english newspaper essay

Essay On Newspaper

Essay on Newspaper

500+ words essay on newspaper.

The newspaper is one of the oldest means of communication, which provides information from all around the world. It contains news, editorials, features, articles on a variety of current topics and other information of public interest. Sometimes the word NEWS is interpreted as North, East, West and South. It means that the newspapers provide information from everywhere. The newspaper covers topics related to health, war, politics, climate forecast, economy, environment, agriculture, education, business, government policies, fashion, sports entertainment, etc. It covers regional, national and international news.

Here, we have provided an essay on ‘Newspaper’, which will help students to improve their writing section. So, students must try to write a ‘Newspaper Essay’ in English after going through this sample essay . This essay on ‘Newspaper’ will give them ideas on how to organise their thoughts in a structured format to frame a good essay.

The newspaper is the most authentic and reliable source of information as it only prints the news after proper investigation. Newspapers are delivered to our doorstep early in the morning. We can read the news by having a cup of tea and get to know what is going on around the world. Newspapers are economical as we get information at a very low cost. They are easily available and are also printed in different languages. Thus, newspapers make it easier for people to read news in their native language.

Newspapers cover different columns, and each column is reserved for a particular topic. The employment column provides information related to jobs. This column is very useful for youth who are searching for suitable jobs. Similarly, there are other columns, such as the matrimonial column for finding the perfect match for marriages, a political column for news related to politics, a sports column for analysis and opinion on sports updates, etc. Other than this, there are editorials, readers, and critics’ reviews that provide a wide variety of information.

History of Newspapers in India

The first newspaper to be printed in India was called Gazette Bengal. It was published by an Englishman, James Augustus Hicky in 1780. This newspaper was followed by the publication of other newspapers like the Indian Gazette, Calcutta Gazette, Madras Gazette Courier and Bombay Herald in the coming years. After the first freedom struggle of 1857, the number of newspapers appearing in different languages of India continued to grow. At the time of this freedom struggle, media expansion in India was not large. However, after India became independent, the expansion of newspapers continued.

Importance of Newspaper

A newspaper is an important prerequisite for democracy. It helps in the proper functioning of government bodies by making citizens informed about government work. Newspapers act as powerful public opinion changes. In the absence of a newspaper, we cannot have a true picture of our surroundings. It makes us realise that we are living in a dynamic world of knowledge and learning. Daily reading of the newspaper will help improve English grammar and vocabulary, which is especially helpful for students. It also improves reading skills along with learning skills. Thus, it enhances our knowledge and broadens our vision.

Newspapers contain advertisements which are essential to run a paper. So, along with news, newspapers are also a medium of advertising. Advertisements related to goods, services and recruitment are broadcast. There are also missing, lost-found, and government-release ads. Though these advertisements are useful most of the time, sometimes they result in misleading people. Many big companies and firms also advertise through newspapers to enhance their brand value in the market.

Disadvantages of Newspaper

There are numerous advantages of the newspaper, but on the other side, there are some drawbacks too. Newspapers are a source of exchanging diverse views. So, they can mould the opinion of people in positive and negative ways. Biased articles can cause riots, hatred and disunity. Sometimes immoral advertisements and vulgar pictures printed in the newspaper can severely damage society’s moral values.

Deletion of the vulgar ads and controversial articles removes the above-mentioned demerits of the newspaper to a great extent. Thus, an active reader cannot be misled and deceived by journalism.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Newspaper Essay

Is the newspaper still in use as much as in the earlier days.

Although news feeds and news channels instantly update us on the happenings around us, daily newspapers are very much still in use. Many people still refer to and wait for the news to be updated in these newspapers, even today.

What are the 5 main sections of a newspaper?

The five main sections of a newspaper are national/international news, sports, entertainment/amusement, classified advertisements, and neighbourhood news.

Who invented the newspaper?

Johann Carolus invented the first newspaper in Strasbourg, Germany.

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Essay on Newspaper in English [100, 200, 300, 500 Words]

Essay on Newspaper 100, 200, 300, 500 Words

Essay on Newspaper in English : The newspaper is called the voice of the people. It tells us about what is going around us. It makes us aware of our society and surroundings. In this article, you are going to read a couple of essays on newspaper ( 100, 200, 200, and 500 words). These essays will be helpful for the students of all classes (class 1 to class 12). So let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Newspaper Essay in English: 100 Words

One of the most important organs of public opinion today is definitely the newspaper. This is, in fact, as essential to modern life as the breakfast to a man. A newspaper gives daily news. It enables a reader to know easily the events of the world. So we come to know all that happens around us.

But this is not all. The newspaper does many other useful functions. It comments on the news. It deals with social, religious, political, and economic questions. The newspaper also reviews books and periodicals. It gives valuable information about market prices and conditions. Railways and airways time-tables, weather conditions, and other daily matters are published in it. It is truly a vital limb of modern life.

Essay on Newspaper: 200 Words

The primary object of a newspaper is to supply news. Man is basically curious by nature and wants to know what is happening around him. The newspaper is the best medium to meet this curiosity. That is why it plays such an important role in modern life. The newspaper has a great educative value.

Modern newspapers deal with a wide range of subjects – political and economical news, literary and scientific matters, games and sports, the stage and the cinema, the stock market. Thus it caters for the interests of all classes of men. The editorials and letters to the editor help the growth of public opinion and keep the government informed of it.

Newspapers keep us abreast of the current events all over the world and widen our mental horizon. It educates the people in all matters of public interest and helps mobilizing public opinions on the burning issues of the day.

By putting advertisements, businessmen bring their products and goods to the notice of a wide circle of people very quickly and cheaply. Thus newspapers serve all sections of people this way or the other.

Newspaper Essay in English: 250-300 Words

A newspaper is a paper which we read for news. So the primary object of a newspaper is to gather news about the world and reach them to us. As a window is to a house, so is a newspaper to a nation. A window lets in air. A newspaper gives out news on different subjects, about political and economical matters, sports and games, cinema and theatre and also the stock markets.

In the editorial, the editor writes what is good or bad in society or in the government. A newspaper also publishes the works on education. By reading a newspaper in a regular way we may enrich our knowledge about various things a world. When we feel tired and lonely, we read it for recreation. A newspaper has a great influence over its readers.

A newspaper is a good means of advertisement. Traders bring their goods to the notice of the buyers through advertisements in newspapers. A newspaper has a lot of good things for people. But most newspapers support party men and admire them blindly. So people cannot know correctly about them. Its influence over people is so great that it can divert people’s attention from an issue. Generally, people believe what a newspaper says. It is the craze that keeps the newspaper running. So we read it even in the days of telecommunication.

Importance of Newspaper Essay: 500 Words

Introduction:.

Newspaper is an important media. Its role in the making of the nation or the state cannot be denied. Newspaper lays emphasis on democracy by way of representing public opinions quite objectively. Its approach is certainly impersonal. Objective criticisms of state affairs lead the public to choose the right ways and to uphold the right ideas.

Importance:

Social, political, economical, and other changes take place due to the awareness of the people of a state or a country. And newspaper enables people to be aware of all phenomena which are happening in the country and abroad. Besides, newspaper presents the past and the present days, thereby helping us draw a contrast between the past and the present world. By this way, newspaper helps people predict the future.

Thus, reading of a newspaper strengthens one’s consciousness of the world. If one negates the newspaper, there is little doubt that he or she must retard gradually. The utility of newspaper is not only informative but also constructive because it presents diverse, contradictory views to form a general and well-accepted opinion.

Newspaper is also a common medium of advertisement. Popular brands use to promote their product through newspaper advertisements.

Disadvantages:

But unfortunately, most of the newspapers have now become commercial. Advertisements have been quite oddly covering most of the pages of a newspaper. Political issues and news have been disproportionately highlighted. The news of scientific discovery and the narrations of the lives of the scientists have not been emphasized in the newspaper.

Consequently, reading of newspaper nowadays seems to be rather dull and boring. Even the reporting often misleads the public. What is most ignominious is that some of the leading newspapers are now politically biased. It causes bad effects to the mind of people. People, therefore, begin to lose faith in newspapers. A certain kind of chaos is now being created because of the subjective reporting and unjustifiable information.

Conclusion:

The most hideous consequence of this commercial attitude is that readers of newspapers are now divided. Certain newspapers uphold certain political views in order to draw the attention of certain people. None can begin to read a newspaper with the strictest sense of objectivity. But without the presence of proper media, no nation can progress well. Therefore, the editors of newspapers must be aware of the fact that they are not only doing business but also doing noble jobs in the making of the nation.

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Importance of Newspaper Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on importance of newspaper.

Newspaper is quite a powerful tool that circulates information to people. It is one of the greatest means of communication between people and the world. In addition, they are also a great medium of knowledge . We get our daily dose of news from newspapers early in the morning. It is quite a reliable source which gives us information only after thoroughly investigating the information.

Newspapers are easily available in the most remote regions as well. They are also very economical which gives an abundance of information at really low cost. Most importantly, newspapers are published in various languages that make it easier for people of all regions to get news in their local language . Thus, we see how newspapers have numerous advantages that help the common man stay informed of the worldly issues.

Significance of Newspaper

The newspaper has created a positive impact on society. It helps people become aware of current affairs and stay curious about them. When the public will question, it means they are aware. This is exactly what a newspaper does. It is also the finest link you can find between the government and its people. Newspapers provide people with every detail no matter how small.

Furthermore, it helps us become informed citizens. Whenever there are any changes in the rules and regulations of the country, newspapers make us aware of them. Moreover, they are very informative for students. A student can learn all about general knowledge and current affairs from here. We stay updated with the technological advancements, government policies, research studies and more.

Other than that, newspapers also have incredible articles that tackle social issues, cultures, arts, and more. It conveys the public opinion to the people on important issues. This will, in turn, help people review the government and ministers well. Similarly, people get great employment opportunities from newspapers. Those seeking jobs look through newspapers to get reliable job opportunities.

In short, the newspaper carries a lot of significance for humans. If we read the newspaper daily, it can develop our reading habit and make us more fluent. It also has mind-brain exercise games like puzzles, Sudoku and more to sharpen people’s brains. Furthermore, you can also go through the comic strips and cartoons to keep yourself entertained.

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A World Without Newspapers

As the world is advancing rapidly, everything is becoming digital. From our shopping to news, we can easily do it on our smartphones or computers . This digitization has also affected the newspaper scenario. As people are getting instant updates on their phones about the latest news, the sales of newspapers have gone down massively.

Does this mean the digital era will wipe out the newspapers? Looking at the present scenario, this possibility might soon become a reality. However, are we ready to have a world without newspapers? A world without newspapers is like having a home without mirrors. This means we won’t be able to see our own reflection.

Now, compare this situation to that of the world and newspaper. Imagine the world has lost its national mirror, resulting in you not being able to get an honest reflection of what is happening around. What’s even worse is the fact that instead of the national mirror we are getting a fun-house mirror which is distorting the information and making you see what’s not real.

In short, the world will become a free rein for politicians to propagate their advertising and agendas to the public. The information won’t be reliable and won’t even be scrutinized. We won’t have any journalists to decipher the PR spin of the governments and corporate firms robbing the common man of their money.

FAQs on Newspaper

Q.1 What is the significance of the newspaper?

A.1 Newspapers are very important in giving us information about the world. They make us aware and increase our knowledge about current affairs. They also give us job opportunities.

Q.2 Why are newspaper sales declining?

A.2 As the world is becoming more digital, people are getting news on their phones and computers instantly. Thus, they are opting for digital news over newspapers.

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Essay on Newspaper in English for Students

Nowadays it is difficult to imagine life without newspapers. This is the first and most important thing that everyone looks for every morning. Newspaper also helps us a lot by keeping us updated with every news around the world.

November 3, 2023

Table of Contents

Essay on Newspaper: Newspapers are an effective tool for sharing important information with people. Information is critical because we need to be aware of what’s going on around us. Being aware of local events allows us to make better decisions. Government and official announcements are also published in newspapers.

Essay on Newspaper in English

A newspaper is a compilation of large sheets with printed content such as news, stories, articles, and advertisements. It serves the vital purpose of informing us about local events and global affairs. Reading the news regularly is a beneficial habit that helps expand our general knowledge and understanding of economic, social, and political matters within our country.

It is possible to encourage your children and kids to read the newspaper and enhance their knowledge. As well as making them familiar with politics, the social structure, and the geography of their country, newspaper reading is one of those hobbies that can be done almost anywhere without side effects.

Essay on Newspaper in 100 Words

In today’s world, it is nearly impossible to imagine life without a newspaper. It is the primary source of information for most people each morning. Not only does it keep us updated on global news, but it also provides insight into what is happening in our community and around the world. From all corners of the globe, newspapers bring us the latest news and opinions on various topics such as business, politics, social issues, sports, technology, and more. Its extensive coverage includes everything from current events to advancements in science and medicine, as well as updates on celebrities and cultural events. Reading the newspaper allows us to expand our knowledge and stay informed about various topics, ultimately helping us develop new skills and technical expertise.

Essay on Newspaper in 150 Words

The revolution of newspapers in the modern era has spread throughout the country, making people more conscious about their knowledge. Developing a habit of reading newspapers daily is beneficial. It keeps us updated with the latest trends and traditions, as well as informing us about schools, colleges, courts, politics, offices, hotels, and restaurants. Regardless of their status or background, everyone can benefit from reading newspapers. Not only does it assist with school projects and homework, but it also provides information on new research and technologies in the market. Various types of newspapers and magazines are available based on brand and subscription.

Essay on Newspaper in 200 Words

Nowadays, newspapers have become an integral part of our daily routine. They are readily accessible in multiple languages at various markets. This publication is a compilation of current events, printed on paper and delivered to households. Each country has its agency responsible for news coverage. Newspapers keep us updated about local and global happenings, including sports, politics, religion, society, economy, film industries, movies, food, and employment.

Previously, newspapers were published with only news details, but now they contain news and views on various topics. There are various newspapers in the market that cost different amounts depending on how popular they are and what news they publish. Daily papers with current affairs are printed daily, while other newspapers are printed twice a week, once a week, or once a month.

Newspapers are very effective and powerful because they provide all the information from all over the world in one place. They cost much less in comparison to what they provide. The newspaper keeps us informed of everything that is happening around us.

Essay on Newspaper in 250 Words

Every morning, I enjoy having a hot cup of tea on my balcony while reading the newspaper. Its popularity continues to grow in every area, regardless of whether it is considered backwards or forward, due to its increasing importance. Society has an increasing awareness about the significance of staying informed on current events, particularly in politics and Bollywood. For students, reading the newspaper is a great way to gain general knowledge about various topics. It also prepares them for technical and competitive exams for both government and non-government jobs.

Reading newspapers is a captivating task. Once accustomed to it, one will never give up reading them. For students, it is a source of motivation to master English with accurate pronunciation. In rural areas, newspapers are gaining popularity. Regardless of the language spoken, individuals can access newspapers in Hindi, English, Urdu and other regional languages. They hold immense significance for all of us as they provide a wealth of information from around the globe

The news is the first and foremost interest we have. Without news, we are nothing, like a fish without water. India is a democratic country where the people own their country, so they must be informed about every political activity.

Today’s technological world depends on high-tech, so news is available online and on computers. Through the internet, we can obtain all the information about the world, and newspapers are one of the best ways to spread awareness about any social issue among the general public. Governments and their citizens can communicate effectively through newspapers.

Essay on Newspaper in 300 Words

The newspaper is a potent tool that boosts confidence and develops one’s personality. Not only does it facilitate communication with the outside world, but it also serves as an invaluable source of knowledge and information, improving our skills in the process. Moreover, newspapers are widely accessible and affordable across all regions. With just a simple subscription, we can quickly obtain any newspaper we desire, available in multiple languages throughout the country. This leaves everyone eagerly anticipating the morning paper with great anticipation.

