business research request and proposal

3. State the problem or need.

This is where you share a summary of the issue impacting the potential client. This is your opportunity to show them you understand their needs and the problem they need help solving.

In the example above, I included several signals to showcase my expertise – that I've been in the photography biz for 10 years, that I've worked with over 500 clients, and that I've been featured a number of publications. 

As you approach this section, focus on presenting yourself as an authority. Consider leveraging tools like:

• Case studies
• Client testimonials
• Relevant awards
• Industry accreditations

6. Include pricing options.

Pricing is where things can get a bit tricky, as you don't want to under or over-price your product.

The pricing section of your proposal could include:

• A detailed pricing breakdown, including packages, tiers, and add-ons or optional services
• How product features and benefits align with pricing choices
• Pricing for different needs and budgets
• How your pricing compares with competitors
• An FAQ section to respond to anticipated objections and explain your pricing strategy

7. Summarize with a conclusion.

After sharing the above information, simplify it all into one final section.

• First, briefly summarize the proposal. Be sure to share your qualifications and why you’d serve as the best choice.
• Then, to prompt further conversation, confirm your availability to go over the next steps.
• At the end of the proposal, the goal is to have the client ready to work with you. So, be sure to offer your contact information for easy follow-up.

In need of some inspiration before you begin writing? Here are example business proposal templates from popular business proposal software companies you can use to help create your proposal.

1. HubSpot's Free Business Plan Templates

Download these Templates

We know how crucial a great business proposal is to your and your client’s success. That's why we've compiled 2 Free Business Proposal Templates for you to use and customize for any of your projects.

You'll gain access to a concise, one-page template (pictured above), as well as a longer template for you to refine your plan and proposal.

Download the templates now to get started on building your proposal.

What We Like

The one-page template is clear, straightforward, and easy to read — without skipping on the key elements of a business proposal. This format is especially useful for busy clients who appreciate brevity and clarity.

2. Web Design Proposal

With advertising on social networks projected to reach $82.23 billion dollars in 2025 , it's in your business's best interest to have a plan for growing your client's social media presence.

To help you in that effort, the information in this social media marketing proposal includes an executive summary to help introduce your high-level ideas, an assessment of the client’s company to show your diligence, and a breakdown of billing to show how your company charges for posting, content creation, and analytics.

This template includes all the bells and whistles of a social media proposal packaged in a fun yet professional design. It also includes helpful writing instructions under each section.

8. Content Marketing Proposal

Business proposal templates are helpful places to get started, but what should your business proposal look like when it's complete? This template should inspire you.

When pitching your content marketing services to clients, this template can help you organize your ideas. While it walks you through initial objectives and how to communicate your prospected results, one of the most helpful parts of this template is the pricing ideas it gives you when charging for your services.

In the business template example below, Social Portal Consulting (SPC) pitches a marketing proposal to Graphic Bean. At first sight, this proposal appeals to the creative. I recommend going a step forward and designing the layout in your or your client’s brand colors.

Besides the design, the social media icons quickly tell the prospect what platforms Social Portal is pitching. Because we see Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest icons, the client instantly knows that this proposal doesn’t include LinkedIn, YouTube, or other platforms.

While maintaining its design, this example outlines Social Portal Consulting’s plans efficiently. It begins by providing insight into Graphic Bean and its goals before elaborating on how SPC can leverage its expertise to help them achieve them.

This business proposal template includes an easy-to-follow timeframe for goals and objectives while keeping the client abreast of how payment will happen across the project.

Overall, this is an excellent example of how to combine the elements of social media marketing into a creative and concise business proposal. Finally, we'll leave you with some business proposal ideas to get you started on your own.

• Start with an outline.
• Keep it simple.
• Stay on brand.
• Quality control.
• Include data and visuals.
• Add social proof.
• Use a call-to-action.
• Create a sense of urgency.
• Make the decision for them.
• Incorporate video into your proposal.
• Include up-sell and add-on opportunities.
• Clarify your terms and conditions.
• Include a space for signatures to document agreement.
• Create a table of contents.

1. Start with an outline.

If you want to produce a thoughtful, effective business proposal, you need to have some idea of what you're hoping to achieve with it.

Before I dive into writing a proposal, I always outline the major sections of the proposal that I want to include. That way, I can stay focused and make sure my message stays intact as I write.

Use these free business proposal templates to make sure that your outline includes everything you need.

2. Keep it simple.

Ultimately, there's no definitive blueprint for how long a business proposal has to be. Yours should be however long it takes to convey the information you want to get across.

That said, I'm a firm believer in quality over quantity, especially when it comes to business proposals. Keep your sentences short and simple, and avoid including too much business jargon.

You want anyone who picks up your proposal to make sense of it. So, be straightforward and don't get too fancy. Aim for substance over flash.

3. Stay on brand.

Don't be afraid to let your company's personality shine through in your proposal. Stay true to your brand and show the client what sets you apart from your competitors.

4. Quality control.

I've made it a habit to add an editing/QA step in my writing process. During this step, I do a quick spelling and grammar check before hitting send.

So, as you draft your proposal, and after checking for the basics, keep scanning this document until it's just right.

Check to make sure your proposal:

• Meets client needs and expectations
• Highlights your value proposition
• Is well-structured and easy to read or skim
• Complies with legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements
• Looks professional and engaging

5. Include data and visuals.

You want your business proposal to capture your prospect's attention and help set you apart from any other ones they might have received. One of the best ways to do that is to include hard, quantitative data that helps stress the value of your business.

Use relevant, compelling figures that highlight what you have to offer. This can establish authority and make your proposal more convincing. It also helps to include visuals such as charts and graphs to enhance your proposal.

6. Add social proof.

From my experience, you can only be so convincing when you're personally talking up how great your business is — which is why adding social proof is key to establishing credibility.

