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Charting Your PhD Journey in Japan: Admission, Lifestyle, and Balancing Work with Study

Japan, with its unique blend of ancient culture and technological innovation, offers a compelling environment for ambitious PhD students. Whether you’re diving into cutting-edge research or exploring the bustling streets, life as a doctoral candidate here is full of potential. But to truly thrive, understanding the ins and outs of admissions, budgeting for your lifestyle, and mastering the Japanese language is key.

Advantages of Pursuing PhD in Tokyo

Application Process and Timeline for a PhD Program

Can You Apply From Overseas?

List of English PhD programs offered by Universities in Japan

Navigating financial waters: living as a phd student, working while you learn, mastering japanese: a strategic move for phd students in japan, the key to professional opportunities, advantages of pursuing a phd in tokyo.

There are many advantages to pursuing an English-speaking PhD or master’s degree in Tokyo. Here are just a few:

• High-quality education: Tokyo’s universities are renowned for their academic rigor and research excellence. Many of these universities are ranked among the top institutions in the world.
• Cultural immersion: Tokyo is a vibrant and exciting city with a rich cultural heritage. Pursuing a degree in Tokyo will give you the opportunity to experience Japanese culture firsthand.
• Networking opportunities : Tokyo is a global hub for business and innovation. You will have the opportunity to network with leading professionals worldwide.
• Career prospects: A degree from a prestigious university in Tokyo will give you a competitive edge in the job market.

Application Process and Timeline for PhD Programs

Embarking on a PhD in Japan starts with navigating the admissions process. Programs in English are widely available, particularly in science and technology, economics, business, and various interdisciplinary fields. Admission requires a relevant master’s degree, a well-defined research proposal, and often proficiency in English or Japanese. The admission process for PhD programs in Japan typically varies from university to university. However, the general steps involved in the application process are as follows:

• Meeting Eligibility Criteria: Applicants must hold a master’s degree or equivalent qualification from a recognized institution. Check the program website for specific admissions requirements and deadlines.
• Submitting Application Documents: Required documents may include transcripts, recommendation letters, research proposals, and language proficiency test scores (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS).
• Participating in Entrance Examinations: Some universities conduct written examinations or interviews to assess candidates’ knowledge and aptitude for research.

The application deadlines for English-speaking PhD and Master’s programs in Tokyo typically range from April to June. However, it is always best to check with the individual university for the most up-to-date information.

Can You Apply from Overseas?

Applications for English-speaking PhD and Master’s programs in Tokyo can typically be submitted from overseas. The application process is usually online, and you must submit the required documents digitally. However, some universities may also require you to send a physical copy of your application materials.

Additional Considerations

• Admissions requirements: Each university will have its own admissions requirements for English-speaking PhD and Master’s programs. These requirements may vary depending on the program, but they typically include a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a personal statement.
• Language proficiency: While most English-speaking Ph.D. and Master’s programs in Tokyo do not require Japanese language proficiency, having some basic Japanese language skills is always a good idea. This will help you navigate daily life in Japan and make the most of your experience.
• Funding: There are a number of funding opportunities available for international PhD students in Japan, including scholarships, fellowships, and teaching assistantships. It is important to research these opportunities carefully and apply for those you are eligible for.

Scholarships

Scholarships such as MEXT, Rotary Yoneyama Foundation Scholarships, or university-specific grants are vital in supporting your academic journey. They cover everything from tuition fees to living expenses, allowing you to immerse in your studies and the rich culture of Japan. Read what each scholarship offers below!

1. The Japanese Government ( MEXT ) Scholarship

This scholarship is offered by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT). There are scholarships available for privately financed international students, as well as those under student exchange agreements. The application for the 2024 MEXT Japanese Studies Scholarship will open in January 2024 . Value of Award:

• 100% of tuition (covered by the APU Tuition Reduction Scholarship)
• 145,000 JPY per month for living expenses (amount subject to change)
• Economy class air travel between the home country and APU at the beginning and end of the program. 

2. Rotary Yoneyama Foundation Scholarships

This scholarship is provided for future students of Japanese universities and graduate schools. This program serves two different application periods. If your expected enrollment is April 2024, the deadline is March 1, 2024 . If the expected enrollment is September/October 2024, the deadline is August 1, 2024.

Value of Award:

• 100% of tuition 
• The scholarship provides a monthly stipend for the duration of time, for Doctoral students: 140,000 JPY per month for two years

3. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship

This fellowship is awarded to postdoctoral researchers who are conducting research in Japan. The JSPS offers two different programs long-term and Short-term; the application period is from mid-April to June 7, 2023 .

• 200,000 JPY per month for living expenses
• Leave for childbirth and childcare: Fellows are allowed to suspend their research for childbirth and childcare and are offered a path back into the laboratory. They can also choose to work short hours while on such leave.

4. The Fulbright Specialist Program Japan

This is a partial funding international scholarship provided by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs for international students. For those candidates that met all eligibility requirements, you may apply to join the Fulbright Specialist Roster twice every 12 months . If you were not approved with your first application, you may reapply immediately and be included in the next peer review panel cycle. 

Additionally, the Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) offers about 135 graduate scholarships annually for studies in economics, business and management, science and technology, and other development-related fields. 

As a PhD student in Japan, you’re allowed to work part-time up to 28 hours a week during term-time and full-time during vacations. This can supplement your scholarship and provide real-world experience, but it’s essential to balance this with your study commitments.

For PhD students aspiring to work in Japan, proficiency in the Japanese language is invaluable. It paves the way for greater job opportunities, deeper cultural integration, and successful networking. 

Get the Full Japanese Experience

– Cultural Integration: Understanding the language is the first step to truly immersing yourself in Japanese culture and society.

– Work Eligibility: Many employers prefer or require proficiency in Japanese to navigate the local business environment and workplace culture.

– Networking: Speaking Japanese opens up a wealth of networking opportunities that are otherwise inaccessible, helping you to build valuable connections for your career.

If you’re a PhD aspirant in Japan with an eye on the job market, gaining proficiency in Japanese is more than just an academic requirement—it’s a strategic career move. The ability to communicate effectively in Japanese can significantly broaden your professional horizons and make you a compelling candidate in the job market, both during and after your PhD studies.

Our Language Courses: Tailor-Made for Your Success

Recognizing the importance of Japanese language skills for PhD students in Japan, our part-time and online courses are designed to fit into a busy academic schedule:

– Part-Time Japanese Courses These are ideal for PhD students who want to balance their research with language study. With flexible class times, you can learn Japanese without compromising your academic commitments.

– Online Japanese Courses For maximum flexibility, coto’s online Japanese courses allow you to learn from anywhere, at any time. This means you can advance your language skills even during fieldwork or if you’re on a research trip.

As a PhD student in Japan, your success isn’t solely determined by your academic achievements; it also hinges on your ability to navigate the local language and culture. By integrating Coto Japanese language courses into your study routine, you’re not just preparing for your dissertation defense—you’re setting the stage for a flourishing career in Japan. So, take the first step towards unlocking your full potential in the Japanese job market with our dedicated language courses, crafted to help you excel in both your studies and your professional life.

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• NATURE INDEX
• 08 March 2023

Freeing up Japan’s PhD potential

• Ayuko Hoshino 0

Ayuko Hoshino is an associate professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

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Japanese science has a problem: there are too many PhD holders and not enough senior roles in universities for them to move into. This is partly caused by a well-meaning, but flawed policy to promote Japanese research that dates back almost three decades.

In 1996, Japan began a plan to boost the number of its academic researchers with a PhD but who are not yet in permanent faculty positions. The country aimed to produce 10,000 of these postdoctoral roles and by 2006 it had exceeded this goal, creating more than 16,000 positions. This leaves a fairly obvious question; what happens to a researcher after they’ve completed a postdoc? There hasn’t been a serious enough effort to create a career pathway for these researchers in academia. Employment in industry is also an uphill battle for them because — although progress has been made — Japanese businesses on the whole still don’t fully appreciate PhDs as a qualification.

