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Science at work. Binoculars.

Aug 04, 2014

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Science at work. Binoculars. By Skye B roekate. A brief description of binoculars history. . What is a binocular? The first binocular telescope is two telescopes placed side by side. Who developed binoculars first?

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Science at work. Binoculars. By Skye Broekate

A brief description of binoculars history. • What is a binocular? • The first binocular telescope is two telescopes placed side by side. • Who developed binoculars first? • Johann Lipperhey invented binoculars and is also the inventor of the ordinary Dutch telescope. • When was the first binocular telescope developed? • The binocular telescope was created in 1608. • How has binoculars changed? (got better) • Better coatings for higher transmission of light, better prisms, and wider angle eye lenses have made most of the improvements in the last fifty years. Almost all these ideas originated in Japan

Show diagrams of how the light bends through binoculars . • Use cut away views to show how light is bent: They use the prisms because binoculars are very small and they need to bend the light How does binoculars use lenses to bend light? Modern binoculars consist of two barrel chambers with an objective lens, eyepiece, and a pair of prisms inside. The prisms reflect and lengthen the light, while the objective lenses enhance and magnify images due to stereoscopic vision.

Show diagrams of how binoculars work and explain it. • Binoculars work on the same principles as telescopes. The process begins with a series of lenses. The lenses focus on an object and gather the light from it. As the light passes through a series of lenses, the image gets larger. Binoculars differ from a telescope in that they allow the image to be transmitted to both eyes at once. • Binocular lenses are curved pieces of glass. A binocular can have several lenses; in fact, the more lenses that the binocular has, the better the magnification. Unfortunately, each time the image passes into the next lens, light is lost, so binoculars include a prism that bends and reflects light into the lenses. The prism also flips the image. Without it, everything you see through the lenses would be upside down

Explain where binoculars are used is used. • Who uses binoculars and what do they use them for? • binoculars are used for viewing distant objects and to bring far-away Images up close. • Some of the things people use binoculars for is: • Galilean opera glasses, used in theatres, • for typical outdoor use e.g. Bird watching • Hunters and bird watchers rely on binoculars to bring their quarry into clear detail • sports fans often bring binoculars to the event so they don't miss one moment of action.

What future changes are expected to be made to binoculars in the future. • Binoculars continue to advance with new technology. Their ability to see further with better focusing techniques enables the consumer to use the product for a wider variety of tasks. Binoculars are now tending to use the same stabilizing method used in video cameras that automatically stabilizes the prism system so that the image remains steady to the viewer. Some binoculars are also coming equipped with night scope vision. This would enable the consumer to see objects that are far away even at night. Technological advancements are continually made on these specialty binoculars, which are primarily used by the military or for surveillance.

Bibliography • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_binoculars_and_when#ixzz1y7IA6V2N • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars • http://www.life123.com/technology/home-electronics/binoculars/how-do-binoculars-work.shtml • http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Binocular.html#ixzz1yODVPoCx • http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Binocular.html

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12.2: The Binocular Projector

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• Daniel E. Barth
• University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

This activity does the exact same thing as our pinhole camera – it allows us to examine the surface of the Sun safely by looking at a projected image. There are some important differences however! Unlike the pinhole camera, the binoculars do not dim the brightness of the solar image – instead they concentrate the light and brighten it substantially. The binocular projector is easier to use, there is no construction needed and it becomes very easy to draw or photograph the image which we have seen. The increased brightness makes it more difficult to make out subtle features like sunspots on the solar disk, the glare of the intense image tends to obscure them. For eclipse viewing however, this is an excellent method requiring almost no setup time.

Academic Standards

Science and engineering practices.

• Developing and using models.
• Planning and carrying out investigations.
• Analyzing and interpreting data.
• Argument from evidence.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Systems and system models.
• Structure and function.

Next Generation Science Standards

• Space systems (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Engineering and design (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Waves and electromagnetic radiation (6-8, 9-12).
• The Earth-Moon system (6-8, 9-12).

For the Educator

Facts you need to know.

• NEVER look at the Sun directly!
• Using only one pair of binoculars which remain in the teacher’s hands at all times, this activity is perfectly safe for all ages.
• We will use the binoculars to project an image of the Sun on paper.
• The projected solar image will be large enough and bright enough for an entire class to view it at once.

Teaching and Pedagogy

Once again, every science teacher teaches safety first! This activity makes safe observation virtually automatic. When you use the binoculars to project a solar image onto a piece of paper, students must stand with their backs to the Sun in order to view the projected image.

Using a pair of binoculars to project a solar image is simple in principle, but it requires practice to learn how to line up the binoculars, the Sun, and the paper. You will need to practice this activity several times before you do it in front of your students!

