4 years, a decrease of 0.4 year from 2021.

In 2022, life expectancy at age 65 for the total population was 18.9 years, an increase of 0.5 year from 2021. For males, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.5 year from 17.0 in 2021 to 17.5 in 2022. For females, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.5 year from 19.7 in 2021 to 20.2 in 2022. The difference in life expectancy at age 65 between females and males was 2.7 years in 2022, unchanged from 2021.

Figure 1. Life expectancy at birth and age 65, by sex: United States, 2021 and 2022

The age-adjusted death rate for the total population decreased 9.2% from 879.7 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population in 2021 to 798.8 in 2022 ( Figure 2 ).

From 2021 to 2022, age-adjusted death rates, corrected for race and ethnicity misclassification, decreased 15.4% for Hispanic males (915.6 to 774.2) and 14.5% for Hispanic females (599.8 to 512.9). Among the non-Hispanic population, death rates decreased 15.9% for American Indian and Alaska Native males (1,717.5 to 1,444.1), 14.0% for American Indian and Alaska Native females (1,236.6 to 1,063.6), 9.7% for Asian males (578.1 to 522.2), 9.3% for Asian females (391.1 to 354.9), 8.5% for Black males (1,380.2 to 1,263.3), 11.8% for Black females (921.9 to 813.2), 7.9% for White males (1,055.3 to 971.9), and 7.8% for White females (750.6 to 691.9).

Figure 2. Age-adjusted death rate, by race and Hispanic origin and sex: United States, 2021 and 2022

From 2021 to 2022, death rates increased 12.0% for age group 1–4 (from 25.0 deaths per 100,000 population in 2021 to 28.0 in 2022) and increased 7.0% for age group 5–14 (14.3 to 15.3) ( Figure 3 ).

Age-specific rates decreased 10.6% for age group 15–24 (88.9 to 79.5), 9.6% for 25–34 (180.8 to 163.4), 11.3% for 35–44 (287.9 to 255.4), 14.6% for 45–54 (531.0 to 453.3), 11.2% for 55–64 (1,117.1 to 992.1), 8.0% for 65–74 (2,151.3 to 1,978.7), 8.0% for 75–84 (5,119.4 to 4,708.2), and 8.6% for 85 and older (15,743.3 to 14,389.6).

Figure 3. Death rate for age 1 year and older: United States, 2021 and 2022

In 2022, the 10 leading causes of death remained the same as in 2021. The top leading cause in 2022 was heart disease, followed by cancer ( Figure 4 ).

Four causes changed rank from 2021. Unintentional injuries, the 4th leading cause of death in 2021, became the 3rd leading cause in 2022, while COVID-19 dropped from the 3rd leading cause to the 4th. Kidney disease went from the 10th leading cause in 2021 to the 9th leading cause in 2022, while Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis dropped from the 9th leading cause to the 10th. The remaining leading causes in 2022 (stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, Alzheimer disease, and diabetes) remained at the same ranks as in 2021.

From 2021 to 2022, age-adjusted death rates decreased for 9 of the 10 leading causes of death and increased for 1. The rate decreased 3.8% for heart disease (from 173.8 in 2021 to 167.2 in 2022), 2.9% for cancer (146.6 to 142.3), 1.1% for unintentional injuries (64.7 to 64.0), 57.3% for COVID-19 (104.1 to 44.5), 3.9% for stroke (41.1 to 39.5), 1.2% for chronic lower respiratory diseases (34.7 to 34.3), 6.8% for Alzheimer disease (31.0 to 28.9), 5.1% for diabetes (25.4 to 24.1), and 4.8% for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (14.5 to 13.8).

The rate increased 1.5% for kidney disease (13.6 to 13.8).

Figure 4. Age-adjusted death rate for the 10 leading causes of death in 2022: United States, 2021 and 2022

The infant mortality rate (IMR) increased 3.1% from 543.6 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 to 560.4 in 2022.

Causes of infant death are ranked according to number of infant deaths ( 1 ). The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2022 (congenital malformations, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, maternal complications, cord and placental complications, bacterial sepsis of newborn, respiratory distress of newborn, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia, and diseases of the circulatory system) accounted for 65.2% of all infant deaths in the United States ( Figure 5 ).

In 2022, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia moved from the 10th leading cause of infant death to the 9th leading cause, while diseases of the circulatory system dropped from the 9th to the 10th leading cause. The IMR for maternal complications increased 8.9% from 30.4 in 2021 to 33.1 in 2022, and the IMR for bacterial sepsis of newborn increased 13.8% (15.2 to 17.3). Mortality rates for the other leading causes of infant death did not change significantly.