The newspaper has had a positive impact on society, igniting people’s interest in current affairs. It is a valuable link between the government and citizens, providing comprehensive coverage of global events. Informed by its pages, individuals gain a thorough understanding of their country’s laws, regulations, and rights. For students, newspapers are an invaluable resource for expanding general knowledge and staying updated on national and international news. From technological advancements to astrological forecasts to natural disasters, newspapers offer insights into all relevant happenings and developments.

The newspaper provides content on various topics, such as social issues, humanity, cultures, traditions, and living arts. It also offers information on public opinions and aids in addressing societal and economic problems. By reading it, readers can stay updated on political figures and their actions, government policies and other political parties. Additionally, the newspaper is a valuable resource for job seekers seeking new opportunities, students seeking admission to top schools, businessmen interested in current business activities and market trends, and those seeking news strategies.

Essay on Newspaper FAQs

Ans. The full form of "newspaper" is "North, East, West, South Past and Present Event Reports."

Ans. A newspaper essay in English is a written composition that discusses the role, significance, and impact of newspapers in society. It typically covers topics such as their importance in providing information and their influence on public opinion.

Ans. Newspapers are crucial in an essay because they serve as a primary source of information and play a vital role in disseminating news.

Ans. A 150-word newspaper paragraph is essential as it offers a concise yet informative snapshot of a specific news article or event. It provides a quick and easily digestible summary, making it valuable for readers who want a brief news overview without delving into a full article.

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500+ Words Essay on Newspaper in English For Students

Newspapers have been around for a long, long time – keeping us informed about what’s happening in the world near and far. Even with the internet, smartphones, and endless digital updates constantly at our fingertips these days, newspapers are still going strong. Whether your hometown newspaper is a big daily publication or a weekly community circular, it’s pretty amazing that words inked on paper can capture history. Newspapers give us the facts and let us hear directly from people experiencing major events firsthand.

In this article, we will provide you with an essay on newspapers – where they came from, how they’ve changed over hundreds of years, and why they continue to play such an important role in our lives.

Table of Content

Essay on Newspaper: Important Terms and Definitions

History of newspaper, evolution of newspaper, newspaper essay in english in 250 words, essay on newspaper for class 8 (200 words), essay on newspaper for class 10 (200 words), 500+ word essay on newspaper.

Here are some important terms and definitions that can help you when writing an essay in a newspaper:

Newspaper: A printed publication containing news, articles, advertisements, and other information of public interest, typically published daily or weekly.
Headline: The title or main heading of a newspaper article, usually in large bold type, summarizing the main point or subject of the story.
Byline: The name of the author or reporter of an article, typically placed beneath the headline or at the beginning or end of the article.
Dateline: A line at the beginning of an article indicating the place and usually the date of writing or transmission.
Editorial: A written opinion piece expressing the views of the newspaper’s editorial board or editor on a particular topic or issue.
Front Page: The first page of a newspaper, typically featuring the most important news stories and articles of the day.
Above the Fold: The portion of the front page of a newspaper that is visible when the paper is folded in half and displayed for sale, usually containing the most significant headlines and images.
Section: A distinct part or division of a newspaper, often dedicated to specific topics such as news, sports, business, entertainment, and opinion.
Column: A regular feature in a newspaper, often written by a specific columnist and focusing on a particular subject or perspective.
Circulation: The number of copies of a newspaper distributed or sold, often used as a measure of its popularity and reach.
Subscription: A paid arrangement whereby individuals receive regular copies of a newspaper delivered to their home or office.
Press Run: The total number of copies of a newspaper printed in a single production cycle.
Deadline: The time by which articles, advertisements, or other content must be submitted for inclusion in a newspaper’s upcoming edition.
Layout: The arrangement of text, headlines, images, and advertisements on a newspaper page.
Above the Fold: The portion of a newspaper page visible when it is folded and displayed, usually containing the most important headlines and images.
Correspondent: A journalist or reporter who contributes news stories or articles to a newspaper from a distant location.
Editor: A person responsible for overseeing the content, style, and quality of a newspaper, including selecting and editing articles, headlines, and photographs.
Scoop: A news story or piece of information reported by one newspaper before others, often seen as a significant achievement in journalism.

Newspapers have been an integral part of human civilization for centuries, serving as a crucial source of information, entertainment, and public discourse. The origins of newspapers can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where scribes would handwrite news on papyrus scrolls or wooden tablets. However, the modern newspaper as we know it today emerged in the 15th century with the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg.

The first printed newspaper is believed to be the Relation, published in Strasbourg, Germany, in 1609. This was followed by the Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, published in Germany in 1618, which is considered the first regularly printed newspaper. From there, newspapers spread rapidly across Europe and eventually to the Americas, evolving into a powerful medium for disseminating news, opinions, and advertisements.

The evolution of newspapers has been a remarkable journey, reflecting the changing societal landscape and technological advancements. Initially, newspapers were handwritten or printed on simple presses, with limited circulation and content. As printing technology improved and literacy rates increased, newspapers became more widely available and influential.

The 19th century witnessed a significant transformation in the newspaper industry with the introduction of new printing techniques, such as the rotary press and linotype machines, which allowed for faster and more efficient production. This period also saw the rise of investigative journalism, with newspapers playing a crucial role in exposing societal injustices and holding authorities accountable.

The 20th century brought about further innovations, including the use of photographs, color printing, and the integration of radio and television news broadcasts. The advent of the internet and digital technologies in the late 20th century revolutionized the newspaper industry once again, leading to the emergence of online editions, multimedia content, and new business models.

Introduction Newspapers play a crucial role in our daily lives, serving as a window to the world. They provide us with information about what’s happening locally, nationally, and globally. From current events to sports, entertainment, and weather updates, newspapers keep us informed and connected to the world around us. Importance of Newspapers Newspapers are an essential source of news and information. They help us stay updated on current affairs, political developments, and social issues. They also provide valuable insights into various topics, helping us expand our knowledge and understanding. Education and Awareness Newspapers are not only informative but also educational. They help improve literacy skills and promote critical thinking. By reading newspapers, students can learn about different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, broadening their horizons. Role in Society: Newspapers play a vital role in shaping public opinion and fostering civic engagement. They serve as watchdogs, holding governments and institutions accountable for their actions. Additionally, newspapers provide a platform for diverse voices and opinions, contributing to a vibrant democracy. Conclusion In conclusion, newspapers are more than just a source of information; they are an integral part of our society. Whether it’s staying informed about current events or expanding our knowledge, newspapers play a significant role in our lives. Therefore, it’s essential to value and support the institution of journalism and continue to cherish the role of newspapers in our daily lives.

Introduction Newspapers are an essential part of our lives, providing us with valuable information and keeping us updated on what’s happening around the world. They serve as a reliable source of news, entertainment, and knowledge. Importance of Newspapers Newspapers play a crucial role in informing and educating people. They cover a wide range of topics, including politics, sports, entertainment, and science, catering to diverse interests and preferences. Role in Education For students, newspapers are not only informative but also educational. They help improve reading comprehension, vocabulary, and critical thinking skills. By reading newspapers, students can learn about different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, enhancing their overall knowledge and understanding of the world. Promoting Awareness Newspapers also play a vital role in raising awareness about social issues and promoting civic engagement. They highlight important issues such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation, encouraging readers to take action and make a positive difference in society. Conclusion In conclusion, newspapers are an invaluable source of information and knowledge. Whether it’s staying updated on current events or expanding our understanding of the world, newspapers serve as a reliable companion in our daily lives. Therefore, it’s essential for students and people of all ages to cultivate the habit of reading newspapers regularly.

Introduction Newspapers are an indispensable part of our lives, providing us with timely information and insights into various aspects of society. They serve as a bridge between people and the world, keeping us informed and connected. Importance of Newspapers Newspapers play a crucial role in disseminating news and information to the masses. They cover a wide range of topics, including politics, economics, culture, and sports, catering to the diverse interests and preferences of readers. Role in Society Newspapers have a significant impact on society as they help shape public opinion and influence decision-making. They serve as watchdogs, holding governments and institutions accountable for their actions, and advocating for the rights and interests of citizens. Promoting Literacy and Awareness Newspapers play a vital role in promoting literacy and raising awareness about important social issues. They help improve reading comprehension, vocabulary, and critical thinking skills, empowering individuals to make informed choices and participate actively in civic life. Conclusion In conclusion, newspapers are an essential medium of communication and information in our society. Whether it’s staying updated on current events or deepening our understanding of complex issues, newspapers play a crucial role in shaping our worldview and fostering an informed citizenry. Therefore, it’s important for everyone to recognize the value of newspapers and make a habit of reading them regularly.

Traditional newspaper stands as a timeless source of information, education, and enrichment. From gaining knowledge about current events to developing critical thinking skills, newspapers offer invaluable benefits that contribute to my growth as a student and an informed citizen. One of the primary advantages of newspapers for students is their ability to keep us informed about the world around us. Unlike social media platforms or online news sources, which often prioritize sensationalism and viral content, newspapers provide comprehensive and well-researched coverage of local, national, and international events. By reading newspapers regularly, I am able to stay up-to-date on the latest developments in politics, economics, science, and culture, broadening my understanding of the complex issues that shape our society.

Newspapers also serve as powerful educational tools in the classroom. Teachers frequently incorporate newspaper articles into lesson plans, encouraging students to analyze and discuss the content critically. Through these activities, we develop essential skills such as critical thinking, persuasive writing, and public speaking. Additionally, newspapers offer a wealth of information that can be leveraged for research projects, helping us gather credible sources and diverse perspectives on various topics.

Newspapers build a sense of civic engagement and social responsibility among students. By reading about the challenges faced by our communities and the actions taken by local governments and organizations, we gain a deeper appreciation for the importance of active citizenship. Newspapers shed light on issues that might otherwise go unnoticed, empowering us to become advocates for positive change and to hold those in power accountable.

But most importantly, newspapers instill in us a respect for truth, accuracy, and ethical journalism. In an age where misinformation and fake news are rampant, the rigorous fact-checking processes and adherence to journalistic standards demonstrated by reputable newspapers serve as a bulwark against the spread of falsehoods. By learning to critically evaluate sources and seek out reliable information, we develop the skills necessary to navigate an increasingly complex information landscape.

In conclusion, newspapers are an invaluable resource for students like myself. They provide a comprehensive and trustworthy source of information, foster critical thinking and civic engagement, and instill a respect for truth and ethical journalism. While digital media continues to evolve, the enduring relevance of newspapers underscores their importance in shaping well-informed and socially conscious individuals. As students, it is our responsibility to embrace this invaluable resource and leverage its power to broaden our horizons and contribute positively to the world around us.

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Essay on Newspaper- FAQs

What makes newspapers a valuable source of information.

Newspapers provide a wide range of news, from local events to global affairs. They offer in-depth coverage, analysis, and diverse perspectives on various topics, keeping readers informed and engaged.

How do newspapers contribute to student growth?

Newspapers contribute to a student’s growth by enhancing vocabulary, improving reading comprehension, and exposing readers to different writing styles. They offer a wealth of knowledge across subjects, making them a valuable resource for students seeking to expand their understanding of the world.

Why are newspapers considered a reliable source of news?

Newspapers are considered a reliable source of news due to their editorial standards, fact-checking processes, and commitment to accuracy. Journalists follow ethical guidelines to ensure the information presented is credible and trustworthy for readers.

How do newspapers cater to different interests of readers?

Newspapers cater to different interests of readers by offering diverse sections such as news, sports, entertainment, and opinion pieces. This variety allows readers to choose content that aligns with their preferences, making newspapers a versatile source of information and entertainment.

What role do newspapers play in shaping public opinion?

Newspapers play a crucial role in shaping public opinion by presenting news, analysis, and editorials that influence how people perceive current events and issues. They provide a platform for discussion and debate, helping to shape societal views and perspectives.

How do newspapers balance between informing and entertaining readers?

Newspapers balance between informing and entertaining readers by including a mix of serious news articles, feature stories, opinion pieces, and entertainment sections like comics and puzzles. This blend ensures that readers stay engaged while also staying informed about important events.

In what ways can students benefit from reading newspapers regularly?

Students can benefit from reading newspapers regularly by improving their language skills, expanding their knowledge across various subjects, staying informed about current affairs, and developing critical thinking abilities.

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Essay on Newspaper in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

A newspaper is a strong way to share important information with people. Information is crucial because we need to stay informed about what’s going on around us. Being aware of local events helps us make better plans and decisions. Newspapers also publish government and official announcements.

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Newspaper is a set of large sheets containing printed news, stories, information, articles, advertisements, etc. It plays a great role in keeping us up-to-date on events nearby as well as from across the borders. Newspaper is a collection of news from all over the world which keeps us up-to-date about everything significant going outside our houses. We should practice news reading on daily basis. It is a good habit as it improves your general knowledge and makes you aware of your country’s economical, social and political issues.

You can encourage your kids and children for reading newspaper and enhance their knowledge. It will also make them familiar with the politics, social structure, and geography of their country. Newspaper reading is some of those hobbies which could be performed almost anywhere and has no side effects at all.

Long and Short Essay on Newspaper in English

We have provided some simple and easy, long and short essay on newspaper in English, for the students.
These English Essay on Newspaper will let you admire the usefulness of newspapers and their significance in keeping people informed, safe and united.
You can use these newspaper essay in your school assignments or essay writing , debate, competitions.

Newspaper Essay 100 words

Now-a-days, it is difficult to imagine the life without newspaper. It is the first and foremost thing everyone looks for every morning. newspaper also helps us a lot by keeping us up-to-date about every news of all over the world. It let us know what is going on in the society, country and world. Newspaper brings us each and every news and views to us from every corner of the world. Newspaper brings information about businessmen, politician, social issues, unemployed people, sports, games, international news, kids, science, education, medicine, celebrities, fairs, festivals, technologies, etc. It helps us in widening our knowledge, skill, and technical awareness.

Newspaper Essay 150 words

In the modern era, the revolution of newspapers has been spread to the whole country. Now-a-days, everyone has become much conscious about their knowledge. It is a good habit to read newspaper on daily basis. We all should practice to read newspaper in our daily lives. It let us know about the latest trends and traditions. It helps us by telling about the schools, colleges, courts, politics, offices, hotels, restaurants and other things new in the markets.

Newspaper is a most important thing used by everyone (rich or poor) of any religion, caste or creed. It helps us a lot in preparing our school projects and home works. It let us know about new researches, new technologies, all the high and low of the market and so many things. There are many types of newspaper and magazines according to their brand and subscription.

Newspaper Essay 200 words

Now-a-days the newspaper has been a necessity of the life. It is available in the market in almost all languages. A newspaper is a publication of the news which gets printed on the paper and distributed to everyone at their home. Different countries have their own news publication agencies. Newspaper gives us all about what is happening in our own country as well as whole world. We let us know exact information related to the topic of sports, politics, religion, society, economy, film industries, movies, food, employment etc.

Earlier, newspapers were published with only news details however, currently it contains news and views about various subject almost everything. Various newspaper in market costs differently according to their news details and popularity in the area. The newspapers having current daily affairs are printed daily however of them gets printed twice a week, once a week or once a month.

Newspapers serve more than one purposes according to the need and requirement of the people. Newspapers are very effective and powerful give all information at one place from all over the world. In comparison to the information it gives, it costs very less. It keeps us well informed about all the happenings in our surrounding.

Newspaper Essay 250 words

The newspaper is very important thing in these days. It is first and foremost thing of everyone to start the day. It is better to start our day by filling our mind with fresh news and information. Newspaper makes us confident and helps in improving our personality. First of all in the morning it greets every member of the family with bulk of information. As a citizen of the country, we are fully responsible to know all the pros and cons going in the country or other countries. It informs us about the current affairs of the politics, sports, business, industries, etc. It also informs us about the personal affairs of the Bollywood and business personalities.

Newspaper let us know about cultures, traditions, arts, classical dance, etc. In such a modern time when everyone does not have time to know about things other than their job, it let us know about days and dates of the fairs, festival, occasions, cultural events, etc. It is a collection of news as well as interesting things about the society, education, future, motivational messages and topics, etc so, it never bore us. It always stimulates and excites us to about everything in the world through its interesting topics.

