ancient india essay questions

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[Topic wise IAS Ancient Indian History Question Bank (1979-2015)]: (1) Sources

Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers. …………………..

1.  “Ancient Indians had no taste for historiography; their scholars cared more for religious, spiritual and philosophical studies. Indian historiography is essentially an Islamic heritage.” Comment upon this statement with special reference to the contemporary writers and their works which help us in the reconstruction of history of the early medieval period of Indian history. [1996, 60m]

2. Assess the pattern of settlement, economy, social organization and religion of India during 2000 to 500 BC from archaeological evidences. [2003, 60m]

3. Discuss the changing approaches to the study of early Indian history. [2006, 60m]

4. “Reconstruction of Early Indian history is hardly possible without the help of inscriptions and coins.” Discuss. [2007, 60m]

5. In what ways are the accounts of the Graeco Romans and the Chinese helpful in reconstructing the social history of India? How far is their information corroborated by other Contemporary sources? [2009, 60m]

6. What light do early inscriptions and literature throw on the status of women in politico socio-economic spheres? [2010, 60m]

7.   On  the  basis  of  contemporary  sources  assess  the  nature  of  banking  and  usury  in ancient India. [2013, 15m]

8. Evaluate  the  ownership  of  land  in  ancient  India  on  the  basis  of  literary  and epigraphic sources. [2013, 15m]

9. “While  using  the  accounts  of  foreign  writers,  historians  must  distinguish  between statements  based  on  hearsay  and  those  grounded  in  perceptive  observations.” Elaborate with examples. [2014, 15m]

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Book Review: Upinder Singh, The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics and Archaeology

2017, Studies in History, Vol. 33, No.2, 2017 (ISSN 0257-6430), pp. 279-284.

Review of Upinder Singh's collection of essays on ancient Indian history

Related Papers

The Journal of Asian Studies

Christian Haskett

Julie Hanlon

COURSE DESCRIPTION In this course we will investigate the rich history of ancient India, from the Indus Civilization in 3 rd millennium BCE to the Gupta Dynasty in 4 th-6 th century CE. We will reflect critically on the evidence that scholars use to study the ancient past (e.g. ancient texts, inscriptions, coins, and the archaeological record) and the ways in which they interpret this evidence. We will also analyze and compare the different methods and frameworks used by scholars across multiple disciplines (e.g. archaeology, art history, philology). You will have the opportunity to engage with different primary source materials in class and will demonstrate your understanding of different historical methods and frameworks in the writing of a final research paper. We will also discuss the stakes of ancient Indian history as it relates to the present, including current academic debates and the role of history in the construction of modern political and cultural identities. COURSE OBJECTIVES This course aims to provide students with a detailed overview of the ancient history of India, and the ways in which this history is (re)constructed through different perspectives and the analysis of different sources. By the end of this course students will be able to: 1. Identify and describe the chronological periods and cultures of ancient Indian history. 2. Describe different conceptual and analytical frameworks for analyzing ancient history.

Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology

Matthew G. Marsh

Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology Vol. 5, No.4 (2018) 76-81 For further works on Ancient India see _Ancient India: An Introductory Bibliography_ in the Teaching Documents section below.

Asian Studies Review

Greg Bailey

A Review of “Ancient to Modern*, in *History: Reviews of New Books* , 38:2

Saurabh Dube

Common to all the essays is the drive to probe and unsettle “established understandings and accepted verities pertaining to religion and texts, sects, and communities”

Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta

Jawhar Sircar

This article is an edited version of a talk delivered at the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Kolkata on 25 August, 2017.

Journal of Sikh and Punjab Studies

Jason Neelis

Chris Haskett

Jyoti G Balachandran

Ancient India is a vast subject with an equally large number of published works available. The following is not a comprehensive bibliography of the subject, but an introduction to some of the general introductions to Ancient India, as well as other advanced introductions or specialised works available to undergraduate and graduate students interested in further research. In addition, candidates preparing for the UPSC examinations (in particular the History Optional) may find the starred general and advanced introductions to Ancient India helpful, as they provide a clear, concise overview to the period that is easily adaptable to a study plan or notebook. For the ease of the student, works on this bibliography have been limited to textbooks, book chapters, or monographs. Many of the works listed have detailed bibliographies containing article publications.

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Ancient Indian History (Important Questions)

Ancient Indian history is often studied by scholars, but it’s also a favorite subject for those who are just curious about the past. To start your education about Ancient Indian history, you should read the history of India. This includes the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Period, and the Persian invasions of India.

The history of India is one of the longest in the world. It is so long, that it is difficult to know where to start. There are many different cultures and empires that have come together and created the history of India. What is known is that the country has been around for a very long time. The history of India is divided into two periods, or eras. The Vedic Period refers to the period before the birth of the Buddha, and the Maurya Period is the period after his birth. India was the birthplace of the world’s first civilisations, and the home of the most important religions. It is the most influential country in the world, and many countries call themselves descendants of India.

Ancient Indian History (Important Questions

Q1: When did Indus Valley Civilization discovered?

Q2: Which place is associated with 23rd jain Tirthankara?

Ans: Varanasi

Q3: In which year Ashoka invaded Kalinga?

Ans: 261 BC

Q4: In which Mandal of Rigveda  Gayatri Mantra is mentioned?

Ans: 3rd Mandal

Q5: What is the nature of Indus Valley Civilization?

Q6: Indus valley civilization is associated with?

Ans: Proto-historians period

Q7: Harappa is situated at the bank of which river?

Q8: Indus Valley Civilization didn’t find which animal?

Q9: Who discovered Indus Valley Civilization?

Ans: Dayaram Sahani

Q10: Who was the first monarch of Magadh in 16 century BC?

Ans: Bimbisara

Q11: Which was the earliest capital of Magadh?

Ans: Rajgir

Q12:  how many states were in Mahajanapadas?

Q13: Which Mahajanapadas emerged as the most powerful Kingdom

Ans: Magadha

Q14: Mathura,the famous city was the capital of which ancient Mahajanapada?

Ans: Sursena

Q15:  Pushkalavati was the capital of which ancient kingdoms?

Ans: Gandhara

Q16: Which city was known as Avanti in ancient India?

Ans: Ujjain

Q17: The achievements of Samudragupta are mentioned in which inscription?

Ans: Allahabad pillar inscription

Q18: Who invented the Gupta Empire during the reign of Kumar Gupta?

Ans: White Hunas

Q19: Who was the ruler of Kanchi during the period of Samudragupta?

Ans: Vishnugopa

Q20: Which Pushyabhuti ruler assumed the title of Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja?

