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December 7, 2022 admin Publications 0

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has updated its Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief publication. This PDF is published periodically and provides a brief history of the two-decade long U.S. involvement in the Afghan conflict and then examines the past events since the fall of Kabul to the Taliban on August 15, 2021.

• Introduction
• Background: Taliban Takeover
• Taliban Government
• Current and Potential Opposition
• U.S. Policy
• U.S. Counterterrorism and Afghanistan
• Human Rights: Women, Ethnic Groups, and Religious Minorities
• Relocations of U.S. Citizens and Certain Afghans
• Economic Collapse
• Regional Dynamics: Pakistan and Other Neighbors
• Congressional Action and Outlook

Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief Congressional Research Service (CRS), R45122, PDF https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45122

• resettlement

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Republic of Afghanistan

Citizenship and country documents.

• State Department - Country Documents

Foreign Government Reports

• AFG106237.E - Afghanistan: Requirements and procedures to obtain tazkira [ tazkera ], including from abroad; appearance and security features (2017-February 2019) - February 2019
• AFG106043.E - Afghanistan: Passport Law of 25 October 2015; appearance and security features of passports; specimen of passports (2015-January 2018) - February 2018
• AFG105732.E  - Afghanistan: Requirements and procedures to obtain, renew, and replace a biometric passport, both within and outside the country; validity period of passport; whether the 'place of birth' noted in the passport is the same as the one listed on the tazkira, and whether it refers to the place of birth of the owner of the passport or their father's (2015-January 2017) - February 2017

Intergovernmental Organization Reports

• Returns from Pakistan and conditions on return in Afghanistan 
• Treatment of returnees coming from Pakistan by the Afghan de facto authorities
• Possibility to return to Pakistan legally 
• Afghanistan:  Key Socio-Economic Indicators –  2022 , 2021 , 2020 , 2019

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US Government Reports

• Department of Labor - Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - 2022 ,  2021 ,  2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013
• Child Soldiers Prevention Act: Security Assistance Restrictions - Nov. 2020  
• United Kingdom: Home Office Country Policy and Information Note - Afghanistan: Unaccompanied children - Oct. 2021
• UK Border Agency Country of Origin Information (COI) Report - Children - July 2011
• Country Guidance: Afghanistan - Common analysis and guidance note – Children - Dec. 2020
• EASO COI Query: Education sector:  personnel and students – Aug. 2020
• Afghanistan:  Key socio-economic indicators – Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City – Education - Aug. 2020

Non-Government Organization Reports

• Child Soldiers Global Report - 2004
• Child Soldiers International - Ongoing Recruitment and Use of Children by Parties to the Armed Conflict in Afghanistan - March 2016
• Human Rights Watch Annual Report - Children's rights - 2021
• Do children aged 15/16 years old get married in Afghanistan? - Apr. 2011
• How widespread is child prostitution in Afghanistan? - Sept. 2010
• UK Home Office Country - Background Note:  Afghanistan - Corruptions – Dec. 2020
• UK Home Office Country Information and Guidance - Afghanistan: Unaccompanied children - October 2021

Intergovernmental Organization Reports

• State Structure and Security Forces – Aug. 2020

“Today We Shall All Die” Afghanistan’s Strongmen and the Legacy of Impunity - March 2015

Disabilities

• Country Guidance: Afghanistan - Common analysis and guidance note –Persons living with disabilities and persons with severe medical issues -   Dec. 2020
• Country of Orgin Research and Information (CORI) - CORI Thematic Report: Elderly and Disabled Kabul, Mogadishu, Kinshasa - March 2015
• Human Rights Watch Profiles - “Disability Is Not Weakness”: Discrimination and Barriers Facing Women and Girls with Disabilities in Afghanistan - April 2020
• Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance - April 2013 , Jan. 2012 , Sept. 2010 , May 2010 , Feb. 2010
• Afghanistan Central Bank Reserves - March 2023
• VOTING TOGETHER: Why Afghanistan's 2009 Elections were (and were not) a Disaster - Nov. 2009
• Election Guide - Recent Elections
• Afghanistan’s Low-turnout Election, Insecurity and Unsettled Prospects for Peace - October 2019
• Afghanistan: Elections and the Crisis of Governance - November 2009
• Afghanistan Elections: Endgame or New Beginning? - July 2005
• Afghanistan: From Presidential to Parliamentary Elections - Nov. 2004
• Elections and Security in Afghanistan - March 2004

Ethnic Groups / Race

• Country Guidance: Afghanistan - Common analysis and guidance note – Ethnic and religious minorities – Individuals involved in blood feuds and land disputes    - November 2021
• EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Afghanistan Networks - Jan. 2018
• State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013
• South Asia State of Minorities Report 2020:  Minorities and Shrinking Civil Space – Nov. 2020
• Afghanistan: 6th European Country of Origin Information Seminar, Vienna, 13-14 November 2000, Final Report - Ethnicity - May 2001
• Afghanistan: 5th UNHCR Country of Origin Information Workshop, Bratislava, 13-14 December 1999, Final Report - Situation Update - Ethnic and political persecution - May 2000

Ethnic Groups / Race - Hazaras

• UK Border Agency Country of Origin Information (COI) Report - Hazaras - April 2008
• Norway Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo) - Hazaras and Afghan insurgent groups - Oct 2016
• Please provide information about whether in 1989 or 1990 there was trouble in Afghanistan whereby Hazaras were being killed by the Pushtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks?
• Is there evidence to confirm Afghan Hazaras escaped to Pakistan around this time?
• Please provide information on the treatment or protection of illegal Afghan Hazara Shia Muslim refugees, especially those who moved into Pakistan around 1989 or 1990, by the Pakistani authorities. Is the treatment of those who moved then any different to the treatment of those who moved more recently?
• Please provide information about the Wahabis and Sunni Muslims and the Baloch targeting the Hazaras in Pakistan.
• Is there information indicating that Hazara people in Quetta are unable to go out freely at night or that they are found dead in the streets?
• Please provide information on the treatment of the Hazaras of the Shia Muslim religion in Afghanistan and whether they face serious harm in Afghanistan.
• Please provide information on whether the authorities in Afghanistan, most of whom are not Hazara, can actually protect Hazaras.
• Can you provide information on whether Shia Muslims of Hazara identity are likely to experience ill-treatment more than any other ethnic group in Afghanistan?
• What is their known or likely attitude to Hazaras/Shi'a Muslims?
• Can a Hazara safely return to Kabul and/or Mazar-e-Sharif directly (e.g. by plane), or do they have to return through occupied and/or dangerous areas?
• AFG106491.E - Afghanistan: Situation of Hazara people living in Kabul City, including treatment by society, security situation, and access to employment; security situation for Hazara traveling to areas surrounding Kabul City to access employment (2014-April 2016) - April 2016
• AFG103757.E - Situation and treatment of the Hazara people - July 2011
• Danish Immigration Service - Report on fact-finding mission to Afghanistan - Hazaras - July 1998
• Afghanistan: Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan - Feb. 2001
• Information on the Hazara - January 2014
• Treatment of Hazara by government forces - Nov. 2009 - Nov. 2010
• World Directory of Minorities - Hazaras

Ethnic Groups / Race - Kuchis

• World Directory of Minorities - Kuchis

Ethnic Groups / Race - Nuristanis

• World Directory of Minorities - Nuristanis

Ethnic Groups / Race - Pashtuns

• Paying for the Taliban's Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns in Northern Afghanistan - Apr. 2002
• World Directory of Minorities - Pashtuns
• Afghanistan: The Problem of Pashtun Alienation - August 2003

Ethnic Groups / Race - Tajiks

• Tajik Refugees in Northern Afghanistan: Obstacles to Repatriation - May 1996  
• World Directory of Minorities - Tajiks 

Ethnic Groups / Race - Uzbeks and Turkmen

• World Directory of Minorities - Uzbeks and Turkmen

Ethnic Groups / Race - Aimak (Aimaq)

• World Directory of Minorities - Aimaq  

Ethnic Groups / Race - Baloch ( Baluch)

• World Directory of Minorities -  Baluchis  

Ethnic Groups / Race - Jogi and Chori Frosh

• World Directory of Minorities -  Jogi and Chori Frosh 

Ethnic Groups / Race - Panjshiris

• World Directory of Minorities -  Panjshiris
• Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action – Aug. 2021
• AFG104238.E - Whether seigha (temporary marriage) is practiced in Afghanistan and by which groups - October 2012
• Afghanistan: “They are the revolution”: Afghan women fighting for their future under the Taliban rule – Nov. 2021  
• Afghanistan: Their lives on the line: Women human rights defenders under attack in Afghanistan - April 2015
• Taliban Restrictions on Women’s Rights Deepen Afghanistan’s Crisis - Feb. 2023
• Women and Conflict in Afghanistan - October 2013
• Afghanistan: Women and Reconstruction - March 2003
• Human Rights Watch Annual Report - Women's and Girl's Rights - 2021
• “I Thought Our Life Might Get Better” Implementing Afghanistan’s Elimination of Violence against Women Law – Aug. 2021
• “I Would Like Four Kids — If We Stay Alive” Women’s Access to Health Care in Afghanistan – May 2021
• "I Had To Run Away" The Imprisonment of Women and Girls for "Moral Crimes" in Afghanistan - Mar. 2012
• The "Ten-Dollar Talib" and Women's Rights: Afghan Women and the Risks of Reintegration and Reconciliation - July 2010
• “We Have the Promises of the World” Women’s Rights in Afghanistan - Dec. 2009  
• Humanity Denied: Systematic Violations of Women's Rights in Afghanistan - Oct 2001
• Afghanistan: Information on arranged marriages including consequences of refusal - October 2015

Human Rights

• State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2022 ,  2021 , 2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009
• Austrailian Migration Review Tribunal - Refugee Review Tribunal
• Please provide information on state protection.
• How are persons who have been Westernised treated in Afghanistan, Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif?
• AFG104294.E - Human rights abuses committed by the Afghanistan National Army and security forces (1989-2009) - April 2013
• Afghanistan - Country Focus - Dec. 2023
• EASO COI Query:  Information on the treatment of Afghan nationals perceived as ‘Westernised’ (2018-2020) – Sept. 2020
• Afghanistan:  Key socio-economic indicators – Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City – Employment - 2019
• Amnesty International:  Death Sentences and Executions - 2020
• Too many missed opportunities: Human rights in Afghanistan under the Karzai administration - March 2014
• Freedom House - 2023 ,  2022 ,  2021 ,  2020 ,  2019 ,  2018 , 2017
• Human Rights Annual Report -  2024 , 2023 , 2022 , 2021 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 . 2015
• Killing You is a Very Easy Thing For Us: Human Rights Abuses in Southeast Afghanistan - July 2003
• Towards a Political Settlement in Afghanistan: The Need to Protect Human Rights - Aug. 2001  
• Beyond Emergency Relief: Averting Afghanistan’s Humanitarian Catastrophe - December 2021
• Information on the stability of the Afghan government - Aug. 2012
• Information regarding the treatment of human rights by the authorities in Afghanistan. - Jan. 2011
• Information on people reclaiming their land or property after returning to Afghanistan, having spent years away from the country. - Oct. 2009

Justice System

• Can Landinfo say anything in general about the issuing the national arrest warrants in Afghanistan? Is it likely that an arrest warrant would be issued to a person who has made blasphemous statements by criticising a mullah during Friday prayers?
• COI Query - Afghanistan - Major legislative, security-related, and humanitarian developments - Nov. 2022
• Country Guidance: Afghanistan - Country Guidance - Nov. 2021
• COI Query - Major legislative, security-related, and humanitarian developments - Feb. 2024
• Amnesty International:  Death Sentences and Executions - 2021 , 2020 
• Human Rights Watch Annual Report - Arbitrary Detention, Torture, and Discriminatory Practices - 2020  
• "Troops in Contact": Airstrikes and Civilian Deaths in Afghanistan - 2008
• “Just Don’t Call It a Militia” Impunity, Militias, and the “Afghan Local Police” - Sept. 2011
• Reforming Afghanistan's Broken Judiciary - Nov. 2010 
• Reforming Afghanistan's Police - Aug. 2007 
• Information on corruption within the police force - Sept. 2009 
• Information on the availability of a fair trial - Sept. 2009  
• Policing in Afghanistan: Still Searching for a Strategy - December 2008 
• Afghanistan: What is the penalty in Afghan law ( for the man ) if an unmarried man has a sexual relationship with an unmarried woman where...the unmarried woman becomes pregnant; parties are of different ethnicities; parties are of different branches of Muslim religion (one Shia muslim and other party Sunni muslim); parties are both minors (is there an age of majority in Afghanistan for women and men with regard to sexual relationships. Is a sexual relationship considered rape when parties are minors?) - Dec. 2010
• University of Texas at Austin - Map Collection

European Asylum Support Office

• Afghanistan:  Key socio-economic indicators – Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City - Map – Aug. 2020
• Please provide recent information on Jaghouri district in general, but also with reference to ethnic make-up, Taliban presence, political governance and economic circumstances.
• Please provide some information about Maydan Shahr and Markazi Bihsud districts in Wardak province

Medical Availability

• Afghanistan: Medical and healthcare – Oct. 2021
• World Health Organization Page
• “A Disaster for the Foreseeable Future” Afghanistan’s Healthcare Crisis - Feb. 2024

Political Figures and Parties

• CIA - Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments
• Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy In Brief - February 2023 ,  December 2022 ,  March 2021
• The Middle East, North Africa, and Afghanistan: Selected Issues for the 118th Congress - January 2023
• Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy - Dec. 2017
• Are supporters of Dr. Abdullah Abdullah (including government employees) at risk of harm in Afghanisatn because of that support?
• In what period was Hajji Bahlol Bahej Governor of Panjshir province? What are his current circumstances? How influential is he?
• Please provide information about whether anyone who is, or is not, affiliated with the Nasr party/Hezb-i Wahdat Khalili would be likely to face ill-treatment or other adverse consequences.
• Please provide general information about what the Nasr Party is, what they stand for, and who they are affiliated with. Do they have anything to do with the Taliban?
• Could a grade 6 child be a member of PDPA?
• Was there a youth group?
• What is the present role of Wahdat in Afghan politics?
• Political Conditions, Security and Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan - May 2002
• Afghanistan: The Future of the National Unity Government - April 2017
• Afghanistan's Political Transition - October 2014
• Afghanistan's New Legislature: Making Democracy Work - May 2006
• Political Parties in Afghanistan - March 2005
• Afghanistan: The Constitutional Loya Jirga - December 2003
• The Loya Jirga: One Small Step Forward? - May 2002

Refugees / IDPs

• Fleeing War, Finding Misery: The Plight of the Internally Displaced in Afghanistan - Feb. 2012
• Country Report Afghanistan. 11th European Country of Origin Information Seminar (Vienna, 21-22 June 2007) - IDPs return, the protracted and new/battle affected IDPs: - November 2007
• Afghanistan: 5th UNHCR Country of Origin Information Workshop, Bratislava, 13-14 December 1999, Final Report - Situation Update - Displacement - May 2000
• Closed Door Policy: Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Iran - Feb. 2002
• Disaster Displacement In Asia And The Pacific - Sept. 2022
• Severity of internal displacement Report - Nov. 2021
• Report on the protection situation of displaced people (as of December 2023) - Dec. 2023
• Fact sheet on the repatriation of Afghan refugees from Pakistan (as of 7 December 2023) - Dec. 2023
• Infographic on the voluntary return of Afghan refugees from Iran (covering January to November 2023) - Dec. 2023
• UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Afghanistan - August 2013
• State Department International Religious Freedom Report - 2021 ,  2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 ,  2010 , 2009 , 2008 , 2007 , 2006 , 2005 , 2004 , 2003 , 2002 , 2001
• U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) - 2022 , 2021 , 2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013
• Religious Freedom and Women’s Rights in Afghanistan - Aug. 2023
• Religious Freedom in Afghanistan - Aug. 2022
• Violating Rights – Enforcing the World’s Blasphemy Laws – Criminal Blasphemy Laws as of 2020 - Dec. 2020
• USCIRF Profiles - Afghanistan Country Update - Oct. 2019
• UK Home Office Country Information and Guidance
• Danish Immigration Service - Report on fact-finding mission to Afghanistan - Religious matters - July 1998
• Country Guidance: Afghanistan - Common analysis and guidance note - Individuals considered to have committed blasphemy and/or apostasy - Dec. 2020

Sexual Orientation

• U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom - Factsheet on Shari’a and LGBTI Persons – March 2021

Specific Country Issues - Armed Conflict

• Afghanistan: Humanitarian situation  - April 2022
• Afghanistan: Security - April 2022
• Norway Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo) - Afghanistan: The security situation in Nangarhar province - Oct. 2016
• Afghanistan: Security situation – Sept. 2021 , June 2021 , Dec. 2020 , Sept. 2020 , 2017 , 2016 ,
• EASO COI Query: Education sector:  personnel and students: Treatment of education personnel by AGEs – Sept. 2020
• Afghanistan Security Situation - Sept. 2020
• Afghanistan: 5th UNHCR Country of Origin Information Workshop, Bratislava, 13-14 December 1999, Final Report - Situation Update - Fighting - May 2000
• No Safe Place” Insurgent Attacks on Civilians in Afghanistan - May 2018
• "I Won't Be A Doctor, and One Day You'll Be Sick" Girls' Access to Education in Afghanistan - Oct. 2017
• “Education on the Front Lines” - Military Use of Schools in Afghanistan’s Baghlan Province - 2016
• Getting Away with Murder: The Impunity of International Forces in Afghanistan - 2008
• Blood-Stained Hands - Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity - June 2005
• "ALL OUR HOPES ARE CRUSHED: Violence and Repression in Western Afghanistan" - Nov. 2002
• Crisis of Impunity - The Role of Pakistan, Russia, and Iran in Fueling the Civil War - July 2001
• Information on the current threat of indiscriminate violence. - Feb. 2011
• Information regarding ongoing violence / frequency of violence in Gardez, Afghanistan. - Feb. 2010
• A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting the Afghan National Army - May 2010
• Countering Afghanistan's Insurgency: No Quick Fixes - November 2006
• Asylum Research Consultancy - Afghanistan Security Situation - Jan. 2016
• Afghanistan's Insurgency after the Transition - May 2014
• Afghanistan: What Now for Refugees? - August 2009
• Afghanistan: Getting Disarmament Back on Track - February 2005
• Disarmament and Reintegration in Afghanistan - September 2003
• Securing Afghanistan: The Need for More International Action - March 2002
• Takeover: Access coordination in Afghanistan - Nov. 2023

Specific Country Issues - Taliban

• Taliban Establish Control Over Afghanistan Amid Government Collapse and U.S. Withdrawal – Aug. 2021
• Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief – February 2022

Foreign Government ReporT

• AFG105047.E - Afghanistan: Night letters [Shab Nameha, Shabnamah, Shabnameh], including appearance (2010-2015) - Feb 2015
• THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL MUST END TALIBAN IMPUNITY - March 2023
• The Fate of Thousands Hanging in The Balance: Afghanistan’s Fall into the Hands of the Taliban – Sept. 2021
• What areas are presently under Taliban/AGF control - October 2014
• Information on whether persons who worked in a civilian capacity for American companies were targeted in Afghanistan by the Taliban. Information on whether death threats / warning letters were issued by the Taliban, otherwise "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Ministry of Intelligence, Directorate of Administration". Are these death threats from the Taliban considered credible by the Afghan authorities and non-governmental agencies? HaveAmerican companies or the Afghan authorities provided any form of significant protection to Afghan workers and their families? - May 2012
• Information on relations between Hizb e Islami and Taliban insurgents? - Oct. 2011
• Information on the calendar used by the Taliban in Afghanistan. - Apr. 2010  
• Possibility of relocation within Afghanistan for those who fear the Taliban - March 2010  
• Any clear information about risks to people who run foul of Taliban and also the local commander (who also happens to be a local administrator). What are the risks to a potential victim of Taliban revenge, or revenge from a local commander? - Oct. 2009
• The Taliban’s Neighbourhood: Regional Diplomacy with Afghanistan - January 2024
• Taking Stock of the Taliban’s Perspectives on Peace – Aug. 2020
• Building on Afghanistan’s Fleeting Ceasefire Building on Afghanistan’s Fleeting Ceasefire - July 2018
• Taliban Propaganda: Winning the War of Words? - July 2008
• Human Rights Watch - “You Have No Right to Complain” Education, Social Restrictions, and Justice in Taliban-Held Afghanistan - June 2020

Specific Country Issues - Mujahideen

Specific country issues - hezb-e-islami (hizb-e-islami).