In the modern time, when everyone is so busy in his/her daily life, it is hardly possible for them to get any idea or knowledge about the outer world so newspaper is the best option to remove such weakness. It gives us a vast knowledge in just 15 mins or half an hour. It is beneficial for persons of all fields as it contains knowledge for everyone like students, businessmen, politicians, sportsperson, teachers, industrialists, etc.

Newspaper Essay 300 words

Newspaper comes to us every morning and I feel better having newspaper with a hot cup of tea in my balcony. Day by day, the newspaper is getting popularity in every area whether backward or forward because of the increasing importance of it. People in the society are getting more conscious about their knowledge level and current affairs of the country especially politics and Bollywood. Newspaper reading is best activity for the students as it gives general knowledge about everything. It helps them to beat any technical and competitive exams for the government job or non-government jobs.

Reading news paper is very interesting job. If one becomes used to of this, he/she never drop reading newspaper. It is good for the students as it inspires us to speak English fluently with correct accent. Newspapers are becoming popular in the backwards areas of the country. People speaking any language can read newspaper as it is available in languages like Hindi, English, Urdu, etc according to the regions. Newspaper is of great importance to all of us because it brings tons of news to us from all across the world.

News is first and foremost interest and charm for us. Without newspaper and news, we are nothing and just like a fish without water. India is a democratic country where public rules its own country so it is must for them to know about each and every activities in the politics.

In the modern technological world where everything depends on the high technology, news is also available on the computer and internet. Using internet, we can get all the information about world. Newspaper is the best way to enhance awareness about any social issues among common public. It is the best way of communication between government of the country and its public.

Newspaper Essay 400 words

Newspaper is a powerful tool which enhances confidence and personality of the person. It is a best means of communication between the outer world and people. Most important medium of knowledge. It is a good source of getting more knowledge and information as well as enhancing skill level. It is available in all the regions at very low cost. We can have an easy access to any newspaper. We just need to contact any newspaper and subscribe it. It is published in various languages of the country. In the early morning everyone waits for the newspaper with full courage.

Newspaper has affected positively the people in society. Everyone has become interested in knowing the current affairs of the country. Newspaper is a best link of the knowledge between government and people. It gives people every big and small detail about the whole world. It makes people well aware about their rules, regulations and rights in the country. Newspapers are of great importance for the students especially as it gives them lots of general knowledge and current affairs of national and international level. It gives us information about all the happenings, developments, new technology, research, astrology, seasonal changes, natural calamities, etc.

Newspaper also contains fine articles on social issues, humanity, cultures, traditions, arts of living, meditation, yoga, etc. It contains information about common public views and helps in solving various social and economical issues. Using this can know about politicians, reviews about them, certain governmental policies including other political parties. It helps job seekers in search new jobs, students to get admitted to best school, businessmen to know about current and important business activities, current trends of the market, new strategies, etc.

Newspapers help us a lot if we make the habit of reading it on daily basis. It develops reading habits, improve our accent and let us know everything about outside. Some people are highly used to of reading this newspaper in the morning. They become very restless in the absence of newspaper and feel whole day that something has missed. Students preparing to appear in the competitive exams regularly read newspapers to keep their mind up-to-date about current affairs. Newspaper contains bulk of information under attractive headings according to everyone’s choice so no one can be bored. We should continue reading variety of newspapers and motivate other family members and friends also to read newspaper.

Essay on Newspaper FAQs

What are the main points of newspaper.

The main points of a newspaper include news articles, headlines, local events, sports, and editorials.

What is the importance of newspapers?

Newspapers are important for staying informed about current events, local news, and gaining knowledge on a variety of topics.

What is a few lines about newspaper?

A newspaper is a source of written information that provides news, stories, and updates about various subjects.

Newspaper Essay

Long and Short Essay on Newspaper in English

We have provided some simple and easy, long and short essay on newspaper in English, for the students.

These English Essay on Newspaper will let you admire the usefulness of newspapers and their significance in keeping people informed, safe and united.

You can use these newspaper essay in your school assignments or essay writing, debate, competitions.

Newspaper Essay 1 (100 words)

Now-a-days, it is difficult to imagine the life without newspaper. It is the first and foremost thing everyone looks for every morning. It helps us a lot by keeping us up-to-date about every news of all over the world. It let us know what is going on in the society, country and world. Newspaper brings us each and every news and views to us from every corner of the world. Newspaper brings information about businessmen, politician, social issues, unemployed people, sports, games, international news, kids, science, education, medicine, celebrities, fairs, festivals, technologies, etc. It helps us in widening our knowledge, skill, and technical awareness.

Newspaper Essay 2 (150 words)

Newspaper Essay 3 (200 words)

Newspaper Essay 4 (250 words)

The newspaper is very important thing in these days. It is first and foremost thing of everyone to start the day. It is better to start our day by filling our mind with fresh news and information. It makes us confident and helps in improving our personality. First of all in the morning it greets every member of the family with bulk of information. As a citizen of the country, we are fully responsible to know all the pros and cons going in the country or other countries. It informs us about the current affairs of the politics, sports, business, industries, etc. It also informs us about the personal affairs of the Bollywood and business personalities.

Newspaper Essay 5 (300 words)

Newspaper Essay 6 (400 words)

Newspaper is a powerful tool which enhances confidence and personality of the person. It is a best means of communication between the outer world and people. It is most important medium of knowledge. It is a good source of getting more knowledge and information as well as enhancing skill level. It is available in all the regions at very low cost. We can have an easy access to any newspaper. We just need to contact any newspaper and subscribe it. It is published in various languages of the country. In the early morning everyone waits for the newspaper with full courage.

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Essay on Newspaper in English 100, 250 & 500 Words

By Vijay Gupta

Updated on: January 31, 2022

Today, I’m going to write an essay on newspaper in English with proper headings so that you can write it effectively.

Writing the essay on newspaper in English is a bit difficult for the students, so I thought why I shouldn’t write an article on that. That means if you’re looking for an essay on newspaper in English, you have come to the right place.

Here, I’ve written the essay with introduction and conclusion headings and also in 10 lines. Now, you have to choose the format that suits you the most.

So, without wasting your valuable time, let’s start writing the essay.

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Table of Contents

Essay on Newspaper in English 500 words or Newspaper Essay in English 500 words –

1. introduction –.

No one is unaware of what a newspaper is. The first newspaper was started in the 17th century.

But, the first Hindi newspaper was published in the 19th century and the name of this newspaper was Udant Martand.

When the newspaper was first published, its sole purpose was to convey the news to the people and put the suppressed and scared voices of the people in front of the public.

Although the newspapers were initially used by the rulers for their own benefits, later they were used for the problems of the people.

As a result, newspapers brought a new revolution to society.

In today’s time, with the help of newspapers, people easily know what’s happening around them.

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2. History of the newspapers –

As for the history of the newspapers, it’s believed that the commencement of the newspapers was in 59 BC by Julius Caesar to make the general public aware of the incidents going on in society.

At that time, the transmission of the newspapers was only at some places in the cities.

After that, in the 8th century, handwritten newspapers began to be published in China but as time passed, the standard of the newspapers changed.

When our country was under the thump of British officers, there was only one newspaper. Actually, it was not a newspaper but a letter full of information.

Earlier newspapers were in the English language, so common people had a lot of trouble.

However, some newspapers were published in Bengali and Urdu languages but only those who knew Bengali or Urdu can understand these newspapers.

Therefore, to deal with such problems, the Hindi newspaper Udant Martand was published on 30 May 1826, which brought great convenience to the Indian public.

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3. Kinds of newspapers –

There are mainly two types of newspapers. The first one is the broadsheet type and the second is the tabloid type.

In India, broadsheet-type newspapers are very common. Actually, the number of broadsheet-type newspapers is higher than the tabloid-type newspapers.

Apart from this, most of the newspapers in India are published on daily basis like Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, etc.

On the other hand, some of them are published weekly.

Newspapers in India are available in many languages like Hindi, English, Gujrati, Kannada, Urdu, Telugu, etc so that news can reach everyone.

4. Benefits of the newspapers –

The publication of newspapers has greatly benefited the populace. They easily get to know about the activities going on in or around the country.

Earlier the purpose of newspapers was only to reach the main news to the people, but today they have all kinds of information related to jobs, government schemes, health, business, entertainment, etc.

Apart from this, people are taking the help of newspapers to convey their thoughts to others. It’s changing the way people think.

Even the newspapers have made people aware of various things. Today, they easily know the news related to all over the world.

The biggest advantage of the newspapers is that they have become a means of livelihood for the reporters and publishers.

They make a good amount of money from multiple sources.

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5. Conclusion –

In conclusion, the newspapers have become a very important thing in people’s lives. Some people feel that their day is incomplete without reading the newspapers.

Newspapers not only refute misleading news but also establish the veracity of the news. Another advantage of reading newspapers is that it gives you deep knowledge of different topics.

Although there is a lot of circulation of digital news these days, but with such news, it’s not possible to decide whether the news is true or false.

So, people of all ages must make a habit of reading newspapers.

Newspaper paper essay in English 250 words –

Newspapers have become an important thing in our life. Every day, we read different types of newspapers to collect information.

With the help of newspapers, we easily get to know all types of news. A newspaper includes information related to politics, entertainment, business, sports, etc.

The newspapers are the only way to keep the government and the public connected.

Earlier the use of newspapers was very less. After the 17th century, its circulation increased significantly.

Today, the number of newspapers is very high.

Well, there is a big difference between the newspapers before and now.

Earlier publishers used to print newspapers only keeping in mind the important news, but today newspapers give important news as well as experts’ perspectives on various topics.

In India, the sales of newspapers are according to their fame. English newspapers are sold more expensive than Hindi.

There are some English newspapers that are very popular like The Indian Express, The Hindu, Hindustan Times, The Economics Times, etc.

If we focus on the types of newspapers, two types of newspapers are published all over the world and they are broadsheet and tabloid types whereas the number of broadsheet-type newspapers is more as compared to tabloid-type newspapers.

Reading the newspapers not only increases the general knowledge but also increases awareness about new rules, laws and policies.

So, understand the value of newspapers and read one of them daily so that you can gain valuable knowledge about your country and surroundings as well.

Know also, how to write an essay on Mahatma Gandhi with headings ?

Essay on newspaper in English 100 words or Newspaper Essay in English 10 lines –

The first newspaper was published in 17th century.
A newspaper is a collection of paper sheets.
The paper sheets of a newspaper contain information related to politics, jobs, sports, business, schemes, etc.
Newspapers have sectional sheets related to different topics.
They are the best medium to express thoughts and problems of the people.
With the help of newspapers, people get news from all over the world very easily.
Newspapers also contain various types of puzzles, horoscopes and weather-related information.
They can easily verify the news running on digital media.
To provide information to all, newspapers are printed in many languages.
Even today, millions of people read newspapers.

See the article on the essay on my favourite teacher .

Final words –

Eventually, I’d say that if you want to write an essay on newspaper in English with headings or points, this article can prove to be very helpful for you.

Since I’ve written this essay on newspaper in English with different formats, now it’s up to you which format you prefer.

If you really liked this article, please share it with those who need it.

Vijay Gupta

Hello everyone, My name is Vijay Gupta and I belong to a very small town that is situated in district Hardoi, which is in Uttar Pradesh. 1. Education – I’ve completed my primary education from a private school that is situated in my hometown and upper primary, matric and higher secondary education have been completed from a government college. Well, I was an average student till class 5th, but I accelerated my preference towards studies from class six. Consequently, I passed out many classes with good positions. Even I passed out 12th with good marks ( 405/500 ) and topped my college. Due to getting good marks, I got a cheque of 500 rupees and was rewarded by the Principal of my college. After completing my 12th, I prepared twice for IIT ( Indian Institute of Technology ) from Aakash institute, but unfortunately, I failed to get selected into the best IIT colleges. But during the preparation, I was being graduated from CSJMU Kanpur. I completed my graduation in 2016 and now I’m pursuing an educational degree ( B.Ed. ). 2. Profession – Although I love teaching, but I also do blogging. Both are my favorite jobs.

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Example of a great essay | Explanations, tips & tricks

Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks

Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson . Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes.

This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction , focused paragraphs , clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion .

Each paragraph addresses a single central point, introduced by a topic sentence , and each point is directly related to the thesis statement .

As you read, hover over the highlighted parts to learn what they do and why they work.

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Other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay, an appeal to the senses: the development of the braille system in nineteenth-century france.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

In France, debates about how to deal with disability led to the adoption of different strategies over time. While people with temporary difficulties were able to access public welfare, the most common response to people with long-term disabilities, such as hearing or vision loss, was to group them together in institutions (Tombs, 1996). At first, a joint institute for the blind and deaf was created, and although the partnership was motivated more by financial considerations than by the well-being of the residents, the institute aimed to help people develop skills valuable to society (Weygand, 2009). Eventually blind institutions were separated from deaf institutions, and the focus shifted towards education of the blind, as was the case for the Royal Institute for Blind Youth, which Louis Braille attended (Jimenez et al, 2009). The growing acknowledgement of the uniqueness of different disabilities led to more targeted education strategies, fostering an environment in which the benefits of a specifically blind education could be more widely recognized.

Several different systems of tactile reading can be seen as forerunners to the method Louis Braille developed, but these systems were all developed based on the sighted system. The Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris taught the students to read embossed roman letters, a method created by the school’s founder, Valentin Hauy (Jimenez et al., 2009). Reading this way proved to be a rather arduous task, as the letters were difficult to distinguish by touch. The embossed letter method was based on the reading system of sighted people, with minimal adaptation for those with vision loss. As a result, this method did not gain significant success among blind students.

Louis Braille was bound to be influenced by his school’s founder, but the most influential pre-Braille tactile reading system was Charles Barbier’s night writing. A soldier in Napoleon’s army, Barbier developed a system in 1819 that used 12 dots with a five line musical staff (Kersten, 1997). His intention was to develop a system that would allow the military to communicate at night without the need for light (Herron, 2009). The code developed by Barbier was phonetic (Jimenez et al., 2009); in other words, the code was designed for sighted people and was based on the sounds of words, not on an actual alphabet. Barbier discovered that variants of raised dots within a square were the easiest method of reading by touch (Jimenez et al., 2009). This system proved effective for the transmission of short messages between military personnel, but the symbols were too large for the fingertip, greatly reducing the speed at which a message could be read (Herron, 2009). For this reason, it was unsuitable for daily use and was not widely adopted in the blind community.

Nevertheless, Barbier’s military dot system was more efficient than Hauy’s embossed letters, and it provided the framework within which Louis Braille developed his method. Barbier’s system, with its dashes and dots, could form over 4000 combinations (Jimenez et al., 2009). Compared to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, this was an absurdly high number. Braille kept the raised dot form, but developed a more manageable system that would reflect the sighted alphabet. He replaced Barbier’s dashes and dots with just six dots in a rectangular configuration (Jimenez et al., 2009). The result was that the blind population in France had a tactile reading system using dots (like Barbier’s) that was based on the structure of the sighted alphabet (like Hauy’s); crucially, this system was the first developed specifically for the purposes of the blind.

While the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009), realizing that access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

Although Blind people remained marginalized throughout the nineteenth century, the Braille system granted them growing opportunities for social participation. Most obviously, Braille allowed people with vision loss to read the same alphabet used by sighted people (Bullock & Galst, 2009), allowing them to participate in certain cultural experiences previously unavailable to them. Written works, such as books and poetry, had previously been inaccessible to the blind population without the aid of a reader, limiting their autonomy. As books began to be distributed in Braille, this barrier was reduced, enabling people with vision loss to access information autonomously. The closing of the gap between the abilities of blind and the sighted contributed to a gradual shift in blind people’s status, lessening the cultural perception of the blind as essentially different and facilitating greater social integration.