Nature Index 2023 Japan

Many students here in Japan increasingly believe that finding jobs in industry, even in pharmaceutical firms and other research-related companies, is easier without a PhD. This is because there can be a belief in industry that it’s better and easier for a company to train newly hired employees from scratch, rather than training someone who already has their ‘own way of doing things’. In the United States, 40.2% of PhD holders are employed in private industry, but in Japan that figure is just 14%. Hopefully, the 14% in Japan will prove how PhD holders can contribute to businesses so that more companies employ doctoral graduates, something that could also lead to greater collaboration between academia and industry.

Earning a PhD demands an excess of patience, imagination, flexibility and expertise. Surely these are enviable characteristics for any candidate seeking promotion, be that in academia or private industry.

Ideally, similar to universities in the United States and some other countries, a successful postdoc would advance to become an assistant professor before finding a job as a full professor. Assistant professors in Japan, however, have considerably less freedom to pursue their research aims. In Japan an assistant professor is still a junior role, not dissimilar to the postdoc position, in which you mostly assist the more senior professor with their work. This makes it difficult to be productive in research and forge an independent path. Even if someone manages to accomplish this, there is a dearth of vacant faculty positions to move into. There are now so many postdocs aged 40 and above that they’re now competing with their younger colleagues for increasingly narrow career pathways. In 2018, for instance, 28.2% of postdocs were in this age group compared with 16.4% in 2012.

Instead of benefiting from these educated and experienced PhD graduates, Japan is squandering them. This needs to change — not least because it is undermining efforts to improve the gender balance in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) subjects, something which is badly needed. Data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 2020 ranked Japan as the lowest among wealthy nations on multiple metrics relating to women in STEM. Just 21.5% of Japanese PhD graduates are women, for example.

Although the career opportunities are limited for all genders, it’s perhaps not surprising that men make up more than 80% of faculty positions, because frankly women have more barriers than men to overcome. The workplace isn’t always well suited for young mothers, for example. We need more childcare support and spaces for nursing mothers. We also need to provide a supportive environment for young parents, particularly mothers, to attend conferences.

There are, however, signs that important changes are on the horizon for female researchers in Japan. Some universities, such as the Tokyo Institute of Technology, are instigating quotas to boost the number of female students. Approximately 14% of student places at the institute are now exclusively available to female applicants. This is meaningful change and will help, but it’s again addressing the issue at the beginning of the skills pipeline. The real problem is further down the line when students become postdoc researchers and are confronted with the lack of opportunity.

If we can improve the career pathway for all postdocs, Japanese science — and industry — will benefit by putting its STEM human resources to good use while also addressing the gender imbalance. A rising tide lifts all boats.

Nature 615 , S57 (2023)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00659-0

This article is part of Nature Index 2023 Japan , an editorially independent supplement. Advertisers have no influence over the content.

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

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Guide to Studying PhD in Japan for International Students

Want to study for a PhD in Japan but not sure where to start? This article introduces all you need to know about PhD in Japan, from what programs are like, admission requirements, and what English PhD programs in Japan there are. 

First Published: 2021-05-17 Updated: 2024-01-12

Table of Contents

Why should you study for a PhD in Japan?

• Program Types, Durations, and Admission Requirements

PhD in Japan for International Students

Phd programs in japan in english, what is the applicable visa to study in japan, what is the cost to study for a phd in japan, are there scholarships for phds in japan.

Japanese graduate schools are called 大学院 (Daigakuin) . They consists of Master’s courses, 修士 (Shuushi Katei), to obtain a Master’s Degree, “修士号 (Shuushigo)” and PhD courses, 博士課程 (Hakushi Katei) to obtain a PhD, 博士号 (Hakushigo) . 

In this article, we will focus on PhD Programs in Japan, what they are like, and what English PhD programs are there for international students. A person who has graduated from a PhD course is called 先生 (Sensei) or 博士 (Hakase) - Dr. in Japan. 

The reasons for why you should study for a PhD in Japan are pretty much the same reasons for choosing Japan to study abroad , whether it’s for undergraduate studies, Japanese language studies, or graduate school studies. The reasons include:

• World-Ranked Universities in Japan like University of Tokyo and Kyoto University and Nagoya University that rank among the Top 100 globally.
• Japanese universities excel at research and technology. Many universities are research-intensive which makes for a great study environment, especially for post-graduate education and post-doc. 
• There are Japanese graduate schools offering English PhD programs. Many universities offer Japanese classes (in many cases mandatory, but higher levels optional) to help international students integrate into life in Japan. 
• Scholarships for international students, including for PhD courses.
• Helpful if you are planning to continue working in Japan after completing your PhD. Also good for career prospects outside Japan.
• Endless opportunities to expose yourself to Japanese culture and tradition. There’s no better way to learn about Japan than being at the source. On weekends and holidays, take the chance to explore. 

Are you convinced to study for a PhD in Japan yet? From hereon, we will introduce in detail PhD programs in Japan. 

What are PhD Programs in Japan like? 

The doctoral program, better known as PhD, is the highest level of education to exist. A PhD is an advanced degree earned in various fields after successfully completing a research thesis. An individual can generally opt to study for a PhD after completion of a Master’s program. 

In Japan, PhD is called 博士号 (Hakushigo) . PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy”, and graduates are bestowed the title of “Doctor (Dr.)”. In Japan, Doctor (Dr.) is called 博士 (Hakase), though most people go by 先生 (Sensei) . 

Program Types, Their Durations, and Admission Requirements

The duration of a PhD program depends on your choice of subject and research thesis. Typically, a PhD program takes around 5 years to complete for those who graduated from a 4 years long undergraduate program. Specialized fields like medical, veterinary, pharmaceutical and dental have 6 years long Bachelor’s degree programs and no Master’s program, and therefore their PhD programs are 4 years long. 

In Japan, PhD programs are commonly split into 2 phases. Depending on their highest level of education (Master’s or Bachelor’s), students have an option of starting from the first phase or skipping to the second phase. 

First Phase is called First Half of a PhD Program (2 Years)

Called 博士前期課程 (Hakushi Zenki Katei) , the first phase’s curriculum includes studies to obtain a Master’s degree , which is a prerequisite requirement for most PhD programs. The first phase is a 2 Years long program.

According to JASSO , one of the following admission requirements must be satisfied to be eligible to join this program:

• Graduates from 4 Years long university program (Japanese university)
• Graduates with Bachelor’s degree from at least 3 Years long foreign university program; 5 Years for medical, dental, pharmaceutical or veterinary 
• Graduates of Bachelor’s degree from the National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education
• Graduates from National Defense Academy of Japan, Japan Coast Guard Academy, Meteorological College, or any ministry or agency established academy or college
• Graduates from international schools in Japan that are officially recognised as being equivalent to an overseas university
• Those who have completed specialized coursework at designated vocational schools
• Those who have completed 16 Years of formal study in their home country; 18 Years for medical, dental, pharmaceutical or veterinary 
• Those who have completed 16 Years of formal study in Japan via online curriculum offered by an overseas institution; 18 Years for medical, dental, pharmaceutical or veterinary 
• Those who have completed studies at school under Japan’s old education system
• Those aged above 22 who are admitted based on individual admission qualification selection

Second Phase is called Second Half of a PhD Program

Master’s degree holders can skip the first phase to join the second phase. Called 博士後期課程 (Hakushi Kouki Katei) , the second phase is typically 3 Years long , but 4 Years for medical, veterinary, pharmaceutical and dental fields. 