Take the binoculars and focus them for a distant object such as a tree or building at least 300 meters away. Remember to keep one side of the binocular covered, and start with the binoculars just a couple inches from the paper, then pull the binocular back until you get a large, sharp image of the Sun!

The Sun is different every day, sunspots and other features move slowly across the Sun. If you have a chance to try this activity during a lunar or solar eclipse, the effect is quite spectacular!

Student Outcomes

What will the student discover.

• A solar eclipse is a rare and wonderful event that is not to be missed. For many students, this will be a once-in-a-lifetime experience – do not allow them to miss it!
• The new Moon will at times be perfectly lined up to allow it to pass in front of the disk of the Sun, causing an eclipse.
• In order to see a total eclipse, you must be in exactly the right spot! The shadow of the Moon on the Earth’s surface is usually not more than 50 miles wide, and the shadow traces a path across the Earth called the path of totality . You must be inside this narrow path to see a total eclipse!
• Most people will not see a total eclipse, instead we get to see a partial eclipse because we are on one side or the other of the path of totality. This is still a wonderful event and worthy of our observation and study.

What will your students learn about science?

• People have been predicting solar eclipses for several thousand years. Scientists and mathematicians today predict these events with marvelous precision.
• Predictions are still just that – predictions made using a scientific model much as we have been doing throughout this book. Modern predictions of the timing and extent of a solar eclipse are not exact. This is a chance for students to see the precision – and the uncertainty – of modern science in one magnificent activity.

Conducting the Activity

• One pair of binoculars. Larger binocular work better for this, a pair of 7×50 binoculars work perfectly.
• A sheet of white paper on a notebook or clipboard.

Exploring the Binocular Projector

• Put one of the lens caps on the binoculars so light only passes through one side. If lens caps are missing, use a piece of aluminum foil to tightly cap one side of the binoculars.
• Point the large end of the binoculars toward the Sun and hold the paper underneath the eyepiece. The paper may be anywhere from 1-4 inches away to give you the best image, this varies with styles and models of binoculars, so you will have to adjust this until you have the best view.
• You should now be able to observe the solar disk, sunspots, even an eclipse just as you can with the pinhole camera. The advantage of this method is that working with a partner, your students can easily draw directly on the paper they are observing and copy down what they see!

Discussion Questions

• Answer We never look directly at the Sun – only at its image projected on paper.
• Answer: The Sun has no solid or permanent surface. The sunspots we sometimes see are magnetic storms on the solar surface, they appear and disappear as conditions change on the Sun’s surface, much as thunderstorms appear and disappear on Earth.

Supplemental Materials

Going deeper.

The binocular projector is also an excellent method to use when trying your hand at imaging the Moon. Take your binoculars out on a night when the Moon is at least half-full and try setting up to project the image on a piece of paper just as you did with the Sun. You will need a dark place to do this properly, yard lights and street lights will interfere with the image substantially. You will find that the projected image is substantially dimmer than the solar image, and this makes it much easier to pick up things such as dark maria and even some of the larger craters in addition to the shape of the lunar phase that night!

If you have a chance, try this activity with both a telescope and a binocular. You will find that the binocular projects an image just as you see it in the sky, while the telescope flips the image from side to side or even upside down! (This depends upon the type of telescope you use.) Optics are fun and mysterious – something your students will have the chance to explore further as they get older and enter higher grades in school!

Being an Astronomer

There are dedicated solar telescopes which allow you to look directly at the Sun and see many amazing features on the solar surface. Solar telescopes are specially built, single purpose machines, and quite expensive – even for telescopes!

Once again, it is time to contact your local astronomy club and ask for their help. Many clubs have a member with a special interest in the Sun who may own their very own solar telescope; some larger clubs purchase one of these specifically for the club to take out to schools and outreach events. If your local club has such an instrument, your students are in for a real treat!

Being a Scientist

If you are lucky enough to observe a solar eclipse through a binocular projector, you will find that the image is bright and well-focused enough to be easily photographed.

If you are able to take a photograph of the Sun every 5-10 minutes during an eclipse, the pictures can be combined into a GIF or time-lapse video to show how the Moon moves in front of the solar disk and put the Sun into eclipse!

Following Up

There have been many famous eclipse events in history and literature. Columbus’ eclipse during his exploration of the New World and Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court both come to mind. How many others can you find?

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by Chris Woodford . Last updated: February 14, 2024.

W hat if you could walk on the Moon or stare an elephant right in the eye? Binoculars and telescopes are the next best thing. They take you up to the action without having to move a muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of optics and some pretty clever tricks that lenses pull on light . But how exactly do binoculars zoom you from your armchair to the middle of the solar system? Let's find out...

