political ideology essay pdf

• DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
• Corpus ID: 6957459

Political ideology: its structure, functions, and elective affinities.

• J. Jost , Christopher M. Federico , Jaime L. Napier
• Published in Annual Review of Psychology 2009
• Political Science, Psychology

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Political Ideologies and Worldviews: An Introduction

(5 reviews)

Valérie Vézina, Kwantlen Polytechnic University

Copyright Year: 2021

ISBN 13: 9781989864241

Publisher: Kwantlen Polytechnic University

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by David Jacobs, Adjunct Professor, American University on 5/28/24

This volume has multiple authors who have covered considerable territory in the relevant disciplines. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This volume has multiple authors who have covered considerable territory in the relevant disciplines.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

This volume is characterized by careful exposition with attention to detail and exploration of multiple perspectives. The book is meant to have global reach. The authors do not conceal their views but engage honestly in the relevant debates.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The book has a modular structure facilitating updates. The original chapters can be revised and new ones added.

Clarity rating: 5

Some of the content is difficult but the text is clear on the whole. Chapters are dense but relatively short in most cases.

Consistency rating: 5

The authors have followed a template to guide writing but the topics are disparate necessitating diverse vocabularies.

Modularity rating: 5

Absolutely. The authors planned an open text from the very beginning offering the whole or slices to instructors as needed.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

Instructors will probably find their interests reflected in the text but may have topics to propose. The organization is quite appropriate to an open text.

Interface rating: 5

The authors and publisher are very experienced with open text development. There is additional interactive content on the KPU site.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I have found no grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The authors are multiculturally sensitive and teach at an institution where tribal history is acknowledged. It is refreshing to see Canada-related content.

I intend to refer to this book for my own teaching and research.

Reviewed by Michelle Sprouse, Assistant Teaching Professor, Bowling Green State University on 4/20/23

The textbook addresses a number of contemporary political ideologies and also includes some modern world religions. It does not attempt to address all world religions, but instead offers chapters on Islamism and Confucianism. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

The textbook addresses a number of contemporary political ideologies and also includes some modern world religions. It does not attempt to address all world religions, but instead offers chapters on Islamism and Confucianism.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The content is accurate.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

The foreword addresses the Covid-19 pandemic and how differing people with differing worldviews and ideologies responded to the pandemic.

Clarity rating: 4

The text is written a conversational tone that is accessible to an undergraduate audience. Vocabulary that might be unfamiliar to students is hyperlinked to engaging resources to define the terms. However, the textbook does not include an embedded glossary.

The textbook uses consistent terminology for describing political ideologies throughout.

The text is modular with each chapter divided into smaller sections. While they fit well within the whole, the subsections could also be assigned individually for reading.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The textbook is organized to begin with an introduction to classifying political ideologies. The chapters that follow first address liberalism and conservatism broadly. Later chapters consider more specific political ideologies before the textbook addresses two areas in which political ideologies might be applied: the environmet nand feminisms.

The Pressbook interface is easy to navigate and displays images well on a variety of screen sizes.

The book is well-edited.

I appreciate the many perspectives represented in this multi-authored volume. An early chapter, for example, presents one indigenous worldview. A later chapter discusses many varieties of modern Islamism, highlighting many Western misconceptions related to religious beliefs and the diverse political views.

Reviewed by Erika Masaki, Faculty Member, Lane Community College on 9/9/22

The text offers a very comprehensive overview of political ideologies. Many of the expected ideologies are covered in detail, including the main themes/ideas of the ideology, historical contexts, etc. Some ideologies could have been given more... read more

The text offers a very comprehensive overview of political ideologies. Many of the expected ideologies are covered in detail, including the main themes/ideas of the ideology, historical contexts, etc. Some ideologies could have been given more attention, such as fascism, technocracy, and theocracy, but this book offers insights to ideologies that are often left out of ideology texts, such as Confucianism. The text does not include an index or glossary, but the PDF version of the text is easily searchable.

