Rationing in Wartime Britain
Rationing of food, clothing, petrol, and other essential items was introduced in Britain during the Second World War (1939-45) when the country's imports were severely threatened by German U-boat attacks on merchant shipping in the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, and English Channel. Citizens were issued with ration books of coupons which they could spend at retailers to ensure that everyone had access to a minimum of essentials but nobody could buy in excess of restricted amounts.
While some staples like bread, fruit, and vegetables were never rationed, plenty of other necessities were so that meals became simpler and more monotonous. Rationed items included meat, sugar, butter, cheese, tea, and soap. The government also encouraged people to use cheap restaurants by exempting them and their customers from any rationing. Although a black market developed where people illegally bought goods that were otherwise rationed, the ration system worked largely thanks to everyone's self-regulation.
Short Supplies
Pre-war Britain was heavily dependent on many imported goods, which came by ship from around the British Empire , North and South America, and other trading nations. Now during the war, merchant shipping came under serious threat from German U-boats as they headed to and from Britain. Another threat to supplies came from the German bombing of major British ports and the East End docks in London. With Western and Central Europe occupied by the enemy, Britain's access to goods produced there was cut off. In 1941, Britain's exports were two-thirds lower than before the war. Another blow to supplies came when Japan occupied parts of the British Empire in the East from 1942. In addition to these limits, the government's approach to total war meant that many resources had to be diverted to the war effort such as weapons manufacturing and transportation, further limiting resources that might otherwise have been used to support the market for domestic goods.
In order to ensure certain essential items remained available to the widest number of citizens, rationing was introduced, a policy that had been used in the First World War (1914-18). Food prices were controlled from November 1939. Petrol was rationed from September 1939. From the first months of 1940, meat, butter, and sugar were rationed. From June 1941, clothes were rationed in response to a dramatic rise in prices. Soap was rationed from February 1942 and became one of the most popular presents for Christmas that year.
There "is ample evidence that such controls, to help win the war, were not resented" (Dear, 882), and there was the benefit that people felt rationing, applied to everyone, was helping make British society less unequal as everyone pulled together in times of trouble.
Food Rationing
It is important to note that certain staple foods were never rationed. Unrationed food included bread, potatoes, fruit, vegetables, and fish. Of those rationed items, meat, butter, and sugar were the most important in terms of their level of consumption before the war. Individuals were regularly issued with a ration book in which were coupons they could only 'spend' at a designated shop (since shoppers first had to register with their local retailers). Once a coupon was spent on a particular item, an individual could not get more of the same until they received a new book. Customers still had to pay for their items, using money. The government paid people to observe that rationing was being respected in shops (by customers and shopkeepers), that portions in restaurants were correct, and that prices were being kept according to the Prices of Goods Act which aimed to reduce profiteering.
The height of rationing came in the summer of 1942 when the following weekly limits per person per week were imposed:
- 450 g (1 lb) of meat (monetary value 1s. 2d.)
- 113 g (4 oz) of ham and bacon
- 225 g (8 oz) of sugar
- 225 g (8 oz) of fats (e.g. butter)
- 225 g (8 oz) of cheese
Other items were rationed per person per month:
- 500 g (16 oz) of jam, marmalade, or mincemeat
- 225 g (8 oz) of sweets
Still other items were rationed every two months:
- dried eggs (equivalent to 12 fresh eggs)
On top of these, a person could save up and 'spend' some of their ration coupons on certain luxury items, those that were much scarcer and not deemed essential everyday staples. The shopper could save 20 points from their ration book and acquire their equivalent value in various goods such as breakfast cereals, biscuits, syrup, tinned salmon, and dried peas. 1 lb of dried peas cost one point while tinned salmon cost 32 points. A tin of peaches cost eight points and a tin of tomatoes six points. One can imagine much juggling was done by shoppers to get the best variety of foodstuffs with these bonus coupons. With frequent shortages and time-consuming coupon counting, another requirement was patience in the often long queues at shops.
Some people gained an extra allowance for some items. For example, a mother with a child under six years of age could have double the normal egg ration. Pregnant women and invalids were allowed one pint of milk a day. From July 1940, thanks to the national milk scheme, children under five and nursing mothers with a low income were entitled to a free pint of milk a day. A similar programme, the vitamin welfare scheme, was introduced in 1941, which gave children and mothers free orange juice and cod liver oil. The evacuation of children in wartime Britain to more plentiful rural areas at least helped to alleviate the strain on many urban households to provide them with the food and clothing they needed.