Photo: Reflections of a passing ship in a large pair of binoculars onboard the USS Sioux. Photo by Juel Foster courtesy of US Navy and DVIDS .

How binoculars use lenses

The way light bends when it goes from air to a different material (such as water or glass ) is called refraction . (For a full explanation of how it works, please see our detailed article on light .) Refraction is the key to how lenses work—and lenses are the key to binoculars, telescopes, and glasses. But how do we get from light bending in water to a cool pair of binoculars that let us study the moon?

Water sitting in a glass appears to have a straight upper edge, even though it is very slightly curved (the curved edge has a special name: it's called a meniscus ). If you place a glass on top of a newspaper and look straight down, the news print looks just the same as normal. That's because the top of the water is effectively straight. But if the water had a curved upper surface, the news print would look magnified. You can see this for yourself by trying the simple activity "Make a water lens" in our main article on lenses .

Photo: New technology is constantly making old inventions obsolete, but there's still no substitute for a really good pair of binoculars. Photo by Brooke Moeder courtesy of US Air Force .

Types of lenses

Photo: Lenses come in all shapes and sizes. The giant Fresnel lens surrounding a lighthouse lamp are designed to concentrate the light into a parallel beam so you can see it at a great distance. The lenses in binoculars do the opposite job, focusing light rays from far off so you can see distant things more clearly. Read more about how Fresnel lenses work .

A lens is a curved piece of glass shaped a bit like a lentil. (If you ever wondered where a lens gets it name from, that's where: lens comes from the Latin word for lentil.) When light rays hit a glass lens, they slow down and bend. If the lens curves like a lentil (like a dome), so its outside is thinner than its middle, it's called a convex lens . As light rays enter a convex lens, they bend in toward the middle—as though the lens is sucking them in. That means a convex lens brings distant light rays into a focus. It's also called a converging lens because it makes light rays come together (converge). Looking at things through a convex lenses makes them appear bigger—so convex lenses are used in things like magnifying glasses.

Another kind of lens curves the opposite way, with the middle thinner than the outside. This is called a concave lens . (You can remember this easily if you think that a concave lens caves in in the middle.) A concave lens makes light rays spread out like the lines of a firework . Imagine light rays coming into a concave lens and then shooting out in all directions. That's why a concave lens is sometimes called a diverging lens . It makes light rays shoot out (diverge). Concave lenses are used in movie projectors to make light from the film spread out and cover a bigger area when it hits the wall.

The optics of binoculars

Photo: Key features of field glasses. You focus by turning the focusing screw in the middle. This pushes the focusing mechanism back and forward, increasing the distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece lens.

You can probably see where we're heading. If you want to see something in the distance, you can use two convex lenses, placed one in front of the other. The first lens catches light rays from the distant object and makes a focused image a short distance behind the lens. This lens is called the objective , because it's nearest to the object you're looking at. The second lens picks up that image and magnifies it, just like a magnifying glass magnifies an image on paper. It's called the eyepiece. If you put the two lenses in a closed tube, hey presto, you have a telescope. You can make your own telescope easily enough with a couple of magnifying glasses and a cardboard tube wrapped around them. Binoculars are simply two telescopes side by side, one for each eye.

Artwork: How to make a telescope from two lenses. The objective lens makes a focused image of the object. The eyepiece lens makes the image bigger.

But there's a catch. When light rays from a distant object pass through a convex lens, they can cross over. That's why distant things sometimes look upside down if you look at them through a magnifying glass. The second lens doesn't sort out that problem. So binoculars have a pair of prisms (large wedges of glass) inside them to rotate the image through 180 degrees. One prism rotates the image through 90 degrees (flips it onto its side), then the next prism rotates it through another 90 degrees (flips it onto its side again), so the two prisms effectively turn it upside down. The prisms can either be arranged in a back-to-back arrangement (known as roof prisms ) or at 90 degrees (known as Porro prisms ).

Artwork: How prisms correct the inverted image and turn it the right way up. The eyepiece lens takes the corrected image from the prisms and magnifies it, as before.

Artwork: The path that light rays take through the lenses and Porro prisms in a typical pair of binoculars. It's not that clear from our artwork, but one of the prisms is arranged at 90 degrees to the other (in other words, one is mounted horizontally and the other vertically).

The prisms explain why binoculars are heavy and why they are sometimes quite chunky in the middle. Field glasses, which are compact binoculars like the ones shown in the photo here, flip the incoming images using only lenses. There are no prisms, so field glasses are smaller, lighter and more compact—but the image quality is poorer.