• Information on role of Hizb e Islami in the insurgency. Any reports of killings of civilians by Hizb e Islami in last few years. How do Afghan authorities treat Hizb e Islami insurgents that are arrested or captured? Any reports on what has happened any high profile insurgents when they get captured or if they surrender to govt forces ? any executions by government forces? - Oct. 2011
• Treatment of ex-members of Hizb-e-islami by government in Afghanistan - Sept. 2011

Specific Country Issues - Internal Mobility

• Afghanistan:  Key socio-economic indicators – Focus on Kabul City, Mazar-e Sharif and Herat City – Internal mobility - Aug. 2020

Specific Country Issues - Treatment of Returnees

• Is there any current information on whether an Afghan national who has resided for any period in a western country would be subject to harm on return to Afghanistan now because they would be perceived as having been secularised?
• What is the latest country information on the treatment of Westernised returnees to Afghanistan?
• AFG103650.E - Situation of Afghan exchange students who study in the United States; whether they face difficulties from Afghan authorities or society when they return to Afghanistan - Dec. 2010 
• ZZZ103544.E - Afghan citizens claiming asylum in the US; statistics on the rates of approval and rejection; types of claims; social and professional acceptance of Afghans in the US; difficulties encountered by Afghans in the US - July 2010 

Speech / Press / Internet

• EASO COI Query: Journalists, media workers, and human rights defenders – Sept. 2020  
• Freedom in the World - 2022 , 2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017

“Stop Reporting or We’ll Kill Your Family” - Threats to Media Freedom in Afghanistan - Jan. 2015

• BBC Timeline

Trafficking

• Trafficking in Persons Report - 2022 ,  2021 , 2020, 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , 2014 , 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2008 , 2007 , 2006 , 2005 , 2004 , 2003 , 2002 , 2001
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime - Global Report on Trafficking in Persons - South Asia - 2016
• State Department Country Reports on Terrorism - Terrorist Safe Havens - 2019
• Country Reports on Terrorism - 2022 ,  2020 , 2019 , 2018 , 2017 , 2016
• Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan – Aug. 2021
• Al Qaeda and Islamic State Affiliates in Afghanistan - Jan. 2020

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Thomas Clayton: Afghanistan – Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief. Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service Report, November 2020.

Reviewed publication:.

Clayton Thomas Afghanistan – Background and U.S Policy In Brief. Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service Report November 2020.

Seit September letzten Jahres verhandeln die Regierung Afghanistans und die Taliban über einen möglichen Frieden in der Islamischen Republik. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert die Studie von Thomas Clayton die Entwicklung des Friedensprozesses seit dem Abschluss des Abkommens zwischen den Taliban und den USA. In diesem Friedensabkommen wurde die Aufnahme intra-afghanischer Friedensgespräche zur Bedingung gemacht, um das sich seit mehreren Jahrzehnten von Konflikten heimgesuchte Land zu befrieden. Die Studie streicht heraus, dass während dieses Prozesses zahlreiche Probleme aus dem Weg geräumt werden mussten, um einerseits die gespaltene afghanische Regierung nach der Präsidentschaftswahl zusammenhalten und andererseits das Verhandlungsteam der Taliban zu Gesprächen nach Doha zu bringen. Zentrale Themen der Gespräche seien auf der einen Seite, die Reduktion von Gewalt durch die Taliban, wobei die islamistische Organisation ihren strategischen Vorteil nicht ohne Weiteres aufgeben werde, da sie mit gezielten Attacken gegen staatliche Akteure ihr Verhandlungsposition festigen könne. Auf der anderen Seite sei die Regierungsform ein zentrales Thema. Kabul hätte angekündigt, dass man die seit 2001 erreichten Erfolge nicht aufgeben werde. Die Taliban allerdings beharren auf einer Islamisierung des afghanischen Staates, ohne eine konkrete Vision vorgelegt zu haben, wie dieser Staat aussehen solle.

Die Gespräche seien allerdings von der Erklärung des ehemaligen US-Präsidenten Trump, die Truppen bis Ende April 2021 vollständig abzuziehen, überschattet worden. Der Autor argumentiert, dass Washingtons Position zum Abzug aus Afghanistan gespalten gewesen sei. Zwar sei unklar, zu welchem Ergebnis die Verhandlungen kommen werden, aber es sei stets behauptet worden, man sei auf jedes Szenario vorbereitet. Allerdings beharrte die Regierung in Washington darauf, dass der Abzug Ende April 2021 nur bei Eintritt bestimmter Bedingungen stattfinden werde. Die entsprechenden Vertreter der Trump-Administration hätten sich bei der Benennung dieser Bedingungen jedoch widersprochen. Clayton hinterfragt zurecht, ob und, wenn ja, wieweit die Taliban ihre Verpflichtungen zur Bekämpfung anderer islamistischer Organisationen, vor allem al-Qa’ida und den Ableger des IS, erfüllen werden.

Eng verbunden mit einem möglichen Frieden in Afghanistan, ist die Frage, wie sich eine Stabilisierung Kabuls auf seine Nachbarn auswirken könnte. Clayton argumentiert im Fall von Pakistan, dass Islamabad an einem gestärkten Afghanistan aufgrund der künstlichen Durand-Linie kein Interesse habe. Pakistans Präferenz eines schwachen Afghanistans werde gestärkt, weil sich das Land vor einer möglichen Einkesselung zwischen Afghanistan und Indien fürchte, nachdem Delhi der größte Geber beim afghanischen Wiederaufbau sei. Aus diesem Grund setze Islamabad auf eine strategische Partnerschaft mit den Taliban, die sich in Pakistan als konstantes anti-Indien Element ausspielen lasse.

Im Ausblick fasst der Autor zusammen, dass sich die gesamte Lage mit einer Wahl Joseph Bidens zum US-Präsidenten ändern könne und es deshalb abzuwarten gelte, wie sich eine neue Regierung auf Afghanistan auswirken werde.

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The following is the Feb. 28, 2022, Congressional Research Service report, Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy in Brief.

From the report

In 2021, U.S. and international forces withdrew from Afghanistan after nearly two decades of operations, and the Taliban, a Sunni Islamist extremist group that formerly ruled the country from 1996 to 2001, retook power. The United States does not recognize the Taliban or any other entity as the government of Afghanistan and reports there are no U.S. diplomatic or military personnel in the country. The Taliban’s position appears secure, though its rule appears to have had negative effects for most Afghans, as well as a number of U.S. policy interests.

The Taliban government is dominated by former officials from the Taliban’s prior rule or longtime loyalists. Signs of dissension in the group’s ranks along various lines have emerged, though the Taliban have a history of effectively managing internal disputes. Some Afghans have sought to advocate for their rights and express opposition to the Taliban in nonviolent demonstrations, which the Taliban have sometimes violently dispersed, but the Taliban do not appear to face effective political opposition. Other Afghans have taken up arms against the Taliban, claiming guerilla-style attacks against Taliban forces and calling for international assistance. The regional Islamic State affiliate has conducted attacks against Taliban forces, Afghan civilians, and international targets alike.

Some Members of Congress have focused on a number of impacts of the Taliban’s renewed rule on U.S. interests:

• Counterterrorism . The Taliban takeover has had different impacts on the Islamic State and Al Qaeda, historic Taliban adversaries and partners, respectively. With no U.S. military forces based in Afghanistan or neighboring states, the United States is pursuing an “over-the-horizon” counterterrorism approach.
• Women and Girls . Taliban actions have been detrimental for the status of women and girls in Afghanistan, a longtime U.S. policy concern, with girls prohibited from attending school above the primary level and women’s roles drastically curtailed, including a December 2022 decision to ban women from working for non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
• Relocating U.S. Partners . Some Members of Congress have closely followed ongoing U.S. efforts to relocate remaining U.S. citizens, as well as the tens of thousands of Afghans who worked for U.S. efforts and seek to leave the country.

Some Members have also expressed concern about dire humanitarian conditions in Afghanistan. Since the Taliban takeover, Afghanistan has faced intersecting and overwhelming humanitarian and economic crises, a result of challenges both preexisting (such as natural disasters and Afghanistan’s weak economic base) and new (such as the cut-off of international development assistance, U.S. sanctions on the Taliban, and the U.S. hold on Afghan central bank assets). In response, the Biden Administration has provided over $1 billion in humanitarian assistance, issued general licenses authorizing various humanitarian and commercial transactions, and established a Switzerland-based “Afghan Fund” to disburse some of Afghanistan’s central bank assets to support the Afghan economy.

Congressional oversight of U.S. Afghanistan policy has featured numerous hearings, past and ongoing investigations, and the creation of the Afghanistan War Commission. Congress has also imposed a variety of reporting requirements to monitor dynamics in Afghanistan and their implications for U.S. policy. Going forward, Congress may consider further reporting requirements, resources, or investigative efforts related to various U.S. interests as it evaluates the Biden Administration’s budget request and defense authorization measures and examines lessons learned in Afghanistan. Future reports from the congressionally created Afghanistan War Commission and other bodies may offer lessons for legislators.

Congressional action could be influenced or constrained by a lack of reliable information about events in Afghanistan and the historical legacy of U.S. conflict with the Taliban. Perhaps more challengingly, the Biden Administration and many in Congress seek to ameliorate humanitarian and economic conditions in Afghanistan, but without taking any action that boosts the Taliban’s position or that may be perceived as doing so. Pursuing these policies in tandem may prove complicated given the Taliban’s evident aversion to make compromises in response to international pressure and its apparent willingness to accept considerable humanitarian and economic suffering as the price of that uncompromising stance.

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Islamic State group said to be recruiting greater numbers in Afghanistan 

A screenshot of an ISIS-Khorasan video shows two fighters in September 2020. The Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan is growing its numbers through recruitment amid economic instability in Afghanistan, a Pentagon watchdog agency report said May 2, 2024. (Wilson Center)

The Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan is regenerating strength through aggressive recruitment and by taking advantage of instability in the country, a Pentagon watchdog agency report said Thursday.

ISIS-Khorasan province has claimed a wave of attacks this year in Russia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. ISIS-K also claimed an attack this week in western Afghanistan that left six dead.

The group’s resurgence is heightening ongoing U.S., UN and regional concerns that the country is once again becoming a terrorist haven, the Special Inspector General for the Reconstruction of Afghanistan report said.

The report follows testimony to Congress in March by Gen. Erik Kurilla, the top U.S. general in the Middle East, that ISIS-K is building an “expanding cadre of fighters.”

The group is in the midst of a recruiting surge that extends its ability to strike outside Afghanistan, the SIGAR report and regional analysts said.

ISIS-K is taking advantage of poor economic conditions and instability in Afghanistan that came after the Taliban seized the country from the U.S.-backed government in 2021, said Kamran Bokhari, senior director of the Eurasian Security and Prosperity program at the Washington-based New Lines Institute.

“ISIS-K is having a resurgence,” Bokhari said during a phone interview Wednesday. “The Taliban is trying to consolidate power; they have huge financial problems and social unrest. These are all the conditions you would expect ISIS to try to exploit, and they are.”

ISIS-K is recruiting people disillusioned by Taliban rule, and recent attacks outside of Afghanistan show the additional manpower is increasing the group’s reach, he said.

Attacks claimed by the group and cited in Thursday’s SIGAR report include a March 22 storming of a Russian concert venue that killed more than 130 people, a Feb. 7 attack in Pakistan that killed at least 30, and a Jan. 3 suicide bombing in Iran that left approximately 100 dead. ISIS-K also claimed a January church shooting in Turkey that killed one person and injured another.

The uptick in ISIS-K attacks beyond Afghanistan’s borders comes as the group has launched fewer operations within the country, said Michael Kugelman, director of the South Asia Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington.

The Taliban are enemies of ISIS-K and fought them before and after the fall of the U.S.-backed government in 2021.

Fewer ISIS-K attacks within Afghanistan indicate that Taliban ground offensives against the group are having an effect internally, Kugelman said.

“The Taliban’s (counterterrorism) efforts have produced tactical triumphs, but the jury’s still out on whether they’ve succeeded strategically,” Kugelman said in an email Thursday.

“The bigger issue is ISIS-K’s growing capacity to project a threat far beyond Afghanistan, and the Taliban’s inability to address that,” he added.

Other militant groups such as al-Qaida remain in Afghanistan in a weakened state, Thursday’s SIGAR report said.

The group that launched the 9/11 attacks that drew in U.S. troops to Afghanistan in 2001 can no longer launch sophisticated attacks, the report said, citing a UN sanctions monitoring team.

But the group continues to try to expand its recruitment, with eight new training camps, the monitoring team said.

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Congressional research service reports on foreign policy and regional affairs, policy issues.