At the end of the day, prospects are skeptical. They may not take you at your word. But they'll likely trust peers and fellow customers. That's why including elements like customer quotes and testimonials can go a long way.

7. Use a call-to-action.

I've learned that the best proposal in the world can only take you so far if you don't clearly define the next steps. That's why you have to make sure the reader knows what to do after reading your proposal.

A clear call-to-action is the best way to get there.

Define and highlight exactly what they should do to act on the interest your proposal has generated. Without that guidance, you might leave your reader in limbo.

HubSpot customers : Use this CTA builder to create powerful customized CTAs.

8. Create a sense of urgency.

No one wants to feel as if they missed out on a great opportunity. From my experience, prospect tend to drag their feet and put off making a decision if there isn't a sense of urgency.

So, as you create your business proposal, your goal should be to add a degree of urgency. When prospective clients read your business proposal they should feel that the best time to sign up for your service is now .

One way I accomplish this is by stating short and long-term goals for their business. They'll have to wait for the long-term goals, but I make the short-term goals so enticing that they'll be ready to begin a collaboration.

9. Make the decision for them.

Craft your copy in a way that seems like saying "no" to the proposal would be stepping over dollars to pick up pennies. Your offer should go above and beyond their expectations. Do everything in your power to remove friction and objections along the way.

10. Incorporate video into your proposal.

If you're creating an online proposal using document file formats like PDF, add multimedia elements. This will enhance the proposal experience, make your document richer, and keep them engaged.

Try adding a video at the beginning as an intro to your proposal. Or, put a video in the project breakdown to verbally discuss some of the more confusing parts.

Extras like this can make an impression. This tip works especially well with prospects who are visual or auditory communicators.

Pro tip : HubSpot Video makes it easy to record and embed video into a website or email for a big proposal boost.

11. Include up-sell and add-on opportunities.

They say you won't receive unless you ask. And readers won't explore the upper tiers of your solutions if you don't give them the opportunity.

So, share some upsells and add-ons about your business that they can act on. Call out a specific pain point and how this extra can add value.

With this step, balance is important. Show them everything your business has to offer without overwhelming your recipient.

12. Clarify your terms and conditions.

Your business proposal should include details on your project timeline and payment schedule. This summary is basically what you and the client agree to if they accept your proposal.

1. Personalize your business proposal for each recipient.

Tailor your business proposal to meet the specific interests and needs of each person you send it to. This will show that you genuinely understand their unique challenges.

Pro tip : Use contact segmentation and email personalization features in the HubSpot CRM to tailor your proposal to each recipient.

2. Design a business proposal website.

I like to impress potential clients with a professional business proposal website. Yes, an actual website.

A standalone website for your proposal can help you:

• Showcase your company
• Highlight industry expertise
• Offer easy access to relevant information
• Add interactivity to your proposal

This idea will leave a lasting impression and show your commitment to your reader's experience.

Pro tip: New to designing websites? Try HubSpot's free CMS to build a website for your business proposal.

3. Start with a custom animation or video.

It's easy to add a premade video, like your brand video, to a business proposal. But I've personally discovered that if you really want to capture attention, you should add a layer of personalization, either with a custom animation or video.

A visual presentation of your proposal can help you break down new or complex concepts in a format that's both easy to understand and engaging. It will also set your offer apart from more traditional, text-heavy proposals.

Pro tip : Check out this post for a list of animation tools that can help you create custom animated presentations.

4. Add a VR or AR demo.

Drop in a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) demo for an immersive proposal experience. These technologies can help you add interactivity to your product or service proposal. It also offers a unique and memorable experience with lasting impact.

Check out these resources for inspiration, and to help you decide which technology is best for your business proposal:

• VR marketing examples
• AR marketing examples

5. Weave sound into your proposal.

Compose a memorable song or jingle, plug in sound effects, or add royalty-free music to your business proposal.

This idea can create an emotional hook that makes your message stick in the memory of your audience.

6. Create a proposal with multiple start and end points.

If you play video games, you know the fun of playing a game over and over until you've experienced every possible ending.

So, try customizing your business proposal for different entry points. Then, allow your reader to choose which section they want to end with. This flexibility lets your audience focus on the areas that interest them most, making your proposal more relevant and engaging.

Or, add a storytelling element to your proposal with different start and end sections. This strategy can highlight your knowledge of their business and industry. It can also be a way to offer a prospect more than one relevant solution.

7. Try direct mail.

Your readers probably see a lot of digital communication. To set yourself apart, try adding a thoughtful and personalized direct mail element .

Write a handwritten note, send a small gift, or pull together a beautiful mailer. This tangible approach will make your business proposal a memorable and unique experience. This idea will express your attention to detail and commitment to personalized communication.

8. Ask an influencer to present or vouch for your proposal.

If you're already working with influencers, you know that an influencer can boost credibility and trust for your proposal.

Their endorsement can validate your ideas and show that respected figures in the industry support your proposal. This idea can add authority and appeal to your business proposal, increasing your chances of success.

Learn more about brand influencers and check out our free guide to influencer marketing here.

9. Hide one or more Easter Eggs.

Surprise and delight your audience by adding hidden Easter eggs throughout your business proposal. Whether it's a hidden message, a playful animation, or a secret section, these little surprises add a touch of fun and intrigue.

Easter eggs encourage exploration. This idea can get your readers to spend more time getting into the details of your proposal — all the while having an incredible and unique experience.

Let your business proposal do the talking.

Depending on the type of business you're in, your business proposal elements will vary based on the prospect's needs. After reading through your plan, prospective clients should have very few questions about your company and what it can do for them. With the tips and examples in this article, you have all the tools to guide you through the process. With a professional, customized business proposal, you're sure to delight your client and potentially gain their business.