Artwork: Key features of a typical pair of Bushnell Porro prism binoculars. Right: You can see the objective lens (blue), the two prisms (orange), and the central focusing screw (red). Left: The eyepiece focusing mechanism (yellow) is pulled out and shown in more detail. Now you can see the two eyepiece lenses, the compound ocular lens (top) and the field lens (bottom), separated by an air gap that increases or decreases as you turn the focus ring (mounted on the outside of the eyepiece). Artwork from US Patent 3,744,872: Binocular with improved prism mount by Alfred Akin and David Bushnell, July 10, 1973, courtesy of US Patent and Trademark Office.

How to choose a pair of binoculars: a quick buying guide

Photo: An inexpensive pair of field glasses.

The choice is big and baffling! So which binoculars do you buy? I've bought two pairs of binoculars in the last few years—a really good compact, waterproof pair with roof prisms and a small, cheap pair of field glasses. I spent a long time researching the subject and getting confused by all kinds of unhelpful sales literature. I'm still no expert, but these are the handy tips I managed to figure out for myself:

• My number one tip is that binoculars you use constantly are better than ones that sit in the car or the closet because they're too heavy or cumbersome to carry or because they're so expensive you're afraid to take them anywhere.
• It's vitally important to decide why you want the binoculars and how you will use them before you start.
• If you want something for carrying in your pocket on walks, on the off chance you might see an elephant walking down Fifth Avenue, I'd go for a small and inexpensive pair of field glasses that magnify perhaps eight times.
• If you want to do some serious birdwatching or astronomy, with your binoculars used in a hide or a static location, invest in something heavier, better quality, and more expensive.
• If you plan to look through your binoculars for any length of time (such as when you're birdwatching or stargazing), good quality lenses are worth the investment. Don't wreck your eyes. If you're just going to be looking at the odd bird here and there, cheap field glasses are fine.
• Don't assume that "more magnification" means "better binoculars". The more the lenses magnify, the more the effect of your hand movements will be magnified too. In other words, buy something that magnifies more than about 8 or 10 times and you may find it impossible to keep the lenses steady enough to see anything at all. Higher magnification binoculars also show you less of the scene at a time (because it's bigger). In other words, they have what's called a smaller field of view. Steer clear of buying binoculars in newspapers with amazing sounding magnifications (20 times, 30 times, or whatever it might be); they're probably impossible to keep steady and focused.
• Binoculars are described with two numbers separated by an x. For example, the field glasses in the photo above are 8 x 21. The first number is the magnification. So they magnify up to eight times. The second number is the size of the objective lens in millimeters. So my field glasses have an objective lens 21mm across. The bigger the objective lens, the more light enters, so the brighter the object will appear. Whether you want objects to look bright depends on whether you want to study the full moon (which can look almost blindingly bright through binoculars) or birds at dusk. Again, considering what you will use your binoculars for is all important. Binoculars marked 8 x 42, 7 x 42, or 7 x 50 are great for all-round general-purpose use. However, the bigger the second number, the bigger the lenses—and the heavier (and harder to carry) your binoculars will be.

Photo: Try binoculars before you buy to make sure you like the feel of them.

• Will you always use your binoculars on dry days... or sometimes in the rain? If you're a hardcore birder, you'll need weather-proof and fogproof binoculars, filled with anti-fogging argon or nitrogen gas (to stop them steaming up), and fitted with rubber grips and good rubber eyecups to make a tight seal around your eyes. If you're out and about in very wet environments, you might want to make sure your binoculars are fully waterproof when fully immersed for short or long periods.
• Don't buy online until you're tried them in a shop. Go into a shop and try a few different models. See how you like them (especially their weight and general feel). Make a note of ones you like and then buy online if you want to.
• Good binoculars are great, but small, light field glasses are—in my view—unbeatable. They're small enough to put in your pocket and light enough to carry. There's no risk of missing that golden eagle, red kite, or baby dolphin!
• The best solution should be obvious to you now: if you can afford it, buy a pair of fantastic binoculars for "best" and a pair of cheap field glasses to carry in your pocket.

If you liked this article...

Find out more, on this website.

• Fresnel lenses
• Space telescopes

For older readers

• Philip's Stargazing with Binoculars by Robin Scagell, David Frydman. Firefly, 2014. A practical guide that includes chapters on choosing and using your binoculars.
• A Buyer's and User's Guide to Astronomical Telescopes and Binoculars by James Mullaney. Springer Science, 2013. Chapter 2 (Binocular Basics) is a good introduction to binocular optics that also covers binocular telescopes. The original 2006 version of the book has been completely updated so the buying information is, once again, nicely up to date.
• Finding Your Wings: A Workbook for Beginning Bird Watchers by Burton S. Guttman. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008. A very active, practical guide to birdwatching that includes details of how to choose and use binoculars.
• Exploring the Night Sky with Binoculars by Patrick Moore. Cambridge University Press, 2000. A classic introductory guide for amateur astronomers.