• Graduates with a Master’s, professional degree, or equivalent foreign degree
• Graduates with a Master’s or professional degree from an overseas institution done via online curriculum while living in Japan
• Graduates with degrees equivalent to a Master’s or professional degree from international schools in Japan recognised as being equivalent to an overseas graduate school
• Graduates with Bachelor’s or equivalent degree who have completed minimum 2 Years research at university or research facility having the same academic prowess as a Master’s degree holder
• Those with a degree equivalent to a Master’s degree from United Nations University 
• Those aged 24 or above who are admitted based on individual admission qualification selection

Most graduate school programs in Japan are taught entirely in Japanese. For international students seeking to join these programs, demonstration of a high level of Japanese proficiency, at least N1, is required. This is to ensure that you are able to understand the curriculum in order to complete the course. 

Fortunately, with the increasing number of international students in Japan, many universities have started internationalizing their programs with English-taught courses , including for PhD. There are programs taught mostly in English with supplementary Japanese, as well as programs taught completely in English. 

For English-taught PhD programs, students may be asked to demonstrate their English language proficiency with English proficiency certifications like IELTS, TOEFL, or TOEIC. This requirement may be exempt for individuals whose undergraduate or Master’s degree shows high mastery in English.

Different universities offer PhD programs in different fields of study, so you will need to do a thorough search to find one that matches your interest. JASSO’s Search for Schools tool is incredibly helpful for this. You can search for educational institutions that accept international students by degree (undergraduate, Master’s, PhD), school type (public, national, private), school location, field of study, medium of instruction, etc. 

To further help you, we have curated a list of 6 PhD programs in Japan which are popular, along with the names of universities offering these programs. 

Visa, Tuition Fees and Scholarships for PhD in Japan

The applicable status of residence for international students in Japan is 留学 (Ryuugaku), aka “Study Abroad”. 

Coming from Overseas

If you are coming from overseas to study for a PhD in Japan, you will need to apply for a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) through your university in order to obtain a Visa to enter the country. Upon entering Japan, you will be bestowed a status of residence and a residence card, which acts as your identity card.

Read more about Japan Visa, Status of Residence, and Residence Card here .

Existing Resident in Japan

If you are an existing resident in Japan, you will not need a Visa or a Certificate of Eligibility, which are required for first entry into Japan. 

If you are already an international student in Japan, and planning to advance your studies to Master’s or PhD, then you may need to apply for “Extension of Period of Stay”, which can be done easily online now. Learn how to do it step by step here .

If you are a resident in Japan, but on a different type of status of residence, say the most common “Engineer / Specialist in Humanities / International Services” or some other type of work visa, then you will need to apply for a “Change of Status of Residence”. This can also be done online now with a My Number Card and IC card reader. 

In Japan, universities and graduate schools can be divided into 3 types of institutions - national, public and private. The admission and tuition fees for each type of institution is different with national schools having the lowest cost. 

In Japan, the first year’s cost for university and graduate schools is higher than the subsequent years. This is because applicants need to pay an admission fee in addition to the year’s tuition fee. 

The first year, aka admission year, cost for PhD that consists of that year’s tuition fee and an admission fee is:

• Approx. 820,000 Yen for National Institution
• Approx. 900,000 Yen for Public Institution
• Approx. 850,000 Yen (medical studies) or 1,100,000 Yen (non-medical studies for Private Institutions

Tuition fees will vary between universities so be sure to check the particulars when applying. 

【Helpful Reading】

• For differences between national, public and private universities in Japan.
• For the cost breakdown of studying abroad in Japan, including tuition fees and living costs.

Yes, there are scholarships for PhDs in Japan. According to JASSO , there are altogether 119 PhD program scholarships for international students for 2023 - 2024. Among the 119, 12 are available to apply before coming to Japan, and the remaining 107 can only be applied for after coming to Japan. 

Read more about Japanese scholarships and how to apply for them here . 

Education plays a crucial role in personal, social, and economic development. Achieving a PhD is sure to improve your confidence, greatly enhance your knowledge, and will make some higher level jobs available to you. After obtaining a PhD, many people choose to continue their research in universities or research centers as post-doc researchers. There are also many other consultation jobs available that requires your expertise. 

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PhD in Japan

Himeji University

Phd ( nursing ).

Hokkai Gakuen University

Phd ( political science ).

• Political Science
• Electronics and Information Engineering

Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing

Meiji Pharmaceutical University

Phd ( pharmacy and health sciences ).

• Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Rakuno Gakuen University

Phd ( veterinary medicine ).

• Veterinary Medicine

Kyushu University

Phd ( history and geography ).

• History and Geography

Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University

Phd ( biophysics of cellular membranes ).

• Biophysics of Cellular Membranes
• Atomic Physics for Quantum Technologies

Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Phd ( animal science and agriculture ).

• Animal Science and Agriculture
• Veterinary Science

Why Study PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Japan

1. High-Quality Education: Japan is known for its excellent education system and is home to several prestigious universities with world-renowned faculties. Pursuing a PhD in Japan gives you the opportunity to learn from experts in your field and gain cutting-edge knowledge and skills.

2. Research Opportunities: Japan is a hub for innovation and research in various fields. Whether it's technology, engineering, medicine, social sciences, or arts, you'll find ample opportunities to conduct in-depth research in your area of interest.

3. State-of-the-Art Facilities: Japanese universities and research institutes often have state-of-the-art facilities and well-equipped laboratories, providing you with the necessary resources to carry out advanced research.

4. International Environment: Many Japanese universities actively encourage internationalization and have a diverse community of students and researchers from around the world. This exposure to different cultures and perspectives can enhance your academic experience and broaden your horizons.

5. Support for International Students: Japanese institutions typically offer support services tailored to the needs of international students, including language classes, counseling, and cultural integration programs. This can help ease the transition and make your stay more comfortable.

6. Financial Support: Some universities and government organizations in Japan offer scholarships and funding opportunities for international PhD students, making it more affordable to pursue your research ambitions.

7. Networking Opportunities: Engaging with professors, fellow researchers, and industry professionals in Japan can open up valuable networking opportunities, which may benefit your academic and professional career in the long run.

8. Cultural Experience: Japan's unique culture and history can provide a rich and unforgettable experience outside of your academic pursuits. Living in Japan allows you to immerse yourself in a society that combines tradition and modernity in fascinating ways.

9. Employment Prospects: Completing a PhD in Japan can make you more attractive to employers in both academia and industry. Japanese degrees are highly regarded worldwide, and the international experience can be an asset in the global job market.

10. Personal Growth: Living and studying in a foreign country can be a transformative experience, fostering independence, adaptability, and resilience. It challenges you to step out of your comfort zone and develop a broader perspective on the world.

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) Specializations in Japan

Admission intake for phd (doctor of philosophy) in japan.

1. Application Period: The application period for PhD programs in Japan often starts in the fall of the previous year, around August or September, and extends until early in the following year, typically around January or February. It's essential to check the specific application deadlines for each university and program you are interested in.

2. Entrance Examinations: Many Japanese universities require candidates to take entrance examinations as part of the admission process. These exams may include written tests, interviews, and/or presentations, depending on the program and field of study.

3. Language Proficiency: Since most PhD programs in Japan are taught in Japanese, international students may be required to demonstrate proficiency in the Japanese language. Some universities may also offer PhD programs in English, especially in fields related to international studies or natural sciences.

4. Research Proposal: Applicants are often required to submit a research proposal outlining their intended research topic and objectives for the PhD program.

5. Letters of Recommendation: Candidates may need to provide letters of recommendation from academic or professional references who can attest to their qualifications and potential for doctoral research.

6. Academic Transcripts and Degree Certificates: Applicants must submit their academic transcripts and degree certificates as evidence of their previous qualifications.