Many things became difficult or even impossible to acquire. Ice cream was forbidden. After November 1940, the government banned the importation of bananas. Oranges were almost impossible to find until the Allied victory in North Africa . Lemons were much sought-after but as rare as gold dust. Brussels sprouts became scarce. Certain wines, spirits, and beers became more difficult to buy in shops as the war went on, even pubs ran out at peak times like public holidays or in warm weather. Sometimes certain foods came and went, one week one's local grocer was full of a product and the next week empty, and so queues developed to buy the unexpected appearance of mundane items like onions, cauliflower, or gooseberries. As one shopper, Mrs Britton, noted in 1942: "Instead of going into a shop and saying 'I want so and so', we are all getting into the habit of saying 'Have you got…?'" (Ziegler, 252).
Changes in Eating Habits
People were encouraged by the Dig for Victory campaign to grow vegetables if they had a garden or an allotment and so supplement the nation's food store and their own larder. It is perhaps significant that one of the most popular genres in lending libraries throughout the war was books on gardening. Other statistics support the idea that the British became a nation of productive gardeners. Britain had 815,000 allotments in 1939, but four years later this number had risen to 1.4 million. Allotments sprang up in unlikely places, even the moat of the Tower of London was used to grow vegetables.
The government was also doing its bit to increase food productivity. Britain's land devoted to agriculture rose from 13.2 million acres in 1940 to nearly 18 million acres by 1944. Livestock figures, however, went in the opposite direction with sheep, pigs, and poultry greatly reduced (while cattle numbers remained stable). These official figures do not include those animals reared in private as many more people began to keep their own poultry and pigs. There was another change of habit, perhaps a more lasting one. Women usually prepared the meals in the family home, but a vast number had either been conscripted into the various military and auxiliary services or were working in factories, which meant they had less time for food preparation. This change and the lack of basic ingredients due to rationing led to an increase in demand for prepared meals in shops (what we would today call convenience foods), food like pies, cakes, and cooked meats which might previously have been made at home.
Another consequence of the rationing was that household cooks became skilled at providing varied menus with limited ingredients. Baking, in particular, reflected rationing with new recipes for cakes and puddings that did not require so many eggs (or any at all), had no fat, or contained less sugar than required by traditional recipes. Tinned meat imported from North America, such as spam, became a new feature of the British dining table. The government lent a hand, too, sponsoring some 200 short 'Food Flash' films, which gave tips on how to best use simple ingredients for more varied meals.
All of this rationing could have led to a depleted diet, but, in fact, the opposite happened as people ate less, perhaps, but generally more healthy food than before the war. "Overall there is no doubt that in terms of essential vitamins and calories, the UK's population was better fed in wartime than before, when malnutrition had accompanied unemployment and low wages" (Dear, 885).
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The Appeal of Restaurants
The one place people could still enjoy a good nosh up was in a restaurant or canteen. Meals provided in the workplace, those offered in the new 200 or so cheap British Restaurants (which provided a three-course meal for nine pence), and food in other eating establishments were not subject to rationing. The government realised a safety valve to a strict rationing system was needed, and it was appreciated that many types of workers such as those in heavy industry would work better if they had access to extra portions of meat and cheese. An additional reason to avoid rationing food in restaurants is here given by the Liberal MP Dingle Foot:
The Ministry calculated that the more people ate out of their homes the better, because in fact less food is consumed. They therefore wanted to induce people to eat in restaurants and particularly to eat in canteens, and for that reason quite deliberately meals taken outside your home were exempt from rationing. The great difficulty we discovered was to get a great number of British workers to eat in canteens and many of them insisted on going home even though it meant eating up the family rations. (Holmes, 394)
A consequence of allowing restaurants to be exempt from rationing was that wealthy people could eat their fill of anything they liked while the poor could not even afford to go. The government recognised this ill feeling in society by imposing a limit on how much a restaurant could charge per meal. Imposed from June 1942, the limit was five shillings. Government inspectors ensured restaurants complied with the rule, but many of the more expensive establishments got around the limit (and so were able to provide customers with more food) by adding service charges and increasing their prices for wines.