For younger readers

• Astronomy for Kids: How to Explore Outer Space with Binoculars, a Telescope, or Just Your Eyes! by Bruce Betts. Callisto Media, 2021. A great hands-on guide to the sky for ages 7–13.
• Binoculars by Robin Koontz. Rourke, 2014. A simple introduction for ages 7–10.
• Scientific Pathways: Light by Chris Woodford. Rosen, 2013 (previously published by Blackbirch in 2004). One of my own books, this sets out the logical sequence of scientific discoveries from ancient Greek ideas about optics to modern fiber optics (for ages 9–12).
• How Telescopes, Binoculars, and Microscopes Work by Ryan Jacobson. Child's World, 2011. A 32-page guide that puts binoculars in a broader context with other optical instruments. Ages 7–10.
• The Next Generation of Digital Smart Optics Promises to Replace Traditional Scopes and Binoculars by Scott Einsmann. Outdoor Life. February 5, 2024. How GPS, Lidar, AI, AR, and other new tech will boost the power of your binoculars.
• World's First-Ever Smart Binoculars Can Identify 9000 Birds Thanks To Built-In AI . MSN Money. January, 2024. AI will soon come as standard on binoculars; here's a glimpse of the tech future!
• Binoculars That Use Digital Trickery to Give You Super-Sight by Christina Bonnington. Wired. January 21, 2015. New binoculars use digital image processing to reduce fuzziness caused by rain, wind, and other atmospheric distractions.
• Pentagon to Merge Next-Gen Binoculars With Soldiers' Brains by Sharon Weinberger. Wired. May 1, 2007. The latest military binoculars pick up signals from the wearer's brain for hugely improved image detection.
• David Bushnell, 92, Importer of Affordable Binoculars, Dies by Jennifer Bayot. The New York Times. March 31, 2005. The story of how David Bushnell put binoculars in the hands of the masses.
• The Neurophysiology of Binocular Vision by John D. Pettigrew, Scientific American, Vol. 227, No. 2, August 1972, pp. 84–96. A great, very clear introduction to how our eyes and brains enable our 3D visual perception.
• US Patent 395,872: Binocular glass by James Briggs, January 8, 1889. An early design for field glasses that sit on your nose like a pair of spectacles.
• US Patent 3,531,177: A binocular construction using plastic foam and magnets by Alfred Akin (Bushnell), September 29, 1970. A design for lightweight, inexpensive, shock-absorbing, floating binoculars based on using plastic foam as the body material.
• US Patent 3,744,872: Binocular with improved prism mount by Alfred Akin and David Bushnell, July 10, 1973. A typical Porro prism design from one of the pioneers of affordable binoculars, David Bushnell. This gives a good description of all the bits you'll find in modern binoculars and what they all do.
• US 20020109785: Digital record and replay binoculars by Jack and Steven Hammack, August 15, 2002. Binoculars with built-in digital recording and a viewing screen.

Text copyright © Chris Woodford 2007, 2020. All rights reserved. Full copyright notice and terms of use .

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How to Present a Science Project

Last Updated: August 17, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Meredith Juncker, PhD . Meredith Juncker is a PhD candidate in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Her studies are focused on proteins and neurodegenerative diseases. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 53,052 times.

After creating a science project , you’ll likely have to present your work to your class or at a science fair. Try to give yourself a few weeks to plan and put together your presentation. Outline your main points, make note cards, and practice ahead of time. Make a clear, neat display board or PowerPoint presentation. When it comes time to present, relax, speak clearly and loudly, and avoid reading your presentation word for word.

Putting Together Your Presentation

• Finish up your experiment, research, and other aspects of your project.
• Get the materials you’ll need for your display board.
• Start to imagine how you’ll organize your information.

• An introduction to your topic or the problem you’ve addressed.
• How the problem impacts the real world (such as how a better understanding of the issue can impact humans).
• Your hypothesis, or what you expected to learn about through your experiment.
• The research you did to learn more about your topic.
• The Materials that you used in your project.
• Each step of your experiment’s procedure.
• The results of your experiment.
• Your conclusion, including what you learned and whether your data supports your hypothesis.

• When writing your speech, try to keep it simple, and avoid using phrases that are more complicated than necessary. Try to tailor the presentation to your audience: will you be presenting to your class, judges, a higher grade than yours, or to an honors class?
• Writing out your presentation can also help you manage your time. For example, if you’re supposed to talk for less than five minutes, shoot for less than two pages.

• For example, if you've made a volcano, make sure you know the exact mix of chemicals that will create the eruption.