Editor's note: This post was originally published in February 2020 and has been updated for comprehensiveness. This article was written by a human, but our team uses AI in our editorial process. Check out our full disclosure to learn more about how we use AI.

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RFP: A Quick Guide to Request for Proposals (Templates Included)

Once a project is approved, it’s likely that the execution will require goods and services outside the purview of the organization managing the work. The process of soliciting bids from third-party vendors and contractors is done through a document called a request for proposal or, more commonly, an RFP.

It is through this channel that project managers collect interested parties and make a decision on who to contract with for the project. The best way to get familiar with this process is by using an RFP template, which allows you to fill in the blanks in order to produce a thorough RFP. We will provide some RFP templates you can use below, but first, let’s better understand what we’re talking about.

What is an RFP?

A request for proposal (RFP) is used to seek out vendors and contractors that can supply a company’s project with necessary products and services that fall outside of what the soliciting organization can provide internally. The RFP, then, is a document to source that work and allow vendors and contractors to bid for the work.

The RFP provides an overview of the project in order to give the bidding companies a clear description of what is needed and how they can help accomplish those goals. It will explain the process and contract terms to guide bidders. Most organizations conduct business using RFPs, and governments will almost always conduct their business this way.

After sending out multiple RFPs, you will have a selection of interested parties who can deliver the goods and services you require that will best fit your needs, both for the skills they offer and how they meet the demands of your budget .

RFPs are not only a way to simplify shopping around for vendors and contractors who meet the criteria of your project; they also detail the scope of the work and what the payment for the goods and services will be. Having this clearly laid out in the RFP helps avoid any miscommunications down the line about compensation, delivery dates and more.

What Is the Difference Between an RFP, RFI & an RFQ?

There are so many different types of request forms that it can get a bit confusing to differentiate between them. For instance, there is a request for information (RFI), which is used when a business knows what it wants from a bidder, but requires more detail. RFIs are therefore less lengthy documents because they are concerned more with clarifying information provided by a vendor or contractor.

Another business document that is often confused with an RFP is the request for a quote (RFQ). These documents are, again, less detailed and instead focus solely on how much the vendor or contractor wants for their good or service. The RFQ can also be asking for information on how the vendor or contractor will meet your requirements.

In short, RFIs and RFQs are really subsets of an RFP, which is a higher-level call for proposals to solve a business issue or project need. It is typically far more detailed and formal, with strict procurement rules, including content, timeline , etc. All three documents are often used together, in some combination, or even independently at times.

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RFP Template

Use this free RFP Template for Word to manage your projects better.

RFP in Project Management

RFPs are particularly important in the project management space as they help keep project managers organized and help them make crucial business decisions. Each RFP outlines different vendor options complete with details on pricing, steps in the process, contract terms and more.

It is through these RFPs that project managers can sift through the information to determine the best path forward on behalf of their organization. It is up to the project manager to select the RFP that best aligns with the project and its goals to choose the ideal vendor for the project.

RFP project managers are not only critical thinkers and team leaders but they are detail-oriented, patient and strategic in order to act as an advocate for their organization.

The RFP Process: How to Create an RFP

There are no set rules for creating an RFP, as they can vary from company to company, industry to industry and for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. However, they do share a common goal and usually, the RFP process will hit these pertinent points.

1. Create Project Boundaries

Prior to the pen hitting the paper, speak to the higher-ups in your organization about the constraints for the project, such as what the highest budget they’d approve is, the flexibility of the deadlines, which requirements are a must-have and so forth.

2. Identify Stakeholders

An RFP is a complicated matter that requires a deep knowledge of the project and the organization. Identify key stakeholders and select a representative group that is open to meeting with whomever you assign to oversee the process so they can use them as a soundboard.

3. Interview Stakeholders

Once you have identified the stakeholders, and while you’re in the process of figuring out who can be on call for any questions, also get them to define the project needs. Their answers will inform not only the RFP process but the entire project .

4. Write the RFP

The writing of an RFP can be helped by using an RFP template, which we’ll provide links to below. They are generally structured as follows.

• Organizational background
• Short project description
• Project requirements and objectives
• Project budget
• Milestones and deadlines
• Further info and/or questions
• Contact info and the deadline for submission

5. Create Scoring Criteria

Before you send out the RFP, review it once more, but this time rank the importance of the replies you receive from the vendors and contractors who respond. This is a good method for selecting a smaller group of qualified candidates.

6. Send Out the RFP

Naturally, the whole point of this process is to get it into the hands of prospective vendors and contractors. Therefore, you need to figure out the best place to publish your RFP so that it reaches the right people. It helps to employ consultants to guide you through this phase.

7. Review Responses

After the deadline for submissions, gather all the responses and do a quick read-through to get an idea of the proposed solutions. You can then apply the scoring system you developed earlier.

8. Research

You might get some responses offering a solution that you’re unfamiliar with. It’s important to do the research and see if these might be viable, even if they’re not on your radar. Another part of the research includes doing background work on the vendors and contractors who replied to get a better picture of who you might be contracting into work.

9. Select a Vendor or Contractor

Pick the vendor or contractor who fits your criteria; then do a background check to track their record working in previous projects. This will initiate a negotiation, as a proposal is just that. It may be accepted as-is, or it may require some back and forth. Once everyone is on the same page, sign a contract.

RFP Examples

We’ve been general in terms of RFPs, but there are in fact several different types that speak to a specific industry or stage of project development. Here are some RFP examples, but there are many others, and RFPs can vary in style depending on organization and industry.