Ans: Prabhakarvardhan

Q21: Who is known as Napoleon of India?

Ans: Samudragupta

Q22: In which place Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon?

Ans: Sarnath (Banaras)

Q23: Where was the first Buddhist council held?

Ans: Rajagir

Q24:  Gautam Buddh got enlightenment at the age of______ Under a Bodhi tree?

Q25: Who presided over the third Council which was held at Patliputra under the patronage of Asoka?

Ans: Moggaliputta Tissa

Q26: Which were the n ew crops of the later Vedic period?

Ans: Rice and wheat

Q27: The officer who was responsible for tax collection was called as? as

Ans: Bhagdugha

Q28: What was the human sacrifice called in later Vedic?

Ans: Vratya Stoma Yagya 

Q29: Ayodhya temples are located on the banks of which river?

Ans: Sarayu

Q30: Which river became the Centre river at that period?

Ans: Saraswati

Q31: Where was the first Jain Council held?

Ans: Patliputra

Q32: Bhagwati Sutra is related to which religion?

Ans: Jainism

Q33: Which ruler is credited for the spread of Jainism in karna?

Ans: Chandragupta Maurya

Q34: Who was the first Tirthankar of Jainism?

Ans: Rishabh Deva

Q35: Which dynasty ruled over Magadha after the Maurya dynasty?

Q36: Who is known as the second Ashoka?

Ans: Kanishka

Q37: Which Vedas deal with magic spells and witchcraft?

Ans: Atharvaveda

Q38: The later vedic age means the age of the compilation of?

Ans: Samhitas, Brahmas & Ar ankyas

Q39: The vedic religion along with its later development is actually known as?

Ans: Brahminism

Q40: The Vedic Aryans first settled in the region of?

Ans: Saptasidhu

Q41: Which with contains the famous Gayatri?

Ans: Rigveda

Q42: Gaytri Mantra is addressed to?

Ans: Savita

Q43: Two highest Gods in the vedic religion were?

Ans:  Indra and Varuna

Q44: Division of Vedic society into 4 classes is clearly mentioned in the?

Ans: Purusa-sukta of Rigveda

Q45: The Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization flourished during the_____ age.

Ans: Chalcolithic 

Q46: The first metal to be extensively used by the people in India was?

Ans: Copper

Q47: Utensils of the Indus valley people were mainly made of?

Q48: The Harappan Civilization declined as a result of

Ans: Not definitely known factors 

Q49: According to the most widely accepted view, the Aryans originally came from?

Ans:  Central Asia

Q50: The normal form of Government during the vedic period?

Ans: Monarchy

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History of Ancient India: Complete Study Material

This study material for  “history of ancient india” is a comprehensive collection of important topics, which are divided into 9 important sections important for the preparation of all competitive exams..

Ancient History comes under History Sections of General Studies. So, it is worth having a grip on the subject and to make preparation easy we have compiled this study material into 9 Sections in which you will learn about the Pre-Historic Period, Historic Period, Civilisations, Scripts, Cultures, Pre- Mauryan and Mauryan Age their religious developments, art & architecture, trade. At last, Gupta and Post Gupta Age its literary sources, administration, inscriptions, rulers etc.

“History of Ancient India”: A Complete Study Material

1. stone age, 2. vedic and later vedic age, 3. pre mauryans age, 4. age of mauryas, 5. contemporary and post-mauryan rulers, 6. gupta empire, 7. post gupta’s era, 8. the harshavardhana era, 9. religions of ancient india.

       9.1 The Buddha        9.2 Buddhist Literature        9.3 Buddhist Councils        9.4 Buddhist Scholars        9.5 Hinayana and Mahayana        9.6 Bodhisattvas        9.7 List of Jain Tirthankaras        9.8 The origin of Buddhism and Jainism        9.9 Summary on Jainism: Teaching of Mahavira| Spread of Jainism        9.10 Summary on Buddhism: Teaching of Buddha |Buddhist Council | Causes of Decline

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• IAS Preparation
• NCERT Notes for UPSC
• NCERT Ancient History Notes

NCERT Notes: History Of Ancient India Notes For UPSC 2024

History is one of the most important subjects for the UPSC Exam . Indian History for IAS is a very vast subject covering the following areas:

• Ancient Indian History
• Medieval Indian History
• Modern Indian History

UPSC Books List PDF:- Download PDF Here

The IAS Syllabus covers history in both Prelims and Mains. The History topics are closely related to Heritage and Culture, particularly when studying History for IAS. The following are the important topics to study from Ancient Indian History:

• Prehistoric India
• Historic India
• Indus Valley Civilization
• Vedic India
• Mahajanapadas
• Buddhism and Related Topics
• Mauryan Empire, Administrative Structure, Rulers and Legacy
• Gupta Empire, Rulers and Legacy
• Invasions from Central Asia
• Kingdoms, States and Dynasties of South India, Their Rulers and Legacy

To help ease the path of your IAS preparation, check out the Free NCERT Fundamentals Course– a comprehensive study program to help you cover the NCERTs effectively. Watch the video below to learn more:

Ancient Indian History Notes

The Ancient history of India is a crucial topic for the CSE exam . It is also an interesting topic while being a vast topic as well. The notes and topics in this article will help in candidate in cruising through the Ancient History of India segment with relative ease.

Read more History of India NCERT Notes for UPSC. These notes are prepared on the important history topics of the UPSC Syllabus . It will help in the quick revision of prelims and GS 1 of UPSC Mains topics.

The most important sources of History are NCERT Books. Aspirants should read History from NCERT Books for UPSC to prepare for the IAS Exam. Taking notes is an efficient way to organise your study material for revision. Though taking notes is advisable, UPSC Candidates often find it difficult to find the right topics to focus on or may not have the time or resources at hand to take efficient notes. With this in mind, we at BYJU’S have developed a compilation of NCERT Notes for UPSC. This page compiles most of the important NCERT Notes for Ancient Indian History for UPSC for ease of use by IAS aspirants.

These IAS History study materials cover most of the major History Topics from the Ancient Indian Historical era until the dawn of the Middle Ages. Candidates should use these notes in conjunction with the NCERT Books to cover the complete UPSC Syllabus for Ancient Indian History.

Studying the Ancient History of India requires a thorough understanding of the chronology of events in Indian History. Based on this foundation, aspirants should build up knowledge on various aspects of history such as economic history, administrative history and cultural impact of historical events apart from political history.

While reading these topics, aspirants can practise past year history prelims and mains questions from the links given below:

• History questions from UPSC Mains GS 1 from 2013 to 2019.
• Ancient History Questions in UPSC Prelims [2013-2020]

More IAS related queries

Is ancient history of india important for upsc mains.