7. Interviews: Shortlisted candidates may be called for interviews to discuss their research proposal and motivation for pursuing a PhD.

8. Final Selection: After evaluating the applications, entrance examinations, interviews, and other requirements, the university's admissions committee will make the final selection of candidates for the PhD program.

9. Enrollment: Successful candidates will receive an admission offer and will need to complete the enrollment process to begin their PhD studies in Japan.

Top 10 Universities in Japan for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)

Tuition fees for phd (doctor of philosophy) in japan.

For international students:

• Tuition fees for international students in Japan can range from approximately 500,000 to 2,500,000 Japanese yen per year.
• Prestigious universities and specialized programs may have higher tuition fees.

For domestic students:

• Domestic students in Japan usually pay lower tuition fees compared to international students.
• The tuition fees for domestic students can vary between approximately 200,000 to 1,000,000 Japanese yen per year.

Cost of Studying PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Japan

Eligibility for doing phd (doctor of philosophy) in japan.

1. Master's Degree or Equivalent: To be eligible for a PhD program in Japan, you typically need to have completed a master's degree or its equivalent in a relevant field of study. Some universities may accept candidates with exceptional academic backgrounds directly from a bachelor's degree program, but this is less common.

2. Academic Excellence: PhD programs in Japan are highly competitive, and candidates are expected to have a strong academic record. Good grades and relevant research experience are often preferred.

3. Research Proposal: Most universities require applicants to submit a research proposal outlining their intended research topic and objectives for the PhD program. This proposal should demonstrate a clear understanding of the research area and the potential contributions to the field.

4. Language Proficiency: Since many PhD programs in Japan are conducted in Japanese, international students may need to demonstrate proficiency in the Japanese language. Some universities also offer PhD programs in English, especially in fields related to international studies or natural sciences.

5. Letters of Recommendation: Applicants are usually required to provide letters of recommendation from academic or professional references who can attest to their qualifications and potential for doctoral research.

6. Entrance Examinations: Many Japanese universities require candidates to take entrance examinations as part of the admission process. These exams may include written tests, interviews, and/or presentations, depending on the program and field of study.

7. Funding: It's essential to ensure that you have sufficient funding to support yourself during your PhD studies in Japan. Some universities may require proof of financial support as part of the application process.

8. Visa Requirements: International students will need to obtain a student visa to study in Japan. The specific visa requirements and application process vary based on your nationality.

Documents Required for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Japan

1. Academic Transcripts: Official transcripts of your academic records, including grades and courses taken during your previous undergraduate and graduate studies.

2. Degree Certificates: Official certificates or diplomas proving that you have obtained a bachelor's and/or master's degree from an accredited institution.

3. Curriculum Vitae (CV) or Resume: A comprehensive document highlighting your educational background, work experience, research projects, publications (if any), and any other relevant accomplishments.

4. Research Proposal: A detailed research proposal outlining your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and potential contributions to the field of study.

5. Letters of Recommendation: Typically, two or three letters of recommendation from academic or professional references who can speak about your academic abilities, research potential, and suitability for the PhD program.

6. Statement of Purpose (SOP): A written statement explaining your motivation for pursuing a PhD, your research interests, and why you are interested in studying at the specific university.

7. Language Proficiency Test Results: If the PhD program is conducted in Japanese, you may need to provide proof of your Japanese language proficiency, such as results from the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT). For programs conducted in English, English language proficiency tests like TOEFL or IELTS may be required for non-native English speakers.

8. Entrance Examination Results: Some universities may require candidates to take entrance examinations, and the results may be included as part of the application.

9. Passport-sized Photographs: Several passport-sized photographs may be required for identification purposes.

10. Financial Documentation: For international students, some universities may ask for proof of financial ability to cover tuition fees and living expenses during the course of the PhD program.

Scholarships for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Japan

1. MEXT Scholarship (Monbukagakusho Scholarship): Offered by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), this scholarship provides financial support for international students at various levels, including doctoral programs. It covers tuition fees, a monthly stipend, and travel expenses. The scholarship is highly competitive and is available for students from designated countries.

2. JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists: This scholarship is provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and supports young researchers from overseas to conduct research activities at Japanese universities or research institutions. It includes a monthly stipend and research support.

3. Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho) Honors Scholarship for Privately-Financed International Students: This scholarship is for privately-financed international students already studying in Japan at the master's or doctoral level. It provides financial support to continue their studies.

4. Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP): Administered by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), this scholarship supports students from ADB member countries pursuing postgraduate studies, including PhD programs, in various fields at participating Japanese universities.

5. University-specific Scholarships: Many Japanese universities offer their own scholarships or financial aid programs for international students pursuing PhD programs. These scholarships may be based on academic merit, research potential, or specific fields of study.

6. Private Foundations and Organizations: There are numerous private foundations and organizations in Japan that provide scholarships and grants for international students pursuing doctoral studies in specific fields.

Jobs and Salary after PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) in Japan

1. Academic Career: Many PhD graduates choose to pursue academic careers as university professors, researchers, or postdoctoral researchers. In Japan, university faculty members often receive a competitive salary, which can range from ¥6,000,000 to ¥10,000,000 or more per year, depending on the level and institution.

2. Researcher/Scientist in Industry: PhD holders can work as researchers or scientists in industries related to their field of expertise. The salary in the private sector varies depending on the company, sector, and position, but it can be comparable to academic salaries or even higher, with the potential for bonuses and benefits.

3. Government Research Institutions: Many Japanese government agencies and research institutions hire PhD graduates to conduct research and contribute to various projects. Salaries in these institutions are generally competitive and can be influenced by the level of responsibility and experience.

4. Entrepreneurship and Startups: Some PhD graduates may choose to start their own businesses or join startups in fields related to their research area. The salary in such cases can be variable, depending on the success and profitability of the venture.

5. Consulting: PhD holders with specialized knowledge and expertise may work as consultants for companies or organizations, providing insights and solutions to specific problems. Consulting fees can vary depending on the project and the consultant's reputation.

6. Government and Policy Jobs: Graduates with expertise in social sciences, public policy, or international relations may find opportunities in government agencies or international organizations. Salaries in these sectors can be competitive and often come with additional benefits.

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The number of doctoral students in Japan is now almost half of what it was 17 years ago

If you want to get ahead in the world, everyone says you should go to college and get a bachelor’s degree. That’s true in Japan, where it’s generally a requirement for getting any decent salaried position. But though there’s always the option to pursue a higher level of education with a master’s or a PhD, in Japan, they don’t have the same appeal.

In fact, the number of doctoral students in Japan has been steadily decreasing since it hit its peak in 2003. This is worrisome for Japan’s science industries, as graduate university students are thought to be the lifeblood of scientific research and development in Japan, and provide the core work force at the country’s science industries, including their world-famous chemical companies, which are among some of the richest in the country.

According to the Japanese Ministry of Education, the number of PhD graduates was 11,637 in 2003, but has since decreased by almost half, to just 5,963 this year. Since 2003 was 17 years ago, you might think the decrease in doctoral graduates is due to the country’s continually declining birth rate, but in fact the statistics say otherwise. The number of doctoral graduates per one million citizens has also decreased; in 2017, it was 119, compared to 131 in 2008.

Compare that to the U.S., Germany and South Korea, which all increased their number of graduates per one million citizens since 2008. These numbers are bleak for Japan, whose science industries form the backbone of their economy. But what could be causing this decline in interest in pursuing the sciences to a higher academic level? Experts in the science and academic industries say it’s because the costs of getting a PhD outweigh the benefits in Japan.

Akira Yoshino, Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry, pointed out that it’s because PhD candidates are concerned about their employment prospects once they graduate. Yoshino says that, though having a doctorate provides a leg-up in finding employment in most other countries, there are no such considerations in Japan.