The Braille system also had important cultural effects beyond the sphere of written culture. Its invention later led to the development of a music notation system for the blind, although Louis Braille did not develop this system himself (Jimenez, et al., 2009). This development helped remove a cultural obstacle that had been introduced by the popularization of written musical notation in the early 1500s. While music had previously been an arena in which the blind could participate on equal footing, the transition from memory-based performance to notation-based performance meant that blind musicians were no longer able to compete with sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997). As a result, a tactile musical notation system became necessary for professional equality between blind and sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997).

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

Bullock, J. D., & Galst, J. M. (2009). The Story of Louis Braille. Archives of Ophthalmology , 127(11), 1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.286.

Herron, M. (2009, May 6). Blind visionary. Retrieved from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2009/05/blind-visionary/.

Jiménez, J., Olea, J., Torres, J., Alonso, I., Harder, D., & Fischer, K. (2009). Biography of Louis Braille and Invention of the Braille Alphabet. Survey of Ophthalmology , 54(1), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.006.

Kersten, F.G. (1997). The history and development of Braille music methodology. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education , 18(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40214926.

Mellor, C.M. (2006). Louis Braille: A touch of genius . Boston: National Braille Press.

Tombs, R. (1996). France: 1814-1914 . London: Pearson Education Ltd.

Weygand, Z. (2009). The blind in French society from the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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What Have Fourteen Years of Conservative Rule Done to Britain?

By Sam Knight

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My life divides, evenly enough, into three political eras. I was born in 1980, a year after Margaret Thatcher entered Downing Street with the prayer of St. Francis of Assisi on her lips: “Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. And where there is despair, may we bring hope.” The Conservative-run Britain of the eighties was not harmonious. Life beyond the North London square where my family lived often seemed to be in the grip of one confrontation or another. The news was always showing police on horseback. There were strikes, protests, the I.R.A., and George Michael on the radio. My father, who was a lawyer in the City, travelled to Germany to buy a Mercedes and drove it back, elated. Until Thatcher resigned, when I was ten, her steeply back-combed hair and deep, impossible voice played an outsized role in my imagination—a more interesting, more dangerous version of the Queen.

I was nearly seventeen when the Tories finally lost power, to Tony Blair and “New Labour,” an updated, market-friendly version of the Party. Before he moved to Downing Street, Blair lived in Islington, the gentrifying borough I was from. Boris Johnson, an amusing right-wing columnist, who was getting his start on television, also lived nearby. Our local Member of Parliament was an out-of-touch leftist named Jeremy Corbyn.

New Labour believed in the responsibility of the state to look after its citizens, and in capitalism to make them prosper. Blair was convincing, even when he was wrong. He won three general elections in ten years and walked out of the House of Commons to a standing ovation, undefeated in his eyes. I was turning thirty when Labour eventually ran out of road, undone by the Iraq War, the global financial crisis, and the grim temper of Gordon Brown, Blair’s successor. He was caught in a hot-mike moment describing an ordinary voter, who was complaining about taxes and immigration, as a bigot.

Since then, it’s been the Conservatives again. In 2010, the Party returned to government in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. Since 2015, it has held power alone. Last May, the Tories surpassed the thirteen years and nine days that New Labour had held office. But the third political era of my lifetime has been nothing like the previous two. There has been no dominant figure or overt political project, no Thatcherism, no Blairism. Instead, there has been a quickening, lowering churn: five Prime Ministers, three general elections, two financial emergencies, a once-in-a-century constitutional crisis, and an atmosphere of tired, almost constant drama.

The period is bisected by the United Kingdom’s decision, in 2016, to leave the European Union, a Conservative fantasy, or nightmare, depending on whom you talk to. Brexit catalyzed some of the worst tendencies in British politics—its superficiality, nostalgia, and love of game play—and exhausted the country’s political class, leaving it ill prepared for the pandemic and the twin economic shocks of the war in Ukraine and the forty-nine-day experimental premiership of Liz Truss. Covering British politics during this period has been like trying to remember, and explain, a very convoluted and ultimately boring dream. If you really concentrate, you can recall a lot of the details, but that doesn’t lead you closer to any meaning.

Last year, I started interviewing Conservatives to try to make sense of these years. “One always starts with disclaimers now—I didn’t start this car crash,” Julian Glover, a former speechwriter for David Cameron, the longest-serving Prime Minister of the period, told me. I spoke to M.P.s and former Cabinet ministers; political advisers who helped to make major decisions; and civil servants, local-government officials, and frontline workers hundreds of miles from London who had to deal with the consequences.

Some people insisted that the past decade and a half of British politics resists satisfying explanation. The only way to think about it is as a psychodrama enacted, for the most part, by a small group of middle-aged men who went to élite private schools, studied at the University of Oxford, and have been climbing and chucking one another off the ladder of British public life—the cursus honorum , as Johnson once called it—ever since. The Conservative Party, whose history goes back some three hundred and fifty years, aids this theory by not having anything as vulgar as an ideology. “They’re not on a mission to do X, Y, or Z,” as a former senior adviser explained. “You win and you govern because we are better at it, right?”

Another way to think about these years is to consider them in psychological, or theoretical, terms. In “Heroic Failure,” the Irish journalist Fintan O’Toole explains Brexit by describing Britain’s fall from imperial nation to “occupied colony” of the E.U., and the rise of a powerful English nationalism as a result. Last year, Abby Innes, a scholar at the London School of Economics, published “Late Soviet Britain: Why Materialist Utopias Fail,” which argues that, since Thatcher, Britain’s political mainstream has become as devoted to particular ideas about running the state—a default commitment to competition, markets, and forms of privatization—as Brezhnev’s U.S.S.R. ever was. “The resulting regime,” Innes writes, “has proved anything but stable.”

These observations are surely right, but I worry that they obscure two basic truths about Britain’s experience since 2010. The first is that the country has suffered grievously. These have been years of loss and waste. The U.K. has yet to recover from the financial crisis that began in 2008. According to one estimate, the average worker is now fourteen thousand pounds worse off per year than if earnings had continued to rise at pre-crisis rates—it is the worst period for wage growth since the Napoleonic Wars. “Nobody who’s alive and working in the British economy today has ever seen anything like this,” Torsten Bell, the chief executive of the Resolution Foundation, which published the analysis, told the BBC last year. “This is what failure looks like.”

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High levels of employment and immigration, coupled with the enduring dynamism of London, mask a national reality of low pay, precarious jobs, and chronic underinvestment. The trains are late. The traffic is bad. The housing market is a joke. “The core problem is easy to observe, but it’s tough to live with,” Mark Carney, the former governor of the Bank of England, told me. “It’s just not that productive an economy anymore.”

With stagnant wages, people’s living standards have fallen. In 2008, Brown’s Labour government commissioned Michael Marmot, a renowned epidemiologist, to come up with ways to reduce England’s health inequalities. Marmot made suggestions in six policy areas, including better access to child care, walking and cycling programs, social-security reforms, and measures to improve people’s sense of agency at work. In 2010, he presented his ideas to the incoming Conservative-led coalition, which accepted his findings. “I thought, Wow, this is great. . . . I was pretty bullish about the whole thing,” Marmot told me. “The problem was they then didn’t do it.”

Ten years later, Marmot led a follow-up study, in which he documented stalling life expectancy, particularly among women in England’s poorest communities—and widening inequalities. “For men and women everywhere the time spent in poor health is increasing,” he wrote. “This is shocking.” According to Marmot, the U.K.’s health performance since 2010, which includes rising infant mortality, slowing growth in children, and the return of rickets, makes it an outlier among comparable European nations. “The damage to the nation’s health need not have happened,” Marmot concluded in 2020. He told me, “It was a political choice.”

And that is the second, all too obvious, fact of British life throughout this period: a single party has been responsible. You cannot say that the country has been ruled against its will. Since 2010, the Tories have emerged as the winner of the popular vote and as the largest party in Parliament in three elections. In December, 2019, Boris Johnson won an eighty-seat majority in the House of Commons, the Conservatives’ biggest electoral success since the heyday of Thatcherism.

How is this possible? The opposition has been underwhelming. For years, Labour drifted and squabbled under two unconvincing leaders: Ed Miliband and Corbyn, my old Islington M.P. It is telling that, since Labour elected Keir Starmer, an unimaginative former prosecutor with a rigidly centrist program, the Party is competitive again. But the Conservatives have not survived by default. Their party has excelled at diminishing Britain’s political landscape and shrinking the sense of what is possible. It has governed and skirmished, never settling for long. “It’s all about constantly drawing dividing lines,” a former Party strategist told me. “That’s all you need. It’s not about big ideological debates or policies or anything.” In many ways, the two momentous decisions of this period—what came to be known as austerity and Brexit—are now widely accepted as events that happened, rather than as choices that were made. Starmer’s Labour Party does not seek to reverse them.

If you live in an old country, it can be easy to succumb to a narrative of decline. The state withers. The charlatans take over. You give up on progress, to some extent, and simply pray that this particular chapter of British nonsense will come to an end. It will. Rishi Sunak, the fifth, and presumably final, Conservative Prime Minister of the era, faces an election later this year, which he will almost certainly lose. But Britain cannot move on from the Tories without properly facing up to the harm that they have caused.

The Conservative Party manifesto for the 2010 election was a plain blue hardback book titled “Invitation to Join the British Government.” After the Party’s longest spell out of power in more than a century, its pitch to voters was “the Big Society,” a call for civic volunteering and private enterprise after the statism of Labour. “There was a feeling that it must be possible to be positive about a better future in a way that wasn’t socialist,” Glover, the former speechwriter, said. “And that wasn’t an ignoble thing to try.”

Beginning in 2005, Cameron and George Osborne, the shadow Chancellor, had modernized the Tories. The duo represented a new generation of Conservatives: deft and urbane, easy in their privilege. Osborne was the heir to a baronetcy; Cameron’s family descended from a mistress of William IV. Cameron embraced centrist causes, including the environment and prison reform. There was talk of a “post-bureaucratic age.” But the main aim was simpler. “Above all, it was trying to win,” Osborne told me recently.

In the spring of 2009, Cameron told a gathering of Party members in Gloucestershire, “The age of irresponsibility is giving way to the age of austerity.” The speech was part of a successful campaign to associate Labour’s public spending with the global financial crash, to which Britain had been badly exposed. “The word ‘austerity’ was deliberately introduced into the lexicon by myself and David Cameron,” Osborne said. “Austerity” evoked the country’s sober rebuilding after the Second World War. “The word didn’t have the connotations then that it does now,” Osborne recalled. “It was, you know, a bit like prudence.”

In 2010, the Conservatives fell short of a majority in the House of Commons and formed, with the Liberal Democrats, Britain’s first coalition government in almost seventy years. The state was running a deficit of a hundred and fifty-seven billion pounds—about one and a half times the budget of the National Health Service. Any incoming administration would have had to find ways to balance the books, but, under Cameron and Osborne’s leadership, austerity was a moral as well as an economic mission. “We allowed it to become the defining thing,” the former senior adviser reflected.

“Austerity” is now a contested term. Plenty of Conservatives question whether it really happened. So it is worth being clear: between 2010 and 2019, British public spending fell from about forty-one per cent of G.D.P. to thirty-five per cent. The Office of Budget Responsibility, the equivalent of the American Congressional Budget Office, describes what came to be known as Plan A as “one of the biggest deficit reduction programmes seen in any advanced economy since World War II.” Governments across Europe pursued fiscal consolidation, but the British version was distinct for its emphasis on shrinking the state rather than raising taxes.

Like the choice of the word itself, austerity was politically calculated. Huge areas of public spending—on the N.H.S. and education—were nominally maintained. Pensions and international aid became more generous, to show that British compassion was not dead. But protecting some parts of the state meant sacrificing the rest: the courts, the prisons, police budgets, wildlife departments, rural buses, care for the elderly, youth programs, road maintenance, public health, the diplomatic corps.

Plan A spooked economists because of the risk to economic growth. But, in 2013, the British economy grew by 1.8 per cent. The government claimed victory. Around that time, Osborne declared that the nation could win “the global race” and become the richest major economy in the world by 2030. “We were in complete command of the political landscape,” he recalled. “The U.K. is the country that is seen to have got its act together after the crash. London has become the kind of global capital. So it has worked—there’s a bit of a dénouement coming—but it had worked.” At the general election in 2015, the Conservatives won a majority in the House of Commons, with proposals to make a further thirty-seven billion pounds’ worth of cuts.

“It was devastatingly politically effective,” Osborne told me, of austerity. It’s just that the effects were so horrendous. Between 2010 and 2018, funding for police forces in England fell by up to a quarter. Officers stopped investigating burglaries. Only four per cent now end in prosecution. In 2021, the median time between a rape offense and the completion of a trial reached more than two and a half years. Last fall, hundreds of school buildings had to be closed for emergency repairs, because the country’s school-construction budget had been cut by forty-six per cent between 2009 and 2022.

In October, I talked with Tony Durcan, a retired local-government employee who was responsible for libraries and other cultural programs in the city of Newcastle during the twenty-tens. Durcan told me that he’d had “a good war,” all things considered. There were moments, he said, when the sheer extremity of the crisis was exciting. Between 2010 and 2020, central-government funding for local authorities fell by forty per cent. At one point, it looked as if sixteen of Newcastle’s eighteen libraries would close. The city’s parks budget was cut by ninety-one per cent. The situation forced some creative reforms: Newcastle City Library now hosts the Citizens Advice bureau, where residents can apply for benefits and seek other forms of financial guidance. (The library is featured in “I, Daniel Blake,” Ken Loach’s anti-austerity film of 2016.) But other parts of the city government fell apart. “Youth services and a lot of community-support services, they just disappeared completely,” Durcan said. Child poverty rose sharply. (About forty per cent of children in Newcastle currently live below the poverty line.) But after a while Durcan and his colleagues stopped talking about the cuts, even though their budgets continued to fall. “There was a view—was it helpful? Were you risking losing confidence in the city?”

Over time, Durcan came to question the official reasoning for the savings. “You can make a mistake, even when you’re acting for the best,” he explained. “I don’t think that’s what happened in austerity.” Newcastle was a Labour stronghold, as was the rest of the northeast. Until 2019, the Tories held only three out of twenty-nine parliamentary seats in the region. A similar pattern was repeated across England. Poorer communities, particularly in urban areas, which tended to vote Labour, suffered disproportionately.

In Liverpool, where the Conservatives have not won a Parliamentary seat for forty years, spending, per head, fell more than in any other city in the country. Public-health spending in Blackpool, one of the poorest local authorities in England, was cut almost five times more, per person, than in the affluent county of Surrey, just south of London, whose eleven M.P.s are all Tories. Durcan and his colleagues noted the discrepancies between Labour- and Conservative-supporting regions. “And so there was cynicism,” he said, “and also great disappointment, a sense of injustice.”

Osborne denies that austerity was ever targeted in this way. “It’s not like we ministers just sit there and go, We’re not going to cut Kensington Council. We’re going to cut Liverpool Council. That is a lampoonish way of thinking about British politics,” he said. But some of his colleagues were more willing to acknowledge that electoral thinking was at play. One former Cabinet minister conceded that there were “big strategic moves” to favor older voters, who were more likely to vote Conservative, in the form of pension increases and interventions to raise property prices. David Gauke, a Treasury minister from 2010 to 2017, agreed that the parts of the country that had benefitted most under Labour had seen their budgets cut under the Conservatives. “There was a rebalancing that went on,” he said. “Did it go too far? Maybe it did.”

What was less forgivable, in the end, was the cuts’ unthinking nature, their lack of reason. In the fall of 2013, a staffer named Giles Wilkes, who worked for a senior Liberal Democrat minister in the coalition, became alarmed by projections that showed ever-reducing government budgets. “I don’t wish to paint the picture of the British state as too chaotic and heedless and amateur. But I was wandering around in 2013 and 2014, saying to people, Does anyone know what this means for the Home Office or the court system, for local authorities and the social-care budget?” Wilkes said. “Nobody was curious .” Wilkes is now a fellow at the Institute for Government, a nonpartisan think tank. “It was very obvious in real time,” he told me. “There wasn’t a central function going, Hold on a mo. Have we made sure that we can provide a decent prison estate, a decent sort of police system?”