In UPSC Mains, History is part of General Studies Paper I syllabus. However, there are no direct questions on Ancient History unless they can be linked to Art and Culture. For e.g. the 2017 UPSC Mains GS I paper had a question regarding the decline of the numismatic art in India after the Gupta period.

Which is the best book for Ancient History of India for UPSC 2024?

• India’s Ancient Past by RS Sharma
• Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania

Which NCERT books to read for IAS exam 2024?

NCERT books are a must-read for IAS preparation  They are important in both UPSC Prelims and Mains. NCERT books on History, Geography, Economics are particularly important. For easy reference of IAS aspirants, we have compiled a comprehensive list of NCERT books important for IAS exam 2024

Are NCERT books enough for UPSC exam?

NCERT books are an essential part of UPSC exam preparation. However, because of the comprehensive UPSC syllabus, IAS aspirants should also refer to subject-specific books (for e.g. Indian Polity by Laxmikanth) and keep tabs on the current affairs of at least the past 12-15 months.

Is History a good optional choice for UPSC Mains exam?

Yes, History is a popular choice among IAS aspirants because of the subject’s heavy overlap with the General Studies part in both UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains. However, the syllabus of History is vast and candidates often find it difficult to manage.

Does IAS exam syllabus change?

Yes, refer to the official UPSC notification  to see the latest IAS exam syllabus. However, there have been no significant changes in the UPSC syllabus recently but the nature of exam questions has become more dynamic. Candidates can download the previous years’ Topic Wise UPSC Prelims Questions PDF from the linked article to understand the trend of questions.

When can I apply for IAS 2024?

To apply for the IAS exam 2024, candidates have to successfully fill the two-part online registration form on the UPSC official website. The UPSC 2023 forms will be out in February and the last date to submit the application will be in March.

Also, refer to the previous year  IAS Topper list and get inspired and motivated by their success stories.

Please visit the following links to read more:

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Actually am a fresh candidate for this exam can u pls guide me how to start preparing for exams

Hi Vaishnavi For IAS preparation 2020 you can go through the linked article.

I want study material for upsc pls help me

Hi Prashant You can refer to our pages UPSC Notes PDF & Free IAS Prep to get study material relevant for UPSC preparation.

Hi this is my first and last chance foe MPSC 2021. How to go for it.

Hi Aditi Please go through MPSC Preparation page to get the strategy for MPSC 2021.

ACTUALLY I AM CONFUSED WITH NEW OR OLD TAMIL HISTORY FOR ANCIENT HISTORY WHICH ONE I CHOOSE?

Hi Prakhar You can go with new Tamil Nadu State Board history books (Class 11th & 12th) for ancient history preparation. Check other NCERT Notes for IAS preparation in the linked article.

Hi Is there available full pledged study material for upsc apart from NCERT books

Hi Chandrasekhar You can check our UPSC Notes PDF page to complement NCERT notes.

Hello Sir, What are the imortant topics to be covered in “Indian history” from NCERT books?

It is better to read the entire NCERT content and the Tamil Nadu Board Class XI Textbook for History. Also, History in UPSC comprises – Modern, Medieval (only Prelims), Ancient, Art and Culture. You can know more here – How To Study History For IAS?

Few Important Topics of Modern History to be studied from other reference books include: 1. Advent of Europeans (Prelims) 2. Socio-Religious Reform Movements 18-19 century (Prelims and Mains) 3. Indian War of Independence (Prelims and Mains) 4. Important Leaders of Freedom Struggle (Prelims and Mains) 5. British Policies and Acts such as Land Revenue System etc(Prelims and Mains) 6. INC Sessions (Prelims)

Hi I want to start preparation for MPSC exam 2021 from where do I start

Hi Ruchika To start with MPSC Exam preparation, you can first check the MPSC Syllabus . Then you can take a look on our MPSC Preparation page for your reference.

Respected sir /madam I thought to prepare for civil services now I need full information regarding what books should I read and I’m persuing my post graduation IN Psychiatric Nursing can I take optional subject in mains psychology bcz I had a psychology subject in Bsc Nursing.

Hi Yogesh It is a good decision to follow your interests. To prepare for UPSC civil services examination, you need to know a few things beforehand; mentioned below: 1. UPSC Syllabus 2020 2. Overview of the IAS Exam 3. NCERT Notes PDF Also, you can take Psychology subject as your Mains Optional given you know the Psychology Optional syllabus .

I’m preparing for UPSE 2021 I’m all confused with the books some sorices says 6th to 12th NCERT, few sources says tamil nadu 11 and 12th Few says Nithin Singa, RS sharma, Satish Charndra Specturm.

Please guide me with the books that I need to study, I wanted to have limited books and read that neatly.

Hi You can refer to our page UPSC Books to get a fair idea.

Sir, history ncerts like our past 1,2,3 are enough or one should should read ancient history books of classes 6 7 8th respectively.

Class 11 and 12 NCERTs for History will be sufficient. You can check history notes from the linked articles below: 1. Ancient History NCERT Notes 2. Medieval History NCERT Notes 3. Modern History NCERT Notes

please give me a UPSC notes

Hi Siddhika You can refer to UPSC Notes page for some important topics.

I’m a full time worker and I’m thinking of preparing for the IAS next year. But I’m not confident whether the time given by me for study would be sufficient. Anyways I would be having Saturdays and Sundays off. So can you guide me on how can I manage my preparation along with my job and how much time must be given.

Hi We suggest you refer to the strategy for working professionals to crack UPSC in the linked article.

Sir how can i start preparation of upsc 2021 what part of syllabus i complete first

Check how to study for IAS at home

Please give me a notes UPSC

Refer to UPSC Notes linked article.

Sir I want to know which subjects are required for upsc exam bcoz I have done my BA from art side

Please go through the UPSC syllabus and exam pattern .

Hi, I am preparing for MPPSC exam. Being fresher’s, pl.suggest strategy to get prepared myself for the exam ( pre and subsequently mains both), and also suggestions about good books and sources. Won’t mind if I will say I want to give exam in 3month from now and I am at day zero preparation. Pl.suggest.

Hi You may refer to MPPSC preparation page. Here, we have tried giving the best strategy and tips to prepare for MPPSC exam. Also, download previous year MPPSC question papers for practise.

What is the list of all the sub-topics that must be covered under ancient indian history?