Clothes Rationing
The rationing of clothes was aimed primarily at reducing sales and so freeing up factory workers who could then be employed in areas of more direct use to the war effort. Oliver Lyttelton, President of the Board of Trade in 1940 and 1941, explains:
It was quite simple – the difference between rationed clothes and free clothes is four hundred and fifty thousand workers, simply that…and people were glad to be a little bit shabby and felt they were doing their stint. (Holmes, 394)
Another reason to ration clothing was to save on materials, as these were needed for military uniforms. Just as with food, items of clothing had a different value in ration coupons, typically based on the quantity of material involved and the amount of work needed to make them. All items were purchased with cash plus the necessary coupons. An individual adult was issued with a clothes ration book which contained 66 coupon points (although this was reduced in 1945). New mothers received additional coupons, and children, because they wore out clothes faster than adults, were entitled to 76 coupons. Another category entitled to a little extra was workers who required clothing for their jobs such as protective clothing for manual workers or costumes for theatrical performers.
The clothing ration book had to last a year. Stockings required two coupons, trousers required eight coupons, and a dress required eleven. Shoes required five coupons for women's and seven for men's. Much juggling of necessity versus coupons available was required when shopping. One way to get extra coupons was to give away used clothing, particularly items that children had outgrown. The Women's Voluntary Service (WVS) organised centres where people could bring old clothes to get coupons or exchange them for second-hand clothes.
The government encouraged people to use as best they could those goods they were eligible to buy. Materials were also saved by the government's utility clothing schemes which invited designers to come up with simpler clothing that could be made more cheaply using less material than previous fashions. There were poster campaigns to remind people not to waste things and to 'make-do and mend', encouraging people to repair their clothes rather than buy new ones. Parents were encouraged to buy larger sizes for their children so that the clothes lasted longer. There were even pamphlets issued with tips on just how to make clothes last longer. People were also encouraged to make their own clothes, although fabrics also required coupons. Recycling fabrics to make clothes became a necessity for some, with curtains (including blackout curtains) and furniture coverings becoming a popular source of raw material. Classes were offered by local authorities on how to make and repair clothing, and it is significant that darning thread was never rationed. Knitting was encouraged, too, not only to make clothing but as a useful way to pass the time spent in an air raid shelter.
A lasting consequence of clothes rationing and the inevitable simplification of clothing and mass production of certain designs was that casual and more practical clothes became the norm, rather than the often more complex formal clothing seen before the war.
The Black Market
A thriving black market developed where people of all classes – if they knew the right people – could acquire things that were scarce or beyond the scope of their ration books. Such mundane items as eggs, meat, or a little extra petrol were all bought illegally, even if the vast majority of people did not really see this as breaking the law . One housewife, Ruth Tanner, explains: "I don't think anybody thought of it as blatantly criminal, it was just the way we lived" (Levine, 261). There was also a black market for ration coupons, with poorer families, who could not afford the goods anyway, especially tempted to sell some of their coupons to others. There could be prison sentences for those caught by the police, but the temptation and self-interest of everyone in the chain from wholesaler to consumer ensured there was not much the authorities could do to stop illegal trading. Petty crime also rose as scarcity drove people to steal from allotments, loot bombed-out shops, pilfer from warehouses, and make false claims for lost ration books.
The End of Rationing
Pressure on the UK was reduced following the US policy of Lend-Lease, that is offering aid (at a price) in the form of food, fuel, and material resources, and, more significantly, after the increase in US merchant shipping and warships to protect them in the Atlantic. Military victories which secured lost territories and made trade possible again across parts of the British Empire also helped enrich Britain's imports.
The war did not end rationing, and in some cases, things got worse. Bacon and lard rations were further cut in 1945, bread was added to the ration list in July 1946, and the coupons allocated per person for clothing were reduced, too. Clothes rationing ended in March 1949. Rationing of food was gradually phased out, but the shopper was not completely free of the coupon system until 1954 when meat became one of the last items to finally become unrestricted.
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Bibliography
- Dear, I. C. B. & Foot, M. R. D. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Gardiner, Juliet. Blitz. HarperCollins Publishers, 2024.
- Holmes, Richard. The World at War. Ebury Press, 2007.
- Levine, Joshua. The Secret History of the Blitz. Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2016.
- Ziegler, Philip. London At War. Knopf, 1995.