Figure 5. Infant mortality rate for the 10 leading causes of infant death in 2022: United States, 2021 and 2022

In 2022, a total of 3,279,857 resident deaths were registered in the United States—184,374 fewer deaths than in 2021. The number of deaths for which COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death decreased 55.3% from 416,893 in 2021 to 186,552 in 2022. COVID-19 dropped from the 3rd leading cause to the 4th. The age-adjusted death rate for the total population decreased 9.2% in 2022 from 2021 after an increase of 5.3% from 2020 to 2021 ( 1 ). Life expectancy for the total population increased 1.1 years from 2021 to 2022 ( 2 ). Age-specific death rates from 2021 to 2022 increased for age groups 1–4 and 5–14 and decreased for each age group 15–24 years and older. Age-adjusted death rates decreased in 2022 from 2021 for all race and Hispanic-origin groups for both males and females.

The 10 leading causes of death in 2022 remained the same as in 2021. Heart disease was the leading cause of death, followed by cancer. Age-adjusted death rates decreased for 9 leading causes and increased for 1. Life expectancy at birth increased 1.1 years from 76.4 in 2021 to 77.5 in 2022, largely because of decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and homicide.

In 2022, 20,553 deaths occurred in children younger than age 1 year, which was 633 more infant deaths than in 2021. The IMR increased 3.1% from 543.6 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 to 560.4 in 2022. Among the 10 leading causes of infant death, the increase in IMR for two causes (maternal complications and bacterial sepsis of newborn) were significant.

Data and findings in this report are based on final mortality data and may differ from provisional data and findings previously published.

Cause of death : Based on medical information—including injury diagnoses and external causes of injury—entered on death certificates filed in the United States. This information is classified and coded according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ( 3 ).

Death rates : For 2022, based on population estimates for July 1, 2022, that are based on the blended base produced by the U.S. Census Bureau in place of the April 1, 2020, decennial population count. The blended base consists of Vintage 2020 Population Estimates for April 1, 2020 (based on April 1, 2010, decennial census), blended with the 2020 Demographic Analysis Estimates and the 2020 Census Edited File (see: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/methodology/2020-2022/methods-statement-v2022.pdf ). These population estimates (as well as population figures for the 2020 census) are available from the CDC WONDER website ( 4 ). Age-adjusted death rates are useful when comparing different populations because they remove the potential bias that can occur when the populations being compared have different age structures. The National Center for Health Statistics uses the direct method of standardization; see Technical Notes of “Deaths: Final Data for 2021” ( 1) for more information.

Infant mortality rate (IMR) : Computed by dividing the number of infant deaths in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same period. IMR is the most widely used index for measuring the risk of dying during the first year of life.

Leading causes of death : Ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes ( 5 ).

Life expectancy : The expected average number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by e x , which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now age x . Life expectancy estimates for 2022 are based on a methodology first implemented with 2008 final mortality data ( 6 ).

The data shown in this report reflect information collected by the National Center for Health Statistics for 2021 and 2022 from death certificates filed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and compiled into national data known as the National Vital Statistics System. Differences between death rates were evaluated using a two-tailed z test.

The race and Hispanic-origin groups shown in this report follow the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards and differ from the bridged-race categories shown in reports for data years before 2018 ( 1 ).

Death rates for the Hispanic, and the non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, and Asian populations are affected by inconsistencies in reporting Hispanic origin and race on the death certificate compared with censuses and surveys ( 7 , 8 ). As a result, death rates are underestimated by 3% for both the Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic populations and by 34% for the American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic population. Age-adjusted death rates by race and ethnicity in this report are adjusted for race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates ( 7 , 8 ). Adjusted data may differ from data shown in other reports that have not been adjusted for misclassification. The classification ratios used for adjustment of race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates can be found elsewhere ( 9 ). The classification ratios for the Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander non-Hispanic population were not produced because the data needed to evaluate race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates for this population are not currently available; consequently, rates for this group are not included in this report.

Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Elizabeth Arias are with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics. The authors would like to acknowledge Arialdi Miniño and Brigham Bastian, Division of Vital Statistics, for providing content review of data and tables.

• Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Arias E. Deaths: Final data for 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. [Forthcoming].
• Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2021. NCHS Data Brief, no 456. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:122516 .
• World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision (ICD–10). 5th ed. 2016.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. Single-race population estimates, 2010–2022 .
• Curtin SC, Tejada-Vera B, Bastian BA, Berruti AA. Deaths: Leading causes for 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. [Forthcoming].
• Arias E. United States life tables, 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 61 no 3 . Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2012.
• Arias E, Heron M, Hakes JK. The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(172 ). 2016.
• Arias E, Xu JQ, Curtin S, Bastian B, Tejada-Vera B. Mortality profile of the non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native population, 2019. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 70 no 12. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:110370 .
• Arias E, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD. United States life tables, 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 72 no 12. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:132418 .

Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief, no 492. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:135850

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Brian C. Moyer, Ph.D., Director Amy M. Branum, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Vital Statistics

Paul D. Sutton, Ph.D., Acting Director Andrés A. Berruti, Ph.D., M.A., Associate Director for Science

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