Hi, You must go through the following: 1. Prehistoric period 2. Indus Valley Civilization 3. Vedic Period 4. Empires and Kingdoms of Ancient India 5. Art forms (Dance, Music, Literature, architecture) 6. Religion/philosophy of Ancient India

hi this is sudha from tamilnadu. for upsc exam preparation THE SAMACHEER KALVI BOOKS IS ENOUGH for altrenative of NCERT BOOKS

Hi, Yes, one may opt for Class 11th and 12th Tamil Nadu History Textbooks in place of NCERT. However, one must also answer history questions from previous years’ question papers of UPSC after completing their reading. This way, one can fill in the gaps with NCERT books if needed.

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The Gupta Empire: a Shining Light in Ancient India

This essay explores the captivating story of the Gupta Empire, an ancient Indian dynasty that thrived from the 4th to the 6th century CE. It delves into the empire’s remarkable contributions to mathematics, astronomy, literature, and philosophy during what is often referred to as the “Golden Age of India.” The essay highlights the intellectual and cultural achievements of this period, where luminaries like Aryabhata and Kalidasa left an indelible mark on human knowledge and creativity. It also sheds light on the Gupta Empire’s harmonious coexistence of different religious and philosophical traditions and its enduring influence on Indian culture and society. Ultimately, this essay paints a vivid picture of a glorious era in ancient India that continues to inspire and captivate us with its brilliance. PapersOwl showcases more free essays that are examples of India.

How it works

When we journey back in time to the heart of ancient India, one name that stands out prominently is the Gupta Empire. Spanning the 4th to the 6th century CE, this empire is more than a historical footnote; it’s a testament to the heights of human achievement and cultural splendor.

The Gupta Empire’s geographical reach, stretching from the Ganges River to the Arabian Sea, was impressive, but its real significance lies in its unwavering support for the arts, sciences, and philosophy.

This era is often celebrated as the “Golden Age of India,” and for good reason.

Under the rule of enlightened leaders like Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire became a hub of intellectual brilliance. The achievements of this period in mathematics are astounding. Aryabhata, a luminary of his time, not only made groundbreaking contributions but also introduced the concept of zero, a mathematical cornerstone that revolutionized the world.

In the realm of astronomy, Brahmagupta and Varahamihira made pioneering observations, expanding our understanding of the cosmos. The literature of the Gupta era produced timeless classics like Kalidasa’s “Shakuntala” and profound philosophical treatises.

This was a time when different religious and philosophical traditions coexisted harmoniously. Hinduism flourished, and Buddhism experienced a renaissance, with Nalanda University drawing scholars from across Asia. The Gupta Empire was a place where ideas flowed freely, and intellectual curiosity thrived.

Artistically, the Gupta period is renowned for its temple architecture and intricate sculptures. Temples like those at Sanchi and Ajanta are not just architectural marvels but also windows into the aesthetics, fashion, and daily life of the time.

The Gupta legal system, as outlined in the “Dharmashastra,” set ethical and legal standards that influenced future legal systems in India. This emphasis on justice and governance underscored the empire’s commitment to good governance.

Like many ancient empires, the Gupta Dynasty eventually faced internal conflicts and external pressures that led to its decline. However, its legacy endured. Its contributions in mathematics, astronomy, literature, and philosophy continued to shape Indian culture and society for generations to come.

In essence, the Gupta Empire represents a pinnacle of human achievement. It is a reminder of what is possible when visionary leadership nurtures the arts, sciences, and philosophy. The Golden Age of India, as embodied by the Gupta Dynasty, continues to inspire us with its intellectual and cultural richness.

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Essay on History of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on History of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on History of India

Early civilizations.

India’s history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE. Among the world’s oldest, it was known for its advanced urban planning.

Vedic Period

The Vedic Period followed, from 1500 to 500 BCE. This era saw the composition of the sacred Vedas, the foundation of Hinduism.

Empires and Kingdoms

Next came the Maurya and Gupta Empires, marking India’s ‘Golden Age’, with advancements in science, technology, art, religion, and philosophy.

Colonial Period

The British East India Company started ruling India from 1757, leading to the Colonial Period. This ended with India’s independence in 1947.

Also check:

• Speech on History of India

250 Words Essay on History of India

The ancient period.

India’s history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to around 2500 BC. This civilization, renowned for its urban planning, sanitation systems, and trade networks, laid the foundation for future Indian societies.

The Vedic Age

The Vedic Age (1500-500 BC) marked the advent of the Indo-Aryans. The period is significant for the composition of the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, which greatly influenced Indian philosophy, religion, and social structure.

The Maurya and Gupta Empires

The Maurya Empire (322-185 BC) was India’s first great unified empire. Its most famous ruler, Ashoka, embraced Buddhism and propagated its teachings. The Gupta Empire (320-550 AD), often referred to as the “Golden Age” of India, saw significant advancements in arts, science, and literature.

The Medieval Period

The Medieval Period witnessed the rise of Islamic empires, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. This era was characterized by architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, and a syncretic culture blending Hindu and Islamic traditions.

The Colonial Era and Independence

The 17th century marked the beginning of European colonialism, with the British East India Company gaining control by the mid-18th century. The struggle for independence, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, culminated in India gaining independence in 1947.

Modern India

Post-independence, India adopted a democratic system and embarked on a journey of economic and social development. Today, India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a rich history that continues to shape its present and future.

500 Words Essay on History of India

Introduction.

India, a country rich in culture and heritage, has a history that spans more than 4500 years. This history is marked by a series of invasions, migrations, and trade relations that have significantly shaped its current identity. The history of India is a fascinating tale of cultural synthesis and evolution, marked by the rise and fall of empires, the development of art and science, and the intermingling of various religious and philosophical thoughts.

The ancient history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE. Known for its urban planning, sanitation systems, and a written script, this civilization laid the foundation for future Indian societies. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1500 BCE marked the beginning of the Vedic Age. This period saw the rise of the Aryan tribes, the composition of the Vedas, and the development of the caste system.

The Classical Age

The Classical Age of India began with the Mauryan Empire in the 4th century BCE. Emperor Ashoka, the most renowned Mauryan ruler, left a profound impact on Indian history through his advocacy of Buddhism and his edicts promoting moral and social values. The Gupta Empire, often referred to as the “Golden Age of India,” succeeded the Mauryas. This period saw significant advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and art.

Medieval India

The medieval period in Indian history was marked by the advent of Islam, brought by various invasions and the establishment of Sultanates. The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire were the most prominent Islamic empires. The Mughal period, particularly under Emperor Akbar, was known for its cultural syncretism, architectural marvels, and administrative reforms.