And so stupid things happened. Since 2010, forty-three per cent of the courts in England and Wales have closed. No one thinks that this was a good idea. For years, the Conservatives cut prison funding and staffing while encouraging longer jail times. “You kind of had a mismatch,” Gauke, who later served as the Justice Secretary, admitted. The number of adults sentenced to more than ten years in prison more than doubled—until the system caved in, overrun by violence, self-harm, drug use, and staff shortages. In 2023, the government activated what it called Operation Safeguard, in which hundreds of jail cells in police stations were requisitioned to hold convicted offenders, because the prisons were full. In September, a terrorism suspect escaped from Wandsworth Prison, in South London, by clinging to the underside of a food-delivery truck. Eighty of the prison’s two hundred and five officers had not shown up for work that day.

The long-term effects of austerity are still playing out. A 2019 paper by Thiemo Fetzer, an economist at the University of Warwick, asked, “Did Austerity Cause Brexit?” Fetzer found that, beginning in 2010, the parts of the country most affected by welfare cuts were more likely to support Nigel Farage’s U.K. Independence Party, which campaigned against immigration and the E.U. The withdrawal of the social safety net in communities already negatively hit by globalization exacerbated the sense of a nation going awry. Public-health experts, including Marmot, argue that a decade of frozen health-care spending undermined the country’s response to the pandemic. More broadly, austerity has contributed to an atmosphere of fatalism, an aversion to thinking about the future. “It is a mood,” Johnna Montgomerie, a professor at the University of British Columbia who studies debt and inequality, has written. “A depression, a chronic case of financial melancholia.”

Since leaving politics, in 2017, Osborne has enjoyed a lucrative career, serving simultaneously as an adviser at BlackRock, the asset-management firm, and as the editor of the Evening Standard newspaper; more recently, he has been a partner at an investment bank and a podcaster. He insists that the cuts, ultimately, enabled the U.K.’s public finances to withstand the pandemic and the energy crisis that followed Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. “There’s no counterfactual,” he told me. Osborne likes to accuse his critics of living in a parallel reality, in which the financial crisis and Britain’s deficit never existed: “It’s, like, Apart from the assassination, Mrs. Lincoln, did you enjoy the play?”

But that does not mean the Tories made good choices. British social-security payments are at their lowest levels, relative to wages, in half a century. Under a steady downward ratchet, started by Osborne and continued by his successors, household payments have been capped and income thresholds effectively lowered. In 2017, a “two child” limit was placed on benefits for poor families. In November, 2018, Philip Alston, the U.N.’s special rapporteur on extreme poverty, toured the U.K. When we spoke, he recalled a strong sense of denial, or ignorance, among British politicians about the consequences of their decisions. “There was a disconnect between the world and what senior ministers wanted to believe,” he said.

The fall in Britain’s living standards isn’t easy for anyone to talk about, least of all Conservatives. The Resolution Foundation, which studies the lives of people with low and middle incomes, is chaired by David Willetts, a former minister in Cameron’s government. Willetts is a tall, genial man, who worked for Margaret Thatcher’s policy unit in the eighties. His nickname in the Party was Two Brains. “What I say to Tories now is, Look, we are behind for various reasons,” Willetts said, carefully. “You can argue about it. But our household incomes are clearly lower than France or Germany or the Netherlands.” Part of the problem, Willetts explained, was that Britain’s richest twenty per cent had largely been spared the effects of the past fourteen years—and that made it genuinely difficult for them to comprehend the damage. “We are all O.K.,” he said. “The burden of adjustment has almost entirely been borne by the less affluent half of the British population.”

In late November, I took a train to Worcester, a cathedral city south of Birmingham, on the River Severn. It was a raw, washed-out morning. Floodwater shone in the meadows. The city is famous as the home of Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauce—a dark, sweet yet sour, almost indescribably English condiment, first sold by a pair of chemists in 1837—which has been doused on two centuries’ worth of shepherd’s pie and other stodgy lunches. Worcester used to be a den of political corruption: in 1906, men willing to sell their votes to the Tories could collect payment in the rest rooms of the Duke of York, a pub in the middle of town. More recently, it has been a bellwether. In the nineties, Conservative strategists described “Worcester Woman,” a median female voter—politically aware, married, with two children. (Since 1979, the city’s M.P.s have belonged to the party in power.) I was on my way to Citizens Advice Worcester—part of a charitable network that offers free counselling on debt relief and legal matters—behind a restored Victorian hotel.

Shakira was playing on the radio in the reception and a sign read “If You Are Frightened of Your Partner, Call Us.” Geraint Thomas, a Welsh lawyer who runs the center, was in his office, worrying about a heating bill. A few years ago, it was some four thousand pounds a year, but after recent price hikes it was now about fourteen thousand. In 2017, the charity had started running services in Herefordshire as well. Now funding was tight, and various Covid emergency funds were coming to an end. “Next year, we have got a bit of a hole,” Thomas said. The clock on his wall had stopped.

Since 2019, the number of people seeking help at the center had risen by thirty per cent. Two years of high inflation and rising interest rates meant that the caseworkers were now seeing homeowners and people working two jobs, along with the unemployed and families on benefits. “It’s like a black hole, dragging more and more people in,” Colin Stuart, who manages volunteers, said. Anne Limbert, who oversees the advice team, explained that, until a few years ago, it was usually possible to make a recovery plan for clients. “It used to be that we could help people, you know, and make a difference,” she said. “Now it’s just kind of depressing.” Increasingly, Limbert was sending clients to food banks.

The caseworkers said that they had mostly tuned out politics. Gwen Fraser, a volunteer manager in Herefordshire, which has some of England’s most deprived rural communities, had met a visiting M.P. a few months earlier. “I thought, You’re not in the real world, mate,” she said. Not long ago, a seventy-seven-year-old man, behind on his mortgage, had told Fraser that he was suicidal. The proportion of people coming to the center with a long-term health condition had risen by twenty per cent since 2019. (N.H.S. prescriptions for antidepressants in England almost doubled between 2011 and 2023.) Fraser had recently settled on a phrase that she found useful in her paperwork: “Overwhelming distress.”

Worcester Woman voted for Brexit. In 2016, the city chose to leave the European Union by a margin of fifty-four per cent to forty-six per cent. The perception of the Brexit vote as a cry of anguish from deindustrialized northern towns or from faded seaside resorts isn’t wrong—it just leaves out the rest of England. Two weeks after the referendum, Danny Dorling, a geography professor at the University of Oxford, published an article in the British Medical Journal showing that Leave voters weren’t defined neatly either by geography or by income. Fifty-nine per cent identified as middle class, and most lived in the South. “People wouldn’t believe me for years,” Dorling told me. “This was Hampshire voted to leave.”

Dorling’s politics are on the left. He opposed Brexit and often describes Britain as a failing state. During the summer of 2018, Dorling gave dozens of public talks across the country reflecting on the referendum. He noticed that places that had voted Remain invariably had better rail connections than those that voted Leave. A lot of Brexit supporters were older and economically secure but had a keen sense of the country going downhill. “Something was falling apart,” Dorling said. “They had got a house in their twenties. They’d had full employment. Their children were in their forties and they might be renting. . . . It was an almost entirely unselfish vote by the old for their grandchildren—let’s try it, or let’s at least show we’re angry.”

How you interpret the Brexit vote informs, to a great extent, how you make sense of the past fourteen years of British politics. It is not just a watershed—a before and after. It is also a prism that clarifies or scrambles the picture entirely. One perspective sees the whole saga as a woeful mistake. In this view, Cameron decided to settle, once and for all, an internal Tory argument about Britain’s place in an integrating E.U., a question that had haunted the Party since the last days of Thatcher. In the process, he turned what was an abstruse obsession on the right wing of British politics into a much simpler, terrifyingly binary choice for the population on how they felt their life was going.

In the accident theory of Brexit, leaving the E.U. has turned out to be a puncture rather than a catastrophe: a falloff in trade; a return of forgotten bureaucracy with our near neighbors; an exodus of financial jobs from London; a misalignment in the world. “There is a sort of problem for the British state, including Labour as well as all these Tory governments since 2016, which is that they are having to live a lie,” as Osborne, who voted Remain, said. “It’s a bit like tractor-production figures in the Soviet Union. You have to sort of pretend that this thing is working, and everyone in the system knows it isn’t.”

The other view sees Brexit as an unfinished revolution. Regardless of its origins, the vote in 2016 was a repudiation of how Britain had been governed for a generation or more. In the B . M . J . article, Dorling observed that younger voters—who chose overwhelmingly to remain in the E.U.—were angry with their elders. “They will feel newly betrayed . . . but their real betrayal has been a long time in the making,” he wrote. For a highly centralized country that is smaller than Wyoming, the U.K. is lopsided beyond belief. It contains regional inequalities greater than those between the east and the west of Germany, or the north and the south of Italy—inequalities that have been allowed by successive governments to grow to shameful extremes. On average, people in Nottingham earn about a quarter of what people make in Kensington and Chelsea, in West London, which is some two hours away by train.

During the Brexit campaign, the E.U. came to represent not just a supranational monolith across the English Channel but profound distances within the U.K. itself. And the politicians who defended the E.U. looked and sounded, for the most part, as if they spent more time in Tuscany each summer than they had spent on Teesside in their lives. “The kind of globalism, the internationalism, the liberal élite view, was seized on by people who thought that they’d been spoken down to for decades,” John Hayes, a Tory M.P. and a Brexiteer, told me. “And the more they wheeled out the establishment figures, the more it was, Yeah, that’s them. Those are the ones who don’t get it. They don’t understand us.”

Almost eight years after the vote, what stays with me is how unimagined Brexit was. Overnight, and against the will of its leaders, the country abandoned its economic model—as the Anglo-Saxon gateway to the world’s largest trading bloc—and replaced it with nothing at all. “I can’t think of another occasion when a party has so radically changed direction while in office,” Willetts said. Thatcher was an architect of the E.U.’s single market, which in time became a heresy.

You can marvel at the recklessness of Brexiteers such as Farage, or of Johnson, who spearheaded the Vote Leave campaign. (“He is not a Brexiteer,” Osborne said. “I really would go to my grave saying, deep down, Boris Johnson did not want to leave the E.U.”) But the real dereliction ran deeper. Sensible Britain failed. The Civil Service did not plan for Brexit. Ivan Rogers was the U.K.’s permanent representative to the E.U. from 2013 to 2017. He started warning about the likelihood of Brexit about five years before the vote. “It was difficult to get the attention of the system,” he said. Beyond a briefing paper, demanded by the House of Lords, there was only some “confidential thinking,” in the words of Jeremy Heywood, the former head of the Civil Service. (Heywood died in 2018.) “The mandarins have a lot to answer for on this,” Rogers said. “We were very badly prepared in 2016.”

“I didn’t think it was very wise,” Carney, the former governor of the Bank of England, said, of the official refusal to consider the referendum going wrong. “We did a ton of planning.” After the vote, the Bank stabilized the markets while British politics imploded. Cameron resigned and was replaced by Theresa May, a former Home Secretary with limited experience of the economy or of international affairs. In the second half of 2016, May worked with a small group of advisers to formulate a Brexit strategy that ultimately satisfied nobody. “It was incredibly poor statecraft,” a former Cabinet colleague said. “Absolute shit. Abominable.” The abiding image of the Brexit talks was a photo of Michel Barnier, the E.U.’s chief negotiator, with his colleagues and their neat piles of paper on one side of a table, while their British counterparts, led by David Davis, a bluff former special-forces reservist, sat on the other side with a single notebook among them.

One Friday lunchtime, a couple of months ago, I met Dominic Cummings at a pub not far from his house in London. A light snow was in the air. Cummings, who is fifty-two, worked on education policy in the coalition government before becoming the campaign director of Vote Leave. (He coined its notorious slogan, “Take Back Control.”) Cummings is a Savonarola figure in British politics, an ascetic and a technocrat, who wants to save the state by burning it down. He refers to Elon Musk by his first name and writes Substack essays with titles such as “On Complexity, ‘fog and moonlight,’ prediction, and politics VII: why social science is so bad at prediction & what is to be done.”

Police officer and investigator look at a crime scene within a crime scene.

Cummings reveres the Apollo space program and takes a dim view of almost all Britain’s elected officials. “Where they are not malicious they are moronic,” he told me once. He talks rapidly, with a slight Northern rasp. (He is from Durham, near Newcastle.) Next to our table in the pub, a woodstove emitted a sudden, enveloping cloud of smoke, which dissipated while we talked. Cummings appeared to be wearing two hats, against the cold. He apologized if it seemed as if he were staring at me. He had recently undergone retinal surgery.

Cummings, unsurprisingly, saw Brexit in revolutionary terms—as a chance to break with the country’s ruling orthodoxy. “The Vote Leave campaign was not of the Tory Party,” he said. “It was not a conservative—big ‘C’ or little ‘c’—effort. But none of them wanted to confront the reasons why we did it in the first place. . . . For us, this was an attempt to wrench us off the Cameron, establishment, Blairite line.” Cummings believes that Britain must rediscover its ability to build things—roads, railways, houses, research institutes, products that people want to buy—in order to prosper again. He argues that it is America’s ecosystem of universities, entrepreneurs, and government procurement departments that have helped maintain its economic and technological edge, not just lower taxes or a freer form of capitalism. “When you start talking about this to Tories, they go, Oh, Dominic, you sound like a terrible central planner,” Cummings said. “And you go, That’s America. This is not weird left-wing shit.”

No one would accuse Cummings of having a popular platform. His jam is A.I. and Nietzsche. But, after the Brexit vote, he kept waiting for May’s government to act on what was, to him, its obvious implications: to restrict immigration, reform the state, and explore dramatic economic policies, in order to diverge from the E.U. and to boost the country’s productivity. “I kept thinking, month after month, God, like, it’s weird the way they are just thrashing around and not facing it,” Cummings said. In his view, the election of Trump, that November, provided a perfect excuse for Remainers not to take the Brexit vote seriously. “They just lumped it all in with, Oh, it’s a global tide of populism. It’s mad, irrational, evil. It’s partly funded by Putin,” he said. “They didn’t have to reëvaluate and go, Maybe the establishment in general has been, like, fucking up for twenty-plus years. ”

In July, 2019, May resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by Johnson, who hired Cummings as a senior adviser. Cummings thought that Johnson would probably screw it up. At the same time, he saw an opportunity to advance what he considered the true Vote Leave agenda. “In some sense,” he said, “the risk was worth taking.”

That fall was the most kinetic, breathtaking period of Britain’s fourteen years of Tory rule. With Cummings at his side, along with Lee Cain, another former Vote Leave official, who became his director of communications, Johnson broke the deadlock that had existed since the referendum. He asked the Queen to prorogue, or suspend, Parliament. He expelled twenty-one Conservative M.P.s—including eight former Cabinet ministers and Nicholas Soames, the grandson of Winston Churchill—for attempting to stop the country from leaving the E.U. with no deal at all.

On a Tuesday in late September, the Supreme Court ruled that Johnson’s suspension of Parliament had been unlawful. “The effect upon the fundamentals of our democracy was extreme,” the Justices found. I stood outside the court in the rain, and it felt as though the thousand-year-old timbers of the state were moving beneath our feet. Someone in the crowd was wearing a prison jumpsuit and an enlarged Johnson head. A woman was dressed as a suffragist. Anna Soubry, a former Tory M.P. who quit the party to fight for a second referendum, shook her head in wonder. “Astonishing,” she said. But Johnson prevailed. Before the year was out, he had cobbled together a new, hard-line Brexit deal and thumped Corbyn at a general election on another three-word Cummings-approved slogan: “Get Brexit Done.”