“I think that there should be recognition of the achievement of a PhD, as well as preferential treatment and pay for doctoral graduates,” he added. He also suggested that young people these days are not able to devote themselves to long-term research. “Academic research is a search for the truth, or is based on something the researcher has a deep curiosity about that they can single-mindedly pursue. It’s absolutely important to have one mission to focus on. Along those lines, I believe that it’s very important to cultivate an environment in Japan where someone can settle down to research something for 10 years or more, and feel secure about it.”

Yoshino himself started studying lithium-ion batteries when was 33 years old, and devoted all his energy to researching that single topic for nearly 40 years. His hard work paid off when he earned the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2019 for his impactful work on lithium-ion batteries.

Hirotaka Sakaue, associate professor of Aerospace Mechanical Engineering at Notre Dame University, agrees that having a doctorate amounts to little in the eyes of Japanese companies. Sakaue attained his PhD at Purdue University in the United States, but when he tried to find work in Japan, all of the jobs available based their pay on age rather than achievement, and the experience he gained through his PhD courses wasn’t even considered.

“In America, once you have a PhD, your annual salary changes greatly,” he said. “In my field of aerospace mechanical engineering, getting a PhD in Japan has no effect on your pay and so doesn’t have any appeal.”

What’s more, many U.S. doctorate programs in the sciences provide a stipend to their students, but Japanese universities offer no such benefits. “Since they’d have to work while studying for three years, I’m not sure many master’s students see any reason to get a PhD,” Sakaue said. He believes that a revision of the compensation system and the fostering of an environment that makes it easy for students to continue their post-graduate degrees is essential to raising the numbers again.

This problem serves as yet another example of much-needed workplace reform in Japan. The emphasis on seniority, rather than actual experience or qualifications, is a problem in many industries and for many workers, not only PhD candidates but also foreign workers and other employees with specialized qualifications.

Given that having a PhD has merit when applying for permanent residency in Japan, it’s probably not a matter of society viewing the degree as worthless, so hopefully more companies can change their tune and begin to actively work to promote advanced education in science.

Source:  NHK News  via  Hachima Kiko

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• https://soranews24.com/2020/10/09/the-number-of-doctorate-students-in-japan-is-now-almost-half-of-what-it-was-17-years-ago/

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17 Comments Login to comment

gogogo Oct. 13, 2020 07:58 am JST

Because most universities only have one PhD intake a year which has a selection progress and then they only take about 5-10 students

rgcivilian1 Oct. 13, 2020 08:56 am JST

Why bother when compared to the rest of the world they just take the doctoral's degree and make a better high paying salary job.

BackpackingNepal Oct. 13, 2020 09:04 am JST

If they're Not doing those Phd for just themselves, then it's good, otherwise rather employ a person who is determine and interested to do for the whole by giving some training.

kohakuebisu Oct. 13, 2020 09:42 am JST

I suspect that this is because companies do not want or want to pay overly clever young employees. Any extra education is feared more than respected.

The number of ryugakusei, Japanese studying abroad, has also greatly fallen, regardless of any talk of internationalization and globalization.

Some of this is due to demographics, a simple fall in the number of young people. Compared to 17 years ago, there will be millions fewer people in their twenties.

kyushubill Oct. 13, 2020 10:24 am JST

Unless they will be teaching in a university as a tenured professor then there is little need today for a PhD. The face of degree need has changed drastically since the 2010s. With AI and technology advance there is now little need for a high number of STEM advanced degrees as well. If the students want a career most employment recruiters are calling for medical and trades.

virusrex Oct. 13, 2020 10:46 am JST

There are two very important reasons for this.

1.- There is no jobs in academia, if a department have a single postgraduate student a year, but it takes 10 years to have a vacancy it still means they are preparing 9 PhD graduates more than what they are going to take in a permanent position. The rest are to search for a job elsewhere, but since this is a generalized situation there are simply no jobs anywhere. So graduates are to look to a series of temporary positions until they leave for a job in a company where their degree is not even wanted.

2.- Research gets mostly short grants that require immediate results. For the principal investigators this is not so bad, they get to publish sooner or later with anything useful any of their students or postdocs manage to produce in that time, but for the students and researchers hired for a specific program there is a very good chance their efforts will not be reflected in a published paper. Something requiring 4-5 years of work has to be done with a budget that last only 1 or 2. For a doctoral graduate this means 1 or 2 years of their CV not justified with a paper, which means he will not be hired anywhere else.

As a consequence the people that are successful are either the 5% that is above the rest and can secure a permanent job or those that already could get it without the PhD (like medical doctors that do a postgraduate course). In any case there is no incentive for students to enter a doctoral course, well rewarded and fulfilling alternatives are much easier to complete. The loss is mainly to Japanese science, to the advantage of many foreign companies and institutes.

It's sad seeing how people still hope to get a lot of Nobel prizes every year

timeon Oct. 13, 2020 01:12 pm JST

One of the biggest problems is the money. Japan is one of the few countries that doesn't pay for Ph.D., moreover the students have to pay tuition by themselves. There are few scholarships (most notably the JSPS DC), and mostly low- or no-interest loans. Combined with the lack of a clear advantage in job hunting for a PhD, and insecurity in academic positions, the program becomes less and less attractive. The typical age bracket is 24-27 years old, and peer pressure and often parents pressure* forces sometimes even academic types into finding a job after master.

*I remember a guy (at Todai!) whose father was adamant against him going to Ph.D. in science. The father even said that Ph.D.s are "society garbage"（社会のくず）and he was a medical doctor! The guy was stubborn though, and went to US for a Ph.D.; he is struggling now, 3rd year into postdoc in Japan.

Mocheake Oct. 13, 2020 02:11 pm JST

All you're going to get for your B.D is bs. You'll be overworked, undervalued, underpaid and stressed out anyway so why bother.

timeon Oct. 13, 2020 02:43 pm JST

Mocheake, you talk about B.D. or Ph.D. (the topic here)? And you talk from experience?

I got a Ph.D. in science from a Japanese university, and my career to date was good. Of course, it could be better, and it could be worse, but overall I am happy I made that choice

quercetum Oct. 13, 2020 04:13 pm JST

If you're a PhD student who speaks English in Japan, be careful your professor will expect you to check his English if not write or translate his papers, slideshows and presentations.

sakurasuki Oct. 13, 2020 07:19 pm JST

Especially in Japan, your previous background when entering company almost doesn't matter since many Japanese company will train anyone including those PhD graduate as other graduates.

There is no jobs in academia, if a department have a single postgraduate student a year, but it takes 10 years to have a vacancy it still means they are preparing 9 PhD graduates more than what they are going to take in a permanent position

Especially when the number of local students is declining so no new opening position except to replace those who retires. Also having new universities in Japan chance are really small .

https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20180406110416788

dbgt Oct. 13, 2020 08:29 pm JST

2 years ago i got my PhD from one of the top universities in Japan. Looking back, it was kind of worthless academically speaking.... I got very little and poor laboratory training.... so I didnt got a lot of skills out of my PhD....

Overall i dont regret it, because living in Japan for 4 years was fantastic as a life experience, I really enjoyed my time there and miss the country a lot.

Sven Asai Oct. 13, 2020 11:17 pm JST

Intentionally forced shrinking of population and economy includes shrinking of the number of PhD. You don’t even need any degree to understand that, do you?

kurisupisu Oct. 15, 2020 09:34 pm JST

Japan’s standing is on a slippery slope.

China will soon dominate Asia in the majority of fields and as their products surpass all others, Japan will become a footnote in the annals of history...

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A guide to the Postgraduation in Japan for international doctors

Share your love, post-graduation in japan for doctors.