• Marketing RFP: When a marketing agency is creating its marketing materials, whether that is a case study or a campaign, they will often employ talent through one of these.
• Branding RFP: Creating a brand for an organization requires guidelines, and the organization will have certain expectations, which are outlined in this type of RFP.
• Design RFP: This RFP targets graphic artists to develop print, web, mobile or other advertisements.
• Website RFP: When you’re building a website, you need to employ web developers and other specific talent related to web design, who will reply to this kind of RFP.
• Government RFP: Any work done for a government agency requires an RFP that will outline the specific requirements associated with that office.
• Nonprofit RFP: When working with a nonprofit organization there are different criteria than with a for-profit business, which will be detailed here.
• Finance RFP:  RFPs in finance are often formal questionnaires that investors send to financial services firms to help them choose the right financial partner.
• Construction RFP: Organizations can obtain additional details and better understand how to accomplish their goals through RFPs, ultimately helping them choose the best vendor.
• Procurement RFP: RFPs are often one of the first steps in the procurement process and aid businesses in choosing the vendor that meets their list of criteria. RFPs in procurement often follow a request for information (RFI).
• Real Estate RFP: In real estate, agents put together RFPs on behalf of their tenants to outline important points and economic terms for each deal.

Request for Proposal (RFP) Template

This free RFP template allows you to define what construction contractors will need to include as part of their project proposals when bidding on your project.

We offer a variety of free construction project management templates for Excel you can use to manage all aspects of your construction project.

More RFP Templates

RFP templates come in all shapes and sizes. The simplest are maybe only a few pages, but they can expand to dozens. There are some that have coversheets and flashy presentations, while others are barebones, just-the-facts documents.

What is right for you depends on the project and your organization or maybe just a personal preference. The following are a few sites that offer RFP templates to download. Visit them and see if there’s one that works for you.

• TemplateLAB
• CRM Landmark

RFP is a Project: Try Using Software to Manage the Process

An RFP, even with an RFP template to guide you, is nothing that can be thrown together quickly. It involves research and a thorough breakdown of the project ahead. In fact, it is a project within a project. It makes sense, then, that project management software like ProjectManager can help you as you build your RFP.

Plan your RFP with our interactive Gantt chart, which schedules all your tasks on a timeline. Set milestones on the timeline to break up your work into more manageable segments, such as the delivery of project description, goals, objectives and budget.

Our kanban boards are a visual tool that shows your workflow and helps you avoid bottlenecks by keeping resources matched with capacity. Take all the steps in the RFP process and make each a kanban card, which has space to describe it, tag it for priority and more.

Once assigned, watch as it moves from column to column indicating where in the process it is. Team members can comment at the task level if they have questions and tag other project members to bring them into the conversation as needed. Collaboration helps everyone work more productively.

Ready to make that RFP a success? Don’t take any chances, use ProjectManager, cloud-based software that helps you work more efficiently. Get the features you need to plan, monitor and report on your work better. Try the tool for free with this 30-day trial.

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What is an RFP (Request for Proposal)? An In-Depth Guide

• January 16, 2024

Inside this Article:

Definition of rfp, historical context, when and why businesses use rfps, standardizing procurement processes, ensuring competitive pricing, facilitating transparent selection, encouraging vendor accountability, fostering long-term relationships, key components of an rfp, open vs. closed rfps, public vs. private rfps, product vs. service rfps, single-step vs. multi-step rfps, the rfp process, 1. what is the primary purpose of an rfp, 2. how does an rfp differ from an rfq (request for quote), 3. what are the key components that should be included in an rfp, 4. what are the common mistakes to avoid when issuing an rfp, 5. can small businesses benefit from using rfps, definition and basics, importance of rfps.

• Project Overview: A brief description of the project and its objectives.
• Scope of Work: Detailed description of the tasks, milestones, and deliverables.
• Timeline: Project phases and deadlines.
• Budget: Financial constraints or budget range for the project.
• Qualification Criteria: Requirements that vendors must meet to be considered.
• Submission Guidelines: How and when to submit proposals.
• Evaluation Criteria: Metrics used to evaluate proposals.

Types of RFPs

Frequently asked questions .

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• What Is a Request for Proposal?
• Understanding a RFP
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RFP vs. RFQ vs. RFI

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RFP: What a Request for Proposal Is, Requirements, and a Sample

Investopedia / Theresa Chiechi

What Is a Request for Proposal (RFP)?

A request for proposal (RFP) is a business document that announces a project, describes it, and solicits bids from qualified contractors to complete it. Most organizations prefer to launch their projects using RFPs, and many governments always use them.

When using an RFP, the entity requesting the bids is responsible for evaluating the feasibility of the bids submitted, the financial health of the bidding companies, and each bidder 's ability to undertake the project.

Key Takeaways

• A request for proposal (RFP) is a project announcement posted publicly by an organization indicating that bids for contractors to complete the project are sought.
• The RFP defines the project, for the company that issues it as well as the companies that respond to it.
• The RFP describes the project, its goals, and the organization that is sponsoring it and outlines the bidding process and contract terms.
• RFPs are used by most government agencies and many private companies and organizations.
• The alternative is a less formal process that may fail to identify the best vendor and the best plan for accomplishing a project.

Understanding a Request for Proposal (RFP)

RFPs are used for complex projects, often requiring a number of sub-contractors. They describe the organization issuing the RFP, the scope of the project being undertaken, and the criteria for evaluating entries. They also outline the bidding process and the contract terms.

The requests include a statement of work describing the tasks to be performed by the winning bidder and the timeline for finishing the work.

RFPs also advise bidders on how to prepare proposals, with specific guidance on how the bids should be formatted and presented. They generally include instructions on what information the bidder must include and the desired format.

The proposal should not be so detailed that it hinders the contractor's creativity, or so vague that the contractor is left stumped.

Most RFPs are issued by government agencies and other organizations in the public sector. They are generally required to open up competition among private companies and remove bias from the process. The agencies want to ensure that they get the lowest and most competitive bid.

However, any private or public organization may put out an RFP to get multiple bids and a variety of perspectives on the project.