Johnson was, briefly, unassailable. In the election that December, the Conservatives won seats in places such as Bishop Auckland, in Cummings’s home county of Durham, which they had not held for more than a hundred years. The Party gathered a new, loose coalition of pro-Brexit voters—many of whom were from formerly Labour-voting English towns—to go with its traditionally older, fiscally conservative base. Johnson’s celebrity (the hair, the mess, the faux Churchillian vibes, the ridiculous Latin) was the glue that held it all together. He sensed the public mood. (With Johnson, that was not the same as doing something about it.) He disavowed austerity—promising more money for the N.H.S., new hospitals, and more police—and described a mighty program to redress the country’s economic imbalances, which he called Levelling Up.

Johnson’s premiership collapsed under the pressure of the pandemic and of his own proclivities. According to Cummings, the alignment between the goals of Vote Leave and Johnson’s ambitions as Prime Minister decoupled in January, 2020, just a few weeks after the election. Cummings wanted to overhaul the civil service and Britain’s planning laws. Johnson, for his part, wanted a rest. “He was, like, What the fuck are you talking about? Why would I want to do that?” Cummings recalled. (Johnson did not reply to a request for comment.) “It’s basically cake-ism, right?,” Cummings said, referring to Johnson’s political lodestar: having his cake and eating it, too. “I want to do all the things you want to do, and I want everyone to love me,” Cummings recalled. “I was, like, Yeah, that’s not happening.”

Britain’s first cases of the coronavirus were announced on January 31, 2020, the day the country left the European Union. In March, Johnson ordered the first national lockdown, caught COVID , and later spent three nights in the I.C.U. For months, the country staggered from one set of restrictions to the next—a reflection of Johnson’s inconstant attitude toward the virus. In texts, Cummings used a shopping-cart emoji to indicate the Prime Minister veering from one half-formed idea to the next. Levelling Up became a pork-barrel exercise: of seven hundred and twenty-five million pounds earmarked in June, 2021, about eighty per cent was for Conservative constituencies.

Johnson’s Downing Street was operatically dysfunctional. A rift opened between Cummings and his team and a faction centered on Carrie Symonds, Johnson’s then fiancée, a former Conservative Party communications director. In November, 2020, Cummings accused the Prime Minister of betraying the Vote Leave program and resigned. “I said, Listen, we had a deal. And if you end up breaking our deal there is going to be hell to pay,” Cummings recalled. Cain left as well. A little more than a year later, the Daily Mirror , a left-wing tabloid, broke the news that Johnson and his staff had organized parties while the rest of the country was under lockdown—beginning with the party for Cain’s departure, the previous November. Johnson resigned six months later.

The pandemic bore out truths about the British state. There were bright spots: the vaccines and their rollout by the N.H.S.; the intervention of the Treasury, under Rishi Sunak, the Chancellor, whose furlough plan protected millions of jobs. More generally, though, the virus revealed tired public services, a population in poor health, and a government that was less competent than it thought it was. “It’s very convenient for everyone to blame Boris,” Cummings said. “But the truth is, in January, February, of 2020, it was the civil service saying‚ We’re the best-prepared country in the world. We’re brilliant at pandemics. The reality is, everything was crumbling.”

In October, 2023, Cummings testified at the U.K.’s Covid inquiry, an investigation of the government’s handling of the pandemic led by a retired judge. His written evidence was a hundred and fifteen pages long and began with an epigraph from “War and Peace”: “Nothing was ready for the war which everybody expected.”

The hearings took place in an office building around the corner from Paddington Station. I sat next to a row of bereaved family members, who were holding photographs of their loved ones. Cummings wore a white linen shirt, which came untucked, a tweed jacket with elbow patches, and black boots. He is such a contentious figure—an agent of these disordered times—that people often don’t really listen to what he says. A great deal of the media coverage of Cummings’s testimony focussed on his texting style. In messages during the pandemic, he referred to ministers as “useless fuckpigs,” “morons,” and “cunts.” The inquiry’s lawyer asked Cummings if he thought his language had been too strong. “I would say, if anything, it understated the position,” he replied.

In written testimony, Cummings implored the Covid inquiry to address a wider crisis in Britain’s political class. “Our political parties and the civil service are extremely closed institutions with little place for people who can think and build,” he wrote. Cummings believes that the war in Iraq, the financial crisis, the pandemic, and the invasion of Ukraine all, in their ways, exposed serious shortcomings in the British state that have yet to be addressed.

Brexit, too. When we met, Cummings observed that the country has still failed to confront the full implications of the vote, either domestically or abroad: “You can just treat it as, like, a weird thing, like a witch trial in a medieval village. Now the witch has been burnt, and now the community is getting back to normal. Or you can think of it as part of big structural changes in Western politics, society, and the economy. And if the establishment thinks that you can treat it like a sort of episode of witchcraft mania, then they’re just going to walk straight into recurring shocks.”

I was at Heathrow Airport, refreshing the BBC’s Web site on my phone, when the screen changed to a black-and-white commemorative portrait of the Queen. On February 6, 1952, when Elizabeth’s father, George VI, died, the Prime Minister was Winston Churchill. “We cannot at this moment do more than record a spontaneous expression of our grief,” he told the House of Commons that afternoon. Seventy years later, in September, 2022, Britain was seized again by deference, tenderness, and other, more inchoate, emotions. You could not escape the ritual. Hats, horses, artillery in London’s parks. In her later years, the Queen’s aura of permanence had been enhanced by the recklessness at work in other parts of Britain’s public life. Her survival helped to contain a sense of crisis.

The Queen died on Liz Truss’s second full day in office. When the country’s brand-new Prime Minister and her husband, Hugh O’Leary, arrived at Westminster Abbey for the state funeral, Australian television identified them as “maybe minor royals.” Four days later, Truss launched the Growth Plan 2022, a Thatcher-inspired, forty-five-billion-pound package of tax cuts intended to reignite the British economy. The bond markets didn’t like it. The pound fell to a record low against the dollar. The International Monetary Fund asked Truss to “re-evaluate.” Her approval rating dropped by almost thirty points in a week. Ashen, Truss fired her Chancellor, Kwasi Kwarteng, then left office herself, on October 25th, serving seventy-one days fewer than Britain’s previous shortest-serving Prime Minister, George Canning, who died suddenly of pneumonia in 1827.

It made sense to pretend that Truss and her Growth Plan had been a rogue mission, inflicted on an unsuspecting nation. Truss was depicted as mad, or ideologically unreliable, or both. She had been a Liberal Democrat at Oxford who once opposed the monarchy. She was strangely besotted with mental arithmetic. But the truth is that Truss was neither an outlier nor a secret radical, but a representative spirit of the Conservative Party and its years in power. She was one of the first M.P.s of her intake to be promoted to the Cabinet, brought on by Cameron, before serving both May and Johnson in a hectic and haphazard series of important jobs: running departments for the environment, justice, international trade, and a large part of the Treasury.

In all these positions, Truss was the same: spiky, dynamic, considered skillful on TV. In 2012, she and Kwarteng contributed to “Britannia Unchained,” an ode to tax cutting and deregulation that described the British as “among the worst idlers in the world.” I asked one of Truss’s contemporaries, the former Cabinet minister, if anyone took the ideas seriously at the time. It was hard to catch the attention of the Party’s base under the coalition, he complained. “The easiest way was to show a bit of leg,” he said. “It used to be hanging.” Truss campaigned for Remain before becoming a Brexiteer. As Foreign Secretary, she posed on top of a tank—pure Thatcher cosplay—and dominated the government’s Flickr account, with pictures of herself jogging across the Brooklyn Bridge and standing, ruminatively, in Red Square, in Moscow.

Dachshund and another dog walk together.

“It’s silliness,” Rory Stewart told me. Stewart became a Conservative M.P. on the same day as Truss, in 2010, after working for the British government in Iraq, running an N.G.O. in Afghanistan, and teaching at Harvard. He was ejected from the Party during the Johnson purge of 2019. Last year, he published “How Not to Be a Politician,” a compulsive, depressing memoir of his career during this period. “It’s clever, silly people. It’s a lack of seriousness,” he said, of Truss and many of his peers.

In 2015, Stewart was sent to work under Truss at Britain’s department for the environment. Truss challenged him to come up with a strategy for England’s national parks in three days. “She said, Come on, Rory, how difficult can this be?” he recalled. Truss started firing off suggestions. “Get young people into nature. Blah blah blah blah.” (The plan was announced on time; Truss declined to speak to me.) “I felt with Liz Truss slight affection but above all profound pity,” Stewart said. “Because she’s approaching these big conversations as though she’s sort of performing as an underprepared undergraduate at a seminar.”

On a cloudless summer’s morning, in the dog days of Theresa May’s government, I travelled to Scunthorpe, in North Lincolnshire. In the sixties, Scunthorpe was a growing steel town with four blast furnaces named after English queens. In 2016, the population voted overwhelmingly for Brexit; three years later, the steelworks was at risk of closure, in part because of trade uncertainties caused by the vote. British Steel, which ran the plant, had been sold to private-equity investors for a pound. Four thousand jobs were on the line.

In the afternoon, I sat down with Simon Green, the deputy chief executive of the local council. Green was in his early fifties, angular and forthright. He grew up in Grimsby, a fishing town on the coast, and spent his career in local government—in Boston and New York, as well as in Nottingham and Sheffield—before taking the job in North Lincolnshire, in 2017. Green was sick of reporters, like me, coming up to Scunthorpe from London for the day, to gawk at its predicament and wonder why people could have believed that Brexit would improve their situation. “No disrespect, but we do get a level of poverty porn,” he said. “A lot of doom and gloom.”

Green assured me that the Brexit-related anxiety around the steelworks was a blip. “We’re actually on a bit of a comeback roll,” he said. He was excited about the region’s potential for green technology and the construction of HS2, a new Y-shaped high-speed railway that was going to transform connections between London and cities in the northeast and the northwest. “Rail track, ballast, concrete, cement—you name anything to do with trains, infrastructure, it’s an engineering, Midlands, Northern thing,” he said. Green ascribed the Brexit vote in Scunthorpe to “values and culture” rather than to economics—a sense of dislocation and of feeling disdained by politicians in London.

Recently, I wondered how Green was getting on. In 2019, Scunthorpe was part of the “Red Wall” of Labour constituencies that flipped for the Tories. British Steel had changed hands once more. Now Chinese investors were planning to install new furnaces, which required fewer workers and were fed with scrap metal. For the first time since 1890, the plant would no longer produce virgin steel from ore. I met Green a couple of weeks before Christmas. He had left his job a few days before. He seemed relieved to be done. Seven local authorities in England have gone bust since 2020, including the one serving Birmingham, Britain’s second-largest city. In North Lincolnshire, the council now spends about three-quarters of its budget on services for vulnerable children and adults—roughly double the proportion of a decade ago. “We’re still here,” Green said, ruefully. The saga of the steelworks continued. “It’s endless,” he went on. “Is it closing? Isn’t it closing?” Britain has had eleven different economic programs in the past thirteen years.

We were in a teaching room at the University Campus North Lincolnshire, which opened a few years ago in the former local-authority offices. The old council chamber, built in the shape of a blast furnace, was now a lecture hall. The average student age was twenty-nine. Green was proud of the project. It reminded him of mechanics’ institutes in the nineteenth century. “People are using their own judgment to better themselves,” he said. “If you want a job in this area, you can get a job. We need more quality opportunity.” Green had had a clear strategy for Scunthorpe and the nearby Humber estuary, built around green technology and education. “I asked a question to my colleagues and politicians as well,” he said. “What sort of town do you want this to be in ten, fifteen, twenty years?”

Britain has no equivalent strategy for itself. In September, Sunak weakened several of the country’s key climate-change targets. A few weeks later, he cancelled what was left of HS2, the new rail network. Only the stem of the Y will now be built, from London to Birmingham, at a cost of some four hundred and seventy million pounds per mile , with little or no benefit to the North. “I can get quite excited, agitated by that,” Green said. “It makes us look a laughingstock.” Green was studiously apolitical when we talked. I had no sense of which way he voted. But he despaired of the shallowness and contingency now at the heart of British politics, and the lack of narrative coherence—or shared purpose—about what these years of struggle had been intended to achieve. I asked if he ever worried that the country was in a permanent state of decline. “I think, at the moment, we are at the crossroads,” he replied.

When will it end? Sunak says that he will call a general election in the second half of the year. The gossip in Westminster says that probably that means mid-November: a British encore, to follow the main event in the U.S. But it could come as soon as May. The Prime Minister began preparing the ground last fall, after his first year in office, by presenting himself as a change candidate—a big claim, considering the circumstances.

In October, I went to Manchester to watch Sunak address the Conservative Party’s annual conference. He was introduced onstage by his wife, Akshata Murty, the daughter of N. R. Narayana Murthy, a founder of Infosys, the Indian I.T. conglomerate. (According to the London Sunday Times , Sunak and Murty have an estimated net worth of about five hundred million pounds.) Murty wore an orange pants suit, and she addressed Britain’s most successful political organization as if it were a local gardening society. “Please know that Rishi is working hard,” she said. “He shares your values and he knows how much you care about the future of the U.K.”

Sunak has a quietly imploring tone. British politics was in a bad way, he explained. People were fed up. “It isn’t anger,” Sunak said. “It’s an exhaustion with politics, in particular politicians saying things and then nothing ever changing.” Sunak dated the rot back thirty years without explaining why, but, presumably, to indicate the fall of Thatcher. (Thatcher was everywhere in Manchester; she is the modern Party’s only ghost.) Having positioned himself as the country’s next, truly transformative, leader, Sunak offered his party a weirdly pallid program: the dismantling of HS2, plus two long-range, complex policies, to abolish smoking and to reform the A-levels—England’s standard end-of-school exams. “We will be bold. We will be radical,” Sunak promised. “We will face resistance and we will meet it.”

Increasingly, Sunak has been pulled between the Party’s diverging instincts: to retreat to the dry, liberal competence of the Cameron-Osborne regime or to head off in a more explicitly protectionist, anti-immigrant, anti-woke direction. In Manchester, the energy was unmistakably on the Party’s right. Suella Braverman, then the Home Secretary, magnetized delegates with a speech warning of a “hurricane” of mass migration. Truss staged a growth rally, and Nigel Farage cruised the conference hall, posing for selfies. (There is talk of Farage standing as a Conservative M.P.) Back in London, I had lunch with David Frost, an influential Conservative peer. “Rishi, I feel for him, in a way,” Frost said. “He’s just trying to keep the show on the road and not upset all these different wings of the Party. But the consequence of that is you end up with a sort of agenda which is not politically meaningful at all.”

On January 14th, a poll of fourteen thousand people, which Frost facilitated, suggested that the Party is on course for a huge defeat later this year. The question is what kind of haunted political realm it will leave behind. Under Starmer, Labour has been tactical in the extreme, exorcising Corbyn’s left-wing policies (Corbyn has been blocked from standing for the Party at the election), while making vague noises about everything else. It has nothing new to say about Brexit and equivocates about its own tax and spending plans, if it wins power. The Party recently scaled back a plan to invest twenty-eight billion pounds a year in green projects. There is no rescue on the way for Britain’s welfare state.

Osborne noted all this with satisfaction. “The underlying economic arguments have basically been accepted,” he said, of austerity. “It’s rather like the Thatcher period. Everyone complained that Thatcher did deindustrialization, and yet no one wants to unpick it.” By contrast, Cummings sees the two cautious, hedging leaders in charge of Britain’s main political parties—and the relief among some centrists that the candidates are not so different from each other—in rather darker terms. “They are deluded when they think it’s great that Sunak and Starmer are in. It’s just like they’re arguing over trivia,” he said. “The politics of it are insane.”