• Global Human Rights: Security Forces Vetting ("Leahy Laws") , CRS In Focus, updated April 25, 2024
• Global Human Rights: The Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices , CRS In Focus, updated April 25, 2024
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• The Global Oil Tanker Market: An Overview as It Relates to Sanctions , March 18, 2024
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• U.S. Interest in Seabed Mining in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Brief Background and Recent Developments , CRS In Focus, March 11, 2024
• COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment--Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress , updated February 29, 2024
• The U.S. Department of State: Background and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated February 23, 2024
• U.S. Trade Debates: Select Disputes and Actions , CRS In Focus, updated February 22, 2024
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• U.S. Trade Policy: Background and Current Issues , CRS In Focus, updated February 21, 2024
• Foreign Direct Investment: Overview and Issues , CRS In Focus, updated February 21, 2024
• The World Trade Organization , CRS In Focus, updated February 16, 2024
• Industrial Policy and International Trade , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2024
• U.S. Trade Policy: Future Direction and Key Economic Debates , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2024
• Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs): An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2024
• Global Health Security: Background and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2024
• U.S. Proposals to Amend the International Health Regulations , CRS In Focus, updated February 1, 2024
• International Tax Proposals Addressing Profit Shifting: Pillars 1 and 2 , CRS In Focus, updated January 31, 2024
• Implementing Agreements Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) , CRS In Focus, January 29, 2024
• Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 , CRS In Focus, updated January 29, 2024
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations , updated January 24, 2024
• Democracy and Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy: Tools and Considerations for Congress , January 4, 2024
• The First Prosecution Under the War Crimes Act: Overview and International Legal Context , CRS Legal Sidebar, December 22, 2023
• The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Permanent Normal Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, December 20, 2023
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• Human Trafficking and U.S. Foreign Policy: An Introduction , CRS In Focus, updated November 16, 2023
• Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation , updated November 7, 2023
• Sanctions Primer: How the United States Uses Restrictive Mechanisms to Advance Foreign Policy or National Security Objectives , November 6, 2023
• U.S. Agency for International Development: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated November 3, 2023
• Assisting and Evacuating U.S. Citizens Abroad During the Israel-Hamas Conflict and Other International Crises , CRS In Focus, updated October 30, 2023
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Living Resources Provisions , October 4, 2023
• International Agreements (Part I): Overview and Agreement-Making Process , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 29, 2023
• International Agreements (Part II): Examining Tools for Congressional Influence Over International Instruments , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 29, 2023
• International Agreements (Part III): Transparency Measures , CRS Legal Sidebar, September 29, 2023
• The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) , updated September 29, 2023
• Semiconductors and the CHIPS Act: The Global Context , September 28, 2023
• The United Nations System: Frequently Asked Questions , September 22, 2023
• U.S. Government Procurement and International Trade , CRS In Focus, updated September 22, 2023
• WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) , CRS In Focus, updated September 22, 2023
• The Pillar 2 Global Minimum Tax: Implications for U.S. Tax Policy , updated September 22, 2023
• International Financial Institutions: FY2024 Budget Request , CRS In Focus, updated September 19, 2023
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and International Trade , CRS In Focus, updated September 15, 2023
• Multilateral Development Banks: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated September 13, 2023
• Export Controls -- International Coordination: Issues for Congress , September 8, 2023
• United Nations Issues: Congressional Representatives to the U.N. General Assembly , CRS In Focus, updated September 8, 2023
• Congressional and Executive Authority Over Foreign Trade Agreements , September 1, 2023
• Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2023
• State Department Passport Services: Background and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, August 2, 2023
• State Department Country Reports on Terrorism: 2001–2021 , CRS In Focus, updated July 21, 2023
• Major Votes on Free Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority , updated June 29, 2023
• Global Food Security: Selected Multilateral Efforts , CRS In Focus, June 21, 2023
• CPTPP: Overview and Issues for Congress , updated June 16, 2023
• U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) , CRS In Focus, updated June 1, 2023
• Dispute Settlement in the WTO and U.S. Trade Agreements , CRS In Focus, updated May 23, 2023
• Selecting the World Bank President , updated May 10, 2023
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts , updated May 9, 2023
• The World Bank , CRS In Focus, updated May 1, 2023
• U.S. International Climate Finance: FY2024 , CRS In Focus, updated April 24, 2023
• World Trade Organization Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations , CRS In Focus, April 13, 2023
• Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy , CRS In Focus, updated April 10, 2023
• International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 118th Congress , updated April 7, 2023
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• Women, Peace, and Security: Global Context and U.S. Policy , CRS In Focus, March 15, 2023
• Sovereign Debt Concerns in Developing Countries , CRS In Focus, updated March 6, 2023
• Ejiao and the Donkey Hide Trade , March 3, 2023
• Global Women's Issues: Background and Selected U.S. Efforts , CRS In Focus, updated February 17, 2023
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations , updated January 23, 2023
• Foreign Ownership of U.S. Agriculture: Selected Policy Options , CRS In Focus, January 19, 2023
• Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations , updated January 18, 2023
• U.S. Government Procurement and International Trade , updated January 10, 2023
• U.S. Global Health Funding: FY2020-FY2023 Appropriations , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2023
• The U.N. Climate Conference 2022 (COP27): Outcomes , CRS In Focus, December 19, 2022
• Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) , CRS In Focus, updated October 17, 2022
• The U.S. Dollar as the World's Dominant Reserve Currency , CRS In Focus, updated September 15, 2022
• Reservations, Understandings, Declarations, and Other Conditions to Treaties , CRS In Focus, September 7, 2022
• World Trade Organization: "TRIPS Waiver" for COVID-19 Vaccines , August 31, 2022
• 2022 Multicountry Outbreak of Monkeypox , CRS In Focus, August 10, 2022
• Abortion and Family Planning-Related Provisions in U.S. Foreign Assistance Law and Policy , updated July 15, 2022
• International Migration Trends in the Western Hemisphere , July 15, 2022
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations , updated June 27, 2022
• Global Trends in Democracy and Authoritarianism: Challenges to Press Freedom , CRS In Focus, June 21, 2022
• WTO: 12th Ministerial, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues , CRS In Focus, updated June 10, 2022
• The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding , updated May 6, 2022
• International Food Aid Programs: McGovern-Dole and Local and Regional Procurement , CRS In Focus, April 21, 2022
• Global Tuberculosis: Background and Issues for Congress , April 19, 2022
• U.S. International Investment Agreements (IIAs) , CRS In Focus, updated April 1, 2022
• Overview of U.S. International Food Assistance , CRS In Focus, March 25, 2022
• International Trade and E-commerce , CRS In Focus, updated March 14, 2022
• Global Refugee Resettlement: Selected Issues and Questions , CRS In Focus, updated January 27, 2022
• Overview of the Global Humanitarian and Displacement Crisis , CRS In Focus, updated January 27, 2022
• U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) , CRS In Focus, updated January 27, 2022
• The United Nations Human Rights Council: Background and Policy Issues , updated January 26, 2022
• International Trade in Services , CRS In Focus, updated January 21, 2022
• U.S. Foreign Assistance , CRS In Focus, updated January 18, 2022
• International Food Assistance and Agricultural Cargo Preference , CRS In Focus, January 13, 2022
• Economic Growth Approaches in U.S. Foreign Assistance , January 12, 2022
• Foreign Assistance: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy , updated January 10, 2022
• U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues , January 10, 2022
• International Organ Trafficking: In Brief , December 22, 2021
• The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act , December 3, 2021
• International COVID-19 Data and Vaccine Distribution: Selected Resources , CRS Insight, updated December 2, 2021
• U.S. Agency for Global Media: Background, Governance, and Issues for Congress , November 17, 2021
• Global Economic Effects of Covid-19 , updated November 10, 2021
• The World Bank's Doing Business Report , CRS In Focus, October 29, 2021
• World Trade Organization: Overview and Future Direction , updated October 18, 2021
• Motor Vehicle Provisions and Issues , CRS In Focus, October 14, 2021
• International Trade Agreements and Job Estimates , CRS In Focus, October 13, 2021
• U.S. Global Family Planning and Reproductive Health Programs: Funding Trends and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated October 4, 2021
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2021 Budget and Appropriations , updated September 24, 2021
• Key Issues in WTO Agriculture Negotiations , September 22, 2021
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• The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Appellate Body: Key Disputes and Controversies , July 22, 2021
• International Financial Messaging Systems , July 19, 2021
• Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy , July 16, 2021
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• Sanctions Programs Targeting Human Traffickers: In Brief , April 22, 2021
• Global COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution , March 26, 2021
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• Agriculture in the WTO: Rules and Limits on U.S. Domestic Support , updated March 3, 2021
• The Senkakus (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) Dispute: U.S. Treaty Obligations , updated March 1, 2021
• U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview , updated February 23, 2021
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• Foreign Government-Sponsored Broadcast Programming , CRS In Focus, February 11, 2021
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• International Trade and Finance: Overview and Key Issues for the 117th Congress , February 3, 2021
• Faces and Voices of the United States Abroad: Diversity at U.S. Foreign Affairs Agencies , January 21, 2021
• Selected Trump Administration Foreign Aid Priorities: A Wrap-Up , updated January 21, 2021
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• Climate Change Risk Mitigation by U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies , updated January 5, 2021
• Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress , December 16, 2020
• Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions , updated December 15, 2020
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• COVID-19 Vaccines: Global Health Issues , December 8, 2020
• Foreign Trade Remedy Investigations of U.S. Agricultural Products , updated November 10, 2020
• The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act , CRS In Focus, updated October 28, 2020
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• International Economic Policy Coordination at the G-7 and the G-20s , updated October 14, 2020
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• Trade Remedies: Antidumping , updated September 10, 2020
• Global Economic Growth Forecasts: Impact of COVID-19 , CRS Insight, September 1, 2020
• COVID-19 International Responses: Resources for Comparison with U.S. Policies , CRS Insight, August 14, 2020
• COVID-19 and Foreign Assistance: Congressional Oversight Framework and Current Activities , CRS In Focus, July 29, 2020
• Can the International Criminal Court Investigate U.S. Personnel? , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 30, 2020
• Global Democracy and Human Rights Impacts of COVID-19: In Brief , June 26, 2020
• International Criminal Court: U.S. Sanctions in Response to Investigation of War Crimes in Afghanistan , CRS Insider, June 19, 2020
• COVID-19 and Global Food Security: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, June 15, 2020
• COVID-2019: Global Implications and Responses , CRS In Focus, updated June 12, 2020
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• Countering Corruption Through U.S. Foreign Assistance , May 27, 2020
• Foreign Officials Publicly Designated by the U.S. Department of State on Corruption or Human Rights Grounds: A Chronology , May 18, 2020
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• COVID-19: Role of the International Financial Institutions , May 4, 2020
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• U.S. Foreign Assistance: Budget Development and Execution , CRS In Focus, April 23, 2020
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• The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA): 2020-2024 , CRS In Focus, March 16, 2020
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• International Food Assistance: FY2020 Appropriations , March 4, 2020
• International Trade: Rules of Origin , updated March 3, 2020
• The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues , CRS Insight, updated February 20, 2020
• Oil Market Effects from U.S. Economic Sanctions: Iran, Russia, Venezuela , February 5, 2020
• Escalating U.S. Tariffs: Affected Trade , CRS Insight, updated January 29, 2020
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• International Trade and Finance: Overview and Issues for the 116th Congress , updated January 17, 2020
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• The State Department's Trafficking in Persons Report: Scope, Aid Restrictions, and Methodology , updated October 30, 2019
• Diplomatic Security and the Role of Congress , CRS In Focus, October 23, 2019
• Global Vaccination: Trends and U.S. Role , October 18, 2019
• Trafficking in Persons: Child Protection Compacts , CRS In Focus, October 18, 2019
• Global Trends in HIV/AIDS , CRS In Focus, updated October 10, 2019
• U.S. Farm Support: Compliance with WTO Commitments , October 4, 2019
• Millennium Challenge Corporation: Overview and Issues , updated October 3, 2019
• International Food Assistance: Food for Peace Nonemergency Programs , August 21, 2019
• Global Trade Imbalances: Overview and Issues , CRS Insight, August 21, 2019
• A New Director for the International Monetary Fund , CRS Insight, August 9, 2019
• Blockchain and International Trade , CRS In Focus, updated June 25, 2019
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• U.S. Overseas Diplomatic Presence: Background and Issues for Congress , June 6, 2019
• President Trump's Possible Tariffs on Mexican Goods: Potential Economic Effects , CRS Insight, June 6, 2019
• USMCA and Mexico's New Labor Law , CRS Insight, May 22, 2019
• African Swine Fever (ASF) , CRS In Focus, May 17, 2019
• FY2018 and FY2019 Agriculture Appropriations: International Food Aid , May 8, 2019
• The World Oil Market and U.S. Policy: Background and Select Issues for Congress , updated April 23, 2019
• Global Measles Vaccination Trends , CRS Insight, April 19, 2019
• International Criminal Court: U.S. Response to Examination of Atrocity Crimes in Afghanistan , CRS Insight, updated April 16, 2019
• The Global Economy: Is Slower Growth Ahead? , CRS Insight, April 12, 2019
• Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement , April 8, 2019
• USMCA: Investment Provisions , CRS In Focus, April 3, 2019
• High Court to Determine Proper Method to Serve Process on a Foreign Government , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated March 27, 2019
• Dairy Provisions in USMCA , CRS In Focus, March 26, 2019
• Global Trends: Malaria , CRS In Focus, March 25, 2019
• Department of State and Foreign Operations Appropriations: History of Legislation and Funding in Brief , updated March 22, 2019
• International Trophy Hunting , March 20, 2019
• U.S. Global Health Assistance: FY2017-FY2020 Request , CRS In Focus, updated March 14, 2019
• Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs: FY2019 Budget and Appropriations , updated March 12, 2019
• Data Flows, Online Privacy, and Trade Policy , March 11, 2019
• Strategic Competition and Foreign Policy: What is "Political Warfare"? , CRS In Focus, March 8, 2019
• Textile and Apparel Sectors Disagree on Certain Provisions of the Proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Agreement , CRS In Focus, March 5, 2019
• The President's Authority to Withdraw the United States from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Without Further Congressional Action , March 5, 2019
• International Illegal Logging: Background and Issues , CRS In Focus, February 26, 2019
• U.S. Trade Debates: The Case For and Against Trade Restrictions , CRS In Focus, February 19, 2019
• Foreign Aid in the 115th Congress: A Legislative Wrap-Up in Brief , January 11, 2019
• Democracy Promotion: An Objective of U.S. Foreign Assistance , updated January 4, 2019
• Transnational Crime Issues: ICPO-INTERPOL , CRS In Focus, updated January 2, 2019
• Overview of U.S. International Food Assistance , CRS In Focus, December 31, 2018
• Profiles and Effects of Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agricultural Exports , updated December 31, 2018
• Global Trends: Tuberculosis , CRS In Focus, December 27, 2018
• International Approaches to Digital Currencies , updated December 19, 2018
• U.S. Trade with Major Trading Partners , December 18, 2018
• The Asia Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities for U.S. Policy , CRS In Focus, December 14, 2018
• The G-20 Summit and Trump-Xi Meeting in Buenos Aires: Key Outcomes , CRS Insight, December 4, 2018
• U.S. Trade Trends and Developments , December 3, 2018
• The "National Security Exception" and the World Trade Organization , CRS Legal Sidebar, November 28, 2018
• Global Human Rights: Multilateral Bodies & U.S. Participation , CRS In Focus, updated November 23, 2018
• The United States and the "World Court" , CRS Legal Sidebar, October 17, 2018
• Global Trends in Democracy: Background, U.S. Policy, and Issues for Congress , October 17, 2018
• Global Trade Imbalances , CRS Insight, updated September 28, 2018
• NAFTA and the Preliminary U.S.-Mexico Agreement , CRS Insight, September 19, 2018
• Immigration: CRS Points of Contact , September 6, 2018
• Trade Remedies: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 , CRS In Focus, August 22, 2018
• Nord Stream 2: A Geopolitical Lightning Rod , CRS In Focus, August 7, 2018
• Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF): Cartel Lite? , CRS In Focus, August 2, 2018
• The World Trade Organization (WTO): U.S. Participation at Risk? , CRS Insight, July 31, 2018
• The Trump-Putin Summit , CRS Insight, July 20, 2018
• Tit-for-Tat Tariff Measures and U.S. Trade Policy , CRS Insight, July 11, 2018
• U.S. Global Health Assistance: FY2001-FY2019 Request , July 9, 2018
• Trade Deficits and U.S. Trade Policy , June 28, 2018
• The G-7 Summit in Charlevoix, Canada: Changing U.S. Leadership in Global Forums , CRS Insight, June 25, 2018
• Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements: Issues for Congress , May 17, 2018
• Withdrawal from International Agreements: Legal Framework, the Paris Agreement, and the Iran Nuclear Agreement , May 4, 2018
• OPIC, USAID, and Proposed Development Finance Reorganization , April 27, 2018
• U.S. Funding to the United Nations System: Overview and Selected Policy Issues , updated April 25, 2018
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2018 Budget and Appropriations , April 13, 2018
• TPP Countries Sign New CPTPP Agreement without U.S. Participation , CRS Insight, March 9, 2018
• The Marshall Plan: Design, Accomplishments, and Significance , January 18, 2018
• TPP: Overview and Current Status , CRS In Focus, December 8, 2017
• Efforts to Address Seasonal Agricultural Import Competition in the NAFTA Renegotiation , December 7, 2017
• Potential Effects of a U.S. NAFTA Withdrawal: Agricultural Markets , November 13, 2017
• Renegotiating NAFTA and U.S. Textile Manufacturing , October 30, 2017
• State Exports to NAFTA Countries for 2016 , CRS memorandum, n.d., October 24, 2017
• Human Trafficking: New Global Estimates of Forced Labor and Modern Slavery , CRS Insight, October 18, 2017
• U.S. Withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) , CRS Insight, October 17, 2017
• State Department Special Envoy, Representative, and Coordinator Positions: Background and Congressional Actions , September 15, 2017
• Paris Agreement on Climate Change: U.S. Letter to United Nations , August 8, 2017
• Global Engagement Center: Background and Issues , CRS Insight, August 4, 2017
• NAFTA and Motor Vehicle Trade , July 28, 2017
• U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2024
• Shinzo Abe's Assassination and the Impact on U.S.-Japan Relations , CRS In Focus, July 20, 2022
• "Stage One" U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements , December 20, 2019
• U.S.-Japan Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 27, 2024
• U.S.-Japan Announce New Limited Trade Negotiations , CRS Insight, updated October 17, 2018
• The Proposed EU-Japan FTA and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy , CRS Insight, July 14, 2017
• The G-20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany: Key Debates and Outcomes , CRS Insight, July 13, 2017
• NAFTA Renegotiation: Issues for U.S. Agriculture , CRS In Focus, June 22, 2017