Creating Your Display Board

• When you purchase your board, you should also acquire other materials, like a glue stick, construction paper, a pencil, markers, and a ruler.

• Consider using the top left corner for your topic introduction, the section under that for your hypothesis, and the bottom left section to discuss your research.
• Use the top right corner to outline your experiment’s procedure. List your results underneath, and finally, put the section with your conclusion under the results.

• Be sure to use a dark font color that’s easy to see from a distance.
• You can also write everything out by hand. Draft your lettering in pencil before using a pen or marker, and use a ruler to make sure everything is straight.

• Before gluing anything, make sure you plan out each section’s position and are sure everything will fit without looking cluttered. Use rulers to make sure everything is positioned evenly.

• Consider including 1 slide for each section, like 1 for the title of your project, 1 for your hypothesis, and 1 that outlines each main point of your research. If a slide becomes too dense, break it down by concept.
• Limit the text to 1 line and include a visual aid, like an image or a graph, that demonstrates the concept or explains the data. [6] X Research source

Giving a Great Presentation

• Take the time to iron your clothes and tuck your shirt in to avoid looking sloppy.

• It’s a good idea to use the restroom before you have to present your project.

• It can be really hard to resist, but try to avoid saying “um” or “uh” during your presentation.
• Speaking when you have a dry mouth can be difficult, so it’s a good idea to keep a water bottle handy.

• Remember it’s better to be honest if you don't know how to answer a question instead of making something up. Ask the person who asked the question to repeat or rephrase it, or say something like, "That's certainly an area I can explore in more detail in the future."

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• ↑ https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/teacher-resources/science-fair-projects/#sciencefairpresentation
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KVTLT6QeTE
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHXidlH-dBw
• ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3hT6Ocf39w
• ↑ https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/judging-tips-to-prepare-science-fair

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Amount of light transmitted through the binoculars in millimeters (mm) ... http://www.meade.com/manuals/binoc/ Binoculars. Questions or Comments? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Home Blog Education How to Prepare Your Scientific Presentation

How to Prepare Your Scientific Presentation

Since the dawn of time, humans were eager to find explanations for the world around them. At first, our scientific method was very simplistic and somewhat naive. We observed and reflected. But with the progressive evolution of research methods and thinking paradigms, we arrived into the modern era of enlightenment and science. So what represents the modern scientific method and how can you accurately share and present your research findings to others? These are the two fundamental questions we attempt to answer in this post. 

What is the Scientific Method?

To better understand the concept, let’s start with this scientific method definition from the International Encyclopedia of Human Geography :

The scientific method is a way of conducting research, based on theory construction, the generation of testable hypotheses, their empirical testing, and the revision of theory if the hypothesis is rejected. 

Essentially, a scientific method is a cumulative term, used to describe the process any scientist uses to objectively interpret the world (and specific phenomenon) around them. 

The scientific method is the opposite of beliefs and cognitive biases — mostly irrational, often unconscious, interpretations of different occurrences that we lean on as a mental shortcut. 

The scientific method in research, on the contrary, forces the thinker to holistically assess and test our approaches to interpreting data. So that they could gain consistent and non-arbitrary results. 

The common scientific method examples are:

• Systematic observation 
• Experimentation
• Inductive and deductive reasoning
• Formation and testing of hypotheses and theories

All of the above are used by both scientists and businesses to make better sense of the data and/or phenomenon at hand. 

The Evolution of the Scientific Method 

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , ancient thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle are believed to be the forefathers of the scientific method. They were among the first to try to justify and refine their thought process using the scientific method experiments and deductive reasoning. 

Both developed specific systems for knowledge acquisition and processing. For example, the Platonic way of knowledge emphasized reasoning as the main method for learning but downplayed the importance of observation. The Aristotelian corpus of knowledge, on the contrary, said that we must carefully observe the natural world to discover its fundamental principles. 

In medieval times, thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, and Andreas Vesalius among many others worked on further clarifying how we can obtain proven knowledge through observation and induction. 

The 16th–18th centuries are believed to have given the greatest advances in terms of scientific method application. We, humans, learned to better interpret the world around us from mechanical, biological, economic, political, and medical perspectives. Thinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, and their followers also increasingly switched to a tradition of explaining everything through mathematics, geometry, and numbers. 

Up till today, mathematical and mechanical explanations remain the core parts of the scientific method. 

Why is the Scientific Method Important Today? 

Because our ancestors didn’t have as much data as we do. We now live in the era of paramount data accessibility and connectivity, where over 2.5 quintillions of data are produced each day. This has tremendously accelerated knowledge creation.

But, at the same time, such overwhelming exposure to data made us more prone to external influences, biases, and false beliefs. These can jeopardize the objectivity of any research you are conducting. 