Colonial Era and Independence

The arrival of Europeans, specifically the British, in the 17th century marked the beginning of the colonial era. The British East India Company gradually gained control over large parts of India, leading to direct rule by the British Crown after the Revolt of 1857. This period witnessed economic exploitation, social reforms, and the rise of a national consciousness leading to the independence movement. The struggle culminated in India gaining independence in 1947, followed by the traumatic partition into India and Pakistan.

Post-Independence Era

Post-independence, India adopted a democratic system of governance and embarked on a path of social, economic, and political development. It faced challenges such as integrating princely states, linguistic reorganization, and socio-economic disparities. Today, India is recognized as a significant global player, maintaining a delicate balance between its rich historical legacy and the demands of modernity.

The history of India is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. It is a narrative of cultural amalgamation, political transformations, and intellectual advancements. Understanding this history allows us to appreciate India’s diversity, its challenges, and its continuous quest for progress and harmony. While the country continues to grapple with numerous contemporary issues, its history provides valuable lessons and insights for the path ahead.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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• Essay on Agriculture – The Backbone of the India
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Comparing Sculptures Of Ancient India And Greece Essay Example

Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece

Paper: The Islam And Indian Architectures And The Way Islam Was Influenced By The Indian, Which Is Centuries Older. Argumentative Essay Examples

Islamic Architecture in India

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Essay 1: Compare And Contrast How You, Lao Tzu and Homer Would Respond To The Old Testament

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1 . Question

Which poetic style did Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika’s work adhere to?

• a) Vaidharbhi style
• b) Gaudi style
• c) Panchali style
• d) Lati style

Explanation:

• Researchers at the  Pune-based Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in India have decoded copper plates revealing that the celebrated Sanskrit poetess  Shilabhattarika  was a daughter of the Chalukyan ruler Pulakeshin II .
• Previously, it was thought that she was the wife of the  8th-century Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva
• As per some recent research, she lived in the 7th century AD rather than the current theory, which called her as the wife of the 8 th century Rashtrakuta ruler, Dhruva.
• Shilabhattarika was a Sanskrit poetess.
• She is known to have written at least 46 poems on topics such as “love, morality, politics, nature, beauty, the seasons, insects, anger, indignation, codes of conduct, and the characteristic features of various kinds of heroines.
• However, most of her works are now lost. Only six of her short poems are surviving.
• She was known for her adherence to the Panchali style of poetry , which emphasizes a balance of words with their meanings .
• Shilabhattarika’s work inspired poets and artists throughout history, including the Sanskrit poet-critic Rajashekhara and the noted Marathi poetess Shanta Shelke.
• Hence, option (c) is correct.

2 . Question

Consider the following:

• Neolithic Age
• Mesolithic Age
• Chalcolithic Age
• Palaeolithic Age

Arrange the above in the correct chronological order:

• Ancient history can be divided into different periods according to the tools used by people back then.
• Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age): 500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
• Mesolithic Period (Late Stone Age): 10,000 BCE 6000 BCE
• Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): 6000BCE 1000 BCE
• Chalcolithic Period (Stone Copper Age): 3000 BCE 500 BCE
• Iron Age: 1500 BCE – 200 BCE
• The Paleolithic Age and Mesolithic Age were characterized by hunting and gathering activities. The characteristic feature of the Neolithic Age is agriculture, which is the food-producing stage.
• Hence, option (a) is correct.

3 . Question

What was the major defect in the drainage system of the Indus valley civilization?

• a) Drains were covered with loose bricks
• b) Drains were not connected to soak-pits
• c) Drains were located near the wells
• d) Drains often over flowed
• One of the most remarkable features of the Indus valley civilization is that the city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system.
• Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage. They were covered and had manholes at intervals for cleaning and clearing purposes. Thus Indus people had a perfect underground drainage system. No other contemporary civilization gave so much attention to cleanliness.
• The one defect of drainage system of IVC was that in some places drains run very near to wells.

Hence, Option (c) is correct.

4 . Question

What is the distinctive feature of Hoysala temples that gives them the name “stellate-plan”?

• a) Circular plan
• b) Triangular plan
• c) Star-shaped plan
• d) Rectangular plan
• Hoysala architecture is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries, mostly concentrated in southern Karnataka. Hoysala temples are sometimes called hybrid or vesara as their unique style seems neither completely Dravida nor Nagara, but somewhere in between.
• The most characteristic feature of these temples is that they grow extremely complex with so many projecting angles emerging from the previously straightforward square temple, that the plan of these temples starts looking like a star, and is thus known as a stellate-plan.
• The Hoysala temples, instead of consisting of a simple inner chamber with its pillared hall, contain multiple shrines grouped around a central pillared hall and laid out in the shape of an intricately-designed star.

5 . Question

Which Indus Valley Civilization Site has a cemetery but no major habitation around it?

• a) Kotada Bhadli
• b) Juna Khatiya
• c) Daimabad
• d) Champaner-Pavagadh
• Recent excavations at one of the biggest necropolises at Juna Khatiya village (Kutch, Gujara t) show rows of graves with valuable items such as Ceramic pots, beaded jewellery, animal bones etc. They date back to 3200BCE to 2600BCE (predating several other Harappan sites)
• The site is important because others like Dholavira have a cemetery in and around the town, but no major habitation has been discovered near Juna Khatiya.
• A necropolis is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek meaning “city of the dead“. The pyramid at Giza, in Egypt, is an example of a necropolis — it’s the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh.
• Juna Khatiya has emerged as one the biggest Harappan burial sites, with the possibility of 500 graves, of which about 125 have been found so far.
• The site demonstrates the transition from earth-mound burial to stone graves.
• The rectangular graves were made of shale and sandstone.
• Hence, option (b) is correct.

6 . Question

Consider the following statements with regard to ‘Thirukkural’:

• It is a highly celebrated work in Tamil literature commonly attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar.
• Thirukkural is divided into two books, aram and kamam.
• It is considered as one of the greatest works on ethics and morality.
• The topics covered in Thirukkural are very profound and are devoid of mundane aspects.

How many of the above given statements are correct?