The book is relatively accurate and only shows minor hints of bias. The small issues I have are probably up to debate between scholars of ideology. For example, libertarianism might fit better in a discussion of anarchism, and the text situates the current libertarian movement almost exclusively within the U.S. conservative movement and only mentions social-libertarianism in passing in the chapter on anarchism. Overall, however, this book provides a relatively accurate overview of different political ideologies.

The text is up to date, but will likely require updates within the next few years. As political events develop globally, some of the examples may need updating. Including trending concepts like technocracy and managerialism could help to expand the content. Despite this, the organization of the text is set up in a way that makes incorporating these future updates easy and straightforward.

The book is well-written and easy to follow. Terms are defined as well as can be expected when discussing a topic like ideology, and technical terms appear in bold followed by easy to understand definitions.

The text is internally consistent, which is a testament to the editor's work as the text has contributions from many authors.

There are many headings and sub-headings, making this text easy to assign and refer to in a lecture/class discussion. Perhaps the only criticism is that the PDF version has a few largely blank pages as each subsection within a chapter has its own page, even if that subsection is only a paragraph long. For accessibility purposes, or a student who might prefer to print out the book for various reasons, this adds a lot of pages to the total length of the text.

The text is presented in a relatively logical fashion. One critique was the inclusion of fascism in the introduction, rather than as a standalone chapter. The introduction could have focused on the definitions and use of ideologies in broad context and followed up with a discussion of fascism as its own chapter. Otherwise, the chapters are presented in a logical manner and the individual chapters are organized relatively intuitively.

Interface rating: 4

Speaking purely about the PDF version, the text is relatively well done. It would be helpful if the authors had links to the chapters that were clickable from the table of contents (instead of having to scroll to the assigned page). Of course, this issue does not exist in the online version as all of the links are clickable for each chapter and subsection. In the PDF version of the text, the table in chapter 1.3.1 is distorted, whereas it is not in the online version. These subtle interface issues are concerning for students with accessibility needs (i.e. a document reader) and also those who may need to download the text while on campus because of lack of internet at home. The PDF version of the text is not as well interfaced as the online version.

The book was well edited for grammar, syntax, etc.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

The cultural inclusiveness of the text on its surface was one of the reasons I was interested in the text. Including non-Western perspectives sets this apart from other political ideology texts. The text, however, could benefit from more examples and context from lesser developed countries.

Reviewed by Robert Asaadi, Instructor, Portland State University on 2/1/22

The book surveys most of the topics that one would expect to find in an introductory-level text on political ideologies. Some chapters are more detailed and provide more in-depth analysis than others. For example, the chapters on Islamism and... read more

The book surveys most of the topics that one would expect to find in an introductory-level text on political ideologies. Some chapters are more detailed and provide more in-depth analysis than others. For example, the chapters on Islamism and Anarchism are both quite brief in contrast to most of the books other chapters. Many introductory-level texts on political ideology quite rightly address Fascism as a stand-alone chapter rather than collapsing the category within another ideology such as Nationalism or Populism as is done here.

The content is appropriate to the topic and supporting ideas are mostly well-developed. Analysis is accurate and error-free, and the text highlights the core themes and concepts underpinning each ideology.

The content is up-to-date and the authors have successfully balanced contemporary and canonical examples in their elucidation of the core tenets of each ideology.

The writing is accessible, lucid, and polished. Sentence structure is clear and concise.

Consistency rating: 4

Consistent inclusion of learning objectives and discussion questions as bookends for each chapter. The text is internally consistent and each chapter is coherent in its logical progression. The consistency of the text would be improved if more chapters explicitly considered how the ideology in question relates to other ideologies. For example, Chapter 9 on Populism does this very effectively in Section 9.2 'Variants of populism: Populism's relationship to other ideologies'. Reinforcing the relationship between ideologies more consistently throughout the text and in both the introduction and conclusion more explicitly would be a useful improvement. The book briefly outlines and then critiques the left-right spectrum view of political ideology in the introduction, but more could have been said on other, more sophisticated conceptualizations as well, for instance, the horseshoe spectrum, two and three-dimensional spectrums, or even simply a categorization drawing a distinction between the 'classical' or 'core' ideologies of Conservatism, Liberalism, and Socialism versus the 'new' ideologies of Feminism, Multiculturalism, Islamism, Green ideology, and so on.