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WW2 Rationing worksheets
Subject: History
Age range: 7-11
Resource type: Other
Last updated
29 February 2024
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These worksheets reveal how rationing functioning during the Second World War:
They include:
- Details of one week’s rations for an adult
- Sample rationing recipes
- A WW2 menu chart
- Two Maths quiz sheets focusing on the amounts of rations received
- One comprehension question sheet
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Report on rationing
This handy set of worksheets supports children in researching and writing about rationing during World War Two. Children explore concepts such as 'make do and mend' and 'dig for victory' before planning and writing a report.
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©Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 primaryhomeworkhelp.com Follow me on Twitter @mbarrow Woodlands Junior School, Hunt Road Tonbridge Kent TN10 4BB UK Display SettingsWelcome to the display settings! Click the "Get Started" button below or use the buttons above to choose which setting(s) you want to change. Get Started Select your preferred typeface/font from the list below. Next Setting Colour ThemeSelect your preferred colour theme. Select the text size that you find the easiest to read. Letter SpacingLine height. The Great Fire of London was a fire that was so big that it burned nearly all of the buildings in London, with the exception of the Tower of London as that was made from stone, and stone doesn't burn up easily. All settings are saved automatically and can be changed at any time. What do you think of this feature? 29th July 2018 In 1940, a thing called Rationing begun because Hitler was shooting down ships and planes that brought food to the UK. Rationing meant everyone would get exactly the same amount of food, regardless of how much money you had. There were many rationed items during the war, but some of them were:
Unfortunately, there wasn’t much Sweets or Chocolate!! Here is a diagram that shows you how much a person would get:  You here very lucky to get any Sweets or Chocolate at all if you got any. Vegetables, on the other hand, you could have as many as you liked, because you can grow them in your back garden (now there’s no excuse for not eating your 5 vegetables a day.) Petrol was also rationed. Not many people had a car back then, but the people who did could only drive 20-50 miles per week. If you put a sign on your car saying you will offer people lifts, you would’ve got extra petrol. Rationing: The Black MarketThe Black Market was an illegal market which meant some people (not just the rich) could have more than their fair share of food. Let me give you a little example: you went to the bakery to get some bread, and the person at the checkout purposely ‘forgot’ to take your token in, so you could have DOUBLE next week!! You'll need JavaScript enabled to experience the full functionality of this site. Please enable JavaScript by following the instructions at enable-javascript.com . Sorry, the browser you're currently using is not supported by this site. Please upgrade your browser by following the instructions at browser-update.org .  World War 2 — Food Rationing (Years 3-4)Write a review  Choose your format:Save to Your Lessons Save to Homework Share resource Your download limit has been reached! Check out our FAQs for more info. Children will research food rationing during World War Two with this worksheet. They will find out which items on the shopping list were rationed and draw them on to the ration card. An answer sheet is provided.
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The weekly ration varied from month to month as foods became more or less plentiful. Sugar: 225g (8oz). Meat: To the value of 1s.2d (one shilling and sixpence per week. That is about 6p today) Milk: 3 pints (1800ml) occasionally dropping to 2 pints (1200ml). Eggs: 1 fresh egg a week. Tea: 50g (2oz).
German submarines attacked many of the ships that brought food to Britain. Before the war, Britain imported 55 million tons of food, a month after the war had started this figure had dropped to 12 million. The Ration Book became the key to survival for nearly every household in Britain. Every member of the public was issued with a ration book.
Below is a timeline of some of the things which were rationed during the war. 1939 World War Two begins. 1939 - Petrol rationing (ended May 1950 ) 8 January 1940 - Rationing of bacon, butter and sugar. 11 March 1940 - All meat was rationed. July 1940 - Tea and margarine were added to the list of rationed foods. March 1941 - Jam was put on ration.
In order to ensure certain essential items remained available to the widest number of citizens, rationing was introduced, a policy that had been used in the First World War (1914-18). Food prices were controlled from November 1939. Petrol was rationed from September 1939. From the first months of 1940, meat, butter, and sugar were rationed.
A study has found that children who grew up in World War Two became more intelligent than those born 15 years earlier. The theory is that rationing made those growing up in the war cut out rich ...
Rationing in WW2 facts for KS2 students. Rationing was introduced in Britain in January 1940. Certain foods such as butter, bacon, and sugar, were restricted - people could only buy a limited amount to ensure there was enough to go around. After the outbreak of war in September 1939, food became scarce. This was because around two-thirds of ...