• a) Only one
• b) Only two
• c) Only three
• d) All four
• In May 2023, PM Modi released Tamil classic ‘Thirukkural’ in Tok Pisin language. Tok Pisin is the official language of Papua New Guinea.
• Thirukkural, also known as Kural, is a highly celebrated work in Tamil literature and is one of the Patiren-kirkkanakku (“Eighteen Ethical Works”).
• It is commonly attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar, believed to have lived in India during the 6th century CE. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• While traditionally associated with the third Sangam, linguistic analysis suggests a later date of composition around 450 to 500 CE.
• Thirukkural consists of 133 sections, each containing 10 couplets, and is divided into three books: aram (virtue), porul (government and society), and kamam (love). Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Thirukkural is renowned for its ethical and moral teachings, known for its universality and secular nature. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The first section of Thirukkural opens with praise for God, rain, renunciation, and a virtuous life, emphasizing human sympathy and community welfare.
• The porul section presents an ideal state and links good citizenship with virtuous private life, while the kamam section explores themes of love, both secret and marital.
• Thirukkural promotes non-violence, moral vegetarianism, truthfulness, self-restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, and various other virtues.
• It covers a wide array of social and political topics, including governance, justice, agriculture, education, and abstinence from alcohol and intoxicants.
• Thirukkural also delves into aspects of friendship, love, sexual union, and domestic life , offering comprehensive insights into human existence and relationships. It covers both profound and mundane aspects of life. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

7 . Question

With reference to Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), consider the following statements:

• Evidence of world’s earliest ploughed field is found in Kalibangan site.
• The earliest recorded earthquake was from Rakhigarhi in Haryana.

Which of the above given statements is/are correct?

• c) Both 1 and 2
• d) Neither 1 nor 2
• Kalibangan has given the evidence of the earliest (c. 2800 BC) ploughed agricultural field. It shows a grid pattern of furrows, placed about 30 cm apart running east-west and other spaced about 190 cm apart running north-south, a pattern remarkably similar to the one practiced even now. Use of Wooden Plough is also found in Kalibangan. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Kalibangan is a site which has given an evidence of earliest recorded “Earthquake”. The earthquake is dated back to 2600 BC and is considered to have contributed to the end of this remarkable site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

8 . Question

The provinces in the Gupta Empire were called:

• a) Vishayas
• c) Uparikas
• The Gupta Empire had decentralized administrative set up.
• Bhuktis: The Empire was divided into provinces called ‘bhuktis’.
• Each bhukti was administered by a provancial governor ‘uparika’, who was appointed by the king
• The king directly appointed the uparika, who in turn frequently appointed the district administration and the district board.
• District = Vishayas: ‘Vishayas’, were overseen by a Vishayapati.
• Vishayapatis were appointed by the provincial governor or, in some cases, the king himself to control the vishayas.
• Vithis: Multiple villages were grouped into ‘Vithis’, sub-dristricts or modern day blocks.

9 . Question

With reference to sects of Jainism, consider the following statements:

• Digambara tradition holds that women lack the body and rigid will to attain Moksha.
• Shvetambaras acknowledge the possibility of women attaining Moksha.
• Digambara tradition holds that a woman lacks the body and rigid will necessary to attain moksha, i.e., liberation, hence she has to be reborn as a man before such an attainment is possible. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Shvetambaras acknowledge the possibility of women attaining Jina-hood and maintain that women are capable in the present lifetime of the same spiritual accomplishments as men. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

10 . Question

Consider the following pairs with respect to usage purposes of potteries during Harappan Civilization:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

• c) All three
• The potteries found at the excavation sites can be broadly classified into two kinds-plain pottery and painted pottery. The painted pottery is also known as Black and Red Ware as it used red pigments to paint the background and glossy black paint to draw designs and figures on the red background. Trees, birds, animal figures and geometrical patterns were the recurring themes of the paintings on the Red and Black Pottery.
• Plain pottery was used for household purposes, mainly for storage of grains and water. (Hence pair 1 is correctly matched)
• Miniature vessels , generally less than half an inch in size, were used for decorative purposes. (Hence pair 2 is incorrectly matched)
• Some of the potteries were perforated – with a large hole at the bottom and small holes across the sides. They might have been used for straining liquor. (Hence pair 3 is incorrectly matched)

Hence, option(a) is correct.

11 . Question

With reference to Unicorn Companies, consider the following statements:

• These are the start-ups worth at least a billion dollars and not yet listed on a public exchange.
• Indian unicorn companies have the highest contribution to the total global unicorn valuation.
• The ‘work from home’ regime fuelled digital business resulting in a long unicorn list in India.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) Only one
• (b) Only two
• (c) All three

Statement 1 is correct : Unicorn is a term used in the venture capital industry to describe a privately held start-up company with a value of over $1 billion.

Statement 2 is not correct: The US has the highest number of unicorn companies worldwide with an impressive 668 – over three times more than China in second place (172).

Despite a lower average valuation per unicorn at $2.72 billion compared to some counterparts, India’s unicorns make a substantial 5 per cent contribution to the total global unicorn valuation.

Statement 3 is correct: While work from home during the pandemic fuelled the growth of digital businesses in India, the incident also resulted in a long unicorn list.

Mainly three factors, a thriving digital payments ecosystem, large smartphone user base and digital-first business models, have come together to attract investors.

Tech companies, which have become household brands, are contributing to the unicorn boom in India, as smartphone penetration and digitization of commerce in every aspect of life has increased manifold during the pandemic.

12 . Question

With reference to the International Court of Justice, consider the following statements:

• All members of the United Nations are automatically parties to its statute.
• Advisory proceedings before it are open to the five organs of the United Nations.
• It elects a Chamber of Summary Procedure annually following its Statute.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) based in The Hague in Netherlands, is a 15-judge court established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter.

Statement 1 is correct: The statute of the ICJ regulates the functioning of the Court. All members of the UN are automatic parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.

The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of consent of both parties.

Statement 2 is correct: Advisory proceedings before the Court are only open to five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations family or affiliated organizations.

Statement 3 is correct: The Court discharges its duties as a full court but, at the request of the parties, it may also establish  ad hoc  chambers to examine specific cases. A Chamber of Summary Procedure is elected every year by the Court in accordance with its Statute

13 . Question

With reference to Ammonia, consider the following statements:

• It occurs naturally but can be produced by human activity.
• It is lighter than air but cannot be dissolved in water.
• It can be applied directly into the soil on farm fields.

Ammonia, anhydrous appears as a clear colourless gas with a strong odor. Shipped as a liquid under its own vapour pressure.

Statement 1 is correct: Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. It is an important source of nitrogen which is needed by plants and animals. Bacteria found in the intestines can produce ammonia.

Ammonia is a colourless gas with a very distinct odour. This odour is familiar to many people because ammonia is used in smelling salts, many household and industrial cleaners, and window-cleaning products.

Statement 2 is not correct: Although ammonia is lighter than air, the vapours from a leak will initially hug the ground. Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water.

Statement 3 is correct: Ammonia is applied directly into soil on farm fields, and is used to make fertilizers for farm crops, lawns, and plants

14 . Question

With reference to Uranium, consider the following statements:

• It is a heavy metal which is abundant in soil.
• It is used in treating cancer and also used for naval propulsion.
• Its most common isotope U-238, can produce a fission chain reaction.
• It is mostly obtained from the mines of Uzbekistan.
• (c) Only three
• (d) All four

Statement 1 is not correct: Uranium is a heavy metal which occurs naturally in low concentrations in soil, rock and water. It is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals.

