problem solving and program design chapter 1

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CSEC IT - A Guide to Problem Solving and Program Design

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Problem Solving & Program Design in C by Jeri R. Hanly, Elliot B. Koffman

nikhilnayak98/CSE2041

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Programming Practice - 1 C Codes

Problem Solving and Program Design in C

Contributors 2

• DSA Tutorial
• Data Structures
• Linked List
• Dynamic Programming
• Binary Tree
• Binary Search Tree
• Divide & Conquer
• Mathematical
• Backtracking
• Branch and Bound
• Pattern Searching

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) in C

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) are one of the most important concepts of programming. They form the foundation of problem solving in computer science providing different and efficient solutions to the given problem that suits the requirement. This tutorial guide will help you understand the basics of various data structures and algorithms using C programming language.

Why Learn DSA Using C?

C language is a perfect choice for learning data structures and algorithms due to the following reasons:

• Foundational Language: C is a low-level language with only a few of inbuilt functionalities. It makes the programmer to implement almost everything by himself which helps in understanding how data structures work at a fundamental level.
• Versatility: Knowledge of DSA in C can be transferred to other languages, as many modern languages are built on C-like syntax.
• Interview Preparation: Many technical interviews and competitive programming problems are best solved using C due to its speed and efficiency.

Data Structures and Algorithms Tutorial using C

This C tutorial provides a step-by-step guide to the key concepts of DSA, from basic to complex data structures along with essential algorithms like sorting, searching, graph traversal, etc. Whether you’re a beginner or experienced looking to expand your knowledge, this tutorial has something for you.

Data Structures and Algorithms Complete Course using C  – We’ve got a course for you –  DSA Self-Paced   which can help you to upskill yourself, be able to solve competitive programming questions, and get you placement-ready. No matter whether you’ve complete knowledge of DSA or not, no matter whether you’re a beginner at DSA, these factors can never be a hurdle if you’re someone who really wants to upskill and build a career in DSA. 

An array is a fixed size data structure that stores a collection of elements in contiguous memory locations. Each element is of same type and can be accessed by its index.

Based on the number of dimensions, there are two types of arrays in C:

• 1D Array in C
• 2D Array in C
• 3D Array in C

Linked Lists

A linked list is a linear data structure where each element (called a node) contains a data field and a pointer to the next node in the list. It does not store the data in contagious memory, and we can only access the elements sequentially.

Types of linked lists and their implementation in C:

• Singly Linked List in C
• Doubly Linked List in C
• Circular Linked List in C

A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last-In First-Out (LIFO) principle of element insertion and deletion. It means that insertion and deletion can only happen at one end.

Stack can be implemented over different data structure. The most popular implementations of stack in C are:

• Stack Implementation Using Array in C
• Stack Implementation Using Linked List in C

A queue is a linear data structure like stack, but it follows the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle of element insertion and deletion. Elements are added at one end and removed from the other end.

There are 4 types of queues:

• Queue Implementation Using Arrays in C
• Queue Implementation Using Linked Lists in C
• Circular Queue in C
• Double-Ended Queue (Deque) in C
• Priority Queue in C (need the knowledge of heap)

Searching Algorithms

Searching algorithms are the methods used to find a specific element efficiently within the given data structure, such as arrays, lists, etc.

There are mainly two types of searching algorithms:

• Sentinel Linear Search in C
• Binary Search in C

Sorting Algorithms

Sorting algorithms are the methods used to arrange elements in a particular order, typically in ascending or descending order.

Following are the popular sorting algorithms:

• Selection Sort in C
• Bubble Sort in C
• Insertion Sort in C
• In-place Merge Sort in C
• Iterative Quick Sort in C
• Counting Sort in C
• Radix Sort in C
• Heap Sort in C (need the knowledge of Heaps)

A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes, where each node has a data field and pointer to its child nodes. It can have multiple children and based on the number of children, trees are classified.

Unlike linear data structure, trees can be traverse in multiple ways:

• Level Order Traversal in C
• Pre-Order Traversal in C
• In-Order Traversal in C
• Post-Order Traversal in C

Trees are also classified on the basis of the type of structure they form:

• Binary Tree in C
• Binary Search Tree (BST) in C
• AVL Tree in C
• Red-Black Tree in C
• B-Tree in C
• B+ Tree in C
• Segment Tree in C
• Trie (Prefix Tree) in C
• K-D Tree in C

A heap is a specialized tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: in a max-heap, every parent node is greater than or equal to its child nodes, and in a min-heap, every parent node is less than or equal to its child nodes.