Modularity rating: 4

Each chapter makes use of section headings and subheadings, though some chapters are more internally divided than others. The text is not overly self-referential and could be easily reorganized by the instructor to address the topics in a different order.

The text could do more in terms of explaining the placement of Chapter 2. This is a novel idea in an introductory-level political ideology text, but in its present form the progression from Chapter 1 to Chapter 2 to Chapter 3 is somewhat disjointed and could be integrated more clearly.

The text helpfully includes many links that students can use to learn more about key concepts or access primary source documents. This feature is a great resource for further learning and instructors could easily build assignments around this 'go further' feature of the text.

The writing is polished and the text contains no major grammatical errors.

The examples are varied and inclusive. The subject matter is clearly addressed with sensitivity to the inclusion of cross-cultural references.

Reviewed by John Occhipinti, Adjunct Instructor, The George Washington University on 1/18/22

The book does a great job of covering a lot of ground. I like its separate consideration of multiculturalism and feminism (rather than combining values connected to these under heading such as post-materialism), I have not seen a book that... read more

The book does a great job of covering a lot of ground. I like its separate consideration of multiculturalism and feminism (rather than combining values connected to these under heading such as post-materialism), I have not seen a book that confucianism as this ones does.

This book is very well research. It reads like a textbook, but is cited like a journal article. I could quibble about some of its conceptualizations (e.g., variants of liberalism), but that is not to say that this book contains errors.

The book is not directly connected to many current events, so it should enjoy some staying-power. However, this could also be viewed as weakness in some regards: there could be more on how particular ideologies are reflected in the platforms, policies, and rhetoric of current political parties. This could make the book a bit harder to use in some classrooms.

The book is consistently well written throughout. The material is presented at a high level, yet it is written in an accessible style. The charts/diagrams are very helpful. There are now significant problems here,

The book holds together very well. Although several authors were involved in its production, there are no contradictions. However, there could be more explicit connections made among topics. Given the online nature of the book, these connections could also be reinforced by hyperlinks, allowing students to jump to related material. Instructors could reinforce such links in the classroom.

Most of the book would work well in courses dealing with political ideology (of course). However, the section on nationalism is problematic for instructors. How does one cover the ideological roots of separatism and neo-fascist parties at the same time? I suppose this is the nature of the beast, but instructors do not face this choice when dealing with Islamism and Multiculturalism . The biggest challenge is how to deal with chronological/historical issues and conceptual ones at the same time. Ideologies (and their sub-variants) tend to develop in opposition to each other over time. The book is not organized this way.

The content is presented in a logical sequence, beginning rightly with liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. I realize when anarchism first rose to prominence, but I move this to end in a section entitled "minor ideologies." It might be helpful if there were an introductory section that dealt with historical events that contributed to or reflected ideologies.

I have seen some books in comparative politics that employ more diagrams to "plot" ideologies on an two-dimensional access or chart how ideologies are connected with political parties. Why not include a few photos of key events or political thinkers - are non in the public domain?

This book is highly polished. There are no issues in this area.

This is one of the strengths of the book - especially compared to similar books. However, I would appreciate more references to political parties and their ideological foundations in the developing world (there is some of this, though there could be more).

The book is best suited to Canadian students. American students might need more explicit instruction that liberalism does not mean "left" At the same time, it should not be confused with socialism (in any form). European students could benefit from more tangible references to current political parties. The topic of public policy and immigration could be handled more thoroughly throughout the book. All in all, this is a fine book.