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and U.S. Agriculture , June 22, 2017
• Paris Agreement: U.S. Climate Finance Commitments , June 19, 2017
• President Trump's Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement Raises Legal Questions , CRS Legal Sidebar, June 9, 2017
• State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs: FY2017 Budget and Appropriations , May 26, 2017
• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , May 24, 2017
• The United States Withdraws from the TPP , CRS Insight, May 23, 2017
• North American Free Trade Agreement: Notification for Renegotiation , CRS Insight, May 19, 2017
• Renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): What Actions Do Not Require Congressional Approval? , CRS Legal Sidebar, April 27, 2017
• The Marshall Plan: 70th Anniversary , CRS Insight, April 18, 2017
• CRS Products on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) , CRS Insight, March 27, 2017
• Moving On: TPP Signatories Meet in Chile , CRS Insight, March 16, 2017
• WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement , March 3, 2017
• U.S. International Broadcasting: Background and Issues for Reform , December 15, 2016
• The 2016 G-20 Summit , CRS Insight, September 8, 2016
• The 2016 Olympic Games: Health, Security, Environmental, and Doping Issues , August 8, 2016
• Trafficking in Persons and U.S. Foreign Policy Responses in the 114th Congress , August 5, 2016
• Geographical Indications (GIs) in U.S. Agricultural Trade , CRS In Focus, July 21, 2016
• North American Leaders' Summit , CRS Insight, July 5, 2016
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Analysis of Economic Studies , June 30, 2016
• Does Foreign Aid Work? Efforts to Evaluate U.S. Foreign Assistance , June 23, 2016
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): Key Provisions and Issues for Congress , June 14, 2016
• TPP Financial Services Data Flows , CRS Insight, June 3, 2016
• Status of the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa: Overview and Issues for Congress , May 25, 2016
• The World Drug Problem: UNGA Convenes for a Special Session , CRS Insight, April 20, 2016
• International Trade and Finance: Key Policy Issues for the 114th Congress, 2nd Session , February 29, 2016
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): In Brief , February 9, 2016
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Strategic Implications , February 3, 2016
• The Obama Administration's Feed the Future Initiative , January 29, 2016
• The WTO Nairobi Ministerial , CRS Insight, January 4, 2016
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2016 Budget and Appropriations , November 5, 2015
• International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance Response Mechanisms , October 16, 2015
• 2015 Leaders' Summit on U.N. Peacekeeping , CRS Insight, October 5, 2015
• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Background, Operations, and Issues , July 21, 2015
• Freedom of Navigation and Territorial Seas , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 18, 2015
• United Nations Reform: Background and Issues for Congress , May 15, 2015
• Seventh Summit of the Americas: In Brief , March 24, 2015
• Department of State and Foreign Operations Appropriations: A Fact Sheet on Legislation, FY1995-FY2015 , March 24, 2015
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Issues for Congress , March 20, 2015
• International Drug Control Policy: Background and U.S. Responses , March 16, 2015
• Proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) , CRS In Focus, February 4, 2015
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , CRS In Focus, January 15, 2015
• Securing U.S. Diplomatic Facilities and Personnel Abroad: Legislative and Executive Branch Initiatives , December 23, 2014
• FY2015 Budget Requests to Counter Ebola and the Islamic State (IS) , December 9, 2014
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2015 Budget and Appropriations , December 8, 2014
• The G-20 Summit: Brisbane, November 15-16, 2014 , CRS Insights, November 20, 2014
• U.S. and International Health Responses to the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa , October 29, 2014
• Diplomatic and Embassy Security Funding Before and After the Benghazi Attacks , September 10, 2014
• U.S. Textile Manufacturing and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations , August 28, 2014
• The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR) , August 27, 2014
• Securing U.S. Diplomatic Facilities and Personnel Abroad: Background and Policy Issues , July 30, 2014
• Membership in the United Nations and Its Specialized Agencies , June 19, 2014
• Proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): In Brief , June 11, 2014
• Global Security Contingency Fund (GSCF): Summary and Issue Overview , April 4, 2014
• Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade and Implications for U.S. Trade Policy , February 26, 2014
• Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): U.S. and International Response to Philippines Disaster , February 10, 2014
• Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations , February 4, 2014
• "Leahy Law" Human Rights Provisions and Security Assistance: Issue Overview , January 29, 2014
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2014 Budget and Appropriations , January 16, 2014
• The Budget Control Act, Sequestration, and the Foreign Affairs Budget: Background and Possible Impacts , December 20, 2013
• Promoting Global Internet Freedom: Policy and Technology , October 22, 2013
• Trafficking in Persons: International Dimensions and Foreign Policy Issues for Congress , July 24, 2013
• The International Whaling Convention (IWC) and Legal Issues Related to Aboriginal Rights , July 22, 2013
• Hague Convention Treaty on Recovery of International Child Support and H.R. 1896 , July 15, 2013
• The United States and Europe: Responding to Change in the Middle East and North Africa , June 12, 2013
• Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis , June 10, 2013
• U.S. International Investment Agreements: Issues for Congress , April 29, 2013
• The Berne Union: An Overview , April 5, 2013
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) , March 18, 2013
• International Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress , February 21, 2013
• Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress , February 19, 2013
• Foreign Aid: International Donor Coordination of Development Assistance , February 5, 2013
• United Nations System Funding: Congressional Issues , January 15, 2013
• United Nations Regular Budget Contributions: Members Compared, 1990-2010 , January 15, 2013
• Rising Economic Powers and U.S. Trade Policy , December 3, 2012
• The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings in Vladivostok, Russia: Postscript , November 19, 2012
• In Brief: State Department Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations (CSO) , October 10, 2012
• The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings in Vladivostok, Russia: A Preview , August 16, 2012
• The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Candidate Countries for WTO Accession: Issues for Congress , July 26, 2012
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2013 Budget and Appropriations , July 23, 2012
• Rio+20: The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, June 2012 , June 18, 2012
• The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative , June 11, 2012
• Fact Sheet: The FY2013 State and Foreign Operations Budget Request , March 19, 2012
• Building Civilian Interagency Capacity for Missions Abroad: Key Proposals and Issues for Congress , February 9, 2012
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2012 Budget and Appropriations , January 6, 2012
• The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement , December 12, 2011
• The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings in Honolulu: A Preview , October 25, 2011
• Foreign Operations Appropriations: General Provisions , August 12, 2011
• U.N. System Development Assistance: Issues for Congress , July 29, 2011
• The UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Congressional Issues , July 20, 2011
• United Nations System Efforts to Address Violence Against Women , July 12, 2011
• The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Issues in the U.S. Ratification Debate , June 28, 2011
• Foreign Assistance: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) , June 13, 2011
• U.S. Global Food Security Funding, FY2010-FY2012 , April 28, 2011
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2011 Budget and Appropriations , April 22, 2011
• International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute: 2010 Review Conference , March 10, 2011
• Fact Sheet: The FY2012 State and Foreign Operations Budget Request , March 8, 2011
• Foreign Aid Reform, National Strategy, and the Quadrennial Review , February 15, 2011
• United Nations Peacekeeping: Issues for Congress , February 11, 2011
• U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions , January 18, 2011
• The Future of U.S. Trade Policy: An Analysis of Issues and Options for the 112th Congress , January 4, 2011
• U.S. Refugee Resettlement Assistance , January 4, 2011
• U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology , January 3, 2011
• The Millenium Development Goals: The September 2010 U.N. High-level Meeting , December 9, 2010
• A New United Nations Entity for Women: Issues for Congress , May 25, 2010
• The International Criminal Court (ICC): Jurisdiction, Extradition, and U.S. Policy , March 16, 2010
• The 2009 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Meetings and U.S. Trade Policy in Asia , February 4, 2010
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations , December 29, 2009
• U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues , December 18, 2009
• Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: a Possible Role for Congress , August 25, 2009
• Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Background and Analysis , August 24, 2009
• Foreign Aid Reform: Agency Coordination , August 7, 2009
• Foreign Aid Reform: Studies and Recommendations , July 28, 2009
• U.S. Accession to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) , July 13, 2009
• The Global Peace Operations Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress , updated June 11, 2009
• USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives After 15 Years: Issues for Congress , May 27, 2009
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2009 Appropriations , updated April 3, 2009
• The 2009 U.N. Durban Review Conference: Follow-Up to the 2001 U.N. World Conference Against Racism , November 20, 2008
• U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients , updated October 8, 2008
• Proposals for a New Foreign Service Compensation System in the 110th Congress , September 12, 2008
• Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy , updated August 28, 2008
• FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs , updated January 24, 2008
• Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy? , December 26, 2007
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2008 Appropriations , updated December 14, 2007
• Foreign Aid Reform: Issues for Congress and Policy Options , November 7, 2007
• The U.N. Law of the Sea Convention and the United States: Developments Since October 2003 , updated October 31, 2007
• The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) , updated October 12, 2007
• Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Transformational Diplomacy , August 23, 2007
• U.S. Strategic and Defense Relationships in the Asia-Pacific Region , January 22, 2007
• State Department and Related Agencies: FY2006 Appropriations and FY2007 Request , updated July 13, 2006
• Restructuring U.S. Foreign Aid: The Role of the Director of Foreign Assistance , June 16, 2006
• The Jackson-Vanik Amendment: A Survey , updated August 1, 2005
• Foreign Operations (House)/State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Senate): FY2006 Appropriations , updated July 1, 2005
• Foreign Aid: Understanding Data Used to Compare Donors , updated May 23, 2005
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts , updated May 16, 2005
• Republic of the Marshall Islands Changed Circumstances Petition to Congress , updated May 16, 2005
• International Financial Institutions: Funding U.S. Participation , May 3, 2005
• Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy , updated January 19, 2005
• Rising Energy Competition and Energy Security in Northeast Asia: Issues for U.S. Policy , updated February 9, 2005
• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: Overview of U.S. Implementation and International Court of Justice (ICJ) Interpretation of Consular Notification Requirements , May 17, 2004
• The Marshall Plan: Design, Accomplishments, and Relevance to the Present , January 6, 1997
• Benin , CRS In Focus, March 11, 2024
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Overview and U.S. Engagement , updated July 21, 2023
• African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Overview and Issues for Congress in Brief , updated May 3, 2023
• Burkina Faso: Conflict and Military Rule , CRS In Focus, updated September 28, 2023
• Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact in Africa , CRS In Focus, updated April 11, 2022
• Wildlife Poaching and Trafficking in Africa: An Overview , CRS In Focus, September 13, 2021
• African Elections in 2021 , CRS In Focus, February 1, 2021
• The Trump Administration's Prosper Africa Initiative , CRS In Focus, updated November 17, 2020
• U.N. Peacekeeping Operations in Africa , September 23, 2019
• African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) , CRS In Focus, updated May 5, 2023
• Cyclone Idai in Southern Africa: Humanitarian and Recovery Response in Brief , updated May 10, 2019
• U.S. Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview , updated November 7, 2023
• The African Union (AU): Key Issues and U.S.-AU Relations , December 16, 2016
• The Islamic State Woos Jihadists in Africa but Faces Competition , CRS Insight, April 14, 2016
• The November 2015 Terrorist Siege in Mali , CRS Insight, November 23, 2015
• Powering Africa: Challenges of and U.S. Aid for Electrification in Africa , September 14, 2015
• African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): Background and Reauthorization , April 22, 2015
• Ebola: 2014 Outbreak in West Africa , CRS In Focus, August 8, 2014
• U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit: Frequently Asked Questions and Background , July 31, 2014
• Conflict Minerals in Central Africa: U.S. and International Responses , July 20, 2012
• The Lord's Resistance Army: The U.S. Response , September 28, 2015
• Horn of Africa Region: The Humanitarian Crisis and International Response , January 6, 2012
• Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues , September 15, 2011
• International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues , July 22, 2011
• Piracy Off the Horn of Africa , April 27, 2011
• The Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Policy Responses , April 6, 2010
• Sexual Violence in African Conflicts , November 30, 2010
• Illegal Drug Trade in Africa: Trends and U.S. Policy , September 30, 2009
• Africa, the G8, and the Blair Initiative , updated June 14, 2005
• Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues , updated June 28, 2005
• Algeria , CRS In Focus, updated July 6, 2021
• Algeria: Current Issues , November 18, 2013
• Burundi's Electoral Crisis: In Brief , May 14, 2015
• Cabo Verde: Background and U.S. Relations , February 6, 2017
• Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy , September 22, 2021
• Cameroon , CRS In Focus, updated March 12, 2019
• Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress , CRS Insight, April 6, 2018
• Crisis in the Central African Republic , CRS In Focus, July 8, 2021
• The Central African Republic: Background and U.S. Policy , December 1, 2016
• The Central African Republic , November 2, 2007
• Instability and Humanitarian Conditions in Chad , July 1, 2010
• The Allied Democratic Forces, an Islamic State Affiliate in the Democratic Republic of Congo , CRS In Focus, September 1, 2022
• The Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) , CRS In Focus, September 3, 2019
• Ebola Outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Emergencies or Enduring Threat? , updated September 10, 2020
• Ebola Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo , CRS In Focus, updated July 25, 2019
• Ebola: Democratic Republic of Congo , CRS Insight, updated October 4, 2018
• Democratic Republic of Congo: Targeted Sanctions , CRS Insight, December 8, 2016
• Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and U.S. Relations , updated March 25, 2022
• Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Current Developments , September 1, 2011
• Democratic Republic of Congo: Transitional Process and U.N. Mission , March 22, 2005
• Cote d’Ivoire , CRS In Focus, August 24, 2023
• Cote d'Ivoire Post-Gbagbo: Crisis Recovery , April 20, 2011
• Djibouti , CRS In Focus, updated August 2, 2022
• The Nile Dam Dispute: Issues for Congress , CRS Insight, July 27, 2020
• Eritrea , CRS In Focus, updated February 28, 2019
• Ethiopia: In Brief , updated January 23, 2024
• Ethiopia's Transition and the Tigray Conflict , September 9, 2021
• Ethiopia , CRS In Focus, updated August 3, 2020
• Ethiopia's New Prime Minister Visits the United States to "Build Bridges" , CRS Insight, July 27, 2018
• Failed Coup Attempt in Gabon , CRS Insight, January 9, 2019
• The Gambia , CRS In Focus, updated June 10, 2019
• Ghana: Overview and U.S. Policy , updated April 17, 2023
• Ghana: Current Issues and U.S. Relations in Brief , updated July 25, 2019
• Ghana: Background and U.S. Relations , July 8, 2009
• Gulf of Guinea: Recent Trends in Piracy and Armed Robbery , CRS In Focus, February 26, 2019
• Guinea's New Transitional Government: Emerging Issues for U.S. Policy , April 23, 2010
• Guinea: In Brief , October 16, 2014
• Islam in Africa , May 9, 2008
• U.S.-Kenya Trade Negotiations , CRS In Focus, updated August 8, 2023
• Kenya , CRS In Focus, updated August 29, 2023
• In Brief: The September 2013 Terrorist Attack in Kenya , November 14, 2013
• Kenya: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , September 23, 2013
• Kenya: Current Conditions and the Challenges Ahead , June 8, 2011
• Liberia , CRS In Focus, September 15, 2023
• Liberia: Background and U.S. Relations , February 14, 2020
• Liberia: Political Transition and U.S. Relations , May 15, 2018
• Liberia's Post-War Development: Key Issues and U.S. Assistance , May 19, 2010
• Libya and U.S. Policy , CRS In Focus, updated December 15, 2023
• Libya: Conflict Disrupts U.S.-Backed Transition Plan , CRS Insight, updated August 13, 2019
• Responding to Libya's Political and Security Crises: Policy Choices for the United States , CRS Insights, July 28, 2014
• Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy , updated January 3, 2022
• Madagascar's Political Crisis , June 18, 2012
• Malawi: Key Developments and U.S. Relations , June 2, 2017
• Malawi: Recent Developments and U.S. Relations , March 21, 2013
• Crisis in Mali , January 14, 2013
• Crisis in Mali , CRS In Focus, updated August 15, 2023
• Morocco-Israel Normalization and U.S. Policy Change on Western Sahara , CRS Insight, December 15, 2020
• Morocco: Background and U.S. Relations , updated September 30, 2021
• Morocco: Current Issues , October 18, 2013
• Insurgency in Northern Mozambique: Nature and Responses , CRS In Focus, July 5, 2022
• Mozambique: Politics, Economy, and U.S. Relations , updated September 12, 2019
• Cyclone Disaster in Mozambique and Surrounding Region , CRS Insight, March 22, 2019
• Niger , CRS In Focus, updated April 10, 2024
• Interfaith Relations and Religious Freedom in Nigeria , CRS In Focus, October 18, 2022
• Nigeria: Overview and U.S. Policy , updated November 9, 2023
• Nigeria , CRS In Focus, updated July 15, 2019
• Nigeria's Boko Haram and the Islamic State , CRS Insights, March 13, 2015
• Boko Haram and the Islamic State's West Africa Province , CRS In Focus, updated February 24, 2022
• Nigeria's 2015 Elections and the Boko Haram Crisis , March 8, 2015
• Nigeria's Boko Haram: Frequently Asked Questions , March 29, 2016
• Nigeria: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , updated September 18, 2020
• Rwanda: In Brief , updated February 23, 2021
• Rwanda's August 4 Presidential Election , CRS Insight, July 31, 2017
• Rwanda: Background and Current Developments , June 1, 2011
• Senegal , CRS In Focus, updated April 10, 2024
• Senegal: Background and U.S. Relations , June 20, 2013
• Somalia , CRS In Focus, updated July 27, 2023
• The Fight Against Al Shabaab in Somalia in 2016 , CRS Insight, January 19, 2016
• Al Shabaab , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2023
• Somalia: Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace , August 31, 2011
• South Africa: Current Issues, Economy, and U.S. Relations , updated September 17, 2020
• South Africa: Politics, Economy, and U.S. Relations , December 19, 2013
• South Africa: Current Issues and U.S. Relations , January 4, 2011
• South Sudan , CRS In Focus, updated July 28, 2022
• South Sudan's Civil War: Nearly 400,000 Estimated Dead , CRS Insight, updated September 28, 2018
• Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead , September 22, 2016
• Sudan and South Sudan: Current Issues for Congress and U.S. Policy , October 5, 2012
• The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country , September 16, 2011
• Sudan's Removal from the State Sponsors of Terrorism List , CRS Insight, November 9, 2020
• Sudan's Uncertain Transition , updated July 17, 2019
• Sudan: Pressure Mounts on the Government , CRS Insight, March 1, 2019
• Sudan , CRS In Focus, updated August 21, 2019
• Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement , June 15, 2011
• Tanzania: Recent Governance Trends and 2020 Elections In Brief , updated October 26, 2020
• Tanzania: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , June 7, 2017
• Tanzania: Background and Current Conditions , August 31, 2011
• Terrorist Attack in Tunis: Implications , CRS Insights, March 23, 2015
• Political Transition in Tunisia , February 10, 2015
• Uganda , CRS In Focus, updated June 28, 2023
• Uganda: Current Conditions and the Crisis in North Uganda , June 8, 2011
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Issues, Challenges, and U.S. Responses , March 21, 2017
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa: The FY2012 Request , May 20, 2011
• U.S. Trade and Investment Relations with sub-Saharan Africa and the African Growth and Opportunity Act , November 14, 2012
• Western Sahara , October 8, 2014
• Zambia , CRS In Focus, July 19, 2019