• Min Heap in C
• Max Heap in C
• Binomial Heap in C
• Fibonacci Heap in C
• Priority Queue in C
• Heap Sort in C

Greedy Algorithms

Greedy algorithmic approach instructs to make the local optimal decision at every step i.e. it will choose the current best option without of considering its effects in the future.

Following are some standard Greedy algorithms:

• Fractional Knapsack Problem in C
• Activity Selection Problem in C
• Job Sequencing Problem in C
• Huffman Coding Problem in C

Divide and Conquer Algorithms

In divide and conquer approach, the problem is divided into smaller subproblems, solved and then recombined to give the complete solution.

Following are some standard Divide and Conquer algorithms:

• Tower of Hanoi in C
• Convex Hull in C
• Karatsuba Algorithm for Fast Multiplication in C
• Strassen’s Algorithm for Matrix Multiplication in C

Dynamic Programming Algorithms

Dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems and storing the solutions to avoid redundant calculations.

Following are some standard Dynamic Programming algorithms:

• Rod Cutting Problem in C
• Coin Change Problem in C
• Subset Sum Problem in C
• 0-1 Knapsack in C
• Edit Distance in C
• Longest Palindromic Subsequence in C
• Minimum Cost Path in C
• Maximum Subarray Sum in C
• Partition Equal Subset Sum in C
• Maximum Product Subarray in C

A graph is a non-linear collection of nodes (called vertices) connected by edges. They are generally represented as Adjacency List and Adjacency Matrix.

Implementation of Graphs in C

• Graph using Adjacency Matrix in C
• Graph Using Adjacency List in C

Classification of Graphs

• Directed Graph in C
• Undirected Graph in C
• Weighted Graph in C
• Unweighted Graph in C

Graph Algorithms

Graph algorithms are a set of methods used to solve problems related to graphs:

• Graph Cycle Detection in C
• Prim’s Algorithm in C
• Kruskal’s Algorithm in C
• Dijkstra’s Algorithm in C
• Bellman-Ford Algorithm in C
• Floyd-Warshall Algorithm in C
• Johnson Algorithm in C
• Kosaraju’s Algorithm in C
• Tarjan’s Algorithm in C
• Kahn’s Algorithm in C

String Algorithms

String algorithms are techniques designed to process and manipulate strings for tasks such as pattern matching, substring searching, and text processing.

• Rabin Karp in C
• Knuth-Morris-Pratt in C
• Boyer-Moore in C
• Longest Common Subsequence in C
• Longest Increasing Subsequence in C

Bit Manipulation

Bit manipulation involves performing operations directly on binary digits. These operations are used to optimize performance and memory usage.

There are 5 major bit operations:

• Extract bits in C
• Setting bits in C
• Clearing bits in C
• Toggling bits in C
• Counting Set bits in C

Backtracking Algorithms

Backtracking algorithms are a systematic way of solving constraint satisfaction problems by trying out different possibilities and eliminating those that fail to satisfy the problem’s conditions.

Following are some standard backtracking algorithms:

• Knight’s Tour Problem in C
• Rat in a Maze in C
• N-Queen Problem in C
• Sudoku in C

Geometric Algorithm

Geometric algorithms involve computations related to geometric objects such as points, lines, and polygons.

• Closest Pair of Points in C
• Line Intersection in C
• Point in Polygon in C

Data Structure and Algorithms in C – FAQs

What is a data structure.

A data structure is way of organizing data such that it optimizes some operations which we need to perform on it. For example, the array data structure is optimized for fast access, while linked list is optimized for fast insertion and deletion. Similarly, heaps are optimized for fast minimum and maximum retrieval.

What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a way of solving a problem. It is a step-by-step procedure to perform a specific task or to solve a particular problem. It consists of a finite sequence of well-defined instructions that take an input, process it, and produce an output. Algorithms are important because they provide a clear and efficient way to accomplish tasks that optimize performance of the program.

Is C a good language for learning Data Structures and Algorithms?

Yes, C is an excellent language for learning Data Structures and Algorithms because it provides a clear understanding of memory management and low-level data manipulation, which are important for implementing efficient algorithms.

How do you choose the right Data Structure in C?

The choice of data structure depends on the requirements of the task, such as the type of operations needed (e.g., search, insert, delete), memory constraints, and the complexity of those operations.

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