Statement 2 is correct: The radioactive metal is the most widely used fuel for nuclear energy due to its abundance and the relative ease of splitting its atoms. It is also used in treating cancer, for naval propulsion, and in nuclear weapons.

Statement 3 is not correct : U-238 is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature but it cannot produce a fission chain reaction – the process of splitting a uranium atom to release energy.

Statement 4 is not correct : About two-thirds of the world’s production of uranium from mines is from Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia.

15 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the “RoDTEP Scheme” recently seen in the news:

• It is an initiative by the Government of India aimed at refunding embedded taxes and duties on exported products.
• It does not support the additional export sectors including Advance Authorisation holders and Special Economic Zones export units.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• (c) Both 1 and 2
• (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Statement 1 is correct: The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme is a key initiative by the Government of India aimed at refunding various embedded taxes and duties on exported products.

Statement 2 is not correct: The Government of India has announced extension of the RoDTEP Scheme support to additional export sectors i.e. Advance Authorisation (AA) holders, Export Oriented Units (EOU) and Special Economic Zones (SEZ) export units.

This decision comes in recognition of the significant contribution these sectors make to India’s Exports, constituting approximately 25% of our exports.

By providing support to crucial export sectors, the government aims to not only enhance their competitiveness but also create employment opportunities and contribute to overall economic growth, aligning with the vision of building an Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

16 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS):

• They are termed forever chemicals because they tend to remain in rainwater and soil for long period.
• These chemicals are used to make non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing and stain-resistant fabrics.
• Their mobility confers them long-range transport potential causing their pervasive spreading even into remote regions.

Statement 1 is correct: “Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,” (PFAs), which are called “forever chemicals” because of their tendency to stick around in the atmosphere, rainwater and soil for long periods of time.

Statement 2 is correct: PFAs are man-made chemicals used to make non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, cosmetics, firefighting forms and many other products that resist grease, water and oil. PFAs can migrate to the soil, water and air during their production and use.

Statement 3 is correct: Common features of PFAS are represented by their chemical stability which causes environmental persistence, their high mobility which confers them a long-range transport potential causing their pervasive spreading even into remote regions.

17 . Question

With reference to Polar Vortex, consider the following statements:

• It is an area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s poles.
• It only exists near the poles and gets weakened during the winters.
• It is essentially a feature that exists at the Earth’s surface.

Statement 1 is correct: The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding both of the Earth’s poles.

Statement 2 is not correct: It ALWAYS exists near the poles, but weakens in summer and strengthens in winter.

The term “vortex” refers to the counter-clockwise flow of air that helps keep the colder air near the Poles.

Many times during winter in the northern hemisphere, the polar vortex will expand, sending cold air southward with the jet stream.

There are several things the polar vortex is NOT. Polar vortexes are not something new. The term “polar vortex” has only recently been popularized, bringing attention to a weather feature that has always been present.

Statement 3 is not correct: It is also not a feature that exists at the Earth’s surface. Weather forecasters examine the polar vortex by looking at conditions tens of thousands of feet up in the atmosphere.

18 . Question

Which one of the following statements does not provide the purpose of the Eco-sensitive Zones of India?

• (a) Avoid environmental degradation due to anthropogenic activities.
• (b) Create some kind of shock absorber for the specialized ecosystem.
• (c) Act as a transition zone from higher protection to areas of lesser protection.
• (d) Prohibit activities like agricultural or horticultural practices in the region.

Option (d) is correct: Purpose of Eco-Sensitive Zones:

• Protect environment and avoid its degradation due to anthropogenic activities.
• Create some kind of barrier/ shock absorber for the specialized ecosystem (PAs).
• Act as transition zone from areas of higher protection to areas involving lesser protection.

The guidelines list the activities prohibited in an ESZ, such as commercial mining, saw mills, commercial use of wood, etc., apart from regulated activities like felling of trees.

Lastly, there are permitted activities like ongoing agricultural or horticultural practices, rainwater harvesting, organic farming, among others.

19 . Question

With reference to the Spotted deer, consider the following statements:

• It is referred to as Sengai and is found in Keibul Lamjao National Park in Manipur.
• It walks on the hind surface of its pasterns with mincing hops over floating foliage.
• Its sexes are not dimorphic in body size and the rump patch is not pronounced.

How many of the statements given above are not correct?

Statement 1 is not correct: The spotted deer, or chital, is the most common deer species in Indian forests. With a lifespan of about 20 to 30 years, it stands at about 35 inches tall and weighs about 187 pounds.

The deer’s golden-rufus coloring is speckled with white spots, and it has a white underbelly. Its curved, three-pronged antlers extend nearly 3 feet and shed each year.

Statement 2 is not correct: Sangai/Brow-antlered deer is a medium-sized deer, with uniquely distinctive antlers, with extremely long brow tine, which form the main beam.

Sengai walks on the hind surface of its pasterns with mincing hops over floating foliage, and is hence also called the Dancing Deer.

All the features in the Statements are associated with the Brow-antlered deer.

Statement 3 is not correct: Due to the tropical conditions, males do not have synchronized antler cycles. The size and hardness of a male’s antlers demonstrate their dominance; those with velvet antlers that are still growing or have no horns at all are unlikely to fight for a female’s attention.

20 . Question

With reference to Mozambique, consider the following statements:

• It is a country located in Southern Africa.
• It has a coastline on the Indian Ocean to the east.
• It is bordered by six countries including Botswana.

Statement 1 is correct: Mozambique is a country in Southern Africa and is located in the Southern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth.

Statement 2 is correct: The country also has a coastline on the Indian Ocean to the east.

Statement 3 is not correct: It is bordered by six countries. These are Tanzania to the north, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, and Zimbabwe to the west. South Africa and Eswatini border Mozambique to the southwest.

The island countries and territories of Madagascar, Comoros, and Mayotte are separated from Mozambique by the Mozambique Channel.

21 . Question

Consider the following statements:

• Ladakh lies at a strategic location between the Indus River valley and Hindukhush Mountains.
• Brokpas are the ancient settlers of Ladakh with mitochondrial lineage going back to the Neolithic period.

Ladakh is a high-altitude region, characterised by an alternating valley-range configuration with complex terrain and micro-climates operating over the terrain-facets and snowfall.

Statement 1 is correct: It lies at a strategic location between the Indus River valley and the Hindukhush Mountains, which makes this “Land of high passes” one of the major routes for movement of people.