For example, a business that wants to change its reporting process from a paper-based system to a computer-based system may put in a request for proposal for hardware , software, and a user training program to establish and integrate the new system into the business. A competitive bidding process may give them greater insight into the alternatives that are available.

Requirements for a RFP 

Government agencies or other entities may be required to issue requests for proposals to provide full and open competition and to drive down the cost of a solution. Accepting a proposal that is most responsive to specifications may not always mean the lowest-priced bid.

Skillfully creating a request for proposal can ensure the success or failure of the resulting solution. If the specified requirements are too vague, the bidder may not design and implement an adequate solution for the problem. If the requirements are too detailed and restrictive, the bidders’ innovation may be limited.

The RFP process begins with drafting a request for proposal. Bidders review the solicitation and submit suggestions for improvement. After implementing feedback , the final request for proposal is issued. Bidders then submit their proposals.

The customer narrows the selection down to a small group of bidders and enters negotiations on pricing and technical details. The customer may ask the remaining bidders to submit a best and final offer before awarding a contract. The contract is then presented to the company providing the best solution to the issue.

Benefits of a RFP

An RFP is, in part, an advertisement. It announces that a project is proceeding, and opens the door to qualified candidates who can get the job done.

In government, the RFP has been adopted as a way to ensure that cronyism is removed as a factor in the rewarding of contracts. It also opens up the process to competition, which can be expected to keep project costs lower.

The alternative to an RFP is a less formal process requiring a project manager to research and identify potential vendors for a project. Depending on how exhaustive the search is, the potential responses can be limited. New vendors and innovative answers may be less likely to be uncovered.

A request for proposal (RFP), request for quote (RFQ), and request for information (RFI) are three distinct types of documents that businesses and other entities use to reach out to the business community for suppliers or contractors that they may be able to work with.

• A request for proposal, as noted above, announces a specific project that is planned and solicits contractors capable of getting the job done.
• A request for quote (RFQ) is a solicitation sent to a number of suppliers seeking bids for a contract to supply specific products or services. The request must specify the quality and quantity needed, and the timing desired by the company or organization.
• A request for information (RFI) is a solicitation to suppliers for written information on the products and services that they can provide. It might be used to gather information for a database of suppliers for future reference.

Say, for example, the Federal Railroad Administration issues a request for proposals to finance, design, construct, operate, and maintain a high-speed rail system.

Interested parties submit proposals meeting the requirements outlined in the document. Based on the proposals received by the deadline, the Department of Transportation establishes commissions for further review and development of the proposals.

The DOT chooses the proposal most encompassing its goals and hires the company to carry out the work.

A Look at a Detailed RFP

This sample RFP from Chesapeake Bay Trust shows an appropriate level of detail necessary for a successful request. The proposal describes the project, provides an overview of the organization, defines the goals for the services it is pursuing and explains how proposals will be evaluated. It communicates the expected format, budget limitations, and deadline requirements.

The RFP also includes a number of supporting documents and exhibits to further clarify what the trust is looking for. This not only helps define the scope of what services are being pursued but helps interested firms evaluate schedules, logistics, and pricing.

Other samples can be found through TechSoup, a site that provides a library of how-to information and sample RFPs for nonprofits.

What Does RFP Mean?

A request for proposal (RFP) is an open request for bids to complete a new project proposed by the company or other organization that issues it. It is meant to open up competition and to encourage a variety of alternative proposals that might be considered by the project's planners.

What Are RFP Requirements?

An RFP must describe and define the project in enough detail to attract viable responses.

The prospective bidder should be able to understand the nature of the business and the goals it wishes to achieve with the project. The project must be defined in enough detail for the bidder to clearly understand its scope and all of the products and services that must be provided in order to carry it out. The format of the expected proposals must also be detailed. Uniform responses are needed to compare and contrast offers.

RFPs follow a fairly rigid format, although that format may vary among the agencies and companies that prepare them. This sample from the RTI International in North Carolina shows the elements in a typical RFP which include an introduction and background, a description of the deliverables, and information about the selection criteria.

What Is the Difference Between RFP and RFQ?

Say a hardware store is expanding its gardening supplies department and needs to find the suppliers necessary to fill its shelves. It might send out a request for quotation (RFQ) to a number of potential suppliers of gardening products. The responses will enable it to establish a relationship with one or more suppliers of the quantity and quality of goods it needs, at a price that is established.

When a company or other organization sends out an RFQ it knows exactly what it needs and is seeking the best supplier or suppliers.

An RFP is a more open-ended process. The business or organization is seeking qualified contractors to carry out a new project. The project and its goals are defined in some detail but there is room for creativity in the responses. For example, an RFP for a children's park might allow the contractor to propose the precise layout, equipment, and amenities the park might contain.

When Would You Use an RFP?

Businesses large and small tend to have just enough resources to maintain current operations. If they want to take on a new project they have neither the resources nor the expertise on hand to add it to the workload.

In such cases, the RFP gives the business an efficient way to recruit the expertise they need to get the project done.

What Happens After the RFP?

The RFP is followed by the Ps. The proposals are submitted for review. Depending on the size and scope of the project, this review may be a multi-level process involving a number of committees. Government agencies, particularly, are not known for moving nimbly.

However long it takes, the review process is used to narrow down the proposals to a few finalists who may be asked to submit additional information with a view to a final selection and a start date for the project.

The Bottom Line 

The RFP defines the project, for the company that issues it as well as the companies that respond to it. A well-written RFP conveys the intention behind the proposal and ensures that the end result will meet expectations.

It also ensures an open process. Ideally, multiple bidders will respond. This gives the organization an opportunity to study a variety of approaches and prices and choose the one that best meets its needs.

TechTarget. " Pros and cons of non-RFP vs. RFP procurement process ."

TechSoup. " RFP Library: Tips and Sample RFPs for Your Nonprofit, Charity, or Library ."

Environmental Protection Agency. " Sample Requests for Proposals ."