• Zimbabwe: A Continuing Crisis , updated November 27, 2019
• Zimbabwe: Forthcoming Elections , CRS In Focus, July 26, 2018
• Zimbabwe's Political Transition: Issues for Congress , CRS Insight, November 22, 2017
• Zimbabwe: A Military-Compelled Transition? , CRS Insight, November 16, 2017
• Zimbabwe: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , September 15, 2016
• Zimbabwe , July 8, 2010
• Zimbabwe: The Transitional Government and Implications for U.S. Policy , October 27, 2011
• U.S.-Latin America Trade and Investment , CRS In Focus, March 15, 2024
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2024 Appropriations , updated December 1, 2023
• Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Compilation of Selected Indices , updated September 27, 2023
• Central America: Expiration of Targeted Sanctions Authority , CRS In Focus, September 6, 2023
• Canada: Background and U.S. Relations , July 11, 2023
• Caribbean Trade Preference Programs , February 22, 2023
• Seasonal Fruit and Vegetable Competition in U.S.-Mexico Trade , CRS In Focus, February 22, 2023
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2023 Appropriations , updated January 6, 2023
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2022 Appropriations , updated March 31, 2022
• Anti-corruption Efforts in Latin America and the Caribbean , CRS In Focus, February 1, 2022
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Impact of COVID-19 , CRS In Focus, updated December 6, 2022
• Proposed U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement , CRS In Focus, updated March 5, 2024
• Central American Migration: Root Causes and U.S. Policy , CRS In Focus, updated November 30, 2023
• Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Key Issues in the 117th Congress , updated February 10, 2022
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2021 Appropriations , updated January 7, 2021
• Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Issues in the 116th Congress , updated May 21, 2020
• Status of Latin America's Anti-corruption Fight amid Health and Political Challenges , CRS Insight, April 21, 2020
• Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information , updated October 27, 2023
• USMCA: Motor Vehicle Rules of Origin , CRS In Focus, updated December 8, 2023
• USMCA: Legal Enforcement of the Labor and Environment Provisions , May 14, 2021
• USMCA: Amendment and Key Changes , CRS In Focus, updated January 30, 2020
• USMCA: A Legal Interpretation of the Panel-Formation Provisions and the Question of Panel Blocking , CRS In Focus, January 30, 2020
• USMCA: Labor Provisions , CRS In Focus, updated January 12, 2023
• The Bahamas: An Overview , updated August 8, 2023
• Canada's October 2019 Elections , CRS Insight, updated October 17, 2019
• USMCA: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) , CRS In Focus, September 19, 2019
• The International Joint Commission (IJC) , CRS In Focus, updated August 30, 2019
• U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: Policy Issues for Congress , updated November 12, 2019
• U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 16, 2021
• Caribbean Basin Security Initiative , CRS In Focus, updated April 28, 2023
• Combating Corruption in Latin America: Congressional Considerations , May 21, 2019
• Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Overview , CRS In Focus, updated November 23, 2022
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2019 Appropriations , March 1, 2019
• Latin America: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2019 , CRS Insight, updated February 14, 2019
• Recent Migration to the United States from Central America: Frequently Asked Questions , January 29, 2019
• Agricultural Provisions of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement , CRS In Focus, October 5, 2018
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues in the 115th Congress , updated January 22, 2019
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2018 Appropriations , May 9, 2018
• Organization of American States: In Brief , updated May 2, 2023
• Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress , March 14, 2018
• Potential Options for Electric Power Resiliency in the U.S. Virgin Islands , February 14, 2018
• Hurricanes Irma and Maria: Impact on Caribbean Countries and Foreign Territories , CRS Insight, September 28, 2017
• Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in Latin America and the Caribbean , CRS Insight, February 16, 2017
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Trends and FY2017 Appropriations , February 8, 2017
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues for the 114th Congress , January 4, 2017
• Zika Virus in Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Considerations , June 29, 2016
• The Pacific Alliance: A Trade Integration Initiative in Latin America , March 29, 2016
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2016 Appropriations , January 7, 2016
• President Obama's $1 Billion Foreign Aid Request for Central America , CRS Insight, January 5, 2016
• Latin America and Climate Change , CRS Insights, December 11, 2014
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Key Issues for the 113th Congress , August 29, 2014
• Latin America: Terrorism Issues , August 15, 2014
• Gangs in Central America , August 29, 2016
• U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Trends and FY2013 Appropriations , June 26, 2012
• Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Key Issues for Congress in 2012 , February 14, 2012
• Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress , December 17, 2015
• ATPA Renewal: Background and Issues , April 14, 2011
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Illicit Drug Trafficking and U.S. Counterdrug Programs , May 12, 2011
• Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean , October 13, 2016
• Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy , updated November 21, 2008
• The MS-13 and 18th Street Gangs: Emerging Transnational Gang Threats? , updated January 30, 2008
• Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America: An Overview and Selected Issues , updated May 27, 2009
• Overview of Education Issues and Programs in Latin America , December 19, 2007
• Marijuana Legalization in Canada: Implications for U.S. Policy and International Drug Control , CRS Insight, updated November 7, 2018
• Canada's Dairy Supply Management System , CRS Insight, updated September 27, 2018
• New Canadian Dairy Pricing Regime Proves Disruptive for U.S. Milk Producers , CRS Insight, April 20, 2017
• Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau's State Visit, March 2016 , CRS Insight, March 7, 2016
• Canada's October 2015 Elections , CRS Insights, September 22, 2015
• The U.S.-Canada Energy Relationship: Joined at the Well , June 17, 2011
• Canada-U.S. Relations , updated February 10, 2021
• United States-Canada Trade and Economic Relationship: Prospects and Challenges , September 14, 2011
• Gangs in Central America , May 10, 2005
• Central America and the Dominican Republic in the Context of the Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) with the United States , updated October 24, 2005
• Dominican Republic , CRS In Focus, updated April 28, 2023
• Organization of American States: A Primer , updated May 11, 2005
• Argentina's 2019 Elections , CRS Insight, October 22, 2019
• Argentina's Economic Crisis and Default , CRS In Focus, updated June 15, 2020
• Argentina: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated January 23, 2024
• Argentina Votes for Change in 2015 Presidential Election , CRS Insight, November 23, 2015
• Argentina's Post-Crisis Economic Reform: Challenges for U.S. Policy , April 15, 2013
• Argentina's Defaulted Sovereign Debt: Dealing with the "Holdouts" , February 6, 2013
• Argentina: Background and U.S. Relations , June 16, 2017
• Argentina: Political Conditions and U.S. Relations , updated October 12, 2006
• Bolivia: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated May 16, 2022
• Bolivia: In Brief , April 17, 2014
• Bolivia: Political and Economic Developments and Implications for U.S. Policy , updated January 26, 2007
• U.S.-Brazil Economic Relations , November 27, 2020
• U.S.-Brazil Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated October 23, 2020
• Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations , updated May 10, 2022
• Fire and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon , CRS In Focus, September 9, 2019
• Brazil's Presidential Election , CRS Insight, updated November 16, 2018
• Brazil in Crisis , CRS Insight, September 14, 2016
• Brazil's October 2014 Presidential Election , CRS Insights, October 22, 2014
• Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations , February 11, 2016
• Status of the WTO Brazil-U.S. Cotton Case , December 12, 2013
• Brazil's WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program , June 21, 2011
• U.S.-Canada Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2024
• U.S. Trade Policy and the Caribbean: From Trade Preferences to Free Trade Agreements , January 6, 2011
• Caribbean Region: Issues in U.S. Relations , updated May 25, 2005
• Chile: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated July 26, 2023
• Chile: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , January 10, 2014
• U.S.-Colombia Security Relations: Future Prospects in Brief , February 14, 2023
• Colombia: Police Reform and Congressional Concerns , CRS In Focus, July 29, 2022
• Colombia's 2018 Elections , CRS In Focus, July 12, 2018
• Colombia's Changing Approach to Drug Policy , November 30, 2017
• Colombia Adopts Revised Peace Accord: What Next? , CRS Insight, December 5, 2016
• Prospects in Colombia: Cease-Fire, Peace Accord Vote, and Potential Disrupters , CRS Insight, September 14, 2016
• U.S. Foreign Assistance as Colombia's Peace Talks on Cusp of Completion , CRS Insight, July 20, 2016
• Colombian Peace Talks Breakthrough: A Possible End-Game? , CRS Insight, October 13, 2015
• Peace Talks in Colombia , March 31, 2015
• Colombia: Background and U.S. Relations , updated December 16, 2021
• The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues , updated May 4, 2022
• U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Labor Issues , January 4, 2012
• Plan Colombia: A Progress Report , updated June 22, 2005
• Colombia: Background, U.S. Relations, and Congressional Interest , November 28, 2012
• Costa Rica: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated September 29, 2022
• Costa Rica: Background and U.S. Relations , June 2, 2009
• Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 117th Congress , updated December 28, 2022
• U.S. Agricultural Trade with Cuba: Current Limitations and Future Prospects , May 14, 2021
• Cuba: Trump Administration Expands Sanctions , CRS Insight, updated June 24, 2019
• Cuba After the Castros , CRS Insight, May 2, 2018
• U.S. Response to Injuries of U.S. Embassy Personnel in Havana, Cuba , CRS Insight, October 6, 2017
• Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2024
• Cuba: President Trump Partially Rolls Back Obama Engagement Policy , CRS Insight, June 21, 2017
• Rescission of the Wet-Foot/Dry-Foot Policy as to Aliens from Cuba Raises Legal Questions , CRS Legal Sidebar, January 18, 2017
• U.S. Policy on Cuban Migrants: In Brief , December 16, 2016
• Fidel Castro's Death: Implications for Cuba and U.S. Policy , CRS Insight, December 2, 2016
• President Obama's Historic Visit to Cuba , CRS Insight, March 25, 2016
• Pope Francis in Cuba , CRS Insight, October 2, 2015
• Financing U.S. Agricultural Exports to Cuba , CRS Insight, June 24, 2016
• U.S. Agricultural Trade with Cuba: Current Limitations and Future Prospects , September 21, 2016
• Reestablishment of Diplomatic Relations with Cuba , CRS Insights, July 17, 2015
• Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 116th Congress and Through the Trump Administration , updated January 22, 2021
• Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 115th Congress , updated January 15, 2019
• Cuba: Issues and Actions in the 114th Congress , January 18, 2017
• Cuba Sanctions: Legislative Restrictions Limiting the Normalization of Relations , May 4, 2018
• Cuba's Offshore Oil Development: Background and U.S. Policy Considerations , November 28, 2011
• Cuban Migration to the United States: Policy and Trends , June 2, 2009
• Cuba's Political Succession: From Fidel to Raúl Castro , updated February 29, 2008
• Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances , updated December 15, 2022
• Cuba: U.S. Policy and Issues for the 113th Congress , July 31, 2014
• Cuba: Issues for the 112th Congress , November 6, 2012
• Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress , January 4, 2011
• Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terrorism List , updated May 13, 2005
• Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) , CRS In Focus, updated July 22, 2022
• Dominican Republic: Update on Citizenship and Humanitarian Issues , CRS Insight, April 27, 2016
• The Dominican Republic: Tensions with Haiti over Citizenship and Migration Issues , CRS Insight, July 15, 2015
• The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR): Developments in Trade and Investment , April 9, 2012
• Dominican Republic: Background and U.S. Relations , November 6, 2012
• The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) , updated October 10, 2007
• Dominican Republic: Political and Economic Conditions and Relations with the United States , updated March 8, 2005
• Ecuador: Country Overview and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated January 24, 2024
• Ecuador: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , July 3, 2013
• A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations , updated January 3, 2005
• El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations , updated January 29, 2024
• El Salvador's 2019 Elections , CRS Insight, February 6, 2019
• Escalating Violence in El Salvador , CRS Insight, April 20, 2016
• El Salvador: Background and U.S. Relations , updated July 1, 2020
• Ecuador: In Brief , February 13, 2018
• Guatemala: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated December 28, 2023
• Guatemala: Corruption, Uncertainty Mar August 2019 Elections , CRS In Focus, updated July 5, 2019
• Guatemalan President's Dispute with the U.N. Commission Against Impunity (CICIG) , CRS Insight, updated March 5, 2019
• Guatemala: One President Resigns; Another Elected, to Be Inaugurated January 14 , CRS Insight, January 11, 2016
• Guatemala: Political and Socioeconomic Conditions and U.S. Relations , updated March 20, 2019
• Guatemala: 2007 Elections and Issues for Congress , updated January 9, 2008
• Guyana: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated May 15, 2023
• Haiti: Recent Developments and U.S. Policy , updated February 1, 2024
• Haiti: Political Conflict and U.S. Policy Overview , CRS In Focus, August 2, 2022
• Haiti's Political and Economic Conditions , updated March 5, 2020
• Elections in Haiti , CRS Insight, October 20, 2015
• Haiti Under President Martelly: Current Conditions and Congressional Concerns , December 23, 2015
• Haiti's National Elections: Issues and Concerns , July 18, 2011
• Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response , February 2, 2010
• U.S. Immigration Policy on Haitian Migrants , May 17, 2011
• Haiti: Current Conditions and Congressional Concerns , June 17, 2009
• Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns , January 25, 2008
• Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations , November 30, 2023
• Contested Elections in Honduras , CRS Insight, December 19, 2017
• Honduran Political Crisis, June 2009-January 2010 , February 1, 2010
• Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations , updated April 27, 2020
• Honduras: Political and Economic Situation and U.S. Relations , updated October 13, 2006
• Jamaica , CRS In Focus, updated December 9, 2021
• Jamaica: Background and U.S. Relations , July 9, 2010
• Jamaica: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , February 3, 2006
• U.S.-Latin America Trade: Recent Trends and Policy Issues , February 8, 2011
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Economic and Social Indicators , May 30, 2013
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections , updated April 25, 2024
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 110th Congress , updated June 22, 2007
• Mexico: Addressing Missing and Disappeared Persons , CRS In Focus, updated July 25, 2022
• Mexican Drug Trafficking and Cartel Operations amid COVID-19 , CRS Insight, updated April 2, 2021
• Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico's Role , CRS In Focus, updated March 22, 2024
• Funding U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier Construction: Current Issues , CRS Insight, updated April 7, 2021
• US-Mexico Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2023
• Sharing the Colorado River and the Rio Grande: Cooperation and Conflict with Mexico , December 12, 2018
• Mexico's Immigration Control Efforts , CRS In Focus, updated March 13, 2023
• Mexico's 2018 Elections: Results and Potential Implications , CRS In Focus, July 17, 2018
• Violence Against Journalists in Mexico: In Brief , updated March 22, 2022
• Violence Against Journalists and Media workers in Mexico and U.S. Policy , CRS Memorandum, May 3, 2018
• Why is Violence Rebounding in Mexico? , CRS Insight, November 8, 2017
• Import Taxes on Mexican Crude Oil , CRS Insight, February 9, 2017
• Mexican-U.S. Relations: Increased Tensions , CRS Insight, February 1, 2017
• Revisiting U.S.-Mexico Sugar Agreements , CRS Insight, August 12, 2016
• Legislation to Approve the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement , June 19, 2014
• Heroin Production in Mexico and U.S. Policy , CRS Insight, March 3, 2016
• "El Chapo" Guzmán's Extradition: What's Next for U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation? , CRS Insight, February 3, 2017
• Mexico's Oil and Gas Sector: Background, Reform Efforts, and Implications for the United States , September 28, 2015
• U.S.-Mexico Water Sharing: Background and Recent Developments , March 2, 2017
• Proposed U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement: Background and Issues for Congress , August 29, 2013
• Mexican Migration to the United States: Policy and Trends , June 7, 2012
• Mexico: Background and U.S. Relations , updated May 17, 2023
• Supporting Criminal Justice System Reform in Mexico: The U.S. Role , March 18, 2013
• Mexico's 2012 Elections , September 4, 2012
• Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations , updated June 7, 2022
• The Mexican Economy After the Global Financial Crisis , September 16, 2010
• U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: From the Mérida Initiative to the Bicentennial Framework , CRS In Focus, updated October 9, 2023
• U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: the Mérida Initiative and Beyond , June 29, 2017
• Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issues , August 21, 2009
• Mexico's Free Trade Agreements , April 25, 2017
• Mexico's Drug-Related Violence , May 27, 2009
• Mexico's Drug Cartels , October 16, 2007
• Mexico and the 112th Congress , January 29, 2013
• NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , June 3, 2010
• Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001-2005 , updated June 2, 2005
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications , updated June 25, 2020
• Nicaragua , CRS In Focus, updated April 26, 2024
• Nicaragua in Brief: Political Developments and U.S. Policy , updated June 3, 2022
• Nicaragua: In Brief , September 14, 2016
• Nicaragua: Political Situation and U.S. Relations , March 17, 2008
• Panama: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated March 6, 2024
• Panama: Background and U.S. Relations , June 26, 2014
• The U.S.-Panama Free Trade Agreement , November 8, 2012
• Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , November 27, 2012
• Paraguay: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated February 12, 2024
• Paraguay: In Brief , August 31, 2017
• Paraguay: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , February 1, 2010
• Paraguay: Background and U.S. Relations , September 20, 2007
• Peru: Country Overview and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated April 1, 2024
• Peru: Politics, Economy, and Elections in Brief , April 6, 2016
• Peru in Brief: Political and Economic Conditions and Relations with the United States , June 7, 2013
• Peru: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations , July 21, 2009
• Peru: Political Situation, Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , updated January 15, 2008
• U.S.-Peru Economic Relations and the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement , July 27, 2007
• Puerto Rico's Public Debts: Accumulation and Restructuring , updated May 2, 2022
• Repair or Rebuild: Options for Electric Power in Puerto Rico , November 16, 2017
• Comprehensive Energy Planning for Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands , CRS Insight, November 6, 2017
• Puerto Rico and Electric Power Restoration from Hurricane Maria , CRS Insight, October 3, 2017
• Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority and Debt Restructuring Under PROMESA, P.L. 114-187 , CRS Insight, August 8, 2017
• Parliamentary Rights of the Delegates and Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico , updated February 2, 2022
• Supreme Court Says Dual Prosecutions by the Federal Government and Puerto Rico Violate Double Jeopardy , CRS Legal Sidebar, November 10, 2016
• Cash Assistance for the Aged, Blind, and Disabled in Puerto Rico , October 26, 2016
• Political Status of Puerto Rico: Brief Background and Recent Developments for Congress , updated July 27, 2022
• The Zika Outbreak Is Declared a Public Health Emergency in Puerto Rico , CRS Insight, August 17, 2016
• The Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA; H.R. 5278, S. 2328) , July 1, 2016
• Puerto Rico and Health Care Finance: Frequently Asked Questions , June 27, 2016
• Tropical Storm? The Supreme Court Considers Double Jeopardy and the Sovereign Status of Puerto Rico , CRS Legal Sidebar, November 4, 2015
• Puerto Rico: Political Status and Background , CRS In Focus, July 2, 2015
• Puerto Rico's Current Fiscal Challenges , June 3, 2016
• Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions , June 25, 2013
• Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress , June 7, 2011
• Trinidad and Tobago , CRS In Focus, updated July 28, 2023
• Uruguay: An Overview , updated April 17, 2023
• Uruguay: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations , January 4, 2010
• Venezuela: International Efforts to Resolve the Political Crisis , CRS In Focus, updated May 26, 2021
• The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance and the Crisis in Venezuela , CRS Insight, updated October 3, 2019