Table of Contents

• I. Introduction: Approaching political ideologies
• II. Dis(placement) and Indigenous Worldview : What I learned from Coyote
• III. Liberalism: From the "free men" to the "free market"
• IV. Conservatism: Slow change please!
• V. Socialism. Two Centuries of Social Progress.
• VI. Anarchism: No gods, no masters
• VII. Nationalism: A Modern Ideology Summoning an Eternal Past
• VIII. Multiculturalism: Public Philosophy and Public Policy
• IX. Populism: 'The Will of the People'?
• X. Islamism and its Relation to Islam and the West: Common Themes and Varieties
• XI. Confucianism: A Living Ideology
• XII. The Environment: Theory and Human Security
• XIII. A Late Modern Typology of Democratizing Feminisms
• XIV. Concluding remarks: Ideology in the Globalized Future

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Political Ideologies and Worldviews: An Introduction takes a “pluralist” approach and, in addition to being the first open textbook on its subject, also pushes back against the Eurocentric tendencies of standard textbooks by including chapters on Indigenous worldviews and Confucianism. Providing the latest scholarship on “classical ideologies” (liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, etc.), the textbook also includes innovative chapters on populism, feminism, and multiculturalism, as well as looking at the future of ideologies in a globalized world. Joining together scholars from Canada and beyond, the text also contains discussion questions to help students and readers to think further.

This edited open textbook will be a great asset for introductory courses at the college and university levels on political ideologies and political thought and philosophy, but could also be used in other disciplines, as each chapter assesses the state of the ideology in today’s world. The general reader looking for a better understanding of the competing ideological currents of our time – currents which flow into our daily political debates and real-life government decisions – will also greatly benefit from this book.

About the Contributors

Valérie Vézina (PhD, Université du Québec à Montréal) is a faculty member in the department of political science at Kwantlen Polytechnic University (KPU), since September 2018. Her research focuses on the intersection between nationalism studies and island studies. She specialises in comparative studies. Her book “Une île, une nation?” [One island, one nation?] was a finalist for the prix francophone (the Francophone prize) of the Canadian political science association in 2020.

Dr. Valérie Vézina became a proponent of Open education and open sources since her arrival at KPU. She teaches ideologies and politics on a regular basis and wanted to develop an open source for students; this is how this project was first born.

When not teaching and researching, Dr. Vézina enjoys trail running, yoga and swimming.

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Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies

This paper contrasts five contemporary political philosophies – neutralism, postmodernism, pluralism, anarchism, and patriotism – and argues that the latter is superior. This is because of how patriotism relates to the various political ideologies, including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, nationalism, feminism, and so on. A new, patriotic conception of the political spectrum is then advanced, one based on how people should respond to conflict: those on the left would have us do so with conversation; those in the centre with negotiation; and those on the right with force. This is a new version of the paper originally published in Public Affairs Quarterly 15, no. 3 (July 2001): 193–217; and as chapter 1 of my Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009).