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Business Research Requests And Proposals

BUSINESS RESEARCH REQUESTS AND PROPOSALS Business Research Requests and Proposals Business Research Requests and Proposals Introduction Given the resources and market challenges, lack of scalability and a portfolio of complex applications, VF (NYSE: VFC) has sought to examine their options for delivering IT services. A typical Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) request for proposal (RFP) cycle may extend to five months or more. VF knows they want to take a different route and requested a revolutionary approach to the RFP process to achieve the results they want on a tight deadline. The main criteria established in the beginning, finally allowed moving from VF developing a strategy for selecting suppliers in just six weeks, and changes successfully used to achieve their strategic goals and tactics. Request for Proposal (RFP) is the process by which a government ministry or agency company prepares bid documents to acquire equipment or services. Tenders are often published in the relevant legal documents section of newspapers or magazines covering the industry department operate. The tender may also be distributed to a list of qualified potential bidders who have been coordinated and screened as eligible by the agency or department. "Qualified" is a keyword in response to the preparation of all or RFP. Qualification depends frequent follow-up investigation by the bidder of hope and cautious wording in the original RFP. RFPs are primarily associated with government agencies, as their responsibility to get equipment and consulting talent in the most beneficial events can be closely monitored by the watchdog of the press and taxes. Some private companies also use the bidding, although usually when purchasing products or services that do not bear directly on the company's own products or services. Elements of an RFP attractive Some work of RFP requests are of a magnitude beyond the reach of small and medium business enterprises, but other companies offer such a valuable opportunity to broaden their customer base and operations. Before you bid on a mild, however, entrepreneurs and business owners must ensure they understand the nature of labor demand. For example, some bids are more informative than others. When scanning a bid, vendors must ensure that describes precisely what must be provided or completed to meet the needs of the business or organization that posted the notice. To do this, it is often necessary for potential suppliers to learn about the nature of the organization or company that submitted the request for proposals. Vendors should also consider whether the demand for labor could lead to further work on related projects on line. For example, if the equipment is finally networked in a building not yet built, but in the long term plans of the agency or company, a supplier may decide that a low price on the first application measures can live if it promotes his prospects for longer-term arrangement in line. Before you bid, the seller should also review the RFP for other factors that may influence their responses. Some possible questions include: * The application-for equipment subject to conditions or significant environmental regulations? * If the device is used ...

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• Sample Research

FREE 10+ Business Research Proposal Samples & Templates in PDF | MS Word

A business or organization with proper research has an excellent chance of winning the market. Research is a strategy that helps businesses discover new ideas and factors that will help them in improving business operations, generating concrete action plans, securing a healthy financial status, and more. Hence, it is essential to execute it well. Thus, the purpose of having a  business research  proposal. In this article, you will learn the importance of writing one. Scroll down below.

Business Research Proposal

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In this article, we have provided business research proposal samples and templates that are accessible anytime. These sample templates come with professionally written content and are preformatted in PDF and MS Word file formats for your convenience. Check them out now!

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Business research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting information related to a business problem or opportunity. There are several types of business research, each serving different purposes. Here are some common types:

• Aimed at exploring a new area or gaining insights into a phenomenon.
• Helps in understanding the basic nature of a problem.
• Focuses on providing an accurate description of a situation or phenomenon.
• Involves gathering data to characterize and define the subject of study.
• Investigates cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
• Aims to establish a cause-and-effect connection between two or more variables.
• Examines the statistical association between two or more variables.
• Does not imply causation but identifies relationships between variables.
• Involves collecting data from participants at a single point in time.
• Provides a snapshot of the situation or phenomenon.
• Involves collecting data from the same group of participants over an extended period.
• Helps to track changes or developments over time.
• Focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis.
• Involves the use of surveys, experiments, and structured observations.
• Emphasizes understanding and interpreting non-numerical data.
• Involves methods such as interviews, focus groups, and case studies.
• Conducted by practitioners within an organization to solve specific problems.
• Involves a cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting.
• In-depth analysis of a specific case or situation.
• Often used to gain a deep understanding of a particular phenomenon.
• Involves collaboration between different functional areas of a business.
• Aims to address complex issues that require input from multiple perspectives.
• Focuses on understanding market trends, customer preferences, and competition.
• Helps businesses make informed decisions about their products or services.
• Involves analyzing data from social media platforms to understand consumer sentiment, trends, and feedback.

These types of business research can be used individually or in combination, depending on the nature of the research question and the goals of the study.

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A business research proposal serves a vital role in research related to business. That is why it is only imperative to ensure that it follows the accurate procedure and should contain the relevant information. Using this allows you to outline the things to be done to gather the right data to be presented in a  research report . So, if you are writing a research proposal for your business and you don’t know-how, then you are on the right page. Below are simple yet useful tips on how to make an informative and effective business research proposal. Read below.

Begin writing your business research proposal by providing the business research title and a brief yet informative research overview. The title should be concise and triggers the curiosity of the management. As for the research overview, it should present the highlight of the research.

The next thing you need to put in your business research proposal is a precise and clear introduction. This section should identify what the research is all about, its scope, and its importance to the business. The introduction should also provide the objectives and sub-objectives of the business study that needs to be achieved.

After the introduction, the next thing you need to do is to present the data gathering procedure. In this section, you have to outline the activities that should be done for the process. And to this, you have to identify the appropriate data gathering methods, whether qualitative or  quantitative research . There are different methods and strategies that you can use. However, you should have to choose the appropriate methodology that will work on your business process.

The next thing you have to include in your business research proposal is the research questionnaire. The list of questions will help you collect relevant and useful data that will complete the research process. In presenting this information, you may use bullet points to make it organized and understandable. 