Japan is currently at the top of the list of physicians’ preferences. Among the Asian countries, the most research is done in Japan. The method of studying here is also a little different than other countries.  In Japan MD means MBBS equivalent. After that, Post graduation means only PhD in Japan.

If you want to study in Basic subject, you have to do PhD on that subject, again if you want to do Clinical Post Graduation, you have to do PhD on that subject in Japan.

PhD courses are primarily research based. If you want to do PhD in basic subject, you have to do research in basic line. If you want to do clinical PhD, you have to do clinical research. Before switching to a career in Japan, you must have a dedication to research. Otherwise you will not be able to survive there.

Fresh graduates are not allowed in Japan.

You must have a degree after passing MBBS. Suppose, you can MPH after MBBS, then you can apply in Japan. After MBBS they recover an additional one year of education life. In Japan, everyone goes to study with a scholarsh ip because the standard of living there is much higher and more expensive than asian country. Part time jobs can be done in Japan like in Europe. You can be managed pocket money, living and accommodation by part time Job, but can not be managed tution fee by part time job during  any continuing course in Japan.

Additional Qualification for  scholarship in Japan

Some additional qualifications are required for the scholarship in Japan, such as 

• language proficiency. IELTS / TOEFL, GRE / GMAT are required for language proficiency. 
• The study in Japan is research based so try to find out the publication. If you do not have a publication, you can take a authorship by working with different researchers. If not here’s a new product just for you, Then start mailing the Professor from the University website as usual. 
• Remember you are applying for research based study so you will need some of the research. So if you have nothing to do with research, at least submit a research proposal before mailing it to Professor. If He/she (professor)  like your proposal, He/She will take you to Japan with funding from the university himself/herself. 

After completing your PhD in Japan, you can get a job at a highly paid salary in Japan. Job is very much available. So there is no reason to worry. With a little dedication, you can make a awesome career  like in Europe  or America.

• Post Graduation in China for international students

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The Pros & Cons of Study Abroad in Japan

by Samantha Harper - Last updated on February 18, 2019

It’s here—the moment you’ve been waiting for since your college orientation when the Education Abroad Office gave their welcome presentation. You’ve completed a few pre-reqs, made new friends, saved some money (eh, maybe?), and now you’re ready to conquer your next challenge: taking it international.

Do you dream of study abroad in Japan? Let’s do this!

The decision to study abroad is not light—it requires you to literally move your life to an unfamiliar country, where every aspect of every day will be uncharted. You’ll be surrounded by new people, hearing previously-unknown phrases, eating foreign foods, following a different routine… you get it. That’s why we take giving you the unvarnished truth very seriously . 

If you’ve made it this far in your search, we’re thinking it’s safe to say you’re considering a Japan study abroad program. That’s so exciting! It’s also quite brave—Japan is probably 12 or more hours ahead of your family and friends, on a different continent,with a deeply-rooted and deeply-felt homogeneous culture. There is nothing we want more than for you to fall heels over head for your studying abroad in Japan experience, so we’re going to give it to you straight, and let you take it from there. 

The pros of study abroad in Japan

Once you’ve spent your semester in Japan, having learned to accompany your konichiwa with a bow and getting accustomed to new sights, sounds, and flavors, you’ll have an unfathomable amount of items to list to your “pros.” For now, we’re happy to get you started.  

Follow your heart all the way to views like these <3

1. You’ll get to experience umami—and other deliciousness 

When living abroad, you have got to be comfortable with the food choices at the bare minimum. Ideally, you’ll be in absolute nirvana. When studying abroad in Japan, you will be inundated with new and familiar flavors and have no shortage of culinary challenges. Sushi and sashimi are a ubiquitous part of Japanese dining, and the variety of ingredients, shapes, and sizes alone are sure to keep your palette entertained. 

Not a raw-fish lover? No problem! Let’s fry up that fish and those veggies into tempura instead. If you’re more of a die-hard carnivore, then you’ll find happiness in Shabu Shabu, Japanese hot pot. This is a communal dining experience where friends gather together around boiling water, using chopsticks to dunk various meats for a do-it-yourself dinner. Yakitori, grilled meat skewers dipped in teriyaki sauce, might be the most familiar food to foreigners, if you want to ease into the whole endeavor. Oh, and we cannot forget the famed Japanese soups: a light tofu Miso or a hearty, meat and noodle Ramen anyone? Is it just our mouths watering over here?

2. Japan is known for its high-quality educational system

If you decide to study abroad in Japan, it’s worth noting that the education in this country is decidedly esteemed. Whether public or private, primary school or university, the achievement-based system implemented in the Japanese educational structure has produced some serious results. Consistently ranked in the top 10 countries for education, how could you not be excited to begin your study abroad in Japan program? You can spend a summer in Tokyo with Seisen University , or enjoy the historical old city of Kyoto , home to one of Japan’s largest universities.

Study Japanese in Japan to level up your language skills to more than singing along to “Domo Aragato, Mr. Roboto.” Kanji not quite your thing? You’ll love taking classes in business , marketing , and philosophy . There is enough variety of courses to excite and educate both your right and left brains in Nihongo! Just don’t forget to take a cooking class, too. :)

3. Getting around is a (speedy) breeze

One of the most challenging aspects of traveling abroad is the transportation. What if you can’t read the signs, or recognize your stop? What if, worst of all, there is no public transit? None of these are concerns with a Japan study abroad program! Transportation within Japanese cities includes trains and busses that are known for their efficiency and punctuality. Translation: you won’t have to wait around on train delays as you’re making your way to class or meeting your friends for Ramen. When traveling between major cities in Japan, this is your chance to ride the famed Shinkansen, the 320 kilometer per hour bullet train. Praised for being both extremely safe and exceptionally comfortable, tickets up and down Japan come in a range of prices and can be reserved ahead of time or on sight, making your weekend getaways that much easier. 

4. Job opportunities make it easy to extend your stay

It’s natural for your international excursion to begin feeling like home after a while of studying abroad. It can be frustrating to return to your native country and not know for sure when you’ll see your international family and friends again. That’s a major perk of the studying abroad in Japan experience: there is a huge demand for foreign workers. If after graduating you decide to make Japan your permanent home, the demand for English teachers is a constant, that typically comes with secure pay and included housing. 

Never a dull—or non-photogenic—moment while studying in Japan

If teaching isn’t your passion, you still might be in luck. Unlike some other more rigid-on-foreign-worker countries, Japan has a wide variety of work visas for international individuals, including temporary and holiday visas. Securing a work visa in Japan can still be an intensive process, but the country is generally open to foreigners. 

5. You’ll be constantly entertained

One of the most impervious reasons to study abroad in Japan is the huge cultural impact this country has on the world, and the range of completely unique activities you’ll be able to engage in. If you’re looking to study abroad in a place with flashy, splashy, high-tech and highly influential culture, Japan is your hub. The Akihabara neighborhood is iconic Tokyo: famed as an electric town, this popular tourist destination features scores of stores selling electronics, manga, anime, and video games, encapsulating the Japanese electro techno culture. Famous toys in Japan don’t end with electronics though—Hello Kitty World is just one of the many places across the country you can interact with this iconic Japanese-native. 

The entertainment industry in this country reaches even beyond its celebrated toys. Why not engage in more historic Japan by attending a traditional Japanese Kabuki drama? Japan has also perfected its karaoke chambers to be fully soundproofed, giving you the most authentic rock star experience out there. If that’s not enough to get your adrenaline pumping, then you could attend a Sumo match, or better yet, enroll in a ninja-training course or a samurai class. 