Scientific findings need to remain objective, verifiable, accurate, and consistent. Diligent usage of scientific methods in modern business and science helps ensure proper data interpretation, results replication, and undisputable validity. 

6 Steps of the Scientific Method

Over the course of history, the scientific method underwent many interactions. Yet, it still carries some of the integral steps our ancestors used to analyze the world such as observation and inductive reasoning. However, the modern scientific method steps differ a bit. 

1. Make an Observation 

An observation serves as a baseline for your research. There are two important characteristics for a good research observation:

• It must be objective, not subjective. 
• It must be verifiable, meaning others can say it’s true or false with this. 

For example, This apple is red (objective/verifiable observation). This apple is delicious (subjective, harder-to-verify observation).

2. Develop a Hypothesis

Observations tell us about the present or past. But the goal of science is to glean in the future. A scientific hypothesis is based on prior knowledge and produced through reasoning as an attempt to descriptive a future event.

Here are characteristics of a good scientific hypothesis: 

• General and tentative idea
• Agrees with all available observations
• Testable and potentially falsifiable

Remember: If we state our hypothesis to indicate there is no effect, our hypothesis is a cause-and-effect relationship . A hypothesis, which asserts no effect, is called a null hypothesis. 

3. Make a Prediction 

A hypothesis is a mental “launchpad” for predicting the existence of other phenomena or quantitative results of new observations.

Going back to an earlier example here’s how to turn it into a hypothesis and a potential prediction for proving it. For example: If this apple is red, other apples of this type should be red too. 

Your goal is then to decide which variables can help you prove or disprove your hypothesis and prepare to test these. 

4. Perform an Experiment 

Collect all the information around variables that will help you prove or disprove your prediction. According to the scientific method, a hypothesis has to be discarded or modified if its predictions are clearly and repeatedly incompatible with experimental results.

Yes, you may come up with an elegant theory. However, if your hypothetical predictions cannot be backed by experimental results, you cannot use them as a valid explanation of the phenomenon. 

5. Analyze the Results of the Experiment

To come up with proof for your hypothesis, use different statistical analysis methods to interpret the meaning behind your data.

Remember to stay objective and emotionally unattached to your results. If 95 apples turned red, but 5 were yellow, does it disprove your hypothesis? Not entirely. It may mean that you didn’t account for all variables and must adapt the parameters of your experiment. 

Here are some common data analysis techniques, used as a part of a scientific method: 

• Statistical analysis
• Cause and effect analysis (see cause and effect analysis slides )
• Regression analysis
• Factor analysis
• Cluster analysis
• Time series analysis
• Diagnostic analysis
• Root cause analysis (see root cause analysis slides )

6. Draw a Conclusion 

Every experiment has two possible outcomes:

• The results correspond to the prediction
• The results disprove the prediction 

If that’s the latter, as a scientist you must discard the prediction then and most likely also rework the hypothesis based on it. 

How to Give a Scientific Presentation to Showcase Your Methods

Whether you are doing a poster session, conference talk, or follow-up presentation on a recently published journal article, most of your peers need to know how you’ve arrived at the presented conclusions.

In other words, they will probe your scientific method for gaps to ensure that your results are fair and possible to replicate. So that they could incorporate your theories in their research too. Thus your scientific presentation must be sharp, on-point, and focus clearly on your research approaches. 

Below we propose a quick framework for creating a compelling scientific presentation in PowerPoint (+ some helpful templates!). 

1. Open with a Research Question 

Here’s how to start a scientific presentation with ease: share your research question. On the first slide, briefly recap how your thought process went. Briefly state what was the underlying aim of your research: Share your main hypothesis, mention if you could prove or disprove them. 

It might be tempting to pack a lot of ideas into your first slide but don’t. Keep the opening of your presentation short to pique the audience’s initial interest and set the stage for the follow-up narrative.

2. Disclose Your Methods

Whether you are doing a science poster presentation or conference talk, many audience members would be curious to understand how you arrived at your results. Deliver this information at the beginning of your presentation to avoid any ambiguities. 

Here’s how to organize your science methods on a presentation: 

• Do not use bullet points or full sentences. Use diagrams and structured images to list the methods
• Use visuals and iconography to use metaphors where possible.
• Organize your methods by groups e.g. quantifiable and non-quantifiable

Finally, when you work on visuals for your presentation — charts, graphs, illustrations, etc. — think from the perspective of a subject novice. Does the image really convey the key information around the subject? Does it help break down complex ideas?

3. Spotlight the Results 

Obviously, the research results will be your biggest bragging right. However, don’t over-pack your presentation with a long-winded discussion of your findings and how revolutionary these may be for the community. 