• Venezuela's Natural Gas: Questions Endure , CRS In Focus, July 7, 2023
• Venezuela Oil Sector Sanctions: Market and Trade Impacts , CRS Insight, updated February 11, 2019
• Venezuela: U.S. Recognizes Interim Government , CRS Insight, updated February 6, 2019
• The Venezuela Regional Humanitarian Crisis and COVID-19 , CRS In Focus, updated April 30, 2021
• Venezuela: Overview of U.S. Sanctions , CRS In Focus, updated January 26, 2024
• Venezuela's 2018 Presidential Elections , CRS Insight, May 24, 2018
• Venezuela's Economic Crisis: Issues for Congress , January 10, 2018
• New Financial Sanctions on Venezuela: Key Issues , CRS Insight, September 1, 2017
• U.S. Petroleum Trade with Venezuela: Financial and Economic Considerations Associated with Possible Sanctions , CRS Insight, July 27, 2017
• Venezuela: Background and U.S. Policy , updated December 6, 2022
• Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy , CRS In Focus, updated ָSeptember 1, 2023
• Venezuelan Opposition Wins December 2015 Legislative Elections , CRS Insight, December 7, 2015
• Venezuela: Issues for Congress, 2013-2016 , January 23, 2017
• Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy , July 28, 2009
• Venezuela: Issues for Congress , January 10, 2013
• Hugo Chávez's Death: Implications for Venezuela and U.S. Relations , April 9, 2013
• Economic and Fiscal Conditions in the U.S. Virgin Islands , updated February 13, 2020
• The Compacts of Free Association , CRS In Focus, updated November 13, 2023
• AUKUS Pillar 2: Background and Issues for Congress , June 20, 2023
• AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security , CRS In Focus, May 19, 2022
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank , CRS In Focus, updated May 4, 2023
• Afghanistan: Humanitarian Crisis, Economic Collapse, and U.S. Sanctions , CRS In Focus, February 9, 2022
• Afghanistan Central Bank Reserves , CRS In Focus, updated March 13, 2023
• Afghan Women and Girls: Status and Congressional Action , CRS In Focus, updated June 21, 2023
• The "Quad": Security Cooperation Among the United States, Japan, India, and Australia , CRS In Focus, updated July 25, 2022
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) , CRS In Focus, updated February 21, 2023
• The Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA) of 2018 , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2019
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) , February 3, 2017
• Taliban Government in Afghanistan: Background and Issues for Congress , November 2, 2021
• Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy , July 18, 2019
• Afghanistan: Issues for Congress and Legislation 2017-2020 , updated August 19, 2020
• Momentum Toward Peace Talks in Afghanistan? , CRS Insight, updated October 16, 2018
• Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy , updated December 4, 2023
• Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan , CRS In Focus, updated April 2, 2024
• Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy , December 13, 2017
• Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance , January 12, 2015
• Taliban Leadership Succession , CRS Insight, May 26, 2016
• Afghanistan: Drug Trafficking and the 2014 Transition , May 9, 2014
• Afghanistan: U.S. Rule of Law and Justice Sector Assistance , November 9, 2010
• War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Military Operations, and Issues for Congress , December 3, 2009
• United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Background and Policy Issues , December 27, 2010
• Afghanistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance , August 12, 2010
• Afghanistan and Pakistan Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (ROZs), H.R. 1318/H.R. 1886/H.R. 2410 and S. 496: Issues and Arguments , October 15, 2009
• Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy , November 21, 2008
• East Asia's Foreign Exchange Rate Policies , May 26, 2017
• Emerging Trends in the Security Architecture in Asia: Bilateral and Multilateral Ties Among the United States, Japan, Australia, and India , January 7, 2008
• Australia, China, and the Indo-Pacific , CRS Insight, April 23, 2018
• East Asian Regional Architecture: New Economic and Security Arrangements and U.S. Policy , updated January 4, 2008
• Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects , January 26, 2007
• Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy , August 12, 2009
• Bangladesh , CRS In Focus, updated December 13, 2023
• The Islamist Militant Threat in Bangladesh , CRS Insight, July 21, 2016
• Bangladesh Apparel Factory Collapse: Background in Brief , January 10, 2014
• Bangladesh: Political and Strategic Developments and U.S. Interests , August 14, 2013
• Bangladesh: Background and U.S. Relations , updated August 2, 2007
• The Kingdom of Bhutan , CRS In Focus, updated September 6, 2023
• Brunei Darussalam , CRS In Focus, updated August 18, 2023
• Burmese Security Forces and Personnel Implicated in Serious Human Rights Abuses and Accountability Options , updated March 5, 2019
• U.N. Report Recommends Burmese Military Leaders Be Investigated and Prosecuted for Possible Genocide , CRS In Focus, updated September 10, 2018
• Burma: Background and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 22, 2024
• Coup in Burma: Implications for Congress , May 12, 2021
• New Crisis Brewing in Burma's Rakhine State? , CRS Insight, February 15, 2019
• U.S. Relations with Burma: Key Issues in 2019 , CRS In Focus, updated May 8, 2019
• The Rohingya Crises in Bangladesh and Burma , November 8, 2017
• Burma's Political Prisoners and U.S. Policy , updated January 4, 2021
• U.S. Restrictions on Relations with Burma , updated March 18, 2020
• President Waives Restrictions on Relations with Burma's Military under Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2008 , CRS Insight, October 12, 2016
• Burma Holds Peace Conference , CRS Insight, September 8, 2016
• Burma's 2015 Parliamentary Elections: Issues for Congress , March 28, 2016
• Burma's Union Parliament Selects New President , CRS Insight, March 18, 2016
• Aung San Suu Kyi's Party Takes Control of Parliament in Burma , CRS Insight, February 9, 2016
• Less-than-Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Signed in Burma , CRS Insight, October 15, 2015
• Burma's Parliament Defeats Constitutional Amendments , CRS Insights, June 30, 2015
• U.S. Policy Towards Burma: Issues for the 113th Congress , March 12, 2013
• Burma's April Parliamentary By-Elections , March 28, 2012
• U.S. Sanctions on Burma: Issues for the 113th Congress , January 11, 2013
• U.S. Sanctions on Burma , October 19, 2012
• Burma's Political Prisoners and U.S. Sanctions , December 2, 2013
• Burma's 2010 Election Campaign: Issues for Congress , October 6, 2010
• Burma's 2010 Elections: Implications of the New Constitution and Election Laws , April 29, 2010
• Burma and Transnational Crime , updated August 21, 2008
• Burma-U.S. Relations , updated October 4, 2007
• Burma: Economic Sanctions , updated August 3, 2009
• Islamist Extremism in Bangladesh , January 31, 2007
• Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations , updated September 11, 2023
• Cambodia , CRS In Focus, updated August 22, 2023
• Cambodian Elections , CRS Insight, August 1, 2018
• Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations , updated January 28, 2019
• U.S.-Cambodia Relations: Issues for the 113th Congress , July 24, 2013
• Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations , July 18, 2007
• Central Asia: Implications of Russia's War in Ukraine , June 9, 2023
• Central Asia: Background and U.S. Relations , September 24, 2021
• Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests , March 21, 2014
• Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests , March 11, 2010
• Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations , updated November 2, 2022
• East Timor: Political Dynamics, Development, and International Involvement , June 17, 2009
• East Timor: Potential Issues for Congress , May 4, 2005
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments , November 26, 2014
• Trump Administration's Proposed Removal of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Benefits for India and Turkey , CRS Insight, March 15, 2019
• India's Economy: Overview and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, January 5, 2024
• India: Climate Change Issues , CRS In Focus, updated December 5, 2023
• Changes to India's Citizenship Laws , CRS In Focus, updated April 18, 2024
• India: Human Rights Assessments , CRS In Focus, updated April 24, 2024
• India-U.S.: Major Arms Transfers and Military Exercises , CRS In Focus, updated December 14, 2023
• India-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress , June 16, 2023
• India-U.S. Relations , July 19, 2021
• India-Russia Relations and Implications for U.S. Interests , August 24, 2022
• India's Domestic Political Setting , CRS In Focus, updated December 8, 2023
• India's 2019 National Elections: A Preview , CRS Insight, March 28, 2019
• India, Pakistan, and the Pulwama Crisis , CRS Insight, updated February 26, 2019
• U.S.-India Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 31, 2023
• India: Religious Freedom Issues , updated August 30, 2018
• India-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress , June 19, 2017
• India's Natural Gas: A Small Part of the Energy Mix , February 13, 2017
• India-U.S. Relations and the Visit of Prime Minister Modi , CRS Insight, June 6, 2016
• India's New Government and Implications for U.S. Interests , August 7, 2014
• U.S.-India Security Relations: Strategic Issues , January 24, 2013
• India-U.S. Security Relations: Current Engagement , November 13, 2012
• India's Domestic Political Setting (fact sheet), February 2013
• India-U.S. Economic Relations: In Brief , September 26, 2014
• India: Chronology of Recent Events , updated February 13, 2007
• India: Domestic Issues, Strategic Dynamics, and U.S. Relations , September 1, 2011
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunamis: Food Aid Needs and the U.S. Response , updated February 16, 2005
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations , updated February 10, 2005
• Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) , CRS In Focus, updated December 14, 2023
• Indonesia: GHG Emissions and Climate Change Policy , CRS In Focus, January 6, 2023
• Indonesia , CRS In Focus, updated March 5, 2024
• Indonesia Prepares for Election Rematch , CRS Insight, March 18, 2019
• Religious Intolerence in Indonesia , CRS In Focus, October 10, 2018
• Indonesia's 2014 Presidential Election , CRS Insights, August 4, 2014
• Indonesia: Domestic Politics, Strategic Dynamics, and American Interests , January 31, 2011
• Indonesian Elections , updated May 20, 2005
• U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa and Realignment to Guam , CRS In Focus, June 14, 2017
• The U.S. Military Presence in Okinawa and the Futenma Base Controversy , January 20, 2016
• "Stage One" U.S.-Japan Agreement: Agriculture , October 21, 2020
• Japanese Prime Minister Abe's Resignation and the U.S.-Japan Alliance , CRS In Focus, updated September 24, 2020
• Japan's New Emperor and Era , CRS Insight, April 29, 2019
• U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Negotiations , CRS In Focus, updated April 3, 2024
• Trump-Abe Meeting and Prospects for U.S.-Japan Trade Talks , CRS Insight, May 4, 2018
• "Womenomics" in Japan: In Brief , August 1, 2014
• Japan Joins the Trans-Pacific Partnership: What Are the Implications? , August 13, 2013
• Japan's 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications , May 18, 2011
• Japan's 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Economic Effects and Implications for the United States , April 6, 2011
• Japan 2011 Earthquake: U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Response , June 2, 2011
• Japan's Historic 2009 Elections: Implications for U.S. Interests , September 8, 2009
• Japan's Political Turmoil in 2008: Background and Implications for the United States , September 16, 2008
• The U.S.-Japan Alliance , updated June 13, 2019
• Japan's Currency Intervention: Policy Issues , updated July 13, 2007
• U.S.-Japan Economic Relations: Significance, Prospects, and Policy Options , February 18, 2014
• Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress , updated January 6, 2023
• New U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelines Deepen Alliance Cooperation , CRS Insights, April 28, 2015
• Kashmir: Background, Recent Developments, and U.S. Policy , August 16, 2019
• North Korea: September 2022 Update , September 15, 2022
• North Korea: A Chronology of Events from 2016 to 2020 , May 5, 2020
• Diplomacy with North Korea: A Status Report , CRS In Focus, updated February 3, 2022
• U.S.-North Korea Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 26, 2024
• North Korea: What 18 Months of Diplomacy Has and Has Not Achieved , CRS Insight, August 5, 2019
• The February 2019 Trump-Kim Hanoi Summit , CRS Insight, March 6, 2019
• A Possible Second U.S.-North Korea Summit: What Diplomacy Has and Hasn't Achieved , CRS Insight, January 23, 2019
• The June 12 Trump-Kim Jong-un Summit , CRS Insight, June 12, 2018
• The September 2018 Inter-Korean Summit , CRS Insight, September 25, 2018
• North Korea Diplomacy: October 2018 Status Report , CRS Insight, updated October 25, 2018
• A Peace Treaty with North Korea? , April 19, 2018
• CRS Products on North Korea , May 1, 2018
• North Korean Cyber Capabilities: In Brief , August 3, 2017
• Kim Jong-il's Death: Implications for North Korea's Stability and U.S. Policy , January 11, 2012
• South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated December 21, 2023
• U.S.-South Korea (KORUS) FTA and Bilateral Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated July 21, 2023
• Overview of U.S.-South Korea Agricultural Trade , August 8, 2018
• A Change in Direction for Seoul? The Impeachment of South Korea's President , CRS Insight, March 10, 2017
• The Impeachment of South Korea's President , CRS Insight, December 22, 2016
• The Attack Against the U.S. Ambassador to South Korea , CRS Insights, March 10, 2015
• U.S.-South Korea Relations , updated February 24, 2022
• U.S. and South Korean Cooperation in the World Nuclear Energy Market: Major Policy Considerations , June 25, 2013
• Korea-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress , updated July 25, 2008
• Trade Promotion Authority and the Korea Free Trade Agreement , March 2, 2011
• The Shutdown of the Joint North/South Korean Kaesong Industrial Complex , CRS Insight, February 11, 2016
• Imports from North Korea: Existing Rules, Implications of the KORUS FTA, and the Kaesong Industrial Complex , June 23, 2011
• The EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement and Its Implications for the United States , December 1, 2011
• Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement: Potential National Sector-Specific and State Export Effects , June 20, 2011
• The Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Automobile Rules of Origin , June 15, 2011
• Dispute Settlement in the Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) , March 21, 2012
• Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement and Potential Employment Effects: Analysis of Studies , April 11, 2011
• The U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Provisions and Implications , September 16, 2014
• The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) , updated July 18, 2007
• Laos , CRS In Focus, updated October 17, 2022
• Laos: Background and U.S. Relations , January 4, 2010
• Malaysia , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2024
• Malaysia: Background and U.S. Relations , November 19, 2015
• Malaysia: Political Transition and Implications for U.S. Policy , October 21, 2003
• Mongolia , CRS In Focus, updated October 4, 2023
• Mongolia: Issues for Congress , September 3, 2014
• Mongolia and U.S. Policy: Political and Economic Relations , June 18, 2009
• Nepal , CRS In Focus, updated October 23, 2023
• Nepal: Political Developments and Bilateral Relations with the United States , April 7, 2011
• Nepal: Background and U.S. Relations , updated February 2, 2006
• New Zealand , CRS In Focus, updated June 28, 2023
• New Zealand: Background and Relations with the United States , updated May 12, 2021
• New Zealand: U.S. Security Cooperation and the U.S. Rebalancing to Asia Strategy , March 8, 2013
• New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States , May 27, 2011
• Non-Governmental Organizations' Activities in North Korea , March 25, 2011
• North Korea: Legislative Basis for U.S. Economic Sanctions , updated May 31, 2023
• Congress and U.S. Policy on North Korean Human Rights and Refugees: Recent Legislation and Implementation , updated January 30, 2009
• North Korea's Abduction of Japanese Citizens and the Six-Party Talks , March 19, 2008
• The Kaesong North-South Korean Industrial Complex , April 18, 2011
• North Korean Crime-for-Profit Activities , updated August 25, 2008
• North Korea: Back on the State Sponsors of Terrorism Lists? , January 21, 2015
• North Korean Counterfeiting of U.S. Currency , June 12, 2009
• Foreign Assistance to North Korea , April 2, 2014
• U.S. Assistance to North Korea , updated July 31, 2008
• North Korea: Economic Leverage and Policy Analysis , January 22, 2010
• Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy , updated January 25, 2007
• North Korea: A Chronology of Events, October 2002-December 2004 , January 24, 2005
• North Korean Provocative Actions, 1950-2007 , updated April 20, 2007
• North Korea: Economic Sanctions , updated October 17, 2006
• Korea: U.S.-Korean Relations -- Issues for Congress , updated June 16, 2005
• The Pacific Islands , CRS In Focus, updated November 14, 2023
• Pakistan and Pakistan-U.S. Relations , May 22, 2023
• Pakistan: Human Rights Assessments , CRS In Focus, September 19, 2022
• Pakistan's 2022 Floods and Implications for U.S. Interests , CRS In Focus, updated September 23, 2022
• Terrorist and Other Militant Groups in Pakistan , updated December 1, 2023
• Pakistan-U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated July 8, 2021
• Pakistan's Sindh Province , October 29, 2015
• Pakistan Political Unrest: In Brief , September 3, 2014
• Major Islamist Militant Groups in Pakistan (fact sheet), February 2013
• Pakistan's Domestic Political Setting , CRS In Focus, updated March 28, 2024
• Flooding in Pakistan: Overview and Issues for Congress , November 18, 2010
• Security and the Environment in Pakistan , August 3, 2010
• Pakistan's Capital Crisis: Implications for U.S. Policy , updated March 6, 2009
• Pakistan's Scheduled 2008 Election: Background , January 24, 2008
• Pakistan's Political Crises , updated January 3, 2008
• Pakistan: Key Current Issues and Developments , June 1, 2010
• Pakistan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 114th Congress , May 14, 2015
• Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Assistance , July 1, 2013
• Pakistan: U.S. Foreign Aid Conditions, Restrictions, and Reporting Requirements , June 1, 2012
• Education Reform in Pakistan , December 23, 2004
• Pakistan: Significant Recent Events, March 26 - June 21, 2007 , July 6, 2007
• Major U.S. Arms Sales and Grants to Pakistan Since 2001 , May 4, 2015
• Direct Overt U.S. Aid Appropriations for and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2020 , March 12, 2019
• Pakistan and Terrorism: A Summary , March 27, 2007
• Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events , updated October 20, 2006
• Pakistan's Domestic Political Developments , updated September 19, 2005
• Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation , updated March 28, 2003
• Nuclear Threat Reduction Measures for India and Pakistan , updated February 17, 2005
• Terrorism in South Asia , updated December 13, 2004
• U.S.-Papua New Guinea Relations: Issues for Congress , updated October 5, 2023
• The Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations , updated September 14, 2022
• What If the Philippines Ends the Visiting Forces Agreement? , CRS Insight, March 17, 2020
• The Philippines , CRS In Focus, updated February 1, 2024
• The Return of the Bells of Balangiga to the Republic of the Philippines, in Context , CRS In Focus, updated November 16, 2018
• The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests--2014 , May 15, 2014
• U.S.-Singapore Relations , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2024
• Singapore: Background and U.S. Relations , July 26, 2013
• The U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement: Effects After Three Years , January 7, 2008
• Sri Lanka: Background and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated December 18, 2023
• Sri Lanka's 2019 Easter Bombings , CRS Insight, April 24, 2019
• Sri Lanka: Background and U.S. Relations , June 16, 2011
• Thailand Set to Hold Long-Awaited Election , CRS Insight, March 12, 2019
• Thailand: Background and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2023
• Political Turmoil in Thailand and U.S. Interests , May 26, 2009
• Tajikistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , September 25, 2013
• Thailand: Background and U.S. Relations , July 29, 2015
• Timor-Leste: Political Dynamics, Development, and International Involvement , July 3, 2012
• U.S.-Vietnam Relations , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2024
• U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues in 2020 , CRS In Focus, updated February 13, 2020
• United States Lifts Remaining Restrictions on Arms Sales to Vietnam , CRS Insight, May 23, 2016
• U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam , updated January 15, 2021
• Vietnam's Communist Party Chief to Make Historic First Visit to Washington , CRS Insights, June 19, 2015
• U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the 114th Congress , May 20, 2016
• U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the 111th Congress , October 29, 2009
• U.S.-Vietnam Relations in 2014: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy , June 24, 2014
• U.S. Assistance to Vietnam , updated February 11, 2005
• U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress , updated October 31, 2008
• The Vietnam-U.S. Normalization Process , updated June 17, 2005
• Vietnam PNTR Status and WTO Accession: Issues and Implications for the United States , updated August 2, 2006
• Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations , August 29, 2012
• The Pacific Islands: Policy Issues , February 2, 2017
• Australia: Background and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated July 12, 2023
• Australia: Climate Change Issues , CRS In Focus, December 14, 2022
• Australia: Background and U.S. Relations , January 5, 2023
• Australia and New Zealand React to China's Growing Influence in the South Pacific , CRS Insight, July 26, 2018