Finalize your business research proposal by writing a brief conclusion that summarizes the whole idea of your proposals’ content. In this section, you have to emphasize the importance and purpose of research for your business. Also, provide a statement of the several benefits and advantages that the company will gain from the research. 

Having an informative business research proposal is not useful if the people who will read it are not able to grasp the idea the proposal is providing. That is why it is essential to use only simple words and terms that are readable and understandable by your readers. The organization of thoughts is also important. It presents the right structure of information accordingly. 

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This table highlights some key aspects of both the advantages and disadvantages of business research. Keep in mind that the impact of these factors can vary depending on the specific context and industry.

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Researches that are related to businesses are essential for sustainability and success. According to an article from Medium, research is a critical component for businesses, specifically  market research . Hence, business owners should put enough effort into researching to secure a permanent and high spot in the market. And this is where a business research proposal comes useful—the first thing that management should have before research.

A business  research proposal  is a written document used by management for either marketing research,  accounting  research, etc. The business research proposal presents and justifies the purpose of the study to be conducted. This also outlines the ways on how business research should be conducted. The standard length for the business research proposal is two to three pages. Nonetheless, it should be informative and well-written.

There are two types of research proposals that are useful for businesses, organizations, as well as in academic, approval proposals and funding proposals. Approval proposals refer to a written document that is written before doing the actual research. On the other hand, a funding proposal refers to a written document that seeks research funds.

A research proposal must present the idea of what the research is about and its importance. Thus, it should include a clear research title, a research overview, an introduction, the questionnaire, data gathering methods, and a research timeline. These components are commonly used in business and academic research.

Begin a business research proposal with a concise introduction outlining the research problem, its significance, and the proposed methodology. Clearly state the objectives and expected outcomes to provide a solid foundation for the study.

Business research plays a crucial role in informing strategic decisions by gathering, analyzing, and interpreting relevant data. It guides organizations in understanding market trends, consumer behavior, and industry dynamics for informed decision-making and sustainable growth.

Ethics in business research involves adhering to principles of integrity, honesty, and fairness. It ensures researchers conduct studies responsibly, respect participants’ rights, and maintain confidentiality, fostering trust and credibility.

Business research is one of the most important components of a sustainable and successful business. With this, businesses or organizations will be able to grasp new ideas that they can use to enhance their operations and improve  marketing strategies . Hence, making sure that business research follows the standard format and obtains the necessary information. Thus, the use of a business research proposal to make the process comprehensive and effective.

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Revisit how to gain access to contract opportunities .

Regardless of the industry you’re in, you’ll find contract opportunities by searching:

• Active contract opportunities on SAM.gov
• Schedule contract opportunities (for Schedule holders only) on eBuy

Contract opportunities are published as “ solicitations .” A solicitation details the government’s requirements, terms and conditions, and the evaluation factors they'll use to award the contract.

Read the solicitation classification, description, and any associated documents carefully to know if the contract will be:

• Set aside for small businesses or a particular category of small business.
• limited to an existing set of businesses.
• Limited to businesses inside a geographic area.
• Subject to any other competitive restrictions.

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• Request for proposals (RFP) is used to communicate the government’s requirements and requests proposals.
• Request for quotes (RFQ) is typically used to obtain price, cost, delivery, and related information from suppliers when the government anticipates it can fulfill its requirements using simplified acquisition procedures.
• Sealed bid solicitation, or invitation for bids (IFB) is usually awarded without discussions or negotiations. The contract is awarded to the qualified vendor offering the lowest price.
• Sources sought or request for information (RFI) is a market research tool used to obtain price, delivery, capabilities, interest, etc. for planning purposes
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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on 30 October 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on 13 June 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organised and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, frequently asked questions.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: ‘A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management’
• Example research proposal #2: ‘ Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use’

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesise prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasise again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

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• Beef industry request for research proposals: act quickly (not an April 1 joke)

Jim Krieger, of Healthy Food America forwarded this request for research proposals (RFP) from the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association’s Senior Director of Human Nutrition Research.,

On behalf of The Beef Checkoff , the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA) is conducting a request for proposals (RFP) in Human Nutrition, to further understand beef’s nutritional qualities and define beef’s role in a healthy diet to nourish and optimize health at every life stage including research topics related to growth and development, healthy aging, and reduced risk of chronic disease… As part of their long-standing commitment to further scientific discovery, beef farmers and ranchers are invested in funding high quality, rigorous research — from observational epidemiological and clinical intervention trials to modeling and substitution analyses. As nutrition science continues to evolve, broadening and deepening the beef nutrition evidence base is essential to ensure that consumers have the most up-to-date information to make informed choices about the foods they eat The Human Nutrition Research Program follows a two-part application process, beginning with the submission of a preproposal. Pre-proposals are intended to be a brief overview of the proposed project. Pre-proposals must meet the submission deadline and follow the guidelines in the RFP to be considered. Principal Investigators may submit more than one pre-proposal. Please share this RFP with interested colleagues PRE-PROPOSALS MUST BE SUBMITTED BY Wednesday April 3, 2024 at 11:59pm MT. Submit a Pre-Proposal here to join our RFP email list and get information about new research funding opportunities.

Comment:  This is how industry funded research begins.  The RFP is not open-ended; it is not asking you to find out whether beef has benefits.  If you want this funding, you had best come up with a research plan highly likely to demonstrate the benefits of beef in nourishing and optimizing health—otherwise, it won’t be funded. This is the USDA-sponsored Beef Checkoff at work.

Here’s your chance!

You might also like:

• Why food companies sponsor research: the Beef Checkoff explains
• I’m shocked, shocked. Cattlemen misuse checkoff funds.
• Industry-funded studies of the week: the Beef Checkoff in action

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NLIHC Releases Request for Proposals for Survey Research Partner

NLIHC has released a Request for Proposals (RFP) for a technical partner with expertise in survey design and implementation to assist with a new NLIHC National Renter Survey.  