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Modern political and moral philosophy, like modern philosophy more generally, is characterized by a continuing epistemological debate about its own status. In this paper, I explain why these debates have been so important and why pragmatism promises to let us finally put them behind us. My claim is that the political and moral positions most characteristic of modernity have all adopted epistemological strategies that, in different ways, combine skepticism and foundationalism. At the same time, these views suppose that correct political practice is heavily dependent on a political community attaining a broad consensus on the correct theory. Modern politics is thus, in one way or another, always an ideological form of politics, that is, a politics that aims to realize a highly theoretical view of an ideal form of human life. The founders of liberalism adopted a skeptical view about questions of religion and the human good in order to defend human freedom and equality. But they also adopted a foundationalist view of moral reasoning about questions of rights and / or utility. Some critics of the early liberals, such as Hegelians and Marxists, have gone even further in calling for political life to reflect the correct theoretical understanding of humanity and nature. Moreover, they have held that the progress of history will inevitably lead to an ideal politics based upon the correct theory. Philosophers working in some other schools of modern political and moral thought—such as Romantics, Existentialists, and Post-modernists—have complained that the foundationalism of liberalism constrains human freedom and undermines equality. And they have rejected the vision of historical progress of Hegel and Marx. They have tipped the balance to skepticism, often in a relativist or historicist form. However, in doing so, I suggest, they remained implicitly committed to a foundationalist view of reason. And most of these schools of thought remain committed to the idea that a good political community will be impossible unless most of its members come to accept certain theoretical truths, if only those of relativism or historicism. Pragmatism is typically thought of, or presented as, a skeptical or historicist view. This, for example, is Richard Rorty’s view of pragmatism. I argue, however, that properly understood, pragmatism transcends the debate between skepticism or historicism and foundationalism. On my view, a pragmatic philosophy legitimates the broadest range of political and moral theory both about the questions moderns often do not like to talk about—the human good and God—and those that they do like to talk about—rights, utility and tolerance. Pragmatists are not committed to skepticism but to fallibilism, the view that, with only a few exceptions, there are no theories or beliefs whose truth is unquestionable. I will argue that fallibilism, and the procedural account of rationality it leads to, provides the most powerful argument for freedom, equality, and democracy. This argument is very different, however, from that found in most versions of modern and post-modern political and moral theory. For it rests not on skepticism about reasoning about the good and God but, rather, on the possibility of such reasoning. At the same time, the fallibilism and proceduralism of pragmatism leads us to a vision of a free, egalitarian, and democratic community. Such a community, I suggest, can live and prosper without any but the most minimal theoretical consensus. Indeed, I argue that a pragmatic politics will be an agonistic politics. Pragmatism legitimates democratic political struggles of the deepest sorts as well as the broadest range of outcomes, provided that the minimal constraints of procedural rationality are respected in these disputes. Thus, pragmatism (re-)opens old possibilities for political and moral theory while diminishing the central role of theory in guiding political life. It encourages theoretically engaged efforts to improve our political community without insisting that political and social reform and renewal requires ideological direction or agreement. It is open to historical development and change while denying that we can know that history will take a particular path. Pragmatism limits the roles of theory, ideology, and history in our communal life. In their place, it calls for political debate and engagement, without any expectation of, or necessity for, agreement and consensus. This, I suggest at the end of the paper, is a political philosophy appropriate for the diverse, yet global, society that is emerging as we approach the new millennium.

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Ideology, Politics and Economy - An Empirical Essay on Popular Ideology, Public Politics, and Economic Development

53 Pages Posted: 30 May 2013 Last revised: 21 Jun 2018

Peter Kotzian

University of Duesseldorf

Date Written: May 28, 2013

One of the classical questions of political economy, going back at least to Marx and Weber, is how culture and economy interact. Different aspects of culture have been studied in terms of how they affect economic development and are in turn affected by the economic situation and development. This empirical essay inquires how popular ideology may interact with economic development. Looking at the development of ideology over a three decade-period, one finds a significant shift to the left and also a homogenization of individual-level ideology. One also finds certain policy developments, such as more employment protection and more social transfers, which affect economic growth negatively. Ideology may affect economic development via the cultural route, in that less people have the mind-set required for strong economic growth. But after controlling for other factors, popular ideology does not affect economic development in a meaningful way, contradicting the argument of a cultural route. Ideology may also operate via the political route, in that people with certain ideology vote for certain parties, which then implement certain policies which affect economic growth. But the evidence for a political route linking ideology and policy is also weak, in that ideology does not strongly matter for the composition of governments, and government composition does not strongly matter for the choice of policies by governments. Policies, notably employment protection and social transfers, expand, despite the fact, that there is no clear demand in the electorate for those policies. One potential explanation is that of a free floating political system, where all political actors share certain preferences, among them an expansion of the state. So given that there are quasi-exogenous policy developments, the next question was, whether these policies affect individual level ideology. Here too, the evidence is quite weak, despite some significant effects.

Keywords: Political Economy, Popular Ideology, Economic Development, Government Ideology, Social Policy

JEL Classification: J40, I38, H10

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Peter Kotzian (Contact Author)

University of duesseldorf ( email ).