I am afraid that I agree. It is unnerving to be heading into an election year in Britain with the political conversation so small, next to questions that can feel immeasurable. I put this to Hayes, the Tory M.P., when I went to see him in the House of Commons. “You’re arguing we have very vanilla-flavor politics, in a richly colored world. There’s something in that,” he said. Then he surprised me. “I think the key thing for the Conservatives now is to be more conservative,” he said. We were sitting in a bay window, overlooking the Thames. A waiter poured tea. Hayes seemed to relish the coming election. It was as if, after almost fourteen years of tortuous experiment, real conservatism might finally be at hand. “Outside metropolitan Britain and the university towns, it’s all up for grabs,” Hayes assured me. “Toryism must have its day again.” ♦

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Newspaper Reading Essay

Introductions to Newspapers

Newspapers are called the mirrors of the world. They are the natural way of bringing India to the world and the world to India. Newspapers always arouse excitement. It is this art of generating curiosity that compels people to read on. Newspapers play an important role in a democracy and are the most important and effective medium of mass communication. They fully enjoy the freedom of speech by being unbiased. They furnish only the authentic details. Newspapers have played an important role in forming and moulding public opinion.

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Newspaper's History

Hicky's Bengal Gazette was the first newspaper printed under British administration in 1780. The publication reported about British control in a variety of sectors. It quickly became the national leaders' spokesperson, both regionally and nationally.

Newspapers were crucial in educating, persuading, and mobilising people to propagate nationalistic and patriotic beliefs. They instilled in the people a great desire to free India from British tyranny. The Tribune, Kesari, Maratha, The Hindu, and Swadeshi were among the most influential and strong periodicals in spreading the nationalist agenda against the British. People would read the newspaper together and debate their strategy. The Indians were truly led to freedom by newspapers.

Even after independence, media have frequently brought to the forefront topics that were divisive but required public debate to resolve. Newspapers aided in spreading public awareness of social ills like as dowry, child marriage, untouchability, and the sati rite, among others.

What is the Benefit of Reading Newspapers?

Newspapers connect you to the rest of the world, which is why they are referred to as the globe's mirror. In a democracy, a free press serves as a watchdog. It keeps a close eye on government operations, exposing omissions and commissions. As a result, As a result, the right to information becomes a reality for the average person. The purpose of news reporting is to keep democracy alive. Its powerful voice of dissent is essential to the functioning and flourishing of a true democracy.

You should read the newspaper to be informed about current events in your country and throughout the world. The newspaper covers everything from the stock market to various political events, strikes, and so on. Not only that, but one also learns about other employment alternatives, such as job openings, admission notifications from various universities, scholarships in the country and even abroad, walk-in interviews for jobs, and so on. In the newspaper, there is also a matrimonial column where you can discover a perfect match for yourself.

Reading newspapers is an excellent habit to develop in children, and it should be instilled in them from an early age. It aids in the development of personality by boosting general knowledge, strengthening language comprehension, writing and reading skills, and vocabulary. One can stay up with the fast-paced world and the changes that occur on a regular basis.

In the morning assembly, schools should urge pupils to read the news. Regular quizzes or general knowledge competitions centred on current events, sports, politics, and the economy must be organised by schools. This is one way for kids to get into the habit of reading newspapers.

Reading newspapers is an important habit in today's society since it provides us with minute data about our surrounds - everything linked to the present, significant influence of previous events, and also aids us in predicting or dreaming about the future. Reading newspapers serves to improve a person's intellectual faculties, hence it should be done with enthusiasm, fervour, and fervour.

Newspaper Reading vs Electronic Media

The rise of electronic media is reducing the number of people who read newspapers, particularly among the youth. The more easily accessible visual media appears to be driving the younger generation insane. Because of the fast-paced lifestyle that is afflicting society as a whole, they are more addicted to instant news. Everything has become more visual, and the media has made it so appealing to users that they have forgotten the spirit of our traditional newspapers. They are abandoning the practise of reading newspapers.

Newspapers are a valuable resource for information. The "information superhighway" is how they're referred to. They also supply us with a variety of benefits that help us in our everyday lives. Reading the newspaper boosts your education while also widening your perspectives, yet it is becoming a dying habit these days. One scarcely reads the newspaper any longer as the world moves toward digitalization. At least not in this generation. The older generations are responsible for maintaining the readership.

One of the most helpful pastimes is reading the newspaper. It enables us to keep up with current events all across the world. We obtain information about recent events from a trustworthy source. We also build expertise in a variety of fields, including politics, film, business, sports, and many more.

Newspaper reading can also lead to the identification of new job chances. We can see how it is a fantastic place to hunt for job because reputable businesses advertise business and employment opportunities in the newspaper.

Newspapers also make it easier to promote our businesses and products. Consumers are kept up to date on the latest promotions and product launches, allowing them to interact with businesses.

The most crucial benefit is that it improves a person's vocabulary and grammar. Reading the newspaper may aid in the acquisition of new vocabulary and the improvement of your grammar.

A newspaper reader may be able to converse fluently on a number of topics. Because they are familiar with the most common themes, they can socialise more effectively. We don't get bored as a result of it. If you don't think you'll need it, If You won't need any company if you have a newspaper in your hands.

The Dying Habit

Sadly, despite its countless benefits, reading the newspaper is becoming a dying habit. People nowadays rarely read newspapers because they can get real-time information on their mobile phones and computers. They also avoid picking up the newspaper because technological devices are more convenient for them.

Furthermore, in recent years, everything has become extremely convenient and quick. You can stay up to date on what's happening in different regions of the world as it occurs. People no longer read newspapers because they believe they are simply being reminded of what they already know. Furthermore, they do not have to wait until the next day to read the newspaper about current events because, thanks to the internet, they can obtain it right away.

It merely goes to show how passive and sedentary we've become. The only requirement is that everything be served on a platter. As a result, we must not allow this to become a dying habit, as newspapers are incredibly reliable sources of information. Without these, there will be very few people left to verify the facts and information we're given.

Even though social media and other electronic media are far more easily accessible, let us not forget the importance of reading the newspaper and inculcate this habit of reading in our children so that they continue with the legacy.

FAQs on Newspaper Reading Essay

1. What was the first newspaper and when was it published?

Hicky’s Bengal Gazette was the first newspaper printed in the year 1780, under British rule. The newspaper delivered the news of British rule in many areas.

2. What Role Did Newspapers Play During The Freedom Struggle?

At both the regional and national levels, newspapers became the mouthpiece of national leaders. It played a stellar role in educating, convincing, and mobilising people in order to spread nationalist and patriotic ideas. It aroused strong determination among the people to liberate India from British rule. The Tribune, Kesari, Maratha, The Hindu, and Swadeshi were among the most influential and strong periodicals in spreading the nationalist agenda against the British.

3. How do Newspapers benefit us?

Newspapers keep us informed about current events in the United States and around the world. Newspapers provide comprehensive coverage of the stock market, various political events, strikes, and bandhs. Not only that, but one also learns about numerous career alternatives, employment, openings, admission announcements in various institutions, scholarships available in the country and even abroad, and various walk-in interviews for jobs and future education. In the newspaper, there is also a matrimonial feature where people might locate a suitable marriage.

4. Why should the habit of reading newspapers be inculcated in children?

Reading newspapers is a vital habit in today's society since it provides us with every detail about our surroundings – everything linked to the present, past, and future. It also helps in increasing the general knowledge, improving language skills, writing and reading skills, vocabulary, and also helps in developing personality. One can stay up to the fast-paced world and the changes that occur on a regular basis. As a result, reading the newspaper is a very good habit that should be instilled in children from an early age.

5. Is essay writing difficult?

Essay writing needs a lot of practice and patience. Students who want to learn English and write good compositions should indulge in essay writing at least for an hour per day. With the help of our information on essay writing, students will be able to write composition passages in proper grammar, clarity, preciseness and accuracy. You need to practise essay writing daily to attain good writing skills.

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Guest Essay

Scientists Just Gave Humanity an Overdue Reality Check. The World Will Be Better for It.

A crowded freeway in Los Angeles against the setting sun.

By Stephen Lezak

Mr. Lezak is a researcher at the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford who studies the politics of climate change.

The world’s leading institution on geology declined a proposal on Wednesday to confirm that the planet has entered a new geologic epoch , doubling down on its bombshell announcement earlier this month. The notion that we’re in the “Anthropocene” — the proposed name for a geologic period defined by extensive human disturbance — has become a common theme in environmental circles for the last 15 years. To many proponents, the term is an essential vindication, the planetary equivalent of a long-sought diagnosis of a mysterious illness. But geologists weren’t convinced.

The international geology commission’s decision this week to uphold its vote of 12 to 4 may seem confusing, since by some measures humans have already become the dominant geologic force on the earth’s surface. But setting the science aside for a moment, there’s a reason to celebrate, because the politics behind the Anthropocene label were rotten to begin with.

For starters, the word Anthropocene problematically implies that humans as a species are responsible for the sorry state of the earth’s environments. While technically true, only a fraction of humanity, driven by greed and rapacious capitalism, is responsible for burning through the planet’s resources at an unsustainable rate. Billions of humans still lead lives with relatively modest environmental footprints, yet the terminology of the Anthropocene wrongly lays blame at their feet. Responding to the vote, a group of outside scientists wisely noted in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution that “our impacts have less to do with being human and more to do with ways of being human.”

What’s more, inaugurating a new geologic epoch is an unacceptable act of defeatism. Geologic epochs are not fleeting moments. The shortest one, the Holocene — the one we live in — is 11,700 years long and counting. The idea that we are entering a new epoch defined by human-caused environmental disaster implies that we won’t be getting out of this mess anytime soon. In that way, the Anthropocene forecloses on the possibility that the geologic future might be better than the present.

By placing Homo sapiens center stage, the Anthropocene also deepens a stark and inaccurate distinction between humanity and the planet that sustains us. The idea of “nature” as something separate from humankind is a figment of the Western imagination. We should be wary of language that further separates us from the broader constellation of life to which we belong.

Before the recent vote, the Anthropocene epoch had cleared several key hurdles on the path to scientific consensus. The International Commission on Stratigraphy, the global authority on demarcating the planet’s history, established a dedicated working group in 2009. Ten years later, the group formally recommended adopting the new epoch. But the proposal still had to be approved by a matryoshka doll of committees within the commission and its parent body, the International Union of Geological Sciences.

By all accounts, the process leading up to the vote was highly contentious. After the initial vote was held, scientists in the minority called for it to be annulled , citing procedural issues. This week, the committee’s parent authority stepped in to uphold the results.

Ultimately, what scuttled the proposal was disagreement about where to mark the end of the Holocene. The Anthropocene Working Group had settled on 1952, the year that airborne plutonium residue from testing hydrogen bombs fell across broad stretches of the planet. That ash, scientists reasoned, would leave a sedimentary signature akin to the boundaries that mark ancient geologic transitions. But scientists at the stratigraphy commission objected — what about the dawn of agriculture or the Industrial Revolution? After all, the human footprint on the planet long predates the atomic age.

“It’s very obvious to me that human activity started long before 1952,” Phil Gibbard, a founding member of the Anthropocene Working Group who is the secretary-general of the commission, said when we spoke on Thursday. “It just didn’t make sense to draw a rigid boundary within my lifetime.”

In recent years, philosophers have bandied about alternative names: the Capitalocene , the Plantationocene and even the Ravencene , a reference to the raven who figures widely in North Pacific Indigenous mythology as a trickster figure, reminding humans to be humble amid our destructive capacity. For my part, I’m partial to “post-Holocene,” an admission that the world is vastly different than it was 10,000 years ago, but that we can’t possibly predict — or name — what it might look like in another 10,000 years.

In the end, it might be too late to find a better term. The “Anthropocene” has already entered the popular lexicon, from the cover of The Economist to the title of a Grimes album. The scientists who coined the term do not have the power to extinguish it.

Whatever we choose to call these troubled times, what matters most is that we keep an open mind about what the future holds and maintain an appreciation for the complexity of the issues we face. The scars humanity leaves upon the earth are much too fraught to be represented with a single line drawn across time.

Looking ahead, we should follow the geologists’ lead and keep a healthy skepticism of the A-word. After all, nothing is more hubristic than reckless tyrants who names the world after themselves — think Stalingrad, Constantinople or Alexandria.

Geologists will continue to disagree over what to call the present era. The rest of us must continue the difficult politics of caring for a planet that can (still) support a panoply of life.

Stephen Lezak is a researcher at the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford who studies the politics of climate change.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

My Davidson | A Student Blog Photo Essay: English Scholars Go to AWP Conference

a compilation of images from a conference featuring young men and women

In February, Abbott Scholars in Davidson College’s English Department had the opportunity to attend the AWP (Association of Writers & Writer Programs) Conference in Kansas City. Check out their photos and reflections.

About the Authors

Isabel smith '24: poetry & book fairs.

The Abbott Scholars Program allows students to spend a year crafting either a scholarly or creative thesis on a topic of their choice, working alongside a director, a reader, and the other scholars. You get an extended period of time to produce strong writing, opportunities to talk with visiting authors, and the ability to request funding for related research and travel.

a group of young men and women standing and smiling

Abbott Scholars

One travel opportunity is the chance to attend the Association of Writers & Writer Programs (AWP) conference, which seven of us went to in February of this year. This year, the conference was in Kansas City, and it lasted three days: Thursday to Saturday. Each of us individually picked what panels to go to each day. I am writing a poetry thesis, so the first talk I attended was “Sound and Color: Poets and Visual Artists in Exquisite Exchange.” The presentation was my favorite of all of them because of how illuminating and beautiful it was. Each poet had partnered with a visual artist, and they shared the process of working in tandem to create together, displaying photographs, blurbs of text exchanges, paintings, and finally, the finished poetry. Due to this experience, I decided to incorporate visual art into my own practice, and I have since begun working on finding available art as well as creating some myself. Additionally, my mother is a painter and my father is a poet, so I was very excited to share what I had learned with the both of them.

Throughout the few days, I attended panels on drafting tips and tricks (featuring Davidson Professors Parker and Shavers), sharing elegies, queer post-religious poetry, and trans poetics, all of which were a pleasure and incredibly helpful. Another important aspect of the conference was the bookfair. It was a labyrinth, spanning an entire floor of the huge conference center. Besides fun and silly booths — like one labeled “Poetic Help” — the bookfair featured presses, literature reviews, and MFA programs, so I got the chance to talk to experts in the field of writing and publishing. They also tended to give out free books, excitingly, so I got quite the haul, all of which I can’t wait to read. At night, the seven of us — Tavie Kittredge, Michael Chapin, Nate Bagonza, Mason Davis, Taylor Dykes, Abby Morris, and myself — would explore the city, including events put on by AWPers. We went out to dinner together and attended the keynote, a poetry reading at a cat cafe, and a Rock & Roll-themed reading. It was amazing to bond with my peers and explore a new city. Thanks to the funding of the Abbott Scholars Program, I know much more about how to pursue a future in writing.

Michael Chapin ’24: Surrounded by Passionate Writers

The seven of us traveling together really solidified the bonds we’ve been building over the past semester and allowed us to spend time together outside of our thesis work, whether that was over Thai or ramen for dinner or just taking the time to explore the city.

a sign reading "welcome to the AWP24 Conference & Bookfair!"

Getting to spend that time at AWP was incredibly special because, for me at least, it was the first time being surrounded by people deeply connected and committed to writing in all its forms. We attended events ranging from poetry readings at cat cafés to queer narrative presentations in speakeasy bars.

My personal highlight of the conference was listening to Jericho Brown deliver the keynote speech in which he called on us to challenge the world as we know it — to challenge book bans and our perception of the world as impossible to change. Brown asked why we can’t imagine a better world while acknowledging that a better world is not created without a fight. A quote from the speech that has stuck with me in the weeks since was his question: “If the fight is against fascism, who do we need to be if we lose that fight?” And then, who do we need to be to win?

Trying a taste of Kansas City barbecue!

Exploring the streets of Kansas City.

Mason Davis '24: The Impact of AWP

The best part of the conference? Talking to authors, talking to MFA directors, talking to independent publishers … Being honest about what I wanted to know and not feeling awkward about lacking experience was so valuable.