Much of what is known about renters in the U.S. comes from national datasets like the American Housing Survey, Census Household Pulse Survey, and American Community Survey. While these resources provide considerable detail on topics like rental housing quality, rent costs, and renter demographics, they include only limited information on renters’ experiences and opinions. A reliable, nationally representative source of quantitative data on the common barriers renters face to remaining safely and stably housed in their communities of choice would be an invaluable resource for informing advocacy efforts and identifying effective policy interventions. 

Over the next two years, NLIHC will address this information gap by conducting a nationally representative survey of renters. The primary goal of this survey is to supplement existing data sources by gathering new, actionable data to inform our advocacy on federal policies that affect renters. 

NLIHC is seeking a research firm, consultant, or academic institution with the experience and expertise to collaborate with our research team on activities including but not limited to: 

Determining the appropriate sample size, sample frame, and weighting strategy for the survey. 

Validating and/or conducting cognitive testing on the survey instrument. 

Administering the survey instrument to a nationally representative sample of renters. 

Providing the final survey dataset(s) to NLIHC. 

All proposals and required documents must be submitted to Sarah Abdelhadi ( [email protected] ) no later than 5 pm ET on Friday, April 19 . Questions about the RFP should be submitted to Sarah by Wednesday, April 10 . 

The RFP is available at: https://bit.ly/nlihc_rfp_renter_survey  

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USGS/NIWR National Competitive Grants RFPs Webinar: April 23, 10am CT

Washington State water research community,

USGS in cooperation with the National Institutes of Water Resources (NIWR) will soon release their annual request for water research proposals under its National Competitive Grants Program.  These programs include a call for general water research proposals, under the WRRA 104g program, program specifically for research on Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and a program on Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS, though this third program focuses on the Mississippi basin). You can read more here: https://water.usgs.gov/wrri/how-to-apply-for-grants-internships.php .

Any investigator at an institution of higher learning is eligible to apply for these grants with research that focuses on priorities of regional and national importance. The RFP is anticipated to be released in mid-April with an application deadline in late May 2024  (exact dates will be announced later). If you are working through an institution in Washington State, you must submit your proposal for these programs through the State of Washington Water Research Center (WRC, wrc.wsu.edu).

Water resources research institutes across the US are organizing a joint webinar on April 23 rd , 2024, at 10am Central Time that focuses on the National Competitive Grants RFPs. We will discuss the full proposal process and funding priorities and include an opportunity for researchers to ask questions. In addition, researchers will be able to identify potential collaborators in topic specific breakouts.

Webinar link: https://teams.microsoft.com/l/meetup-join/19%3ameeting_ODliOTdjYWQtYzVjYy00YzZkLWE3N2MtMzhmZWQ4MTM4Yjcy%40thread.v2/0?context=%7b%22Tid%22%3a%2244467e6f-462c-4ea2-823f-7800de5434e3%22%2c%22Oid%22%3a%220594e4de-ca8b-45f9-adb2-1a56c577ae63%22%7d

For more information about the funding opportunities see https://water.usgs.gov/wrri/how-to-apply-for-grants-internships.php or contact your state institute.

The WRC Director Jonathan Yoder met with Washington State federal legislators this February, and nearly all legislative offices he visited independently brought up PFAS concerns, so there is a great deal of interest in this water problem in the State of Washington.  I strongly encourage researchers interested in developing proposals for PFAS-related projects to contact me early.  This program is relatively new and has received relatively few proposals in previous years, so the chances of success are higher than for the WRRA 104g grants.

Please contact us at [email protected]  if you have questions or interest in submitting a proposal.

Animal Research Workers Get Identity Release Barred in PETA Case

By Jennifer Bennett

Workers who serve on the University of Washington’s animal research committee secured a court order preliminarily blocking the school from revealing their identities in response to a public records request from three animal rights groups.

The workers, who sued under pseudonyms, demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits as to their constitutional informational privacy claim, the US District Court for the Western District of Washington said . They also showed that they’re likely to face personal threats or harassment if their names become public, the court added.

P Poe 5 and the other plaintiffs are members or alternate members ...

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Judge Rejects Hunter Biden's Request to Dismiss Tax Charges, Court Documents Show

Judge Rejects Hunter Biden's Request to Dismiss Tax Charges, Court Documents Show

FILE PHOTO: Hunter Biden, son of U.S. President Joe Biden, departs following a closed deposition with members of the Republican-led House Oversight Committee conducting an impeachment inquiry into the president, at the O'Neill House Office Building in Washington, U.S., February 28, 2024. REUTERS/Evelyn Hockstein/FILE PHOTO

By Dan Whitcomb

(Reuters) - A federal judge in Los Angeles on Monday rejected a string of motions filed by U.S. President Joe Biden's son, Hunter Biden, to dismiss tax charges filed against him, court documents show.

Among the claims that U.S. District Judge Marc Scarsi rejected in eight separate motions were that federal prosecutors caved to pressure from Republicans or that Hunter Biden, 54, had immunity from a previous plea deal he had negotiated.

Hunter Biden has pleaded not guilty to failing to pay $1.4 million in taxes between 2016 and 2019, while allegedly spending millions of dollars on drugs, escorts, exotic cars and other big-ticket items.

The trial is due to start in June, a few months before Americans vote in a November presidential election that looks set to be a close and deeply divisive contest between Joe Biden, himself the subject of an impeachment probe, and Donald Trump, who faces four criminal trials.

Hunter Biden, the first child of a sitting president to face criminal charges, also faces a separate criminal case in federal court in Delaware over his alleged purchase of a handgun while he was using illegal drugs.

He has pleaded not guilty and made similar arguments to dismiss the charges in that case.

(Reporting by Dan Whitcomb; Editing by Caitlin Webber and Eric Beech)

Copyright 2024 Thomson Reuters .

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