China/Taiwan

• Taiwan's Position in the World , CRS In Focus, April 29, 2024
• Taiwan: Background and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated April 29, 2024
• TikTok and China's Digital Platforms: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, April 25, 2024
• Taiwan Defense Issues for Congress , April 19, 2024
• Evergrande Group and China's Debt Challenges , CRS In Focus, updated April 8, 2024
• Proposals to Regulate U.S. Outbound Investment to China , CRS In Focus, April 8, 2024
• U.S.-China Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 28, 2024
• President Reagan's Six Assurances to Taiwan , CRS In Focus, updated March 28, 2024
• U.S. Capital Markets and China: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 5, 2024
• China's Global Investments: Data and Transparency Challenges , CRS In Focus, updated February 22, 2024
• Taiwan Presidents' U.S. Transit Visits , CRS In Focus, updated February 21, 2024
• China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China's Role , CRS In Focus, updated February 20, 2024
• U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress , updated February 5, 2024
• China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress , updated January 30, 2024
• China Primer: China's Political System , CRS In Focus, updated January 29, 2024
• Section 301 Tariff Exclusions on U.S. Imports from China , CRS In Focus, updated January 29, 2024
• China-Philippines Tensions in the South China Sea , CRS In Focus, updated January 23, 2024
• China and Sub-Saharan Africa , CRS In Focus, January 8, 2024
• U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement , CRS In Focus, updated November 17, 2023
• Hong Kong Under the National Security Law , November 15, 2023
• China Primer: U.S.-China Relations , CRS In Focus, updated October 24, 2023
• China Primer: Hong Kong , CRS In Focus, updated October 12, 2023
• Taiwan: The Origins of the U.S. One-China Policy , CRS In Focus, September 28, 2023
• China's Economy: Current Trends and Issues , CRS In Focus, updated September 27, 2023
• China's "One Belt, One Road" Initiative: Economic Issues , CRS In Focus, updated September 27, 2023
• China Primer: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) , CRS In Focus, updated September 26, 2023
• China Primer: Uyghurs , CRS In Focus, updated September 22, 2023
• China Primer: Human Rights , CRS In Focus, updated September 20, 2023
• Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues , CRS In Focus, updated March 1, 2024
• China-Russia Relations , CRS In Focus, updated September 13, 2023
• China Primer: South China Sea Disputes , CRS In Focus, updated August 21, 2023
• U.S.-China Competition in Emerging Technologies: LiDAR , CRS In Focus, August 14, 2023
• China and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) , CRS In Focus, August 4, 2023
• China's Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean , CRS In Focus, updated June 23, 2023
• Confucius Institutes in the United States: Selected Issues , CRS In Focus, updated May 2, 2023
• "Made in China 2025" Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated March 10, 2023
• Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices , CRS In Focus, January 20, 2023
• U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal , CRS In Focus, updated December 16, 2022
• China and the World: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, December 7, 2022
• U.S.-China Auditing Agreement and Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, September 13, 2022
• China Primer: Human Rights , CRS In Focus, updated September 8, 2022
• The People's Republic of China's Panda Diplomacy , CRS In Focus, May 25, 2022
• China's Economic and Trade Ties with Russia , CRS In Focus, May 24, 2022
• China's Role in the Exploitation of Global Fisheries: Issues for Congress , April 12, 2022
• U.S. Challenges to China's Farm Policies , CRS Insight, updated February 17, 2022
• The Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Issues for Congress , January 24, 2022
• China's Recent Trade Measures and Countermeasures: Issues for Congress , updated December 10, 2021
• China's Political System in Charts: A Snapshot Before the 20th Party Congress , November 24, 2021
• De-Dollarization Efforts in China and Russia , CRS In Focus, July 23, 2021
• China's Military: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) , June 4, 2021
• The Law of Foreign Missions and Media in U.S.-China Relations , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 20, 2021
• China's New Semiconductor Policies: Issues for Congress , April 20, 2021
• Revoking Hong Kong's Preferential Trade Status: Legal Framework and Implications , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated April 2, 2021
• U.S.-China Investment Ties: Overview , CRS In Focus, updated January 15, 2021
• China's 14th Five-Year Plan: A First Look , CRS In Focus, updated January 5, 2021
• U.S.-China Military-to-Military Relations , CRS In Focus, January 4, 2021
• Hong Kong: Key Issues in 2021 , CRS In Focus, December 23, 2020
• COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues , updated December 23, 2020
• U.S.-Taiwan Trade and Economic Relations , CRS In Focus, updated March 15, 2024
• Hong Kong's Legislative Council (Legco) , CRS In Focus, updated November 23, 2020
• China Issues New Export Control Law and Related Policies , CRS Insight, October 26, 2020
• Intellectual Property Violations and China: Legal Remedies , September 17, 2020
• China's Foreign Ministry Statements Signal Heightened Concern About U.S. Actions in the 116th Congress , CRS In Focus, August 18, 2020
• China's National Security Law for Hong Kong: Issues for Congress , updated August 3, 2020
• Tracking China's Global Economic Activities: Data Challenges and Issues for Congress , updated July 14, 2020
• China Moves to Impose National Security Law on Hong Kong , CRS In Focus, June 4, 2020
• Foreign Sovereign Immunity and COVID-19 Lawsuits Against China , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 15, 2020
• COVID-19 and China: A Chronology of Events (December 2019-January 2020) , updated May 13, 2020
• The Coronavirus: U.S.-China Economic Considerations , CRS In Focus, updated March 2, 2020
• U.S.-China Phase I Deal: Agriculture , CRS In Focus, January 22, 2020
• China's Corporate Social Credit System , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2020
• Hong Kong: Recent Developments and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated January 6, 2020
• Hong Kong's Protests of 2019 , CRS In Focus, updated October 18, 2019
• U.S.-China Tariff Actions by the Numbers , October 9, 2019
• China's Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agriculture: In Brief , September 24, 2019
• China's Engagement in Djibouti , CRS In Focus, September 4, 2019
• U.S.-China Relations , August 29, 2019
• Hong Kong's Proposed Extradition Law Amendments , CRS In Focus, updated August 14, 2019
• The Administration's Designation of China as a Currency Manipulator , CRS Insight, August 9, 2019
• Trade Dispute with China and Rare Earth Elements , CRS In Focus, June 28, 2019
• Enforcing U.S. Trade Laws: Section 301 and China , CRS In Focus, updated June 26, 2019
• China's Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, and Implications for the United States , updated June 25, 2019
• U.S.-China Trade Issues , CRS In Focus, updated June 23, 2019
• U.S. Trade Friction with China Intensifies , CRS Insight, June 19, 2019
• China's Currency Policy , CRS In Focus, updated May 24, 2019
• China's Retaliatory Tariffs on U.S. Agricultural Products , CRS In Focus, January 29, 2019
• China's Status as a Nonmarket Economy (NME) , CRS In Focus, updated January 10, 2019
• China-U.S. Trade Issues , July 30, 2018
• Internet Freedom in China: U.S. Government Activity, Private Sector Initiatives, and Issues of Congressional Interest , May 18, 2018
• What's the Difference? -- Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data , April 23, 2018
• China-India Great Power Competition in the Indian Ocean Region: Issues for Congress , April 20, 2018
• China's Retaliatory Tariffs on Selected U.S. Agricultural Products , CRS Insight, April 4, 2018
• Taiwan: Issues for Congress , October 30, 2017
• China-India Border Tensions at Doka La , CRS Insight, August 9, 2017
• Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 115th Congress , July 17, 2017
• U.S. Beef: It's What's for China , CRS Insight, June 22, 2017
• China's February 2017 Suspension of North Korean Coal Imports , CRS Insight, April 25, 2017
• Why Did March 2016 U.N. Sanctions Not Curb China's Imports of Coal from North Korea? , CRS Insight, February 3, 2017
• The Trump-Tsai Call and the United States' "Unofficial" Relationship with Taiwan , CRS Insight, December 8, 2016
• China Issues Decision on Hong Kong Legislative Council Controversy , CRS Insight, November 15, 2016
• China's Natural Gas: Uncertainty for Markets , May 2, 2016
• The Chinese Military: Overview and Issues for Congress , March 24, 2016
• China's Recent Stock Market Volatility: What Are the Implications? , CRS Insights, February 11, 2016
• Taiwan's January 2016 Elections: A Preview , CRS Insight, January 12, 2016
• U.S.-China Cyber Agreement , CRS Insight, October 16, 2015
• Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 114th Congress , September 17, 2015
• China's Currency Devaluation , CRS Insights, August 17, 2015
• Hong Kong's Legislative Council Votes Down Chief Executive Election Reform , CRS Insights, June 22, 2015
• Chinese Land Reclamation in the South China Sea: Implications and Policy Options , June 18, 2015
• Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: The 2017 Election Reforms , June 9, 2015
• China's Mineral Industry and U.S. Access to Strategic and Critical Minerals: Issues for Congress , March 20, 2015
• China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) , January 30, 2015
• U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues , December 11, 2014
• U.S. Assistance Programs in China , December 2, 2014
• President Obama's November 2014 Visit to China: The Bilateral Agreements , CRS Insights, November 13, 2014
• The Tibetan Policy Act of 2002: Background and Implementation , November 5, 2014
• China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy -- Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei , October 10, 2014
• China's Leaders Quash Hong Kong's Hopes for Democratic Election Reforms , CRS Insights, September 5, 2014
• Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 , August 29, 2014
• Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: Issues for Congress , May 14, 2014
• China and the United States -- A Comparison of Green Energy Programs and Policies , April 30, 2014
• China's Political Institutions and Leaders in Charts , November 12, 2013
• China's Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy , August 19, 2013
• U.S.-Chinese Motor Vehicle Trade: Overview and Issues , August 16, 2013
• U.S.-China Relations: An Overview of Policy Issues , August 1, 2013
• China's Currency Policy: An Analysis of the Economic Issues , July 22, 2013
• Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 113th Congress , June 19, 2013
• Understanding China's Political System , March 20, 2013
• A Guide to China's Upcoming Leadership Transitions , October 16, 2012
• Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: Results of the 2012 Elections , September 14, 2012
• China, Internet Freedom, and U.S. Policy , July 13, 2012
• U.S.-China Diplomacy Over Chinese Legal Advocate Chen Guangcheng , May 29, 2012
• China's Rare Earth Industry and Export Regime: Economic and Trade Implications for the United States , April 30, 2012
• China's Banking System: Issues for Congress , February 20, 2012
• China's Vice President Xi Jinping Visits the United States: What Is at Stake? , February 6, 2012
• Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy , July 18, 2011
• China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Policies , July 18, 2011
• Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: The 2012 Election Reforms , February 1, 2011
• China-North Korea Relations , December 28, 2010
• China's Sovereign Wealth Fund: Developments and Policy Implications , September 23, 2010
• China's Steel Industry and Its Impact on the United States: Issues for Congress , September 21, 2010
• Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress , May 26, 2010
• China's Assistance and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia , November 25, 2009
• The Rise of China's Auto Industry and Its Impact on the U.S. Motor Vehicle Industry , November 16, 2009
• Taiwan's Political Status: Historical Background and Ongoing Implications , November 3, 2009
• Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications , November 2, 2009
• China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy , October 8, 2009
• China and the Global Financial Crisis: Implications for the United States , updated June 3, 2009
• The Tibetan Policy Act of 2002: Background and Implementation , March 17, 2009
• China's Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia , February 25, 2009
• Health and Safety Concerns Over U.S. Imports of Chinese Products: An Overview , January 13, 2009
• Sino-Japanese Relations: Issues for U.S. Policy , December 19, 2008
• China's Space Program: Options for U.S.-China Cooperation , updated September 29, 2008
• Food and Agricultural Imports from China , updated September 26, 2008
• Taiwan: Recent Developments and US Policy Choices , updated September 17, 2008
• China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Policies , September 10, 2008
• Comparing Global Influence: China's and U.S. Diplomacy, Foreign Aid, Trade, and Investment in the Developing World , August 15, 2008
• Tibet: Problems, Prospects, and U.S. Policy , updated July 30, 2008
• China's "Hot Money" Problems , July 21, 2008
• China's Foreign Policy: What Does It Mean for U.S. Global Interests? , July 18, 2008
• China's Foreign Policy and "Soft Power" in South America, Asia, and Africa , report to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 2008
• Security Implications of Taiwan's Presidential Election of March 2008 , April 4, 2008
• Taiwan's 2008 Presidential Election , April 2, 2008
• How Large is China's Economy? Does it Matter? , February 13, 2008
• China's Sovereign Wealth Fund , January 22, 2008
• Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: China's December 2007 Decision , January 10, 2008
• China's Currency: Economic Issues and Options for U.S. Trade Policy , updated January 9, 2008
• China's "Soft Power" in Southeast Asia , January 4, 2008
• China's 17th Communist Party Congress, 2007: Leadership and Policy Implications , December 5, 2007
• North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options , September 26, 2007
• U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas , July 10, 2007
• The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China's Growing Influence , July 6, 2007
• Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover , June 29, 2007
• China's Anti-Satellite Weapon Test , April 23, 2007
• Is China a Threat to the U.S. Economy? , updated January 23, 2007
• China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy , updated July 14, 2006
• Social Unrest in China , May 8, 2006
• China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States , updated April 4, 2006
• Internet Development and Information Control in the People's Republic of China , February 10, 2006
• China: Economic Sanctions , updated February 1, 2006
• The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices , updated January 13, 2006
• China's Space Program: An Overview , updated October 18, 2005
• China's Trade with the United States and the World , updated January 4, 2007
• China's Growing Interest in Latin America , April 20, 2005
• China-U.S. Relations During the 108th Congress , updated January 11, 2005
• China's Foreign Conventional Arms Acquisitions: Background and Analysis , updated November 6, 2001
• Underlying Strains in Taiwan-U.S. Political Relations , updated April 20, 2007
• Taiwan in 2004: Elections, Referenda, and Other Democratic Challenges , updated January 10, 2005
• China-U.S. Aircraft Collision Incident of April 2001: Assessments and Policy Implications , updated October 10, 2001