The best single moment I had was cornering Susan Choi and telling her how much I loved Trust Exercise . She seemed so delighted that I loved the book, which warmed my heart. AWP carried an infectious feeling of immense creative potential that has stuck with me vividly.

a group of young men and women take a selfie

Now that I’ve seen a piece of the literary world, I want to be a part of it. I loved talking about books and the book-world all day. It felt a bit like the Davidson College campus except that everyone wants to do creative writing. That was a dream for me. I felt sad coming back to reality ... Sitting side-by-side with people who have just done a fantastic reading, or highly regarded editors, or publishers etc. etc. made me feel like my goals are imminently possible. There is so, so much writing out there and so many people making it work, somehow. If they can do it, so can I.

I'd also been skeptical about MFA programs (how will I afford it? is it even necessary?), but meeting all those MFA students and directors has convinced me that I'd be doing myself a serious disservice by not applying to programs in the next 1-5 years, depending on where life takes me. Not to get ahead of myself.

I want to express my gratitude to the Abbott family (and personally Susan, who was so wonderful to share a dinner with) for the opportunity to, in a sense, role-play as a 'real' writer for an extended weekend and get to try on those shoes. I liked how they fit. I can only speak with certainty for myself, but I know I felt (re)invigorated in becoming a person of letters.

Keep Exploring

Learn more about English at Davidson College

Learn more about the Abbott Scholars Program

March 26, 2024
My Davidson

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Essay On Newspaper

Newspapers form an essential aspect of almost everyone’s life today. They are a form of printed media and one of the oldest means of communication. They are a potent source of disseminating information to a large number of people at once. Reading the newspaper along with a cup of tea is an everyday practice for many people. Here are some sample essays on “Newspaper”.

100 Words Essay On Newspaper

Newspapers play an important role in spreading news worldwide. This means of mass communication started around the 17th century. It is a very powerful and informative medium. They can be considered more accurate than news channels as the news is published after the events. They cannot be politically influenced. Newspapers are available in different languages and are easily available.

Newspapers also played a vital role in disseminating information in the pre-independence period. They have given the common person a platform to express their thoughts. Newspapers contain information regarding almost everything, be it politics, sports, entertainment, weather forecasts, and climatic changes. They also include advertisements.

200 Words Essay On Newspaper

Newspapers are believed to cover information about all facets of life and have held great value since ancient to modern-day times. Nowadays, newspapers give equal importance to all topics. These may include social, political, economical, climatic, regional and national news. They cost differently depending on their language and popularity. Lokmanya Tilak started the Marathi newspapers “Kesari” and “Mahratta ” to spread awareness among the common man regarding independence.

People Form Opinions | Most people form their opinions based on what they read in the papers. Newspapers are also a platform for the common man to voice their opinions or showcase their creativity.

All Kinds Of Information | The government also uses this medium to announce various schemes, data and various activities. Newspapers act as a pillar in democratic and developing countries. They are also a medium for the layman to get access to the views of experts and thinkers who are often guest columnists for newspapers. It helps us to know about various cultures, traditions, arts and exhibitions taking place.

Quick Information | Amidst our busy schedules, newspapers are a quick way to grab an insight into whatever is happening around us, since skimming the headlines can be done in as less as 10 minutes. Information found in newspapers is also helpful to people preparing for competitive exams, especially government exams.

Even though there are more advanced and other options available in a dynamic world, the importance of newspapers has remained consistent.

500 Words Essay On Newspaper

For a large number of people, reading the newspaper along with a cup of tea is a daily morning ritual. Newspapers are powerful weapons that influence people’s opinions. Some newspapers are also published on a weekly and monthly basis. Some newspapers provide a special edition on a particular weekday.

History Of Newspapers

Newspapers are believed to have been started around the 17th century. By the 19th century, the common person became familiar with them. It is thought that Acta Diurna was the first newspaper published in Rome, around 59 BC. However, any proof or evidence has not been found.

Gazette Bengal, 1970 | In India, a British Englishman named James Augustus Hicky started a newspaper in Bengal. The year was 1780 and the paper was called Gazette Bengal. It was followed by the printing of many other newspapers such as the Madras Gazette, Calcutta Gazette and Bombay Herald.

Pre- Independence | During the pre-independence period, many newspapers were published secretly. They played a prominent role in sharing the news and activities of Indian leaders. Various articles and poems were published which ignited the spark of independence in the minds of the common man.

Importance And Uses

Newspapers play an important role, especially in developing and democratic countries like ours. Along with news, various government schemes are also shared through newspapers. Regularly reading the newspaper improves our vocabulary and speaking skills, and improves reading speed and accuracy.

I was not an avid reader of the newspaper. We used to get the Times of India daily., but I couldn't find the motivation to pick it up and read the news. However, when the Taj Hotel in Mumbai was attacked by foreign insurgents, reading the newspaper became almost as important as reading any religious text. For a few weeks straight I would run to greet the delivery man and collect the paper by hand. I was amended on staying updated with the news to track the events which transpired and all that was happening in the aftermath. Before I knew it, reading the news became an important part of my daily routine.

E-Newspapers

With technology penetrating every aspect of our lives, newspapers have also got their online versions. These are called E-newspapers . Some of the merits of E-newspapers are:-

Eco-Friendly | We know that some of our resources are non-renewable and that we are already facing climatic challenges. Online newspapers save a huge amount of paper and thus, they are more eco-friendly.

Cost-Effective | E-newspapers cost almost nothing. Free PDFs can be created and are easy to download. We can also share them easily with anyone we are willing to. We can also get offers on subscriptions.

Easy To Update | If there is any update regarding the specific news it can be updated easily. It can be edited from anywhere in the world. Any changes can be quickly made.

Accessibility | Anyone can access E-newspapers from any part of the world. These are available at any time. We can read while travelling or while doing any other activity.

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Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Geotechnical engineer

The role of geotechnical engineer starts with reviewing the projects needed to define the required material properties. The work responsibilities are followed by a site investigation of rock, soil, fault distribution and bedrock properties on and below an area of interest. The investigation is aimed to improve the ground engineering design and determine their engineering properties that include how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction.

The role of geotechnical engineer in mining includes designing and determining the type of foundations, earthworks, and or pavement subgrades required for the intended man-made structures to be made. Geotechnical engineering jobs are involved in earthen and concrete dam construction projects, working under a range of normal and extreme loading conditions.

Cartographer

How fascinating it is to represent the whole world on just a piece of paper or a sphere. With the help of maps, we are able to represent the real world on a much smaller scale. Individuals who opt for a career as a cartographer are those who make maps. But, cartography is not just limited to maps, it is about a mixture of art , science , and technology. As a cartographer, not only you will create maps but use various geodetic surveys and remote sensing systems to measure, analyse, and create different maps for political, cultural or educational purposes.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Product Manager

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Operations manager.

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Bank Probationary Officer (PO)

Investment director.

An investment director is a person who helps corporations and individuals manage their finances. They can help them develop a strategy to achieve their goals, including paying off debts and investing in the future. In addition, he or she can help individuals make informed decisions.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

An expert in plumbing is aware of building regulations and safety standards and works to make sure these standards are upheld. Testing pipes for leakage using air pressure and other gauges, and also the ability to construct new pipe systems by cutting, fitting, measuring and threading pipes are some of the other more involved aspects of plumbing. Individuals in the plumber career path are self-employed or work for a small business employing less than ten people, though some might find working for larger entities or the government more desirable.

Construction Manager

Individuals who opt for a career as construction managers have a senior-level management role offered in construction firms. Responsibilities in the construction management career path are assigning tasks to workers, inspecting their work, and coordinating with other professionals including architects, subcontractors, and building services engineers.

Urban Planner

Urban Planning careers revolve around the idea of developing a plan to use the land optimally, without affecting the environment. Urban planning jobs are offered to those candidates who are skilled in making the right use of land to distribute the growing population, to create various communities.

Urban planning careers come with the opportunity to make changes to the existing cities and towns. They identify various community needs and make short and long-term plans accordingly.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Naval Architect

A Naval Architect is a professional who designs, produces and repairs safe and sea-worthy surfaces or underwater structures. A Naval Architect stays involved in creating and designing ships, ferries, submarines and yachts with implementation of various principles such as gravity, ideal hull form, buoyancy and stability.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Veterinary Doctor

Pathologist.

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Speech Therapist

Gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

Hospital Administrator

The hospital Administrator is in charge of organising and supervising the daily operations of medical services and facilities. This organising includes managing of organisation’s staff and its members in service, budgets, service reports, departmental reporting and taking reminders of patient care and services.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Videographer

Multimedia specialist.

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Linguistic meaning is related to language or Linguistics which is the study of languages. A career as a linguistic meaning, a profession that is based on the scientific study of language, and it's a very broad field with many specialities. Famous linguists work in academia, researching and teaching different areas of language, such as phonetics (sounds), syntax (word order) and semantics (meaning).

Other researchers focus on specialities like computational linguistics, which seeks to better match human and computer language capacities, or applied linguistics, which is concerned with improving language education. Still, others work as language experts for the government, advertising companies, dictionary publishers and various other private enterprises. Some might work from home as freelance linguists. Philologist, phonologist, and dialectician are some of Linguist synonym. Linguists can study French , German , Italian .

Public Relation Executive

Travel journalist.

The career of a travel journalist is full of passion, excitement and responsibility. Journalism as a career could be challenging at times, but if you're someone who has been genuinely enthusiastic about all this, then it is the best decision for you. Travel journalism jobs are all about insightful, artfully written, informative narratives designed to cover the travel industry. Travel Journalist is someone who explores, gathers and presents information as a news article.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

Merchandiser.

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Metallurgical Engineer

A metallurgical engineer is a professional who studies and produces materials that bring power to our world. He or she extracts metals from ores and rocks and transforms them into alloys, high-purity metals and other materials used in developing infrastructure, transportation and healthcare equipment.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

ITSM Manager

Information security manager.

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

Business Intelligence Developer

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Poetry scholar and critic Marjorie Perloff has died

Perloff, a world-renowned scholar of contemporary poetry and champion of experimental poetry, was known for her ability to untangle complex ideas in modern and conceptual poetry and explain it in jargon-free books and essays.

MARCH 29, 2024

Marjorie Perloff, the Sadie Dernham Patek Professor of Humanities, Emerita, in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences, a world-renowned scholar of contemporary poetry and champion of experimental poetry, died March 24 at her home in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. She was 92.

A leading literary critic and author of more than a dozen books, roughly 250 scholarly articles and book chapters, and hundreds of book reviews, Perloff was known for her ability to explain complex experimental and conceptual poetry in jargon-free books and articles read by general audiences and literary scholars alike.

Marjorie Perloff. Photo courtesy of Carey Perloff.

“Marjorie came to Stanford in 1986, at the peak of a distinguished career,” said Roland Greene , the Mark Pigott KBE Professor and the Anthony P. Meier Family Professor of the Humanities in H&S. “Before she retired in 2000, she published several of her most influential books, mentored a generation of doctoral students, served as president of both the Modern Language Association and the American Comparative Literature Association, and gave Stanford a lifeline to the world of avant-garde poetry past and present. This is a place with a strong tradition in poetry criticism, but Marjorie was easily the most important poetry critic ever at Stanford.”

Making the complex clear

Perloff was singular as a literary critic and scholar for her mastery of making complex ideas and writing clear.

“What made her such a compelling force in modern letters was her passionately engaged intellect, excited by experimentation but grounded in the literatures of the several languages she knew,” wrote Professor of American Literature, Emeritus, Albert Gelpi and Professor of English, Emerita, Barbara Gelpi in a joint statement. “She addressed difficult texts with clarifying empathy and argued out the issues that they raised.”

Perloff published her first books in the 1970s, and they focused on the works of William Butler Yeats, Robert Lowell, and Frank O’Hara. In the 1980s, Perloff’s books explored poetic themes within larger avant-garde movements. These works include The Poetics of Indeterminacy: Rimbaud to Cage (Northwestern University Press, 1981) and The Futurist Moment: Avant-Garde, Avant-Guerre, and the Language of Rupture (University of Chicago Press, 1986). Her byline also frequently graced the pages of The Washington Post, Boston Review, and The Times Literary Supplement .

She detailed her belief in the power of close reading and why it is critical for gaining a true understanding of literary and poetic works in her book Differentials: Poetry, Poetics, Pedagogy (University of Alabama Press, 2004). This collection of essays explored topics in writing that spanned modernism and contemporary avant-garde. Differentials received the Robert Penn Warren Prize for literary criticism in 2004.

Perloff also made her mark as a teacher and mentor. At Stanford, her undergraduate and graduate classes explored topics such as literary theory; introductory, modern, and contemporary poetry; comparative British and American poetry; digital poetics; and visual arts analysis.

Former Stanford student and friend Craig Dworkin, professor of English at the University of Utah, described her dedication to teaching saying, “one semester our classroom was across an atrium from the building entrance, so we could see Marjorie arrive, and before she reached the room she would already be talking; I realized that she was always teaching, but only sometimes were you lucky enough to be within earshot.”

Perloff made many contributions to the Stanford community, including serving as director of the undergraduate honors program in the Department of English (1991) and director of graduate studies from 1994 to 1997.

From Vienna to the U.S.

Perloff was born Sept. 28, 1931, in Vienna. At age 6, she fled Vienna with her family three days after Germany annexed Austria in March of 1938. In her memoir, The Vienna Paradox (New Directions Press, 2003), Perloff recounted her early life in pre-World War II Vienna, her escape to the U.S. and childhood in New York with her Jewish family, and how the German-speaking Gabriele Mintz became the English-speaking American girl Marjorie in her teens.

Marjorie Perloff. Photo by Dagmar Logie / Stanford University; Courtesy Stanford News Service.

She studied English at Ethical Culture Fieldston School, then Oberlin College, and Barnard College, where she graduated in 1953. She married Joseph Perloff, who became a renowned cardiologist and pioneered the study of congenital heart disease, in 1953. They had two children, Nancy and Carey.

After working as a movie subtitle writer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Perloff moved to Washington, D.C. with her family. There, she earned a Master of Arts (1956) and a doctorate (1965) in English literature at Catholic University of America. Her doctoral dissertation, “Rhyme and Meaning in the Poetry of Yeats,” was published as a book in 1970. Perloff became a full professor at Catholic University of America, where she taught from 1966 to 1971. Later, she taught at the University of Maryland (1971-1976) and the University of Southern California (1976-1986). In 1986, Perloff joined the Stanford faculty as a professor of English and comparative literature.

At Stanford, Perloff had a profound and lasting impact on her students and colleagues. Robert Pogue Harrison , the Rosina Pierotti Professor of Italian Literature, Emeritus, team taught Introduction to the Humanities and two graduate seminars on the French 19th-century poets Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud with Perloff in the late 1990s.

“No one who spent an hour in Marjorie’s company could ever forget her,” said Harrison, professor of French and Italian. “In addition to being the best scholar of modern poetry of her generation, she was multi-lingual, immensely articulate, and a tour de force of wit and storytelling. She gave greatly more to Stanford than she took from it. Team teaching with her was an exhilarating experience that I will always cherish.”

She received numerous awards and honors including a Guggenheim Fellowship (1981) and National Endowment for the Humanities Senior Fellowship (1985). She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and American Philosophical Society (2012). She also received honorary degrees from the Chinese Foreign University in Beijing, Bard College, Chapman University, and the University of Innsbruck, Austria.

“She was an inspired teacher and committed mentor to generations of students,” wrote Albert and Barbara Gelpi. “Marjorie lived that same passionate commitment: companion and wife of Joseph Perloff, beloved mother and grandmother, and devoted and loyal friend. She was a vibrant presence in the world, and she will be remembered by the many near and far who grieve her loss.

Perloff is preceded in death by her husband, Joseph, who died in 2014. She is survived by her daughters, Carey and Nancy, and her three grandchildren. A memorial service will take place in May.

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Perloff, a world-renowned scholar of contemporary poetry and champion of experimental poetry, was known for her ability to untangle complex ideas in modern and conceptual poetry and explain it in jargon-free books and essays.MARCH 29, 2024Marjorie Perloff, the Sadie Dernham Patek Professor of Humanities, Emerita, in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences, a world-renowned scholar of ...

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