Rather than writing a wall of text, do this instead:

• Use graphs with large axis values/numbers to showcase the findings in great detail
• Prioritize formats that are known to everybody (e.g. odds ratios, Kaplan Meier curves, etc.)
• Do not include more than 5 lines of plain text per slide 

Overall, when you feel that the results slide gets too cramped, it’s best to move the data to a new one. 

Also, as you work on organizing data on your scientific presentation PowerPoint template , think if there are obvious limitations and gaps. If yes, make sure you acknowledge them during your speech.

4. Mention Study Limitations 

The scientific method mandates objectivity. That’s why every researcher must clearly state what was excluded from their study. Remember: no piece of scientific research is truly universal and has certain boundaries. However, when you fail to personally state those, others might struggle to draw the line themselves and replicate your results. Then, if they fail to do so, they’d question the viability of your research.

5. Conclude with a Memorable Takeaway Message 

Every experienced speaker will tell you that the audience best retains the information they hear first and last. Most people will attend more than one scientific presentation during the day. 

So if you want the audience to better remember your talk, brainstorm a take-home message for the last slide of your presentation. Think of your last slide texts as an elevator pitch — a short, concluding message, summarizing your research.

To Conclude

Today we have no shortage of research and scientific methods for testing and proving our hypothesis. However, unlike our ancestors, most scientists experience deeper scrutiny when it comes to presenting and explaining their findings to others. That’s why it’s important to ensure that your scientific presentation clearly relays the aim, vector, and thought process behind your research.

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Download the Log Cabin Builder Company Profile presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Presenting a comprehensive company profile can be a game-changer for your business. A well-crafted profile connects with potential clients and vendors on another level, giving them a deep understanding of your organization. This company profile template can...

Architectural Studies Degree for College

Attention! Dedicated template for all architects in the room! Slidesgo brings you this professional style design for you to make a presentation about Architecture university studies. This template fits perfectly with the theme, as it is full of isometric illustrations of buildings. Super cool! Also, at the end of the...

Environmental Impact of Residential Areas Construction

Download the Environmental Impact of Residential Areas Construction presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The world of business encompasses a lot of things! From reports to customer profiles, from brainstorming sessions to sales—there's always something to do or something to analyze. This customizable design, available for Google Slides and PowerPoint,...

Construction Projects and Activities for Pre-K

Pre-K students are fascinated by construction work and construction equipment, and this template full of projects and activities takes advantage of this fact to help you put together a great lesson! Its colorful design is full of illustrations of people in hard hats and all the tools needed to design...

Residential Planning Consulting

Download the Residential Planning Consulting presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Your business demands smart solutions, and this consulting toolkit template is just that! This versatile and ingenious toolkit will provide you with the essential tools you need to shape your strategies and make informed decisions. Whether you are devising...

Rural and Urban Areas

Download the Rural and Urban Areas presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and start impressing your audience with a creative and original design. Slidesgo templates like this one here offer the possibility to convey a concept, idea or topic in a clear, concise and visual way, by using different graphic...

Economic Impact of Residential Areas Construction

Download the Economic Impact of Residential Areas Construction presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. The world of business encompasses a lot of things! From reports to customer profiles, from brainstorming sessions to sales—there's always something to do or something to analyze. This customizable design, available for Google Slides and PowerPoint,...

Engineering Project Proposal

What is the best way to build your own successful future? Giving a presentation made thanks to our new free business template! Your audience will appreciate your engineering project proposal, paving the way for new deals and investments.

Career Technical Subject for Middle School - 6th Grade: Architecture & Construction

With this template full of creative illustrations and resources you can build up the hype of your students to become architects. Design your own presentation from scratch just like you would with your own building by using the included editable resources! The creative power is in your hands, and when...

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Project: Make a Power point presentation about the construction and use of binoculars.

Binoculars are actually two telescopes connected side-by-side used to view from both the eyes. depending on the optical devices used, binoculars are of different types: galilean binoculars, prism binoculars, keplerian binoculars etc. construction: basic parts of binoculars are optical devices, central focusing arrangement, hinge and axle system for adjustment of distance from the eyes. the optical devices used in the above mentioned binoculars are: i. galilean binoculars: these consist of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. ii. prism binoculars: these consist of two right angled prisms and work on the principle of total internal reflection. iii. keplerian binoculars: these consist of convex lenses for both objective and eyepiece. uses: binoculars are used to view distant objects clearer and closer. hence, few of their uses are: i. in military operations to keep watch on the enemy. ii. in sports to enjoy the play even from the far away distance. iii. at tourists spots to observe the distant views of the valley. iv. for bird watching..

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TARGET PUBLICATION - LENSES - Apply your Knowledge

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