For those of you who are reading and feeling over stimulated by the vitality of this country, don’t worry—there are plenty of ways to slow down in this deeply traditional cultural. Partaking in a Japanese tea ceremony is sure to touch your heart with solemnity, and practicing the art of Zen while visiting a Buddhist temple will calm your mind and your soul. Aside from its flamboyant skyscrapers in city centers, Japan is host to temples, shrines, and castles that are UNESCO World Heritage sites, where travels can pay their respects to the ancient eras that came before them.

6. There are dozens of great programs to choose from

One of our favorite study abroad in Japan tips? Do a homestay!

You’re not stuck choosing between two crummy program providers who have websites that you can barely trust. No, no—Japan has a well-developed infrastructure for hosting international students, giving you dozens (if not more!) potential options to shop for.

According to student reviews and our recent assessment of the best study abroad programs in Japan , your top options include KCP International and CISabroad . If you’re looking for summer study abroad programs in Japan, we’ve got you covered there, too. Program like IES Abroad consistently delivers high-quality programming to international students in Japan.

7. Everything is cute

Seriously. From the decorations on your pens and notebooks to the sheer number of adorable robots and cafes to patron, you’ll never tire of Japan’s cultural obsession with all things “cute.” Enjoy a heavy dose of adorable thanks to the flurry of cartoons, kitties, stuffed animals, red pandas (!), and more. You’ve never experienced a culture of “kawaii” quite like this—and don’t worry—it’s science .

The cons of studying abroad in Japan for college students

It all sounds ideal—what could go wrong? Japan does indeed have plentiful positive qualities to offer, but every location comes with a few unpleasant surprises. We want to prepare you with some of the less appealing situations you can expect, and a few study abroad in Japan tips for ways you can tackle them.

1. That costs how much?!

Study abroad in Japan for college students includes numerous perks -- luxurious, convenient, and entertaining alike. There’s world-class shopping and night clubs open until 6:00 AM. There are Western-style supermarkets, elaborate, electronic toilets, and cafes with themes featuring anything from hedgehogs to French maids to robotic performances. If only these things were free! 

Be sure to spend time traveling around Japan so you really get to know your study abroad destination.

Japan has an extremely high cost of living and is frequently categorized as one of the most expensive countries in the world. Specialty experiences, like booking a trip to see the Cherry Blossoms, visiting one of Osaka’s castles, or climbing Mount Fuji, could end up feeling like an overindulgent splurge. While this may sound like a downside, this actually makes studying abroad in Japan as a college student one of the most prime times. Your study abroad program will likely make housing arrangements for you, freeing up a little bit more of your pocket money for sheik cafes and purikura pictures—those cute little photo booths that make your skin flawless and turn your photo into a sticker.  

2. The work-life balance… or lack thereof

Although Japan is rife with stimulation and entertainment, the country is known for its diligent, work-centric attitude. From their early school days, children in Japan are taught to prioritize dedication to education above all else, leading them into careers that do not believe in sick days and frown upon vacations. A famous proverb in the country reads, “The nail that sticks out gets hammered down”…—overwhelming, much? While we appreciate all that hard work in Japan has produced, we get that as a student studying abroad, this mindset might be somewhat severe to adapt. When studying abroad, it’s important to remember that some cultural aspects won’t be pleasant to us, no matter how long we stay. That’s part of the point, though, right? Taking in the ups and downs is part of the journey of observing and adapting a new culture, and who knows, maybe you’ll pick up some tools that will make the rest of your college experience a breeze. 

3. Feeling, well—different—from everyone else 

For most students studying abroad, every location is going to come with cultural challenges and potentially a language barrier. This experience is likely to be more prominent in Japan than in other places, given the tremendous difference from English in both the written and the spoken language. This could translate to a fun challenge, though—why not enroll in a Japanese script class? You’ll be able to flex your artistic capabilities, delve deeper into the culture, and do something that feels productive and rewarding. 

Language barriers aside, when traveling abroad there is the risk of feeling like an outsider just on appearance alone. This is exacerbated in a homogeneous country like Japan, where having differing hair or eye colors is really apparent. It can feel like a con to be pointed out or stared at—you will be pointed out and started at—and it can create an exhausting internal struggle as well. This doesn’t have to define your experience, though. Japanese culture is friendly and receptive, and more likely than not you’ll receive compliments, praise, and questions about your differing appearance and cultural background. What an opportunity to engage in conversation, learn about their culture, and share a little bit of your own, right?

Next steps to studying in Japan

Take all the pictures, try all the things, taste all the noodles

Getting hyped about the pros of Japan and identifying the challenges ahead are perfect first steps, but we’re not done yet! There are several more choices to be made in crafting your ideal studying abroad in Japan experience.

• Narrow it down—where exactly are you going? Tokyo’s the metropolitan hub with the electric vibe, but Kyoto brings all of its history as the previous capitol to the table. Perhaps you’d like to escape the main island all together, and check out the cities on Hokkaido , if you’re worried about missing some greenery during your study abroad in Japan experience.
• How long do you plan to stay? Arguably the best way fully immerse and absorb as much of the language and culture as possible is through witnessing all of the seasons and enjoying an entire academic year abroad. This isn’t for everyone, though! Picking a semester or even selecting a shorter summer option are choices that are completely up to you.
• Pick your focus. Maybe you’re heading to Japan exclusively to finish off that Japanese language major, or maybe you want to take your first look at technology courses. Maybe you’ve got major senioritis and are looking to fill your schedule with something you’ve never tried before—dance, art, women’s studies, food science? 
• Communicate with your home university . Selecting a study abroad organization that is different from your school is quite common, but make sure you’ve got all the right people clued in. Your academic advisor might have some input about class requirements, and financial aid might be able to point you towards a scholarship! 

You’re ready for an amazing studying abroad in Japan experience! 

What’s stopping you from having the best summer or semester EVER?

See? We warned you there were a lot of decisions to make! When you’re witnessing the futuristic fashion on the famed Harajuku Bridge or enjoying the serenity of Zen gardens, it will all be worth it. We’ve outlined a few of the challenges that come with Japan study abroad, because the key to being a strong traveler is being prepared. Now that you’re in the know, though, you’ve got all of the tools that it takes within yourself to tackle them. 

Let’s face it: There are going to be highs and lows with every study abroad experience—that’s part of the journey!  

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Japan to pay Ph.D. students in quest for cutting-edge tech

Can $23,000 a year persuade master's students to go for doctorates?

TOKYO -- Beginning in April, 7,800 doctoral students in Japan will be eligible to receive an annual 2.4 million yen ($23,139) in living expenses, as they take part in a government program meant to maintain the country's global competitiveness in cutting-edge technologies.

The government will provide the funds to universities, which will pick the recipients. Universities working on artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and other disciplines are more likely to be chosen to take part in the program.

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She’s porn again.

More than 15 years after quitting a kinky career in adult entertainment to become a nurse, busty beauty Sadie Summers is stepping back in front of the camera — and she can’t wait to resume her old life.

“Doing porn’s the best job in the world,” the 38-year-old healthcare professional enthused in an interview with The Post on Thursday. “I’ve never been ashamed of my sexuality. “

The luscious lifesaver made her X-rated debut way back in 2005, long before PornHub and OnlyFans were part of the everyday vernacular.

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Summers shot 70 frisky flicks before leaving the industry in 2008.

She worked several seasons on the ski slopes of Whistler, British Columbia, before deciding to head to nursing school.

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In 2016, Summers met the man who would go on to become her husband. They wed in 2018 and welcomed a son three years ago.

Ironically, it was after she settled into a life of domestic bliss that the self-described “exhibitionist” found herself compelled to get back in front of the camera.

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The mother-of-one returned to studio productions last year — and has already notched up a number of new titles.

“There’s nothing like being on set, I absolutely love it…. there’s something really magical about making movies,” Summers swooned. “I love the creative process.”

And while Summers’ professional background means she could easily lean into the naughty nurse sub-genre, she says she’s not interested in capitalizing on that kink.