Europe / NATO

• The European Parliament and U.S. Interests , CRS In Focus, updated April 15, 2024
• The Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated April 4, 2024
• U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council: Background and Issues , CRS In Focus, updated March 27, 2024
• The European Union: Questions and Answers , updated January 26, 2024
• Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections , updated January 16, 2024
• U.S.-European Relations in the 118th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated January 2, 2024
• U.S.-UK Trade Relations , CRS In Focus, updated August 17, 2023
• The EU's MIFID II, Broker Research, and the SEC's No-Action Letters , CRS In Focus, June 15, 2023
• U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Issues , CRS In Focus, updated June 9, 2023
• Border Carbon Adjustments: Background and Developments in the European Union , February 21, 2023
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) , CRS In Focus, updated November 9, 2022
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations , updated September 29, 2022
• U.S.-EU Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework , CRS In Focus, updated June 2, 2022
• U.S.-EU Trade Relations , May 6, 2022
• Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests , updated March 5, 2024
• Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: NATO Response , CRS Insight, February 24, 2022
• The European Union and China , CRS In Focus, updated June 4, 2023
• Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations , CRS In Focus, updated January 14, 2022
• U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress , CRS In Focus, updated January 14, 2022
• EU Climate Action and U.S.-EU Relations , CRS In Focus, updated November 9, 2021
• Bulgaria: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated January 3, 2024
• U.S.-EU Privacy Shield and Transatlantic Data Flows , September 22, 2021
• European Union Enlargement , updated August 11, 2021
• France, the United Kingdom, and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP): Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated August 5, 2021
• EU Agricultural Domestic Support: Overview and Comparison with the United States , updated June 7, 2021
• NATO: Key Issues for the 117th Congress , updated June 3, 2021
• The Three Seas Initiative , CRS In Focus, updated April 26, 2021
• The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States , updated April 16, 2021
• Romania: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated June 14, 2022
• EU Digital Policy and International Trade , March 25, 2021
• Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland , March 24, 2021
• EU Data Transfer Requirements and U.S. Intelligence Laws: Understanding Schrems II and Its Impact on the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield , March 17, 2021
• Boeing-Airbus Subsidy Dispute: Recent Developments , CRS In Focus, updated February 16, 2021
• U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Issues and Prospects , CRS In Focus, updated December 23, 2020
• Transatlantic Relations: U.S. Interests and Key Issues , updated April 27, 2020
• EU Data Protection Rules and U.S. Implications , CRS In Focus, updated July 17, 2020
• U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Trade in Food and Agricultural Products , February 27, 2020
• U.S.-EU Trade and Investment Ties: Magnitude and Scope , CRS In Focus, updated February 18, 2020
• Brexit: Status and Outlook , updated February 13, 2020
• Greenland, Denmark, and U.S. Relations , CRS Insight, August 30, 2019
• Norwegian Air International and Low-Cost Long-Haul Flights , CRS Insight, August 22, 2019
• New UK Leadership: Implications for Brexit , CRS Insight, July 31, 2019
• The 2019 European Parliament Elections , CRS Insight, June 5, 2019
• Spain's 2019 Election , CRS Insight, May 2, 2019
• Brexit Extended , CRS Insight, April 18, 2019
• Assessing NATO's Value , updated March 28, 2019
• Europe's Refugee and Migration Flows , CRS In Focus, updated March 20, 2019
• EU Finalizes FDI Screening Framework , CRS Insight, March 5, 2019
• The End of Intra-EU Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS): Implications for the United States , CRS Insight, updated February 13, 2019
• EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy , CRS In Focus, updated June 26, 2020
• Brexit Deal Rejected: What Now? , CRS Insight, January 17, 2019
• Romania Assumes the EU Presidency amid Domestic Turmoil , CRS Insight, January 8, 2019
• The European Union: Current Challenges and Future Prospects , updated December 3, 2018
• Brexit at a Pivotal Moment , CRS Insight, November 28, 2018
• Proposed U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations: Hitting Pause on a Trade War? , CRS Insight, August 9, 2018
• Cyprus , CRS In Focus, updated April 1, 2019
• Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive , updated April 15, 2019
• NATO's 2018 Brussels Summit , CRS Insight, July 5, 2018
• Transatlantic Perspectives on Defense Innovation: Issues for Congress , April 24, 2018
• Northern Ireland, Brexit, and the Irish Border , CRS Insight, March 12, 2018
• Election in Italy , CRS Insight, March 8, 2018
• Transatlantic Relations in 2018 , CRS Insight, January 10, 2018
• Doing Business with Iran: EU-Iran Trade and Investment Relations , CRS Insight, October 25, 2017
• Iran Policy and the European Union , CRS Insight, October 18, 2017
• Election in Germany , CRS Insight, September 18, 2017
• United Kingdom Election Result , CRS Insight, June 14, 2017
• What is the Proposed U.S.-EU Insurance Covered Agreement? , CRS Insight, June 9, 2017
• NATO Funding and Burdensharing , CRS Insight, May 19, 2017
• U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Issues for Congress , April 14, 2017
• France and U.S.-French Relations: In Brief , April 19, 2018
• France's 2017 Presidential Election: In Brief , April 13, 2017
• The Dutch Parliamentary Elections: Outcome and Implications , CRS Insight, March 20, 2017
• German Chancellor Angela Merkel Visits President Trump , CRS Insight, March 13, 2017
• Northern Ireland's Snap Assembly Elections: Outcome and Implications , CRS Insight, March 7, 2017
• The Greek Debt Crisis: Continuing Challenges , CRS Insight, March 2, 2017
• United Kingdom's Prime Minister Visits President Trump , CRS Insight, January 26, 2017
• European Union Efforts to Counter Disinformation , CRS Insight, December 1, 2016
• NATO's Warsaw Summit: In Brief , November 14, 2016
• Moldova's Political Crisis Abates , CRS Insight, June 20, 2019
• Moldova: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated April 16, 2024
• Moldova: A Pivotal Election? , CRS Insight, November 4, 2016
• EU State Aid and Apple's Taxes , CRS Insight, September 2, 2016
• The European Union's Small Business Act: A Different Approach , September 1, 2016
• Economic Implications of a United Kingdom Exit from the European Union , July 14, 2016
• After Brexit: A Diminished or Enhanced EU? , CRS Insight, June 29, 2016
• Possible Economic Impact of Brexit , CRS Insight, June 28, 2016
• United Kingdom Votes to Leave the European Union , CRS Insight, June 24, 2016
• The United Kingdom and the European Union: Stay or Go? , CRS Insight, June 20, 2016
• U.S.-Nordic Relations , CRS Insight, May 10, 2016
• Poland: Background and U.S. Relations , updated March 6, 2023
• Poland and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief , March 7, 2016
• Spain and Its Relations with the United States: In Brief , updated August 18, 2020
• The Greek Debt Crisis: Overview and Implications for the United States , April 24, 2017
• The United Kingdom Election , CRS Insights, April 29, 2015
• European Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Assessments, Responses, and Issues for the United States , April 27, 2015
• U.S.-EU Cooperation on Ukraine and Russia , CRS Insights, March 13, 2015
• The European Capital Markets Union , CRS Insights, March 11, 2015
• The United States and Europe: Current Issues , February 3, 2015
• The U.S.-EU Beef Hormone Dispute , January 14, 2015
• U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism , December 1, 2014
• Scotland's Independence Referendum , September 15, 2014
• NATO's Wales Summit: Expected Outcomes and Key Challenges , August 26, 2014
• NATO: Response to the Crisis in Ukraine and Security Concerns in Central and Eastern Europe , July 31, 2014
• The 2014 European Parliament Elections: Outcomes and Implications , CRS Insights, July 24, 2014
• The European Parliament , May 19, 2014
• EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude , February 21, 2014
• Europe's Energy Security: Options and Challenges to Natural Gas Supply Diversification , August 20, 2013
• European Union Wind and Solar Electricity Policies: Overview and Considerations , August 7, 2013
• European Union Enlargement: A Status Report on Turkey's Accession Negotiations , August 5, 2013
• The European Union: Foreign and Security Policy , April 8, 2013
• The U.S. Congress and the European Parliament: Evolving Transatlantic Legislative Cooperation , January 2, 2013
• The Eurozone Crisis: Overview and Issues for Congress , September 26, 2012
• Aviation and the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme , June 11, 2012
• NATO's Chicago Summit , May 14, 2012
• Chemical Regulation in the European Union: Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals , October 23, 2013
• NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues , February 15, 2012
• U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Relations: Key Policy Issues for the 112th Congress , January 18, 2012
• The Future of the Eurozone and U.S. Interests , January 17, 2012
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Background and U.S. Policy , April 15, 2019
• Postelection Issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina , CRS Insight, October 11, 2018
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , January 24, 2013
• Europe's Preferential Trade Agreements: Status, Content, and Implications , March 3, 2011
• Missile Defense and NATO's Lisbon Summit , January 11, 2011
• U.S.-EU Poultry Dispute , December 9, 2010
• Frequently Asked Questions about IMF Involvement in the Eurozone Debt Crisis , August 27, 2010
• The European Union's Response to the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis , August 13, 2010
• The German Economy and U.S.-German Economic Relations , January 27, 2010
• Election in Greece , CRS Insight, September 14, 2015
• Crisis in Greece: Political Implications , CRS Insights, July 23, 2015
• Economic Crisis in Greece , CRS Insights, June 29, 2015
• Greece's Debt Crisis: Overview, Policy Responses, and Implications , August 18, 2011
• NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance , December 3, 2009
• NATO's 60th Anniversary Summit , updated April 14, 2009
• NATO Enlargement: Albania, Croatia, and Possible Future Candidates , April 14, 2009
• NATO Enlargement: Senate Advice and Consent , January 16, 2009
• Future of the Balkans and U.S. Policy Concerns , May 13, 2009
• The NATO Summit at Bucharest, 2008 , updated May 5, 2008
• U.S.-French Commercial Ties , updated April 7, 2008
• Enlargement Issues at NATO's Bucharest Summit , March 12, 2008
• Poland's New Government: Background and Issues for the United States , February 15, 2008
• European Union - U.S. Trade and Investment Relations: Key Issues , February 14, 2008
• The European Union's Energy Security Challenges , updated January 30, 2008
• NATO and the European Union , updated January 29, 2008
• Balkan Cooperation on War Crimes Issues , updated January 14, 2008
• German Foreign and Security Policy: Trends and Transatlantic Implications , updated May 20, 2009
• NATO and Energy Security , updated August 15, 2007
• Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues , updated July 20, 2007
• U.S.-European Union Relations and the 2007 Summit , updated May 14, 2007
• NATO's Prague Capabilities Commitment , updated January 24, 2007
• Germany's Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy , January 19, 2007
• Europe's New Trade Agenda , December 6, 2006
• Bosnia and the European Union Military Force (EUFOR): Post-NATO Peacekeeping , updated December 5, 2006
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Issues for U.S. Policy , February 10, 2005
• Bosnia War Crimes: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and U.S. Policy , April 23, 1998
• The European Union in 2005 and Beyond , updated July 11, 2005
• European Union's Arms Control Regime and Arms Exports to China: Background and Legal Analysis , March 1, 2005
• European Union's Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy , updated May 27, 2005
• France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations , April 14, 2011
• Greece Update , December 16, 2009
• Kosovo: Background and U.S. Policy , updated April 8, 2021
• Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations , August 13, 2018
• Kosovo and U.S. Policy: Background to Independence , updated June 20, 2008
• Kosovo: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , May 7, 2013
• Kosovo: Historical Background to the Current Conflict , June 3, 1999
• North Macedonia: In Brief , updated September 9, 2020
• Macedonia Changes Name, Moves Closer to NATO Membership , CRS Insight, updated February 19, 2019
• Macedonia (FYROM): Post-Conflict Situation and U.S. Policy , updated June 17, 2005
• Moldova: Background and U.S. Policy , April 23, 2014
• Muslims in Europe: Promoting Integration and Countering Extremism , September 7, 2011
• The NATO Summit at Prague, 2002 , March 1, 2005
• Northern Ireland: Current Issues and Ongoing Challenges in the Peace Process , updated March 8, 2019
• Serbia: Background and U.S. Relations , updated November 16, 2018
• Conditions on U.S. Aid to Serbia , updated January 7, 2008
• Serbia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , May 13, 2013
• Serbia and Montenegro Union: Prospects and Policy Implications , updated February 2, 2005
• The United States and Europe: Possible Options for U.S. Policy , updated March 8, 2005
• NATO Applicant States: A Status Report , updated April 25, 2003
• NATO's Decision-Making Procedure , updated May 5, 2003

Middle East

Russia / ukraine / fsu.

• U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Legal Authorities and Related Actions , April 26, 2024
• Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: In Brief , updated April 26, 2024
• Russian Military Actions at Ukraine Nuclear Power Plants , CRS Insight, updated April 12, 2024
• Ukrainian Military Performance and Outlook , CRS In Focus, updated March 14, 2024
• Russian Military Performance and Outlook , CRS In Focus, March 8, 2024
• Russia's War on Ukraine: U.S. Policy and the Role of Congress , CRS In Focus, updated February 15, 2024
• U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine , CRS In Focus, updated February 15, 2024
• Uzbekistan: Background and Issues for Congress , October 18, 2023
• War Crimes in Ukraine , October 16, 2023
• Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects , updated September 14, 2023
• Russia's Wagner Group in Africa: Issues for Congress , CRS In Focus, updated August 3, 2023
• Russia's Wagner Private Military Company (PMC) , CRS In Focus, updated August 1, 2023
• Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine: Related CRS Products , updated July 28, 2023
• Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy , updated July 3, 2023
• The Role of International Tribunals in the Response to the Invasion of Ukraine , CRS Legal Sidebar, updated March 22, 2023
• Transferring Fighter Aircraft to Ukraine: Issues and Options for Congress , March 17, 2023
• Russia's War on Ukraine: Financial and Trade Sanctions , CRS In Focus, updated February 22, 2023
• U.S. Direct Financial Support for Ukraine , CRS In Focus, updated January 25, 2023
• Russia's Trade and Investment Role in the Global Economy , CRS In Focus, updated January 17, 2023
• PATRIOT Air and Missile Defense System for Ukraine , CRS In Focus, updated January 18, 2023
• Ukraine and International Financial Institutions , CRS In Focus, updated January 4, 2023
• Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. Sanctions and Other Responses , CRS Insight, updated December 20, 2022
• The Economic Impact of Russia Sanctions , CRS In Focus, updated December 13, 2022
• "Hacktivists" and the Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Legal Considerations , CRS Legal Sidebar, May 13, 2022
• Russia's 2022 War Against Ukraine: Global Economic Effects , CRS In Focus, May 12, 2022
• Russian Sanctions and Cryptocurrency , CRS Insight, May 4, 2022
• Russia's Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues , CRS In Focus, updated April 11, 2022
• The Law of War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine , CRS Legal Sidebar, March 16, 2022
• Russia's Nord Stream 2 Natural Gas Pipeline to Germany Halted , CRS In Focus, updated March 10, 2022
• Russian Cyber Units , CRS In Focus, updated February 2, 2022
• Ukrainian Armed Forces , CRS In Focus, updated January 26, 2022
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia , updated January 18, 2022
• Russian Military Intelligence: Background and Issues for Congress , November 15, 2021
• Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry , October 14, 2021
• Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy , updated October 5, 2021
• Russian Military Exercises , CRS In Focus, October 4, 2021
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2021
• Russia: The Navalny Poisoning, Chemical Weapons Use, and U.S. Sanctions , CRS In Focus, updated August 26, 2021
• Belarus: An Overview , CRS In Focus, updated December 6, 2023
• TurkStream: Russia's Southern Pipeline to Europe , updated May 6, 2021
• Russia: Foreign Policy and U.S. Relations , updated April 15, 2021
• Russia: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny and U.S. Policy , CRS Insight, updated March 4, 2021
• Azerbaijan and Armenia: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict , January 7, 2021
• Uzbekistan , CRS In Focus, updated September 22, 2020
• Russian Private Military Companies (PMCs) , CRS In Focus, September 16, 2020
• Russian Law Enforcement and Internal Security Agencies , CRS In Focus, September 14, 2020
• Russia: Domestic Politics and Economy , September 9, 2020
• Kyrgyz Republic , CRS In Focus, updated September 1, 2020
• Turkmenistan , CRS In Focus, updated January 12, 2023
• Russian Armed Forces: Military Doctrine and Strategy , CRS In Focus, August 20, 2020
• Russian Armed Forces: Military Modernization and Reforms , CRS In Focus, July 20, 2020
• Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities , CRS In Focus, June 30, 2020
• Recent Developments in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict , CRS Insight, February 13, 2020
• Russia, the Skripal Poisoning, and U.S. Sanctions , CRS In Focus, updated August 14, 2019
• Kazakhstan , CRS In Focus, updated January 12, 2023
• Kazakhstan's Snap Presidential Election , CRS Insight, May 9, 2019
• Ukraine Elects a New President , CRS Insight, April 24, 2019
• Ukraine's Presidential Election: A Preview , CRS In Focus, updated February 14, 2019
• Russia's Use of Force Against the Ukrainian Navy , CRS Insight, December 3, 2018
• Proposals to Impose Sanctions on Russian Sovereign Debt , CRS Insight, August 6, 2018
• Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the Russian Federation: A Sketch , CRS Legal Sidebar, July 24, 2018
• Armenia's Velvet Revolution , CRS In Focus, January 16, 2019
• Civic Upheaval in Armenia , CRS Insight, May 9, 2018
• Russia's 2018 Presidential Election , CRS Insight, March 13, 2018
• The Balkans and Russia , CRS Insight, January 31, 2018
• Russia: Background and U.S. Interests , August 21, 2017
• Overview of U.S. Sanctions Regimes on Russia , CRS Insight, July 11, 2017
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Economic Implications , February 17, 2017
• Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , January 3, 2017
• Elections Strengthen Georgia's Ruling Party , CRS Insight, October 31, 2016
• Russia's Parliamentary Elections , CRS Insight, September 15, 2016
• Leadership Succession in Uzbekistan , CRS Insight, September 6, 2016
• Information Warfare: Russian Activities , CRS Insight, September 2, 2016
• Economic Crisis in Russia , CRS Insights, December 17, 2014
• U.S.-Russia Economic Relations , CRS Insights, August 1, 2014
• Russia Sanctions: Options , CRS Insights, July 28, 2014
• U.S. Sanctions on Russia in Response to Events in Ukraine , CRS Insights, July 18, 2014
• Russian Political, Economic, and Security Issues and U.S. Interests , March 31, 2014
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests , April 2, 2014
• Turkmenistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , December 12, 2013
• Georgia's October 2013 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications , November 4, 2013
• Kazakhstan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , July 22, 2013
• Georgia [Republic]: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , June 21, 2013
• Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties , March 28, 2013
• Azerbaijan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , February 22, 2013
• Georgia's October 2012 Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications , October 15, 2012
• Russia's Accession to the WTO and Its Implications for the United States , June 15, 2012
• Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns , February 12, 2013
• Russia's March 2012 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications , March 14, 2012
• Kyrgyzstan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , August 30, 2013
• Russia's December 2011 Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications , December 13, 2011
• Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy , August 24, 2011
• Stability in Russia's Chechnya and Other Regions of the North Caucasus: Recent Developments , December 13, 2010
• The April 2010 Coup in Kyrgyzstan: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests , June 15, 2010
• Russian Energy Policy toward Neighboring Countries , September 2, 2009
• Kyrgyzstan and the Status of the U.S. Manas Airbase: Context and Implications , July 1, 2009
• Russia's Economic Performance and Policies and Their Implications for the United States , updated June 29, 2009
• Russia-Georgia Conflict in August 2008: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests , updated March 3, 2009
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Security Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests , updated January 14, 2009
• Azerbaijan's October 2008 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications , October 27, 2008
• Russia's 2008 Presidential Succession , February 26, 2008
• Georgia's January 2008 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications , January 25, 2008
• Russia's December 2007 Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications , December 10, 2007
• Estonia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy , July 11, 2007
• Russian Oil and Gas Challenges , updated June 20, 2007
• Armenia's Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications for U.S. Interests , June 8, 2007
• U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union , updated March 1, 2007
• Turkmenistan's Political Succession: Developments and Implications , January 18, 2007
• Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests , updated August 29, 2006
• Unrest in Uzbekistan: Context and Implications , June 8, 2005
• Uzbekistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests , August 21, 2013
• Kyrgyzstan's Constitutional Crisis: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests , updated January 5, 2007
• Coup in Kyrgyzstan: Developments and Implications , April 14, 2005
• Bringing Peace to Chechnya? Assessments and Implications , updated February 11, 2005
• Ukraine's Orange Revolution and U.S. Policy , April 1, 2005
• Ukraine's Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues , updated February 1, 2005
• International Crime: Russian Organized Crime's Role and U.S. Interests , October 30, 1998
• The 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis , February 6, 1998
• Russian Conventional Armed Forces: On the Verge of Collapse? , September 4, 1997