Universitaetsstr. 1 Duesseldorf, 40225 Germany

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The Differences between Progressive and Liberal Ideologies

This essay is about the differences between progressive and liberal ideologies. It explains that while both advocate for social justice and equality, they differ in their approaches and priorities. Liberals support government intervention in economic and social issues through incremental reforms and pragmatic solutions. Progressives, however, emphasize systemic change and grassroots activism, advocating for more radical policies to address economic inequality and social injustices. The essay highlights these distinctions in areas such as economic policy, social issues, environmental policy, and political strategies, emphasizing the importance of understanding these differences in contemporary political debates.

How it works

In contemporary political discourse, the terms “progressive” and “liberal” are often used interchangeably, yet they signify distinct philosophies with unique historical roots and policy priorities. Both ideologies share a commitment to social justice, equality, and government intervention in addressing societal issues, but they differ in their approaches and underlying principles.

The term “liberal” has a long history that dates back to the Enlightenment. Classical liberalism emphasized individual freedoms, limited government, and free markets. Over time, particularly in the American context, liberalism evolved to include a broader role for government in ensuring economic stability and social welfare.

Modern liberals advocate for policies such as universal healthcare, public education, and social safety nets, viewing government intervention as necessary to correct market failures and promote equal opportunities.

Progressivism, on the other hand, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to the rapid industrialization and social upheavals of that era. Progressives sought to address the economic and social inequalities exacerbated by industrial capitalism. They pushed for reforms like labor rights, women’s suffrage, and environmental protections. While sharing the liberal commitment to government intervention, progressives often place a stronger emphasis on systemic change and grassroots activism. They are more likely to support policies aimed at fundamentally restructuring economic and political power dynamics, such as wealth redistribution and campaign finance reform.

One key area where progressives and liberals diverge is their approach to economic issues. Liberals typically support a mixed economy where private enterprise is regulated by the government to ensure fairness and prevent abuses. They favor incremental reforms and pragmatic solutions, believing that gradual progress is more sustainable. Progressives, however, often advocate for more radical changes to the economic system. They may support policies such as a higher minimum wage, universal basic income, or breaking up large corporations to reduce economic inequality. Progressives argue that such measures are necessary to address the root causes of social and economic injustice.

In terms of social issues, both liberals and progressives champion civil rights and social justice, but their strategies can differ. Liberals tend to focus on achieving equality through legislation and policy changes, working within the existing political framework. They support anti-discrimination laws, marriage equality, and affirmative action, aiming to ensure that all individuals have equal opportunities. Progressives, while also advocating for these policies, often emphasize the importance of grassroots movements and direct action to bring about change. They are more likely to challenge institutional structures and call for transformative approaches to issues such as racial justice, gender equality, and LGBTQ+ rights.

Environmental policy is another area where the distinction between progressives and liberals becomes apparent. Liberals generally support environmental regulations and measures to combat climate change, such as the Paris Agreement and renewable energy incentives. Progressives, however, often argue that these measures are insufficient and advocate for more comprehensive solutions like the Green New Deal. This ambitious proposal seeks to address climate change while also tackling economic inequality, illustrating the progressive belief in interconnected solutions to complex problems.

The differences between progressive and liberal ideologies also manifest in their political strategies and rhetoric. Liberals tend to adopt a more conciliatory approach, seeking to build consensus and work across party lines. They are often more cautious in their demands, aiming to achieve what is politically feasible within the existing system. Progressives, in contrast, are more likely to take a confrontational stance, calling for bold and uncompromising action. They prioritize mobilizing grassroots support and are less willing to compromise on their core principles.

Despite these differences, it is important to recognize that the lines between progressivism and liberalism are not always clear-cut. Many individuals and political leaders may identify with aspects of both ideologies, and the distinction can vary depending on the context and specific issues at hand. Additionally, the dynamic nature of political ideologies means that the definitions and boundaries of progressivism and liberalism continue to evolve over time.

In conclusion, while both progressives and liberals share a commitment to social justice and equality, their approaches and priorities often differ. Liberals tend to favor incremental reforms and pragmatic solutions within the existing political framework, while progressives advocate for more radical changes and systemic reform. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for navigating contemporary political debates and for recognizing the diverse strategies and goals within the broader movement for social change.

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