“It would be so hard for me to incorporate that… I want to keep separation,” the horny healer explained, particularly since she hasn’t entirely closed the door on that part of her life.

Plus, there are plenty of other kinks to explore — Summers says she’s “big in the MILF world,” just one reason why she’s not worried about re-entering a notoriously ageist industry in her late 30s.

In fact, the mammary-flaunting mom is playing up her age, currently appearing in an X-rated flick titled “Mama’s House, Part 1.”

“Everybody looks at porn and sex work like it’s a young girl’s game and, yes, when you hit 25, most people will start calling you a MILF,” she joked. “But there’s so many women who are older that do this.”

“The options are unlimited.”

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Rise of the Ronin reinvents hack-and-slash in a remarkable open-world Japan

Team Ninja’s first open-world action RPG cuts to the bone

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Stalking through the neglected ruins of an empty graveyard, I crouched through a hole in a wall with my katana in hand, ready to strike. I was about a dozen hours into my playthrough of Rise of the Ronin , the latest open-world action RPG from Team Ninja, and I’d already abandoned the beaten path of the game’s main quest to hunt down fugitives terrorizing the countryside.

I was closing in on my latest target, a notorious graverobber. I trained my sights on the body of a man slumped in a corner being ravaged by a pack of dogs. I didn’t fully understand what was going on until I heard a snarl from my periphery and the telltale sign of a life bar materializing across the top of the screen. Suddenly everything clicked into place: Holy shit, the graverobber wasn’t a man; it was a freakin’ rabid dog .

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Rise of the Ronin is full of such surprises. Just when you think you’ve gotten ahold of everything it has to offer, the game introduces another curveball or a mechanic that organically builds on a preexisting one, offering a depth of variety that feels exciting yet seldom daunting. Coming off of the success of last year’s Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty and 2020’s Nioh 2 , Team Ninja has taken its design philosophy of precision-based hack-and-slash combat and applied it to its most ambitious project yet: an open-world action adventure set amid the political tumult of 19th-century Japan, a period known as the Bakumatsu.

Players assume the role of a “Veiled Edge,” a swordsman and assassin trained from youth by a village of anti-shogunate conspirators to fight alongside a partner known as their “Blade Twin.” Following a disastrous mission where the player is separated from their partner, your village is massacred by shogunate forces. Having no home to go back to, you become a ronin and embark on a quest to be reunited with your lost Blade Twin. From there, your journey takes you to the far corners of the country as you cross paths with an eclectic cast of characters, including historical figures like Ryoma Sakamoto and Marcus Samuel, each with their own stake in the future of Japan.

Rise of the Ronin ’s gameplay feels as indebted to Team Ninja’s aforementioned forays into the Soulslike genre as it does to contemporary titles like Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice and Ghost of Tsushima . Players customize their Veiled Edge and their accompanying Blade Twin’s appearance before selecting their starting weapons and “blade sharpening” technique (i.e., beginning stat boosts). From there, the game introduces the fundamentals of its combat system and mechanics before you’re set loose to wander the plains of Japan as you please.

There are four primary skill trees, each with its own selection of abilities oriented around strength, dexterity, charisma, and intellect. In addition, each weapon type that you encounter throughout Rise of the Ronin comes with its own unique movesets and up to three alternate combat stances, which can be unlocked through how frequently you use that weapon or learned from characters you meet throughout the game and forge a “bond” with over time.

As if all that weren’t enough, you also have a grappling hook, which can be used to scale buildings and rooftops via interactable perches, close the gap between yourself and adversaries mid-combat, or even throw objects at opponents. You can even unlock the ability to perform stealth kills, using the hook to hoist your enemies up and slit their throats without being detected. At one point, I was tasked with tracking down a pair of fugitives who were responsible for terrorizing a rural village. I can’t tell you how satisfying it was to get the drop on these villains, knowing that the last thing either of them would see was the business end of my hook.

As you progress throughout Rise of the Ronin , you’ll encounter several enemy types of bandits, mercenaries, and naval officers, each with their own varying levels of difficulty respective to your own level. Players gain two types of experience: EXP, which applies to their overall level and base stats, and Karma, which can be redeemed for points that can be spent upgrading their various skills.

Karma is represented by a bar beneath the player’s EXP gauge, which is filled by successfully defeating enemies. Once the bar is filled, you can light any one of the Veiled Edge checkpoint banners scattered across the world to convert your Karma into points. Herein lies Rise of the Ronin ’s Soulslike twist: If you’re defeated by an opponent in battle, all of your unredeemed Karma is lost and a “vendetta” is forged between you and that enemy. You’ll have one opportunity to regain your Karma by defeating that opponent, but if you lose, you lose all that Karma.

The combat itself is a blast, and the vendetta system is a big part of it. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve thrown myself at a group of bandits whose level outranked my own just so I could get my Karma back, switching my tactics up from crossing swords to ambushing my adversary from afar with a barrage of flaming arrows and rifle fire.

One of the coolest elements of Rise of the Ronin ’s combat is the Counterspark mechanic, an alternate attack that, when timed properly, allows the player to parry an opponent’s oncoming strike and momentarily put them off-balance. A single successful Counterspark parry can earn the player crucial seconds of reprieve when they’re on the back foot in battle, but a successive series of Countersparks will whittle away your enemy’s stamina, known as Ki, allowing you to perform a devastating attack that deals a hefty chunk of damage, if not outright killing your opponent.

That’s easier said than done, though. Executing a Counterspark parry is more complicated than simply pressing a button in time with an on-screen prompt. You have to anticipate your enemy’s movements, which vary depending on their respective weapon type and combat stance, and strike right before they land a blow. It’s difficult to master, but gratifying to pull off. You can even Counterspark parry incoming arrows and bullets, which, when done successfully, not only deflects the projectile but momentarily sets your bladed weapon on fire, offering a much-appreciated damage buff in the heat of combat. In action, it’s an exhilarating move that emphasizes Team Ninja’s inimitable talent for stylish swordplay.

I haven’t even touched on the game’s divergent story system yet. Rise of the Ronin ’s story unfurls into an elaborate tapestry of relationships, with each of the major characters you encounter offering their own unique missions that shape the course of the plot as a whole. You can choose to side with the anti-shogunate in their bid to repel the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry from Japan’s shores, or you can cast your lot in with the shogunate as they continue their campaign to root out sedition and forge a pact with the American forces. Those “bonds” I mentioned earlier? Those have a direct impact on not just the combat styles you can learn, but also your ability to call for assistance in combat during missions or redeem discounts from the shops and merchants found throughout the world.

I’m about 25 hours into Rise of the Ronin and I feel like I’ve only just begun to grasp the enormity of what it has to offer. From striding through hillsides atop a galloping steed to soaring above Yokohama using a prototype wing glider, the game’s version of Bakumatsu-era Japan feels as boundless in scope as it is bountiful in possibilities. Rise of the Ronin is an adventure worthy of Team Ninja’s pedigree, and a world I enthusiastically look forward to losing myself in for many more hours to come.

Rise of the Ronin will be released March 22 on PlayStation 5. The game was reviewed on PlayStation 5 using a pre-release download code provided by Team Ninja. Vox Media has affiliate partnerships. These do not influence editorial content, though Vox Media may earn commissions for products purchased via affiliate links. You can find additional information about Polygon’s ethics policy here .

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When the discovery of an ancient artifact unleashes an evil force, Ghostbusters new and old must join forces to protect their home and save the world from a second ice age. When the discovery of an ancient artifact unleashes an evil force, Ghostbusters new and old must join forces to protect their home and save the world from a second ice age. When the discovery of an ancient artifact unleashes an evil force, Ghostbusters new and old must join forces to protect their home and save the world from a second ice age.

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