• Through the years, the region has faced multi-layered cultural movements, genetic assimilation and demographic changes.
• The maternal genetic lineages of the Brokpa, Changpa and Monpa populations of Ladakh region are related to lineages that are commonly found in South Asia, East Asia, and Tibet.

Statement 2 is correct: Brokpas are the most ancient settlers of the region, with very deep mitochondrial lineage going back to Neolithic period.

22 . Question

Which one of the following Organisations has recently released the Global Unicorn Index, 2024?

• (a) The Reserve Bank of India
• (b) The International Monetary Fund
• (c) The United Nations Development Programme
• (d) None of the above

Option (d) is correct: The Hurun Research Institute released the Global Unicorn Index 2024, a ranking of the world’s start-ups founded in the 2000s, worth at least a billion dollars and not yet listed on a public exchange.

The cut-off was 1 January 2024, with significant changes in valuation updated up to the date of release. Hurun Research has been tracking unicorns since 2017.

23 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project:

• It was jointly identified by India and Maldives to create a multi-modal mode of transport for shipment of cargo.
• It envisages a waterway trade route from Sittwe Port and a road route along the India-Maldivian border.

Option (d) is correct: The Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project (KMTTP) was jointly identified by India and Myanmar to create a multi modal mode of transport for shipment of cargo.

KMTTP envisages a waterway trade route from Sittwe Port to Paletwa (158 Kms) along the river Kaladan and road route from Paletwa to India-Myanmar border of 110Kms.

24 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the START Programme:

• It is an online programme associated with space awareness.
• It covers the domains of Heliophysics and Aeronomy.
• It includes students enrolled under the PM–SHRI scheme.
• It has been launched by New Space India Limited.

Option (b) is correct: ISRO has launched a new introductory-level online training programme called ‘Space Science and Technology Awareness Training (START)’ aimed at post-graduate and final-year undergraduate students of physical sciences and technology.

• PM Shri students are not included under the programme.
• The programme will cover various domains of space science, including Astronomy & Astrophysics, Heliophysics & Sun-Earth interaction, Instrumentation, and Aeronomy.
• It will be delivered by the scientists from Indian academia and ISRO centres.
• The START programme is part of ISRO’s efforts to enable Indian students to become professionals in space science and technology, as the organization’s space science exploration program continues to expand into new domains.

25 . Question

Consider the following statements regarding the Annual Land Use and Land Cover Atlas of India:

• The National Remote Sensing Centre undertakes this annual assessment for India.
• Its outcome encompasses preparation of Annual Rabi and Kharif crop sown data.

Option (c) is correct: Since 2005, the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) has been undertaking annual assessment of Annual Land Use and Land Cover Atlas of India for the country under Natural Resources Census (NRC) Programme of ISRO.

The outcome of this project encompasses preparation of geo-spatial dataset on 56m resolution comprising of:

• Annual Land Use and Land Cover data for India,
• Annual Kharif and Rabi crop sown data,
• Monthly Kharif sown area for August and September,
• Monthly Rabi sown area for December and January

26 . Question

Gandhiji recognized that, while all men should have equal opportunity, all did not have the same capacity. Some had the ability to earn more than others. But, he believed that those who had talent would be performing the work of society if they used their talent well. Gandhiji said that he would allow a man of intellect to earn more and not suppress his talent. But it was his view that the bulk of his larger earnings should go to the common fund. Those with talent and opportunity would find their fulfilment as trustees. Gandhiji extended this concept of trusteeship to cover all fields of life.

The crux of the passage is that Gandhiji never believed in

• A. Social equality of ruler and ruled
• B. Procedural equality of all
• C. Differential treatment for downtrodden
• D. Complete equality in all respect

Gandhiji is supporting equality of opportunity in procedural sense only, he does not prefer equality of outcomes, so he would not mind if someone earns more than others, and since by nature some can be better than others he is against assumptions that all are equal.

27 . Question

On the basis of above passage the following assumptions have been made:

• Gandhiji believed that one can serve the society if ones talent is used wisely
• Gandhiji propounded that a man of intellect should earn for others not for himself

Which of the assumptions is/are valid?

• C. Both 1 & 2
• D. Neither 1 nor 2

28 . Question

The logical and practical corollary that can be made from the above passage are:

• Gandhi is a capitalist
• Gandhiji does not subscribe to equality of outcomes
• D. Neither 1 nor

The passage does not help us to conclude he was socialist or capitalist. He is supporting economic freedom but again imposes social duty, so we can’t make a corollary. Next, Gandhi does not mind some earning more than other, so it is true that he does not subscribe to equality of outcomes. So 2 alone is correct.

As shown by the passage Gandhi believes in promoting special privileges like talent but that should be for social good, so 2 is correct and also, passage obviously tells using talents well can help us serve society, so 1 is also correct.

29 . Question

A bag contains ‘x’ red, ‘x+5’ blue and ‘x + 7’ grey balls. If two balls are randomly drawn from the bag and the probability that both the balls are of same colour is 148/435, then find the total number of balls in the bag.

• A. 36 balls
• B. 64 balls
• C. 58 balls
• D. 30 balls

Answer D) 30 balls

Number of red balls = x

Number of blue balls = x + 5

Number of grey balls = x + 7

Total number of balls in the bag = 3x + 12

The probability that both the balls are of same colour =( x C2 + x+5 C2 + x+7 C2 ) /  3x+12 C2   = 148/ 435

= [x(x – 1) + (x + 5) (x + 4) + (x + 7) (x + 6)] /(3x + 12) (3x + 11)  = 148/ 435

=( x 2 – x + x 2 + 9x + 20 + x 2 + 13x + 42) / 9x + 69x + 132   =148 /435

= (3 x 2 + 21x + 62 ) / 9 x 2 + 69x + 132  = 148/435

= 1305 x 2 + 9135x + 26970 = 1332 x 2 + 10212x + 19536

= 27 x 2 + 1077x – 7434 = 0

= 9 x 2 + 359x – 2478 = 0

= 9 x 2 + 413x – 54x – 2478 = 0

= x (9x + 413) – 6 (9x + 413) = 0

= (x – 6) (9x + 413) = 0

= x = 6 , –413/9

Value of x can’t be negative.

So, the total number of balls in the bag = 6 + 11 + 13 = 30 balls

Hence, option D is correct.

30 . Question

In how many ways can 10 similar balls be put in 4 distinct boxes such that each box contains at least 1 ball?

Answer B) 84

This question is almost similar to the previous question with a minor difference.

In this question, each box must have at least 1 ball.

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