File previews. pdf, 19.39 MB. Learn about why food rationing was necessary in England during WW2, how food rationing worked, when different types of food were gradually rationed, and why people were asked to grow their own food. The set includes facts sheets/posters, real pictures (use as flashcards or posters), worksheets and planning.
Imagine Lent KS2 Resource Pack Spanish. Explore more than 75 "Ww2 Rationing" resources for teachers, parents and pupils as well as related resources on "Rationing Ww2". Instant access to inspirational lesson plans, schemes of work, assessment, interactive activities, resource packs, PowerPoints, teaching ideas at Twinkl!
zip, 6.64 MB. This lesson will help children to understand rationing during the Second World War / WW2. They will learn what rationing was, why it was introduced and which items were rationed, as well as how rationing affected people's day to day lives. This resource includes: PowerPoint detailing what rationing was and and why it was introduced.
The third of six lessons in a fully comprehensive scheme of learning, this Second World War Rationing Lesson Pack is busting at the seams. Complete with everything you need to help your students secure their understanding of what rationing was and how it impacted everyday people just like them. Within this jam-packed lesson pack, you will find: a lesson plan; teacher-made teaching presentation ...
doc, 107 KB. doc, 71.5 KB. These worksheets reveal how rationing functioning during the Second World War: They include: - Details of one week's rations for an adult. - Sample rationing recipes. - A WW2 menu chart. - Two Maths quiz sheets focusing on the amounts of rations received. - One comprehension question sheet.
KS2. Category. History: World War II. Resource type. Student activity. Worksheet. This handy set of worksheets supports children in researching and writing about rationing during World War Two. Children explore concepts such as 'make do and mend' and 'dig for victory' before planning and writing a report. 320.97 KB.
World War II was total war - every person, every business, every service was involved. Britain did not fight alone, the war also involved many countries. World War II involved 61 countries with 1.7 billion people (three quarters of the world's population). Fifty million people lost their lives and hundreds of millions people were injured.
This example of a WW2 ration book will allow children to learn first-hand about the rationing during the Second World War. Why don't you try creating a role-play experience by handing children one of the rationing booklets to help children understand the pressures people went through during this period in time. Perfect to use during your KS2 history lessons on World War 2 as a practical ...
Physical Education. Created in partnership with Imperial War Museums. World War Two - Teacher Guide. Download this PDF teacher guide for useful historical context and information about the events ...
This resource provides a detailed overview of rationing during World War II. Included: 2 page text, Summary Questions, True/False Worksheet and Keys.NOTE: The font is Lexend which is designed for students with dyslexia and can be noted as an accommodation. For more interesting activities to save you time and engage your students, check out The ...
Rationing. In 1940, a thing called Rationing begun because Hitler was shooting down ships and planes that brought food to the UK. Rationing meant everyone would get exactly the same amount of food, regardless of how much money you had. There were many rationed items during the war, but some of them were:
Children will research food rationing during World War Two with this worksheet. They will find out which items on the shopping list were rationed and draw them on to the ration card. An answer sheet is provided. Key Stage: Key Stage 2. Subject: History.
Primary Homework Help. Britain Since the 1930s. by Mandy Barrow ... It wasn't just food that was rationed during World War II. Clothing also became scarce. Clothes rationing began on June 1, 1941, two years after food rationing started. Clothes rationing ended on 15 March 1949.
This fantastic activity is a brilliant resource you can use during your lessons on Rationing WW2 Facts KS2. Engage students with this activity, teaching them about the side effects of the war, its effect on everyday life and the rationing of meals. Simply download, print off and cut out the different pieces to enable children to construct a meal using only the food items allowed during wartime ...
Browse world war ii rationing resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources.
The following is a 3 part World War II activity focusing on the home front in the United States. This activity allows for students to become an American living in the U.S. during the years of 1942-1945 and discover the ways citizens contributed to the war effort by rationing, recycling, and conserving.Part 1 asks students to plan three meals for their family of four (breakfast, lunch, and ...
Rationing. Children experienced a restricted diet because of rationing. Find out what things were rationed, including sweets on our rationing page. Air Raids . Children lived in fear from the constant threat of air raids. They spent some nights living in air raid shelters just in case German planes dropped bombs on their houses.
Browse rationing during world war 2 resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources.