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How to Write Topic Sentences | 4 Steps, Examples & Purpose

Published on July 21, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on June 5, 2023.

Every paragraph in your paper needs a topic sentence . The topic sentence expresses what the paragraph is about. It should include two key things:

• The  topic of the paragraph
• The central point of the paragraph.

After the topic sentence, you expand on the point zwith evidence and examples.

To build a well-structured argument, you can also use your topic sentences to transition smoothly between paragraphs and show the connections between your points.

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Table of contents

Writing strong topic sentences, topic sentences as transitions between paragraphs, topic sentences that introduce more than one paragraph, where does the topic sentence go, frequently asked questions about topic sentences.

Topic sentences aren’t the first or the last thing you write—you’ll develop them throughout the writing process. To make sure every topic sentence and paragraph serves your argument, follow these steps.

Step 1: Write a thesis statement

The first step to developing your topic sentences is to make sure you have a strong thesis statement . The thesis statement sums up the purpose and argument of the whole paper.

Thesis statement example

Food is an increasingly urgent environmental issue, and to reduce humans’ impact on the planet, it is necessary to change global patterns of food production and consumption.

Step 2: Make an essay outline and draft topic sentences

Next, you should make an outline of your essay’s structure , planning what you want to say in each paragraph and what evidence you’ll use.

At this stage, you can draft a topic sentence that sums up the main point you want to make in each paragraph. The topic sentences should be more specific than the thesis statement, but always clearly related to it.

Topic sentence example

Research has consistently shown that the meat industry has a significant environmental impact .

Step 3: Expand with evidence

The rest of the paragraph should flow logically from the topic sentence, expanding on the point with evidence, examples, or argumentation. This helps keep your paragraphs focused: everything you write should relate to the central idea expressed in the topic sentence.

In our example, you might mention specific research studies and statistics that support your point about the overall impact of the meat industry.

Step 4: Refine your topic sentences

Topic sentences usually start out as simple statements. But it’s important to revise them as you write, making sure they match the content of each paragraph.

A good topic sentence is specific enough to give a clear sense of what to expect from the paragraph, but general enough that it doesn’t give everything away. You can think of it like a signpost: it should tell the reader which direction your argument is going in.

To make your writing stronger and ensure the connections between your paragraphs are clear and logical, you can also use topic sentences to create smooth transitions. To improve sentence flow even more, you can also utilize the paraphrase tool .

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As you write each topic sentence, ask yourself: how does this point relate to what you wrote in the preceding paragraph? It’s often helpful to use transition words in your topic sentences to show the connections between your ideas.

Emphasize and expand

If the paragraph goes into more detail or gives another example to make the same point, the topic sentence can use words that imply emphasis or similarity (for example, furthermore , indeed , in fact , also ).

Indeed , cattle farming alone is responsible for a large proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.

Summarize and anticipate

If the paragraph turns to a different aspect of the same subject, the topic sentence can briefly sum up the previous paragraph and anticipate the new information that will appear in this one.

While beef clearly has the most dramatic footprint, other animal products also have serious impacts in terms of emissions, water and land use.

Compare and contrast

If the paragraph makes a comparison or introduces contrasting information, the topic sentence can use words that highlight difference or conflict (for example, in contrast , however , yet , on the other hand ).

However , the environmental costs of dietary choices are not always clear-cut; in some cases, small-scale livestock farming is more sustainable than plant-based food production.

You can also imply contrast or complicate your argument by formulating the topic sentence as a question.

Is veganism the only solution, or are there more sustainable ways of producing meat and dairy?

Sometimes you can use a topic sentence to introduce several paragraphs at once.

All of the examples above address the environmental impact of meat-eating versus veganism. Together, they make up one coherent part of a larger argument, so the first paragraph could use a topic sentence to introduce the whole section.

In countries with high levels of meat consumption, a move towards plant-based diets is the most obvious route to making food more sustainable. Research has consistently shown that the meat industry has significant environmental impacts.

The topic sentence usually goes at the very start of a paragraph, but sometimes it can come later to indicate a change of direction in the paragraph’s argument.

Given this evidence of the meat industry’s impact on the planet, veganism seems like the only environmentally responsible option for consumers. However, the environmental costs of dietary choices are not always clear-cut; in some cases, small-scale livestock farming is more sustainable than plant-based food production.

In this example, the first sentence summarizes the main point that has been made so far. Then the topic sentence indicates that this paragraph will address evidence that complicates or contradicts that point.

In more advanced or creative forms of academic writing , you can play with the placement of topic sentences to build suspense and give your arguments more force. But if in doubt, to keep your research paper clear and focused, the easiest method is to place the topic sentence at the start of the paragraph.

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A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

Topic sentences help keep your writing focused and guide the reader through your argument.

In an essay or paper , each paragraph should focus on a single idea. By stating the main idea in the topic sentence, you clarify what the paragraph is about for both yourself and your reader.

The topic sentence usually comes at the very start of the paragraph .

However, sometimes you might start with a transition sentence to summarize what was discussed in previous paragraphs, followed by the topic sentence that expresses the focus of the current paragraph.

Let’s say you’re writing a five-paragraph  essay about the environmental impacts of dietary choices. Here are three examples of topic sentences you could use for each of the three body paragraphs :

• Research has shown that the meat industry has severe environmental impacts.
• However, many plant-based foods are also produced in environmentally damaging ways.
• It’s important to consider not only what type of diet we eat, but where our food comes from and how it is produced.

Each of these sentences expresses one main idea – by listing them in order, we can see the overall structure of the essay at a glance. Each paragraph will expand on the topic sentence with relevant detail, evidence, and arguments.

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Writing Topic Sentences — Purpose, Structure, and Examples

What is a topic sentence.

A topic sentence in academic writing identifies how a body paragraph relates to the overall purpose of an essay stated in the thesis statement . Topic sentences are usually at the beginning of a paragraph and identify the paragraph’s controlling idea.

While an essay’s thesis statement identifies the point of the essay in its entirety, the topic sentence has a much narrower focus, as it relates only to the paragraph in which it is located.

What is the purpose of a topic sentence?

The purpose of a topic sentence is to inform the reader of the main idea of the paragraph and how it connects to the overall objective of the essay. An effective topic sentence accomplishes one or more of the following:

Makes a claim

Supports other claims made in the paper

Identifies the purpose of the rest of the paragraph

Relates the paragraph to the purpose of the paper

Precedes information that defends a claim

How to write a topic sentence

To write a topic sentence, incorporate the following guidelines:

Determine the thesis of the essay.

Identify the main supports that help prove the thesis.

Use each main support to structure a topic sentence for each paragraph.

Compose a sentence that answers the following questions:

What will the paragraph prove?

How does the paragraph connect to the thesis?

Where is the topic sentence in a paragraph?

Topic sentences can be placed at the beginning or end of a paragraph.

Although it does not need to be the first sentence, the topic sentence should be placed at the beginning of the paragraph so the reader can quickly identify the purpose of the paragraph.

While not a common placement for a topic sentence, some writers use topic sentences at the end of a paragraph. Writers who choose this method want the reader to deduce the main point of the paragraph by presenting the evidence first.

Topic sentence examples

The following list identifies topic sentences based on the provided thesis statements for five-paragraph essays:

Thesis Statement: Capital punishment should be banned because it is inhumane, unconstitutional, and ineffective at deterring crime.

Support Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence: The inhumane nature of the death penalty proves it should be abolished.

Support Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence: Capital punishment should be outlawed because it violates the Constitution.

Support Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence: Because the death penalty does not effectively deter criminal behavior, states should not continue to use it.

Thesis Statement: College athletes should be financially compensated because they sacrifice their minds and bodies, cannot hold an outside job, and increase the school’s revenue.

Support Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence: Student athletes should be paid for their performance because of sports’ impact on their minds and bodies.

Support Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence: Because most college athletes cannot play their sport and hold a job, colleges should give them a living wage.

Support Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence: Student-athletes’ ability to increase their college’s revenue proves they should be awarded financial compensation.

Thesis Statement: Using alternative energy sources can help lessen the impact of global climate change.

Support Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence: Through the widespread use of solar power, countries can limit the environmental impact of other energy sources.

Support Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence: Utilizing more wind turbines as a power source can help mitigate the effects of climate change.

Support Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence: Using geothermal power will effectively decrease the world's reliance on fossil fuels.

What is a Topic Sentence? (Definition, Examples, How to Use)

What is a topic sentence ? A topic sentence , the first sentence of a paragraph, presents the main concept discussed in the paragraph. It must contain sufficient information to support numerous examples and subtopics without being too broad to obscure the essay’s intended purpose. The remaining sentences in the paragraph will act as supporting statements, providing evidence and examples for the main idea.

Importance of topic sentences

In essays or articles , where subjects can shift from one paragraph to another, a topic phrase is particularly crucial. The topic sentences, superficially, may seem to serve the purpose of only acting like the initial or introductory sentence of a paragraph. But it has numerous other purposes that make it an important part of essays.

• Topic sentences link paragraphs together to improve the sentence flow and make reading easier. When topic sentences are not used, switching between paragraphs can feel abrupt and jarring to the reader. Authors can maintain the rhythm of their writing using topic sentences and facilitate smooth transitions.
• Topic sentences show the reader a sample of what to expect from the paragraph. The readers can determine from the topic sentence whether the paragraph will comprise a narrative, a list, anecdotal evidence, statistical data, persuasive opinions, or some other form of evidence.
• If two conflicting viewpoints are presented in a single paragraph, authors can use more than one topic sentence to inform the readers about the changes in the main concept. For example, paragraphs that “compare and contrast” require more than one topic sentence. In these kinds of paragraphs, authors can start with a topic sentence introducing the first idea and follow it up with proof or evidence supporting the idea. Then they can introduce the second topic sentence conveying the opposing viewpoint, followed by proof or evidence supporting it.

Different types of topic sentences

The different types of topic sentences include:

Simple statement

This topic sentence is used by authors to make a general observation or statement and then elaborate on it in the body of the paragraph.

New studies are emerging indicating the link between climate change and the emergence of numerous new virus strains.

Interrogative or question

This is used by writers in less formal settings. Authors can start a paragraph using implicit or explicit questions related to the topic of discussion to engage the readers.

How many nations are ready to adapt to rising sea levels?

Complex topic sentences are used when the author is discussing a complicated concept that encompasses multiple ideas. Such topic sentences cover more than a single core idea.

Although many people believe that a mother bird will reject its chick if it is touched by humans, the truth is that birds do not abandon their babies after humans touch them.

Authors can use their topic sentences to make explicit demands or pleas to their readers. This will be helpful in breaking the monotony of the essay.

Let’s look at the data from the latest research.

Purely transitional

Though topic sentences are generally responsible for facilitating a smooth transition between paragraphs, occasionally they are purely transitional. These function best when the main topic shifts abruptly by highlighting the switch.

But not everybody agrees.

Pivot sentences are not found at the beginning of a paragraph but rather in the middle, indicating a change in the topic. Conjunctive adverbs like however, furthermore, and meanwhile are frequently used with them.

However, the undisputed king of tennis, Roger Federer, was dethroned in 2008 at Wimbledon.

How to create good topic sentences

A good topic sentence can be created using some simple steps:

1. Determine the key point of your essay

Writers should first form an understanding of the topic of the essay and then create topic sentences to attract the attention of readers. Constructing a good thesis statement can assist the writer in forming better topic sentences.

2. Have an outline for the essay

The author should form a plan or roadmap beforehand on the topics they want to discuss in a paragraph and the evidence they want to use as supporting statements.

3. Be coherent and clear

Writers should make their topic sentences clear and comprehensible so that the reader can form a clear understanding of what to expect in the paragraph.

4. Share opinions

It is advisable to share the opinion or viewpoint of the author in the topic sentence to attract the attention of the reader. Authors should also refrain from writing obvious facts in the topic sentences.

5. Use specific wordings

The topic sentences ought to be precise enough so that the authors can use a few sentences in the paragraph to support them.

6. Transitions should be added between paragraphs

To give the essay or paper a throughline, authors can create topic sentences that refer to the prior paragraph. A topic sentence can make a reference to the preceding paragraph while introducing the next part by using transitional words.

7. Use new, relevant information

Instead of using an obvious fact that everybody knows as the topic sentence, authors can give new information. It is also important to present them in an interesting way.

8. Create a compound or complex topic statement

Compound or complex topic statements feel advanced and stronger. Authors can create such topic statements to add a high level of sophistication to their text.

Many beginner writers and students confuse thesis statements with topic sentences. In essence, thesis statements establish the major idea discussed in the entire essay or paper, as opposed to topic sentences, which introduce the central concept of a paragraph.

Both of these sentences are responsible for giving the readers a sample of what to expect, but in entirely different capacities. Suppose a person is writing a thesis about the different compounds present in coffee and the health benefits it offers.

The thesis statement will be a generalized statement indicating that there are numerous compounds in coffee that benefit the health of humans. But the topic sentence of each paragraph will introduce any single health benefit or compound present in the coffee.

Topic sentences are typically found at the beginning of a paragraph. But this does not mean that they cannot be placed elsewhere in the paragraph. In some cases, when the details discussed can be summarized into a general statement, topic sentences can be included at the end.

Similarly, in some paragraphs where multiple concepts are discussed, topic sentences may be used in the middle of the paragraph. The placement depends on the number of topics being discussed and the way they are discussed.

• Merriam Webster – topic sentence – Definition
• Wikipedia – Topic sentence
• wikiHow – How to Write a Good Topic Sentence
• Scribbr – How to Write Topic Sentences | 4 Steps, Examples & Purpose

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About the author

Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.

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What Is a Topic Sentence?

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

A topic sentence is a  sentence , sometimes at the beginning of a paragraph , that states or suggests the main idea (or topic ) of a paragraph.

Not all paragraphs begin with topic sentences. In some, the topic sentence appears in the middle or at the end. In others, the topic sentence is implied or absent altogether.

Examples and Observations

• " Salva and the other boys made cows out of clay. The more cows you made, the richer you were. But they had to be fine, healthy animals. It took time to make a lump of clay look like a good cow. The boys would challenge each other to see who could make the most and best cows." (Linda Sue Park, A Long Walk to Water . Clarion, 2010)
• " Momma bought two bolts of cloth each year for winter and summer clothes. She made my school dresses, underslips, bloomers, handkerchiefs, Bailey's shirts, shorts, her aprons, house dresses and waists from the rolls shipped to Stamps by Sears and Roebuck. . . ." (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . Random House, 1969)
• " You discover what it is like to be hungry. With bread and margarine in your belly, you go out and look into the shop windows. Everywhere there is food insulting you in huge, wasteful piles; whole dead pigs, baskets of hot loaves, great yellow blocks of butter, strings of sausages, mountains of potatoes, vast Gruyère cheeses like grindstones. A snivelling self-pity comes over you at the sight of so much food. You plan to grab a loaf and run, swallowing it before they catch you; and you refrain, from pure funk." (George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London . Victor Gollancz, 1933)
• " The flavor that salt imparts to food is just one of the attributes that manufacturers rely on. For them, salt is nothing less than a miracle worker in processed foods. It makes sugar taste sweeter. It adds crunch to crackers and frozen waffles. It delays spoilage so that the products can sit longer on the shelf. And, just as importantly, it masks the otherwise bitter or dull taste that hounds so many processed foods before salt is added." (Michael Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us . Random House, 2013)
• " The very idea of retirement is a relatively new invention. For most of human history, people worked until they died or were too infirm to lift a finger (at which point they died pretty fast anyway). It was the German statesman Otto von Bismarck who first floated the concept, in 1883, when he proposed that his unemployed countrymen over the age of 65 be given a pension. This move was designed to fend off Marxist agitation—and to do so on the cheap, since few Germans survived to that ripe old age." (Jessica Bruder, "The End of Retirement." Harper's , August 2014)
• " Grandma's room I regarded as a dark den of primitive rites and practices. On Friday evenings whoever was home gathered at her door while she lit her Sabbath candles. . . ."  (E.L. Doctorow, World's Fair . Random House, 1985)
• " Genealogy is an ancient human preoccupation. The God of Hebrew Scripture promised Abraham descendants beyond number, like the stars in the sky and the sand on the seashore. The apostles Matthew and Luke claim that Abraham's lineage went on to include King David and eventually Jesus, though the specifics of their accounts are contradictory. Muslims trace Mohammed's line back through Abraham, to Adam and Eve." (Maud Newton, "America's Ancestry Craze." Harper's , June 2014)
• " O nce, in a restaurant in Italy with my family, I occasioned enormous merriment, as a nineteenth-century humorist would have put it, by confusing two Italian words. I thought I had, very suavely, ordered for dessert fragoline —those lovely little wild strawberries. Instead, I seem to have asked for fagiolini —green beans. The waiter ceremoniously brought me a plate of green beans with my coffee, along with the flan and the gelato for the kids. The significant insight the mistake provided—arriving mere microseconds after the laughter of those kids, who for some reason still bring up the occasion, often—was about the arbitrary nature of language: the single 'r' rolled right makes one a master of the trattoria, an 'r' unrolled the family fool. . . ." (Adam Gopnik, "Word Magic." The New Yorker , May 26, 2014)
• " In seventeenth-century Europe, the transformation of man into soldier took on a new form, more concerted and disciplined, and far less pleasant, than wine. New recruits and even seasoned veterans were endlessly drilled, hour after hour, until each man began to feel himself part of a single, giant fighting machine. . . ." (Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War . Henry Holt and Company, 1997)
• " What is the appeal of train travel? Ask almost any foamer, and he or she will invariably answer, 'The romance of it!' But just what this means, they cannot really say. It's tempting to think that we are simply equating romance with pleasure, with the superior comfort of a train, especially seated up high in the observation cars. . . ." (Kevin Baker, "21st Century Limited: The Lost Glory of America's Railroads." Harper's , July 2014)
• " Because science fiction spans the spectrum from the plausible to the fanciful, its relationship with science has been both nurturing and contentious. For every author who meticulously examines the latest developments in physics or computing, there are other authors who invent 'impossible' technology to serve as a plot device (like Le Guin’s faster-than-light communicator, the ansible) or to enable social commentary, the way H. G. Wells uses his time machine to take the reader to the far future to witness the calamitous destiny of the human race." (Eileen Gunn, "Brave New Words." Smithsonian , May 2014)
• " I passed all the other courses that I took at my university, but I could never pass botany. . . ." (James Thurber, My Life and Hard Times . Harper & Row, 1933)
• " What is there about this wonderful woman? From next door, she comes striding, down the lawn, beneath the clothesline, laden with cookies she has just baked, or with baby togs she no longer needs, and one's heart goes out. Pops out. The clothesline, the rusted swing set, the limbs of the dying elm, the lilacs past bloom are lit up like rods of neon by her casual washday energy and cheer, a cheer one has done nothing to infuse." (John Updike, "One's Neighbor's Wife." Hugging the Shore: Essays and Criticism . Knopf, 1983)
• " Television. Why do I watch it? The parade of politicians every evening: I have only to see the heavy, blank faces so familiar since childhood to feel gloom and nausea. . . ." (J.M. Coetzee, Age of Iron . Random House, 1990)
• " Anyone who has made the coast-to-coast journey across America, whether by train or by car, has probably passed through Garden City, but it is reasonable to assume that few travelers remember the event. It seems just another fair-sized town in the middle--almost the exact middle--of the continental United States. . . ." (Truman Capote, In Cold Blood . Random House, 1966)
• " Rodeo, like baseball, is an American sport and has been around almost as long. . . ." (Gretel Ehrlich, The Solace of Open Spaces . Viking Penguin, 1985)
• " What a piece of work is a book! I am not talking about writing or printing. I am talking about the codex we may leaf through, that may be put away on a shelf for whole centuries and will remain there, unchanged and handy. . . ." (William Golding, A Moving Target . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982)

Characteristics of an Effective Topic Sentence

• "A good topic sentence is concise and emphatic . It is no longer than the idea requires, and it stresses the important word or phrase. Here, for instance, is the topic sentence which opens a paragraph about the collapse of the stock market in 1929: "The Bull Market was dead."(Frederick Lewis Allen) Notice several things. (1) Allen's sentence is brief . Not all topics can be explained in six words, but whether they take six or sixty, they should be phrased in no more words than are absolutely necessary. (2) The sentence is clear and strong: you understand exactly what Allen means. (3) It places the keyword—'dead'—at the end, where it gets heavy stress and leads naturally into what will follow. . . . (4) The sentence stands first in the paragraph. This is where topic sentences generally belong: at or near the beginning." (Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing . Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)

Positioning a Topic Sentence

"If you want readers to see your point immediately, open with the topic sentence . This strategy can be particularly useful in letters of application or in argumentative writing. . . . "When specific details lead up to a generalization, putting the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph makes sense. . . . "Occasionally a paragraph's main idea is so obvious that it does not need to be stated explicitly in a topic sentence." (Andrea Lunsford, The St. Martin's Handbook . Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008)

Guidelines for Composing Topic Sentences

"The topic sentence is the most important sentence in your paragraph. Carefully worded and restricted, it helps you generate and control your information. An effective topic sentence also helps readers grasp your main idea quickly. As you draft your paragraphs, pay close attention to the following three guidelines:

• Make sure you provide a topic sentence. . . .
• Put your topic sentence first.
• Be sure your topic sentence is focused. If restricted, a topic sentence discusses only one central idea. A broad or unrestricted topic sentence leads to a shaky, incomplete paragraph for two reasons:
• The paragraph will not contain enough information to support the topic sentence .
• A broad topic sentence will not summarize or forecast specific information in the paragraph."

(Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work , 9th ed. Wadsworth, 2010)

Testing for Topic Sentences

"When testing your article for topic sentences , you should be able to look at each paragraph and say what the topic sentence is. Having said it, look at all the other sentences in the paragraph and test them to make sure they support it. . . .

"If you find that you have come up with the same topic sentence more than once, you have two paragraphs doing the same work. Cut one of them out.

"If you find a paragraph that has several sentences that don't support the topic sentence, see if all the outlaw sentences support some other topic sentence and turn the one paragraph into two." (Gary Provost, "How to Test Your Articles for the 8 Essentials of Nonfiction." Handbook of Magazine Article Writing , ed. by Jean M. Fredette. Writer's Digest Books, 1988)

Frequency of Topic Sentences

"Teachers and textbook writers should exercise caution in making statements about the frequency with which contemporary professional writers use simple or even explicit topic sentences in expository paragraphs. It is abundantly clear that students should not be told that professional writers usually begin their paragraphs with topic sentences."  (Richard Braddock, "The Frequency and Placement of Topic Sentences in Expository Prose." Research in the Teaching of English . Winter 1974)

• How to Find the Main Idea
• How to Write a Good Descriptive Paragraph
• Examples of Great Introductory Paragraphs
• How to Teach Topic Sentences Using Models
• What Is Expository Writing?
• Practice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific Details
• Practice Composing Effective Topic Sentences
• Paragraph Writing
• Unity in Composition
• Definition and Examples of Body Paragraphs in Composition
• Development in Composition: Building an Essay
• Best Practices for the Most Effective Use of Paragraphs
• How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph
• Understanding Organization in Composition and Speech
• Definition and Examples of Analysis in Composition
• Supporting Detail in Composition and Speech

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Topic Sentence

Every paragraph should include a topic sentence that identifies the main idea of the paragraph. A topic sentence also states the point the writer wishes to make about that subject. Generally, the topic sentence appears at the beginning of the paragraph. It is often the paragraph’s very first sentence. A paragraph’s topic sentence must be general enough to express the paragraph’s overall subject. However, it should be specific enough that the reader can understand the paragraph’s main subject and point.

• The topic sentence should identify the main idea and point of the paragraph. To choose an appropriate topic sentence, read the paragraph and think about its main idea and point.
• The supporting details in the paragraph (the sentences other than the topic sentence) will develop or explain the topic sentence. Read all the supporting details in the paragraph and think about the ideas they discuss.
• The topic sentence should not be too general or too specific. When considering the options, look for a topic sentence that is general enough to show the paragraph’s main idea instead of just one of its details. The answer should be specific enough that the reader understands the main idea of the paragraph.

More About the Topic Sentence

A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In academic writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it does not have to be).

Purpose of the Topic Sentence

A topic sentence essentially tells readers about the rest of the paragraph. All sentences after it have to give more information about that sentence, prove it by offering facts about it, or describe it in more detail. For example, if the topic sentence concerns the types of endangered species that live in the ocean, then every sentence after that needs to expands on that subject.

Topic sentences also need to relate back to the thesis of the essay. The thesis statement is like a road map that will tell the reader or listener where you are going with this information or how you are treating it.

Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas

Every topic sentence will have a topic and a controlling idea. The controlling idea shows the direction the paragraph will take.

Examples of a Topic Sentence

Topic Sentence: There are many reasons why pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world.

The topic is "pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the world" and the controlling idea is "many reasons."

Topic Sentence: To be an effective CEO requires certain characteristics.

The topic is "To be an effective CEO" and the controlling idea is "certain characteristics."

Topic Sentence: There are many possible contributing factors to global warming.

The topic is "global warming" and the controlling idea is "contributing factors."

Topic Sentence: Fortune hunters encounter many difficulties when exploring a shipwreck.

The topic is "exploring a shipwreck" and the controlling idea is "many difficulties."

Topic Sentence: Dogs make wonderful pets because they help you to live longer.

The topic is "dogs make wonderful pets" and the controlling idea is "because they help you

to live longer."

Topic Sentence: Crime in poverty-stricken areas occurs because of a systemic discrimination.

The topic is "crime in poverty stricken areas" and the controlling idea is "systemic discrimination."

Topic Sentence: Teen pregnancy may be prevented by improved education.

The topic is "teen pregnancy may be prevented" and the controlling idea is "improved education."

Topic Sentence: Cooking requires a number of different skills.

The topic is "cooking" and the controlling idea is "many different skills."

Topic Sentence: It is important to be ready before buying a house.

The topic is "buying a house" and the controlling idea is “it is important to be ready."

Topic Sentence: Graduating from high school is important for many different reasons.

The topic is "graduating from high school" and the controlling idea is "many different reasons."

Topic Sentence: Having a first child is difficult because of the significant adjustments in your life.

The topic is "having a first child" and the controlling idea is "significant adjustments in your life."

Topic Sentence: Remodeling a kitchen successfully requires research and a good eye.

The topic is "remodeling a kitchen" and the controlling idea is "requires research and a good eye."

Topic Sentence Exercise

Write a topic sentence for the following paragraph. During the 1990s, I really enjoyed watching Friends on television every Thursday night. I really wanted Rachel’s haircut—I think every girl wanted Rachel’s haircut back then! Rachel’s haircut went really well with the Guess Jeans that were so popular in the 1990s. I remember all the advertisements for Guess and Calvin Klein Jeans that were in each month’s Sassy magazine. I do not think Sassy magazine exists anymore, but it was one of the most popular magazines for young women in the 1990s.

Topic Sentences Exercise Answer

The bold sentence is one possible topic sentence for the example paragraph.

Note: This is just one possible topic sentence—you may have thought of others that are also appropriate.

Thinking about the 1990s brings back fond memories for me about fashion and popular culture. During the 1990s, I really enjoyed watching Friends on television every Thursday night. I really wanted Rachel’s haircut—I think every girl wanted Rachel’s haircut back then! Rachel’s haircut went really well with the Guess Jeans that were so popular in the 1990s. I remember all the advertisements for Guess and Calvin Klein Jeans that were in each month’s Sassy magazine. I do not think Sassy magazine exists anymore, but it was one of the most popular magazines for young women in the 1990s.

*Source: Purdue OWL

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Paragraphs: Topic Sentences

Topic sentences video playlist.

Note that these videos were created while APA 6 was the style guide edition in use. There may be some examples of writing that have not been updated to APA 7 guidelines.

• Academic Paragraphs: Introduction to Paragraphs and the MEAL Plan (video transcript)
• Academic Paragraphs: Examples of the MEAL Plan (video transcript)

The best way to understand the role of the topic sentence in paragraph development is to imagine that any given paragraph is a miniature essay that has its own thesis, support, and conclusion. The parts of a paragraph easily correspond to the parts of an essay:

Just as an effective essay starts off with an introduction that presents the paper's thesis statement and indicates the specific claim or argument that the essay will develop, each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that indicates the focus of that paragraph, alerting the reader to the particular subtopic that the paragraph will provide evidence to support.

A strong topic sentence should be placed at or near the beginning of a paragraph. In addition, this sentence should focus on a specific issue, avoid the use of direct quotations, and leave room for support and analysis within the body of the paragraph. Read on to learn more about creating an effective topic sentence.

The topic sentence does not have to be the first sentence in the paragraph; however, it should come early in the paragraph in order to orient the reader to the paragraph's focus right away. Occasionally a writer may place a transition sentence before the topic sentence, to create continuity between topics.

Topic Sentence to begin paragraph:

In the novel Sula , Morrison uses the physical bonds of female friendship to propel her characters into self-awareness.

Transition Sentence + Topic Sentence to begin paragraph:

However, Morrison does not only use the emotional and spiritual bonds between her female characters to initiate their coming-of-age. In addition, the author uses the physical bonds of female friendship to propel her adolescent protagonists into self-awareness.

Specificity

Your topic sentence should be more narrowly focused than your thesis sentence, and you will want to make sure the claim you are making can be supported, argued, and analyzed within the body of your paragraph.

Example: In the novel Sula , Morrison uses the physical bonds of female friendship to propel her characters into self-awareness.

In this topic sentence, the essayist is arguing that physical bonds of friendship, specifically, make the female characters more self-aware. Because this idea can be refuted or supported by readers (based on how successfully the essayist persuades his or her readers with examples and analysis from the novel), and because the claim is narrow enough to address within a single paragraph, the above sentence is a successful topic sentence.

Direct Quotations (Are Best Avoided)

Although it might be tempting to begin a paragraph with a compelling quotation, as a general rule, topic sentences should state the main idea of the paragraph in your own words. Direct quotations have a place later in the paragraph, where they may be incorporated to support the topic sentence.

Needs Improvement: As Morrison (1982) conveyed, the girls' "friendship let them use each other to grow on…they found in each other's eyes the intimacy they were looking for" (p. 52).

Better: In the novel Sula , Morrison uses the physical bonds of female friendship to propel her characters into self-awareness. Pointing to the connection of eyes meeting and bodies growing together, Morrison makes coming-of-age an interactive physical process between the adolescent protagonists. Specifically, Morrison describes how Sula and Nel have used "each other to grow on…they found in each other's eyes the intimacy they were looking for" (p. 52).

In this second paragraph, the topic sentence appears first, immediately orienting readers to the main focus (or topic) of the paragraph. The quotation is used later in the paragraph as a form of evidence or support for the topic sentence.

If you are finding it challenging to create effective topic sentences, you might consider outlining before beginning to write a paper. The points and subpoints of an outline can then become the topic sentences for the paper's paragraphs.

Additionally, because the topic sentence functions similarly at the paragraph level to the thesis at the essay level, you may also find it helpful to check out our thesis statement construction information. Our resource on paragraphs has helpful information about the scope of a paragraph, as well.

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Using Topic Sentences

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What is a topic sentence?

A topic sentence states the main point of a paragraph: it serves as a mini-thesis for the paragraph. You might think of it as a signpost for your readers—or a headline—something that alerts them to the most important, interpretive points in your essay. When read in sequence, your essay’s topic sentences will provide a sketch of the essay’s argument. Thus topics sentences help protect your readers from confusion by guiding them through the argument. But topic sentences can also help you to improve your essay by making it easier for you to recognize gaps or weaknesses in your argument.

Where do topic sentences go?

Topic sentences usually appear at the very beginning of paragraphs. In the following example from Anatomy of Criticism , Northrop Frye establishes the figure of the tragic hero as someone more than human, but less than divine. He backs up his claim with examples of characters from literature, religion and mythology whose tragic stature is a function of their ability to mediate between their fellow human beings and a power that transcends the merely human:

The tragic hero is typically on top of the wheel of fortune, half-way between human society on the ground and the something greater in the sky. Prometheus, Adam, and Christ hang between heaven and earth, between a world of paradisal freedom and a world of bondage. Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them, great trees more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divine lightning: Milton’s Samson destroys the Philistine temple with himself, and Hamlet nearly exterminates the Danish court in his own fall.

The structure of Frye’s paragraph is simple yet powerful: the topic sentence makes an abstract point, and the rest of the paragraph elaborates on that point using concrete examples as evidence.

Does a topic sentence have to be at the beginning of a paragraph?

No, though this is usually the most logical place for it. Sometimes a transitional sentence or two will come before a topic sentence:

We found in comedy that the term bomolochos or buffoon need not be restricted to farce, but could be extended to cover comic characters who are primarily entertainers, with the function of increasing or focusing the comic mood. The corresponding contrasting type is the suppliant, the character, often female, who presents a picture of unmitigated helplessness and destitution. Such a figure is pathetic, and pathos, though it seems a gentler and more relaxed mood than tragedy, is even more terrifying. Its basis is the exclusion of an individual from the group; hence it attacks the deepest fear in ourselves that we possess—a fear much deeper than the relatively cosy and sociable bogey of hell. In the suppliant pity and terror are brought to the highest possible pitch of intensity, and the awful consequences of rejecting the suppliant for all concerned is a central theme of Greek tragedy.

The context for this passage is an extended discussion of the characteristics of tragedy. In this paragraph, Frye begins by drawing a parallel between the figure of the buffoon in comedy and that of the suppliant in tragedy. His discussion of the buffoon occurred in a earlier section of the chapter, a section devoted to comedy. The first sentence of the current paragraph is transitional: it prepares the way for the topic sentence. The delayed topic sentence contributes to the coherence of Frye’s discussion by drawing an explicit connection between key ideas in the book. In essays, the connection is usually between the last paragraph and the current one.

Sometimes writers save a topic sentence for the end of a paragraph. You may, for example, occasionally find that giving away your point at the beginning of a paragraph does not allow you to build your argument toward an effective climax.

How do I come up with a topic sentence? And what makes a good one?

Ask yourself what’s going on in your paragraph. Why have you chosen to include the information you have? Why is the paragraph important in the context of your argument? What point are you trying to make?

Relating your topic sentences to your thesis can help strengthen the coherence of your essay. If you include a thesis statement in your introduction, then think of incorporating a keyword from that statement into the topic sentence. But you need not be overly explicit when you echo the thesis statement. Better to be subtle rather than heavy-handed. Do not forget that your topic sentence should do more than just establish a connection between your paragraph and your thesis. Use a topic sentence to show how your paragraph contributes to the development of your argument by moving it that one extra step forward. If your topic sentence merely restates your thesis, then either your paragraph is redundant or your topic sentence needs to be reformulated. If several of your topic sentences restate your thesis, even if they do so in different words, then your essay is probably repetitive.

Does every paragraph need one?

No, but most do. Sometimes a paragraph helps to develop the same point as in the previous paragraph, and so a new topic sentence would be redundant. And sometimes the evidence in your paragraph makes your point so effectively that your topic sentence can remain implicit. But if you are in doubt, it’s best to use one.

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Topic Sentences

What is a topic sentence.

• A statement at the beginning of each body paragraph
• Indicates the topic of the entire paragraph
• In a short essay, it reflects one of the main points of the thesis statement (link to thesis statement handout)

Main Point + Details

An effective topic sentence expands on a main thesis point by including details and explanation. It has two organizational purposes:

• Relate back to the thesis statement
• Summarize the paragraph

An effective topic sentence is like a mini-thesis statement for each paragraph.

Example Thesis: Health-conscious individuals should consider substituting strawberries for desserts because strawberries are healthy , sweet , and versatile .   Topic of Body Paragraph 1: Strawberries are healthy   Topic of Body Paragraph 2: Strawberries are sweet   Topic of Body Paragraph 3: Strawberries are versatile

Topic Sentence for Body Paragraph 1: Strawberries are a healthy substitute for desserts because they have a much lower carbohydrate count and are rich in nutrients and fiber.  

Notice that the topic sentence includes the first main point of the thesis statement, but it expands on the idea with further details. Now the paragraph can elaborate further on these details, and it should relate back to the main argument – that strawberries can be substituted for desserts.

The second body paragraph would start with a topic sentence about the second main point: strawberries are sweet . The third body paragraph would start with a topic sentence about the third main point: strawberries are versatile .

Longer Essays

Not all papers will have a three point thesis statement. If this is the case, the topic sentence may not contain a word-for-word point stated in the thesis statement.

Example Thesis statement: The literary techniques used by Leo Tolstoy in The Death of Ivan Ilych unveil an extraordinary sense of depth within the novella that is imperative to truly understanding Tolstoy’s ideas.

Example Topic Sentence: When Leo Tolstoy employs the technique of symbolism, inanimate objects like Ivan’s golden pocket watch and the drapes on his windows convey hidden meanings that further clarify important themes in the story.

From DBU Writing Center  http://www3.dbu.edu/uwc/documents/TopicSentencesAug15.pdf

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How to Write a Good Topic Sentence

Last Updated: June 26, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,251,043 times.

Perfecting the skill of writing topic sentences is essential to successful writing. A topic sentence usually comes at the beginning of a paragraph and lets your reader know what to expect from each paragraph. Think of it as the preview for a movie or a headline in a newspaper, highlighting the “main point” that’s to come in that paragraph. [1] X Research source Make sure your topic sentences are up to par, and the rest of your writing will feel like a breeze.

Writing a Successful Topic Sentence

• Keep in mind that this is not an invitation to simply announce your topic. “Today I’m going to discuss the benefits of gardening” is not an effective topic sentence. You should be able to make your intentions clear without stating them explicitly.
• The topic sentence in this example states a clear direction (“health benefits of gardening”) that you can then elaborate on in your paragraph.

• Don’t write too vague or general an idea or you will never be able to discuss it in a single paragraph. This is too general: “The United States suffered a lot during the Civil War.”
• Don’t write too narrow of a statement. There’s nothing much to talk about then, because it’s probably a fact. This is too narrow: “Christmas trees are either cedars or firs."
• Instead, aim for a good balance: “Sherman’s destruction in the South during the Civil War also caused incredible suffering.” This is big enough to relate to the broader idea of an essay, but not so narrow that there’s nothing left to discuss.

• Describe a character. This can be a physical or emotional description.
• Use dialogue. If there is a relevant conversation that will attract your reader’s attention, consider using part of it to start your paragraph.
• Portray an emotion. Use the opening sentence to portray an emotion to your reader.
• Use detail. While you don’t want to write a run on sentence by creating too much detail, it’s a good idea to create interest using sensory language in your topic sentence.
• Avoid rhetorical questions. While you want your reader to formulate questions in his or her mind, you do not want to formulate the questions yourself.

• Avoid presenting only facts in your topic sentence. While facts may be interesting, they do not introduce the reader to your paragraph nor do they draw the reader in. If you wish to include a fact, also include your own input. For example, instead of writing “All dogs need food,” try “All dogs need regular care, including healthy food, and children are the best ones to do it.” Alternatively, save your facts to use as evidence in the body of your paragraph.

• Using transitional elements, such as “In addition” or “In contrast,” is a good way to show the relationship between your ideas.
• For example: “Although gardening has many health benefits, people still need to exercise caution when outside.” This topic sentence establishes a connection to the main idea of the previous paragraph (“health benefits of gardening”) and points to the direction of the new paragraph (“things to be cautious of”).

Planning Your Topic Sentences

• You don’t have to write a formal outline using Roman numerals and the like. Even a loose, idea-based outline can help you know what you want to discuss.

• A topic sentence, unlike a thesis statement, doesn’t have to present an argument. It can present a “preview” of what the paragraph will argue or discuss.

• For example, a topic sentence could look like this: “In addition, increasing funding for public roads in Jackson County will improve local residents’ quality of life.” The rest of the sentences in this paragraph would relate to the main idea of public roads and how they will help benefit local residents.
• This is not as successful a topic sentence: “Increased funding for public roads in Jackson County has decreased traffic by 20%.” While this is probably an interesting fact for your argument, it’s too narrow for a topic sentence. The topic sentence has to direct the whole paragraph.

Avoiding Common Problems

• Unless it is an opinion piece, avoid using ‘I’ in your topic sentences.

• Rather than stating something like “In the story, Amelia did many good things such as help out her friends, talk to her parents, and support her team at school” say something like “As a result of the many activities Amelia participated in, she was recognized for her positive influence on the community.”

Sample Topic Sentences

Community Q&A

• Avoid using words like you or we because it implies you know the reader, which you don’t. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• In formal writing, avoid contractions such as “don’t,” “can’t,” and “isn’t.” Also avoid other common contractions like “would’ve” and “could’ve” which are commonly used. Instead type them out to look like “do not,” “can not”, “is not”, “would have”, and “could have.” Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Type out all numbers under a ten. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/planning-and-organizing/topic-sentences
• ↑ https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/paragraphs_and_paragraphing/index.html
• ↑ https://stlcc.edu/student-support/academic-success-and-tutoring/writing-center/writing-resources/topic-sentence-paragraph.aspx
• ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/paragraphs/topicsentences
• ↑ https://www.rit.edu/ntid/sea/processes/paragraph/process/sentence
• ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/outlining
• ↑ https://www.touro.edu/departments/writing-center/tutorials/topic-sentence/
• ↑ https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/57/
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/paragraphs/

About This Article

If you’re trying to write a good topic sentence, start by clearly stating your main idea, which should include the topic and the position you’re taking on it. Aim to write a sentence that’s broad enough for discussion but narrow enough to be covered in a single paragraph. If you can, start with a hook, like a detail, character, or emotion that would draw in your readers. For more advice from our reviewer on writing a good topic sentence, like how to make it effective while keeping it short and sweet, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Paragraphs & topic sentences.

A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.

Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence.

TOPIC SENTENCES

A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph. That’s why it’s often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it’s more effective to place another sentence before the topic sentence—for example, a sentence linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing background information.

Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. For example, you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer—perhaps indirectly—to a main point. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence.

PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE

Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader.

Introduction : the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition.

Body : follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information.

Conclusion : the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea.

The following paragraph illustrates this pattern of organization. In this paragraph the topic sentence and concluding sentence (CAPITALIZED) both help the reader keep the paragraph’s main point in mind.

SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED TO SUPPLEMENT THE SENSE OF SIGHT IN NUMEROUS WAYS. In front of the tiny pupil of the eye they put , on Mount Palomar, a great monocle 200 inches in diameter, and with it see 2000 times farther into the depths of space. Or they look through a small pair of lenses arranged as a microscope into a drop of water or blood, and magnify by as much as 2000 diameters the living creatures there, many of which are among man’s most dangerous enemies. Or , if we want to see distant happenings on earth, they use some of the previously wasted electromagnetic waves to carry television images which they re-create as light by whipping tiny crystals on a screen with electrons in a vacuum. Or they can bring happenings of long ago and far away as colored motion pictures, by arranging silver atoms and color-absorbing molecules to force light waves into the patterns of original reality. Or if we want to see into the center of a steel casting or the chest of an injured child, they send the information on a beam of penetrating short-wave X rays, and then convert it back into images we can see on a screen or photograph. THUS ALMOST EVERY TYPE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION YET DISCOVERED HAS BEEN USED TO EXTEND OUR SENSE OF SIGHT IN SOME WAY. George Harrison, “Faith and the Scientist”

In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If a paragraph is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader.

Along with the smooth flow of sentences, a paragraph’s coherence may also be related to its length. If you have written a very long paragraph, one that fills a double-spaced typed page, for example, you should check it carefully to see if it should start a new paragraph where the original paragraph wanders from its controlling idea. On the other hand, if a paragraph is very short (only one or two sentences, perhaps), you may need to develop its controlling idea more thoroughly, or combine it with another paragraph.

A number of other techniques that you can use to establish coherence in paragraphs are described below.

Repeat key words or phrases. Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description.

Create parallel structures. Parallel structures are created by constructing two or more phrases or sentences that have the same grammatical structure and use the same parts of speech. By creating parallel structures you make your sentences clearer and easier to read. In addition, repeating a pattern in a series of consecutive sentences helps your reader see the connections between ideas. In the paragraph above about scientists and the sense of sight, several sentences in the body of the paragraph have been constructed in a parallel way. The parallel structures (which have been emphasized ) help the reader see that the paragraph is organized as a set of examples of a general statement.

Be consistent in point of view, verb tense, and number. Consistency in point of view, verb tense, and number is a subtle but important aspect of coherence. If you shift from the more personal "you" to the impersonal “one,” from past to present tense, or from “a man” to “they,” for example, you make your paragraph less coherent. Such inconsistencies can also confuse your reader and make your argument more difficult to follow.

Use transition words or phrases between sentences and between paragraphs. Transitional expressions emphasize the relationships between ideas, so they help readers follow your train of thought or see connections that they might otherwise miss or misunderstand. The following paragraph shows how carefully chosen transitions (CAPITALIZED) lead the reader smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion of the paragraph.

I don’t wish to deny that the flattened, minuscule head of the large-bodied "stegosaurus" houses little brain from our subjective, top-heavy perspective, BUT I do wish to assert that we should not expect more of the beast. FIRST OF ALL, large animals have relatively smaller brains than related, small animals. The correlation of brain size with body size among kindred animals (all reptiles, all mammals, FOR EXAMPLE) is remarkably regular. AS we move from small to large animals, from mice to elephants or small lizards to Komodo dragons, brain size increases, BUT not so fast as body size. IN OTHER WORDS, bodies grow faster than brains, AND large animals have low ratios of brain weight to body weight. IN FACT, brains grow only about two-thirds as fast as bodies. SINCE we have no reason to believe that large animals are consistently stupider than their smaller relatives, we must conclude that large animals require relatively less brain to do as well as smaller animals. IF we do not recognize this relationship, we are likely to underestimate the mental power of very large animals, dinosaurs in particular. Stephen Jay Gould, “Were Dinosaurs Dumb?”

SOME USEFUL TRANSITIONS

(modified from Diana Hacker, A Writer’s Reference )

Produced by Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN

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Table of Contents

Collaboration, information literacy, writing process, topic sentences & paragraph development.

• © 2023 by Joseph M. Moxley - University of South Florida

A topic sentence summarizes the main idea or the purpose of a paragraph.

In an essay, topic sentences serve an organizational purpose similar to a thesis statement but on a smaller scale; a topic sentence helps guide the organization of a single paragraph while a thesis statement guides the organization of the entire essay. A topic sentence may be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph depending upon the way the writer chooses to organize the paragraph.

What are the functions of a topic sentence?

A topic sentence functions in several important ways:

• It informs the reader of the paragraph’s direction

The topic sentence announces the direction of the paragraph’s conversation. With the help of an effective topic sentence, readers will better understand what the paragraph will be about.

• It guides the reader through the major points that support the thesis statement

Since each paragraph—or a group of paragraphs—elaborates on a part of the thesis statement, a topic sentence can help clarify the relationship between the paragraph and the thesis statement. Clearly worded topic sentences may help readers find the paper’s position or argument more convincing.

• It places boundaries on the paragraph’s content

The body of the paragraph provides support for the topic sentence. The paragraph should only include evidence and details that relate directly to the boundary established by the topic sentence.

Let’s look at an example:

Topic sentence: Specially trained dogs provide valuable services for various law enforcement agencies.

Details within the paragraph:

• Drug Enforcement Administration officers use dogs to find various types of drugs.
• Some dogs are trained to search for and locate bombs and other weapons for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
• Police dogs can be used to track missing people or fugitives.
• Cadaver dogs are trained to ignore the scent of live humans and search for human remains.

When the topic sentence prefaces the sentences with supporting details, the purpose of the paragraph is clearer to the reader. Together, the topic sentence and the body sentences create a well-organized and easy to follow paragraph:

Specially trained dogs provide valuable services for various law enforcement agencies. The Drug Enforcement Administration trains dogs to find even trace amounts of various types of illegal substances. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms uses dogs to search for and locate bombs and other weapons, especially at large public events or arenas. Additionally, several local and federal agencies use dogs to track missing people or fugitives who may be found in a specific, localized area. Cadaver dogs, similarly, are trained to ignore the scent of live humans and search for human remains. These dogs are valuable assets to our country’s law enforcement organizations.

Where should the topic sentence be placed within a paragraph?

Your instructor may have guidelines for you about where to place topic sentences. If it is up to you, the topic sentence may appear:

• At the beginning. In many writing situations, the author places the topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph. Readers often expect cues related to the paragraph’s focus, claim, and main idea. In this position, the topic sentence makes an initial point and the remainder of the paragraph provides relevant supporting details.
• In the middle. In a few writing situations, the author may use the first sentence (or two) in a paragraph to act as a transition between paragraphs. The topic sentence that follows the transitional sentence(s) summarizes the paragraph’s main idea and helps provide unity to its content. In this position, the topic sentence links the supporting details presented before and after it.
• At the end. In some writing situations, the author may place the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph. Groundwork laid at the beginning of the paragraph can be built upon until it culminates at the end. Or, in a long or complex paragraph, the author may choose to restate the topic sentence in the form of a concluding sentence to remind the reader of the paragraph’s main point.

When might a topic sentence be unnecessary?

If they are not required by an instructor, there are a few instances when a topic sentence might be unnecessary, including when:

• The train of thought continues from the previous paragraph. Writers may find they have a lot to say about a sub-point in their essay and the number of supporting details could result in unwieldy paragraph length. When a previously developed idea spills into a new paragraph, a topic sentence may not be needed for the resulting new paragraph.
• The paragraph narrates a series of events. Writers may become narrators in some settings; hence, this transmission of events or experiences may speak for itself and a topic sentence could get in the way.
• The main idea of the paragraph is obvious Writers may sometimes present reliable, convincing evidence in such a way that the point of the paragraph is obvious and a topic sentence becomes unnecessary.

When during writing should the topic sentence be identified?

Because writing is a thoughtful, constructive process, writers may not always know what form their thoughts will take until they make it onto the page. This process involves a developmental progression that usually includes several drafts. Writers may identify topic sentences at different points during the writing process. Sometimes writers know right away what the topic sentence looks like and where it fits within the paragraph. Other times, they need to look at earlier drafts and analyze the main point of the paragraph. Then, a decision can be reached whether or not a topic sentence is necessary and, if so, where it should be placed.

How do I write or revise a topic sentence?

When writing or revising a topic sentence, consider whether the topic sentence:

• concisely summarizes the main idea or purpose of the paragraph?
• effectively guides the organization of the paragraph’s ideas?
• clearly announces the direction of the paragraph’s conversation?
• actively supports the relationship between the paragraph’s ideas and the essay’s thesis statement?
• adequately prepares the way for the content of the paragraph?
• firmly establishes boundaries for the supporting details and evidence presented in the paragraph?

Brevity - Say More with Less

Clarity (in Speech and Writing)

Coherence - How to Achieve Coherence in Writing

Flow - How to Create Flow in Writing

Inclusivity - Inclusive Language

The Elements of Style - The DNA of Powerful Writing

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Do your essays and papers lack clarity and cohesion? Are your readers often left wondering what point you're trying to make?

You're not alone!

Many writers struggle with this issue, and it often stems from the absence of a strong foundation in their essay writing : the topic sentence.

In this ultimate guide, we will define what a topic sentence is, provide you with clear examples, and offer valuable tips to help you write effective topic sentences.

Let’s get started.

• 1. What is a Topic Sentence In An Essay? 
• 2. Elements of a Good Topic Sentence
• 3. How to Write a Topic Sentence - 5 Simple Steps
• 4. Common Pitfalls in Crafting Topic Sentences

What is a Topic Sentence In An Essay? 

In an essay, a topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph, and it gives us a sneak peek into what the paragraph will talk about. 

It's like a signpost that helps the reader know what's coming up next.

Each topic sentence in a paragraph must have a topic and a controlling idea to show where the information is heading. 

What is the Purpose of a Topic Sentence?

The purpose of a topic sentence is to make your writing clear and organized. Think of it like this: if you're telling a story, you wouldn't jump from one topic to another without letting your friends know, right? That would be confusing!

Similarly, in writing, a topic sentence helps your reader know what to expect in each paragraph. It's like a mini-map for your essay. 

When you read the topic sentence, you instantly get a sense of what the paragraph will discuss.

Here's why topic sentences are important:

• Guides the Reader : It helps the reader understand what each paragraph is about. It's like a helpful signpost along the reading journey.
• Keep Your Writing Organized: Just like you wouldn't mix up ingredients when cooking, a topic sentence keeps your ideas in order. It makes sure each paragraph has a clear focus.
• Connects Your Ideas : Topic sentences connect one paragraph to the next. They create a smooth flow in your essay, like linking train cars together.
• Helps You Stay on Track : As a writer, a topic sentence helps you stay on topic. It reminds you of what you wanted to say in that paragraph.

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Where Is The Topic Sentence Placed?

The placement of a topic sentence in a paragraph is crucial for conveying the main idea and guiding the reader's understanding. 

Typically, the topic sentence is positioned at the beginning of a paragraph. This serves as a clear and concise statement that introduces the central theme or point that the rest of the paragraph will discuss and support. 

Elements of a Good Topic Sentence

A good topic sentence possesses several key elements that distinguish it as an effective component of your writing:

• Clarity : It should be clear and straightforward, leaving no room for ambiguity or confusion about the paragraph's main point.
• Specificity : A strong topic sentence is precise and specific, focusing on a single aspect of the broader topic to maintain a clear direction.
• Relevance : It must be directly related to the thesis statement or overall purpose of your writing, ensuring that it contributes to the central argument.
• Conciseness : It should be concise and to the point, avoiding unnecessary wordiness and getting straight to the heart of the matter.
• Connection : A good topic sentence should establish a clear link to the previous paragraph or the essay's overarching theme, creating a seamless flow of ideas.

Although most of the essay paragraphs must have a topic sentence. But there are some cases when there is no need to add it at all. For example, you can omit if the paragraph continues to develop a story or idea that you introduced in the previous paragraph. 

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How to Write a Topic Sentence - 5 Simple Steps

Writing an effective topic sentence is a skill that can significantly improve your writing. Follow these five precise steps to craft a compelling topic sentence:

Identify the Main Idea

Be specific and concise, connect to the thesis, check for unity, engage the reader.

Let's break down each of the five steps for writing a topic sentence in more detail:

Before writing your topic sentence, take a moment to identify the main idea of the paragraph. What specific point of view or information in the paragraph do you want to convey?

This is the crux of your paragraph and should be crystal clear in your mind before you start writing.

Once you've identified the main idea, express it in a specific and concise manner. Avoid general statements that lack depth or detail.

Specificity adds clarity to your writing and helps readers understand precisely what you're discussing.

Your topic sentence should align with the thesis statement of your essay or the overall purpose of your document.

This connection ensures that every paragraph contributes directly to your central argument or message. It also keeps your writing coherent and focused.

Ensure that your topic sentence serves as the glue that holds the paragraph together. All the supporting sentences in the paragraph should relate to and reinforce the main idea presented in the topic sentence.

This unity creates a logical and cohesive flow within your writing.

Consider your topic sentence as the hook that captures the reader's attention. Craft it in a way that intrigues the reader and entices them to continue reading.

This engagement is crucial, as it sets the tone for the entire paragraph and encourages readers to invest their time in your content.

Topic Sentences Examples 

Here are five examples of topic sentences, along with their respective topics and controlling ideas:

• Topic: Climate change
• Controlling Idea: Growing threat to global ecosystems

• Topic: Time management skills
• Controlling Idea: academic success

• Topic: Benefits of regular exercise
• Controlling Idea: Extend beyond physical health

• Topic: Artificial intelligence
• Controlling Idea: reshaping the job market

• Topic: Digital marketing strategies
• Controlling Idea: Transforming business audience reach

Common Pitfalls in Crafting Topic Sentences

When writing a topic sentence, it's important to be aware of common pitfalls and things to avoid to ensure its effectiveness in your writing. 

Here are key things to steer clear of:

• Vagueness and Ambiguity

Avoid using vague or ambiguous language in your topic sentence. A topic sentence should clearly convey the main idea of the paragraph without leaving readers guessing.

• Overly Broad Statements

Steer clear of making sweeping, overly broad statements in your topic sentence. Keep it focused on a specific aspect of the topic to maintain clarity.

• Lack of Connection

Ensure your topic sentence connects logically to the previous paragraph or the overall theme of your essay. Avoid abrupt transitions that disrupt the flow of your writing.

Avoid restating the thesis or repeating information from the essay introduction in your topic sentence. Instead, use it to introduce new ideas or aspects of your argument.

Topic sentences introducing complex sentences or information that may confuse readers. Keep it concise and straightforward. 

In conclusion, writing effective topic sentences is a skill that can significantly elevate your writing. 

By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can ensure that your topic sentences are clear, concise, and engaging.

Remember to identify the main idea, connect to your central argument, engage your readers from the very beginning. Avoid common pitfalls like vagueness, repetition, and lack of relevance, as discussed earlier.

Still struggling to write a topic sentence? Request " do my essay for me " and let our professionals handle the hard work. Whether it's a looming deadline or a complex topic, our essay writing service is here to deliver top-notch papers tailored to your needs. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between a topic sentence and a thesis statement.

A topic sentence is a sentence found at the beginning of a paragraph and introduces the main point of that specific paragraph.

A thesis statement, on the other hand, is usually found in the introductory paragraph of an essay and presents the overall argument or main idea of the entire document. It acts as a guidepost for the entire piece of writing, while topic sentences are specific to individual paragraphs within the document.

What are some good transition words for writing a topic sentence?

Some good topic sentence starters include:

• Additionally
• Furthermore
• In contrast
• On the other hand
• Nevertheless
• In conclusion

These words can help you introduce and connect ideas between paragraphs and provide a smooth transition into the main point of each paragraph.

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• Literary Terms

Topic Sentence

I. what is a topic sentence.

A topic sentence in a paragraph is like the GPS in a car. It shows you (and others) where you are going and explains the point of the paragraph. Everything else is used as supporting details. The topic sentence contains two parts: the topic and a controlling idea. The topic is WHAT the paragraph is going to be about, and the controlling idea explains WHY the paragraph is being written. The topic sentence helps your reader understand the purpose of your paragraph.

II. Examples of a Topic Sentence

The purpose of your paragraph will be made clear in your topic sentence. The most common reasons for writing are to persuade, to inform, and to entertain. It is also possible that a sentence could do more than one of these.

You will often use a persuasive topic sentence when writing for school, such as in literary essays .

The character Pip in the novel Great Expectations learns the importance of loyalty through his        interactions with the convict Abel Magwitch.

An informative topic sentence is often found in scientific articles.

White blood cells help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses and germs that invade the         body.

Topic sentences that entertain are sometimes found in magazines or other less formal writing.

It’s not hard to raise a bad child if you follow these simple instructions.

III. Parts of a Topic Sentence

There are just two parts in a topic sentence, the topic and the controlling idea. The topic is WHAT the paragraph is about, and the controlling idea explains WHY you are writing the paragraph. In the examples below, the topic is in orange and the controlling idea is in green .

Joseph loves to spend time with his friends .

What/who is this paragraph about? Joseph. Why is this paragraph being written? To explain something that Joseph loves to do.

Disneyland is the happiest place on Earth .

What/who is this paragraph about? Disneyland. Why is it being written? To show why Disneyland is the happiest place on Earth.

IV. Placement of Topic Sentences

A. initial placement.

The most common place for a topic sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph because it explains what the paragraph is going to discuss. The initial placement helps the writer organize the paragraph and tells the reader what to expect right in the beginning.

The best things in life are free . Although most people work hard to buy a good home or a nice car, those are not the things that they care about the most. At the end of their lives, they don’t want to hug their cars, or the walls of their fine houses. They want to be surrounded by the people they care about and who care about them. Kindness is free. Love is free. Friendship is free (or at least it should be!). Of course it is important to make money to survive, but love is important to live happily.

b. Final Placement

Sometimes the topic sentence is at the end of the paragraph, especially when the paragraph is a narrative or a mysterious story. Placing it at the end creates suspense or sometimes works to tell the point of the story.

The wealthy man was dying. He called for his friends and family to be near him and placed a hand on each one’s shoulder. They cried because they would miss him, and he cried because he had no more time to share with them. The beautiful things that he’d purchased over the years held no meaning. He didn’t care about his diamonds or his yacht or his large home. He cared for his children and the love they shared. They were here with him now and held his hands. He was glad he’d learned the most important lesson in life: the best things in life are free .

c. Medial Placement

The last place, the least common place for a topic sentence, is in the middle of the paragraph. The medial topic sentence usually functions as a transition between two ideas or details.  This works when you want to show that there are two (sometimes opposite) points to an issue, but the one you are arguing, the second point, is stronger, more specific, or more important. This topic sentence is generally introduced with a transition signal.

You can’t survive on love alone. People need money for basic necessities: food, shelter and clothing. Without money, life would be uncomfortable and difficult. However, time and energy should not be completely spent on making money because the best things in life are free . Having fun with friends and family is more important and more satisfying than buying a new car or nice clothes. People provide warmth, affection, understanding, and most of all, love. Money can’t love you back, and it does not guarantee happiness. Some of the richest people in the world are miserable, while some of the poorest people in the world are happy because they have the simple joy of loving people in their lives.  

V. How to Write a Topic Sentence

A. the best way to write your topic sentence is to consider why you are writing the paragraph.

• Decide on your reason for writing the paragraph
• After you have figured that out, write down the important details you want to include and see what they all have in common.
• Summarize the details into one sentence.

For example, if you want to write about your favorite movie, think about all the reasons that you like it. Is it funny? Exciting? Dramatic? Romantic? Be sure not to include too many things or else you will end up with an essay instead of a simple sentence. Once you have decided on your details, you are ready to write the topic sentence.

Here’s an example, the topic will be in orange and the controlling idea will be in green :

The best movie ever made was “Star Wars: the Force Awakens” because it was exciting and surprising .

An important point to remember is that the topic sentence should contain all relevant information that’s going to be in the paragraph. There should be no information about romance or comedy. It should only talk about what made the movie exciting.

b. Mistakes to Avoid

One of the biggest problems students face is keeping a paragraph or essay on topic. Sometimes they will write a good topic sentence but halfway through the paragraph, they think of another good idea and follow that. Without revision and editing, the topic sentence will not serve its purpose in the paragraph.

The best vacation I ever had was in Hawaii. The beaches were so beautiful and clean that swimming in them was like a dream . I especially loved the Waikiki beach. At night, there were free shows with dancers and live music. The music was so good that it made me want to dance. Dancing is my favorite thing to do in the world. When I was young, I studied ballet and tap dance. I’m thinking about taking it back up again. I might even study hip-hop!

The paragraph started out with Hawaii and end up with hip-hop dancing. You can see how the writer’s train of thought began to wander in the seventh sentence. With a different topic sentence, it would be possible to save this paragraph. Consider how different the direction would be with the following topic sentence.

The best vacation I ever had was in Hawaii. I especially loved the Waikiki beach. At night, there were free shows with dancers and live music. The music was so good that it made me want to dance and reminded me that dancing is my favorite activity in the world. In fact, when I was young, I studied ballet and tap dance. The dancing that I saw in Hawaii inspired me to get back into dancing . I might even study hip-hop!

With this new topic sentence, the second sentence would have to be eliminated or changed a bit. You can see how easy it is to get off-topic, but with a good topic sentence, and constant reference back to it, you are less likely to have that problem.

VI. So remember

• A topic sentence needs to contain the topic of your paragraph and a controlling idea.
• Everything in the paragraph should be connected to the topic sentence.
• The placement of the topic sentence depends on the type of paragraph.

VII. Exercises

Each of the paragraphs in this exercise has three possible topic sentences following it. Choose the best one and make sure that it includes the main idea of the paragraph.

1. _____________________________________________. In fact, he usually shows up five minutes early everywhere he goes. Because he’s so considerate, he hates to keep people waiting. He also believes that being early creates a better expereince. One time, when we were going to a movie together, John arrived thirty minutes earlier just so he could get the best seats in the theatre. I’m glad to have such a punctual friend.

a. John loves going to the movies.

b. John is always on time.

c. John hates to be kept waiting.

2. _________________________________________. The place is never crowded, but the service is still terrible. It seems like the staff has better things to do than wait on customers. Once I waited ten minutes just to buy a slice of pizza, and I was the only person in the whole store! I recommend staying away from Billy Bob’s Pizzeria.

a. Billy Bob’s Pizzeria has the worst pizza.

b. Billy Bob’s Pizzeria is an unpopular place to eat.

c. Billy Bob’s Pizzeria has terrible customer service.

3. I walked slowly down the dark path, afraid of my own shadow. But the tug on the leash propelled me forward. Buck, my golden retriever, was determined to take the most deserted trails through the forest. I could hear unfamiliar noises on all sides and urged Buck to do his business quickly. Oh, why couldn’t he be toilet trained? That would be better for everyone! _____________________________________.

a. Buck is an inconsiderate dog.

b. I hate walking my dog at night.

c. The forest is a dangerous place to walk at night.

4. Generally speaking, zoos these days are losing popularity. Many people feel that it’s unfair to lock up wild animals to entertain humans. ________________________________ . Some zoos go to great lengths to build a good environment for its animals. The good zoos treat their animals well and provide opportunities for the public to learn about the natural world. The best zoos protect endangered species and raise awareness about animals and their habitats.

a. Zoos perform a valuable service to society and should be part of every person’s childhood memory.

b. Zoos are horrible places that should be shut down because it’s not humane to lock up wild animals.

c. Zoos that do their best to make a pleasant habitat for the animals can be a pleasant place to visit.

List of Terms

• Alliteration
• Amplification
• Anachronism
• Anthropomorphism
• Antonomasia
• APA Citation
• Aposiopesis
• Autobiography
• Bildungsroman
• Characterization
• Circumlocution
• Cliffhanger
• Comic Relief
• Connotation
• Deus ex machina
• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
• Double Entendre
• Dramatic irony
• Equivocation
• Extended Metaphor
• Figures of Speech
• Flash-forward
• Foreshadowing
• Intertextuality
• Juxtaposition
• Literary Device
• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Synesthesia
• Turning Point
• Understatement
• Urban Legend
• Verisimilitude
• Essay Guide
• Cite This Website

Topic Sentence and Paragraph

What is a paragraph.

A paragraph is a group of sentences that convey an idea. Each sentence works together as part of a unit to create an overall thought or impression. A paragraph is the smallest unit or cluster of sentences in which one idea   can be developed adequately. Paragraphs can stand alone or function as part of an essay, but each paragraph covers only one main idea .

The most important sentence in your paragraph is the topic sentence , which clearly states the subject of the whole paragraph. The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of the paragraph because it gives an overview of the sentences to follow. The supporting sentences after the topic sentence help to develop the main idea. These sentences give specific details related to the topic sentence. A final or concluding sentence often restates or summarizes the main idea of the topic sentence.

Effective Paragraphs

An effective parapraph contains:

• a topic sentence that states the main point of the paragraph
• supporting sentences with details and specific examples as proof of your point
• logical, coherent thoughts that are developed in order from one sentence to the next
• a concluding idea that wraps up the point of the paragraph

Below is a paragraph model. It contains a topic sentence with concrete details and examples in the supporting sentences. Notice how the writer sums up the point of the paragraph with a concluding sentence .

Also, because this is academic writing, the writer indents the first line five spaces to mark the beginning of a paragraph. This practice is not always followed in commercial or instructive writing, or in business letters or memos.

My First Day

My first day of college was a disaster. First, I went to the wrong classroom for math. I was sitting in the class, surrounded by people taking notes and paying attention to how to do equations, which would have been okay if I was supposed to be in an algebra class. In reality, I was supposed to be in geometry, and when I discovered my error, I had already missed the first twenty minutes of a one-hour class. When I got to the correct class, all twenty-five students turned and looked at me as the teacher said, "You're late." That would have been bad enough, but in my next class my history teacher spoke so fast I could not follow most of what they said. The only thing I did hear was that we were having a quiz tomorrow over today’s lecture. My day seemed to be going better during botany class, that is, until we visited the lab. I had a sneezing fit because of one of the plants in the lab and had to leave the room. When I finally finished my classes for the day, I discovered I had locked my keys in the car and had to wait for my brother to bring another set. My first day of school was so bad that I know the rest will have to be better.

In the above paragraph, the topic sentence appears in bold and the concluding sentence in italics. The sentences in between support and develop the topic sentence by giving specific examples and details. These examples are the writer’s “proof” of their bad first day of school.

Effective Topic Sentences

An effective topic sentence:

• informs the reader of the subject that will be discussed in the paragraph
• asserts the writer’s point of view or attitude
• intrigues the reader to continue reading
• creates a sense of action
• is not vague, rambling, too narrow or too broad

Essay Topic Sentence

Essay topic generator.

Crafting an impeccable essay often hinges on the strength of its topic sentence. This pivotal sentence sets the tone, offers a glimpse into the content, and captivates the reader’s curiosity. Delve into the nuanced world of essay topic sentences, explore sterling Sentence examples , and arm yourself with tried-and-true tips to perfect this vital writing element.

What is the Essay Topic Sentence? – Definition

An essay topic sentence is the opening sentence of a paragraph that provides a concise summary of what the paragraph will address. It serves as a roadmap, guiding readers through the main idea or argument of that particular section, ensuring clarity and coherence.

What is the best Example of an Essay Topic Sentence?

Imagine writing an essay about the benefits of a balanced diet. An exemplary topic sentence might be: “A balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, plays an indispensable role in maintaining optimal health and preventing various ailments.” This sentence not only introduces the topic of a balanced diet but also hints at the benefits that the subsequent sentences in the paragraph will explore in detail.

100 Essay Topic Sentence Examples

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Essay topic sentences are the guiding lights of your paragraphs, illuminating the main ideas and ensuring readers navigate smoothly through your piece. Crafting a compelling topic sentence is paramount for grasping attention and setting the tone for the ensuing discussion. Here are 100 sterling examples that encapsulate various subjects and themes, each with its distinct allure to captivate readers instantly.

• The Renaissance era ushered in a wave of unparalleled artistic and intellectual achievements.
• Urbanization poses both challenges and opportunities for modern societies.
• Climate change impacts global ecosystems, from polar ice caps to tropical rainforests.
• Social media platforms influence contemporary communication and human interactions.
• Mental well-being plays an equally significant role as physical health in overall wellness.
• Education systems require ongoing reforms to cater to the evolving needs of society.
• Space exploration holds the promise of discoveries beyond our planetary confines.
• Wildlife conservation ensures the preservation of Earth’s rich biodiversity.
• Digital advancements reshape business models and consumer behaviors.
• Historical monuments stand as testament to a civilization’s legacy and prowess.
• Reading habits enrich the mind, offering both knowledge and escapism.
• Global economies interact in intricate networks of trade and diplomacy.
• Alternative energy sources promise a sustainable solution to environmental concerns.
• Emotional intelligence plays a pivotal role in interpersonal success and leadership.
• Modern transportation bridges geographical divides, bringing cultures closer.
• Culinary arts reflect the rich tapestry of world cultures and histories.
• Migration patterns reveal socio-economic factors and global trends.
• Sustainable farming practices benefit both the environment and consumers.
• Oceanic ecosystems harbor mysteries yet to be fully unraveled by science.
• Artificial intelligence challenges the boundaries of technological capabilities.
• Childhood memories shape our adult personalities and choices.
• Green technology offers innovative solutions to pressing environmental issues.
• Philanthropic endeavors aim to bridge societal disparities and uplift communities.
• Literary classics transcend time, remaining relevant across generations.
• Photography captures fleeting moments, turning them into timeless memories.
• Global tourism boosts economies while fostering cross-cultural understanding.
• Musical genres evoke emotions, from nostalgia to exhilaration.
• Ancient civilizations laid the foundations for contemporary societies and norms.
• Virtual reality immerses users in simulated environments, from gaming to training.
• Language evolution tracks societal shifts and historical influences.
• Modern architecture melds functionality with aesthetic appeal.
• Astronomical studies probe the mysteries of the cosmos.
• Entrepreneurial ventures drive innovation and economic growth.
• Fitness regimes promote holistic health and longevity.
• The fashion industry sets global trends while reflecting societal shifts.
• Psychological theories delve into the intricate workings of the human mind.
• Parenting styles influence a child’s development and worldview.
• Technological disruptions challenge traditional business models.
• Documentary films highlight societal issues and human stories.
• Gardening offers therapeutic benefits and a connection with nature.
• Modern medicine offers revolutionary treatments and hopes for chronic ailments.
• Cultural festivals celebrate a community’s heritage and traditions.
• Robotics is transforming sectors from healthcare to manufacturing.
• Urban planning addresses the challenges of rapidly expanding cities.
• Environmental policies aim to mitigate the effects of industrialization.
• Video games merge entertainment with interactive storytelling techniques.
• Graphic novels combine visual art with narrative depth.
• Theatre arts encompass a spectrum of genres, from tragedy to farce.
• Digital marketing targets consumers using online platforms and data analytics.
• Ancient mythologies provide insights into early human beliefs and values.
• Quantum physics challenges our understanding of the universe’s fundamental nature.
• Human rights movements fight for equality, justice, and freedom globally.
• Online education facilitates learning beyond geographical boundaries.
• Microfinance initiatives empower marginalized communities through financial inclusivity.
• Space telescopes capture awe-inspiring images of distant galaxies and stars.
• Holistic therapies combine traditional and modern practices for overall wellness.
• Archaeological digs reveal secrets of bygone eras and lost civilizations.
• Modern sculptures reflect contemporary societal values and artistic experimentation.
• Nano-technology holds potential for advancements from medicine to electronics.
• Digital art allows limitless creativity with the help of technology.
• Global collaborations foster advancements in research and innovations.
• Local cuisines represent the heart of a culture, infused with history and flavors.
• Renewable energy initiatives combat the global energy crisis and climate change.
• Ethical consumerism encourages responsible production and purchasing behaviors.
• Wildlife documentaries raise awareness about endangered species and habitats.
• Start-up ecosystems boost economic growth and technological innovations.
• Classic literature resonates with themes that remain relevant across ages.
• Mental health awareness breaks stigmas and fosters supportive communities.
• Biographical works provide a window into influential personalities’ lives.
• Adventure sports push human limits and offer adrenaline-filled experiences.
• Underwater exploration uncovers marine biodiversity and submerged secrets.
• E-commerce platforms reshape the shopping experience in the digital age.
• Sustainable fashion champions eco-friendly materials and ethical production.
• Forensic science plays a crucial role in solving criminal cases.
• Digital privacy measures protect user data from breaches and misuse.
• Animated films enthrall audiences with imaginative stories and visuals.
• Hydroponic farming offers soil-less agricultural solutions.
• Artificial neural networks simulate human brain processes for machine learning.
• Classical dance forms preserve age-old traditions and storytelling techniques.
• 3D printing technology revolutionizes manufacturing and prototyping processes.
• Ancient cartography charts historical perceptions of the world and explorations.
• Digital currencies are reshaping the landscape of financial transactions globally.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy offers tools to reshape negative thought patterns.
• Space tourism heralds a new era of extraterrestrial travel for civilians.
• Marine conservation efforts strive to protect our oceans’ fragile ecosystems.
• Molecular gastronomy melds culinary arts with scientific principles.
• Traditional craftsmanship preserves skills passed down through generations.
• Augmented reality applications blur the boundaries between the digital and real worlds.
• Public transportation systems facilitate urban mobility and reduce carbon footprints.
• Jazz music captures improvisational brilliance and rhythmic complexities.
• Antique collecting cherishes artifacts from bygone eras, each with its unique story.
• Gene editing techniques hold the promise of eradicating genetic disorders.
• Organic agriculture prioritizes natural growth processes and shuns chemical interventions.
• Adventure travel invigorates the spirit with challenges and uncharted experiences.
• Photojournalism chronicles real-life events, capturing moments that resonate deeply.
• Neuroscience research explores the intricate workings of the human brain.
• Contemporary dance expresses emotions and stories through fluid movements.
• Ecosystem restoration projects aim to revive habitats and promote biodiversity.
• Pet adoption campaigns advocate for giving shelter animals a second chance.
• Solar-powered solutions present sustainable alternatives to conventional energy sources.

Each of these topic sentences encapsulates a distinct theme or idea, forming a foundation upon which a robust, engaging essay can be constructed. By crafting clear and compelling topic sentences, writers can navigate their readers through diverse landscapes of thought, ensuring a coherent and memorable journey.

Is a topic sentence 1 sentence?

Absolutely, a topic sentence is typically one sentence that succinctly captures the main idea or central theme of a paragraph. Its primary role is to provide clarity and direction, giving readers a concise overview of what to expect in the subsequent lines. The topic sentence functions much like a thesis statement for a paragraph, presenting the focal point around which other sentences revolve. By offering a clear snapshot of the paragraph’s intent, it helps readers grasp the essence of the content and understand the progression of ideas.

Are topic sentences always the first sentence?

Traditionally, topic sentences often appear at the beginning of a paragraph, setting the tone and direction for the following sentences. However, they don’t always have to be the first sentence. The placement can vary based on the writing style, structure, and the purpose of the text.

• Beginning: In academic and many forms of informative writing, topic sentences usually start the paragraph. This placement offers immediate clarity and direction to readers.
• Middle: Sometimes, writers might begin with a few introductory sentences before delving into the main idea, which is then presented in the form of a topic sentence in the middle of the paragraph. This can be especially effective in narrative or creative writing where setting a scene or building anticipation is crucial.
• End: In certain cases, the topic sentence might conclude a paragraph, serving as a summarization or a transitional point leading to the next section.
• Implied: Occasionally, especially in more narrative or descriptive paragraphs, the main idea might be implied rather than explicitly stated in a single topic sentence.

Regardless of its position, the role of the topic sentence remains the same: to anchor the reader and provide a clear focus for the paragraph. The key is to ensure that wherever the topic sentence is placed, it should effectively guide the reader through the content and highlight the central theme.

How do you write Essay Topic Sentences? – Step by Step Guide

The quality of an essay often hinges on its topic sentences. These crucial components anchor each paragraph, guiding the reader and establishing a clear focus. Here’s a step-by-step guide to crafting compelling essay topic sentences:

• Understand the Paragraph’s Purpose: Before penning a topic sentence, grasp the main idea or argument your paragraph intends to convey.
• Be Clear and Concise: The topic sentence should succinctly summarize the paragraph’s central theme. Avoid ambiguity or overly complex language.
• Stay Relevant: Ensure your topic sentence aligns with the thesis or main argument of your essay.
• Use Specific Language: Instead of broad generalities, be precise. For instance, instead of “Books are beneficial,” say “Reading classic literature enriches one’s vocabulary and cognitive skills.”
• Avoid Mere Statements of Fact: A topic sentence should provide insight or a perspective rather than just stating an obvious fact.
• Incorporate Transitional Words: Especially in longer essays, use transitional phrases like “Furthermore,” “However,” or “In contrast” to guide the reader and indicate the flow of ideas.
• Test its Strength: Once written, check if your topic sentence provides a clear roadmap for the paragraph. It should set expectations for what’s to come.
• Iterate and Refine: Don’t be afraid to revise your topic sentence multiple times until it feels just right. It’s an integral part of the writing process.

Tips for Using Essay Topic Sentences

Topic sentences can elevate the quality of your essay when used effectively. Here are some tips to make the most of them:

• Maintain Consistency: Ensure that your topic sentences are consistent in style and tone throughout the essay.
• Vary Sentence Structures: While maintaining clarity, try different structures to keep your writing dynamic and engaging.
• Link to Previous Ideas: Especially in longer essays, make sure your topic sentences build upon the ideas from previous paragraphs. This creates a cohesive flow.
• Stay On Topic: A common pitfall is to deviate from the main idea. Ensure your topic sentence and the subsequent content remain aligned.
• Avoid Overly General Statements: Aim for specificity in your topic sentences to give readers a clear idea of what to expect.
• Seek Feedback: Have someone review your essay, paying particular attention to topic sentences. Fresh eyes can often spot inconsistencies or areas of improvement.
• Practice Regularly: Like any skill, crafting excellent topic sentences improves with practice. The more you write and revise, the more intuitive the process becomes.

By mastering the art of essay topic sentences, you can guide your readers smoothly through your content, ensuring clarity, engagement, and a strong narrative flow.

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30 Topic Sentence Examples

June 24, 2024

What is an essay without a topic sentence? Well, confusion. In your writing, the topic sentence introduces what the paragraph will be about. It should cover the topic of the paragraph and the prime focus of what you want to discuss in the next several lines. And it can assist in smoothly transitioning into the next paragraph, the next point you’re about to make. Depending on the complexity of your argument, the topic sentence can also weave together several paragraphs. So when the topic sentence is missing, it’s easy to lose track of what your specific message is. Below, you find 30 topic sentence examples.

Think of the topic sentence as a tool in your writing kit. It’s there to help you signpost and structure the argument of your essay. Having it, while making sure the topic is interesting and clear, is essential to help your reader truly understand your thesis.

How do you write a topic sentence?

When you’re about to write an essay, you won’t find yourself immediately thinking of every topic sentence example at once. Figuring out what your thesis is going to be, the very purpose and argument of your essay, will be a necessary first step . Then you might want to create an outline . The outline can draft out what you want to cover in each paragraph or how your argument will be supported.

This is where the topic sentence comes in. For every paragraph, you can begin to think of topic sentence examples that best sum up the rest of your idea. The more interesting you can make the topic sentence, the better it will be, so long as you can support it. Remember, the topic sentence will introduce what you are going to discuss and expand on in the rest of the paragraph.

Examples (Continued)

Let’s take a look at these six topic sentence examples below that introduce a paragraph:

1) Studies over the last ten years have shown that the use of social media has a significant role in teenage mental health.

2) Kate Jackson and her family, who have all been San Francisco residents for 30 years, noted that this was the hottest summer yet.

3) Book sales across the country have actually increased this year, contrary to popular belief.

4) During COVID-19, people rushed to adopt pets, but after the pandemic ended many of those pets were surrendered to shelters.

5) It is undeniable what impact the meat industry has had on our environment.

6) In the 19th century in France, the creation of the Braille system was a significant turning point for those with disabilities.

How do you imagine the rest of the paragraph will turn out? How can you best support your topic sentence to strengthen your overall essay?

Support your paragraph with evidence

The topic sentence of your paragraph will not hold well if it is not backed up with the right evidence. After writing a topic sentence like the topic sentence examples above, the rest of your paragraph should include strong examples of evidence to support your argument. Doing so will only help validate your topic sentence and allow your reader to have more insight into your thesis.

Considering each topic sentence examples above, try to think of what types of evidence you would expect in that same paragraph. There could be reports on statistics, interviews, and other forms of evidence provided. How will yours be?

Where should the topic sentence go?

Now you know that your topic sentence should be followed by the right evidence. So it’s safe to assume that the topic sentence belongs at the very beginning of the paragraph.

Yet depending on the paragraph you’re working on, you can also place your “main” topic sentence after an “intro” topic sentence. Let’s take a look at the two examples below:

7) Due to rising temperatures around the world, people have had to flee their homes and relocate to areas less prone to fires or floods. (Intro topic sentence)

8) However, many have found that even these “safer” locations are still susceptible to eventual natural disasters. (Main topic sentence)

When we combine the two sentences, we get:

Due to rising temperatures around the world, people have had to flee their homes and relocate to areas less prone to fires or floods. However, many have found that even these “safer” locations are still susceptible to eventual natural disasters.

The first (intro) topic sentence example is more generic and introductory, functioning like a summary of an observation. The second (main) topic sentence example then presents another contradictory argument to that first point. Depending on the tone or argument you want to make in your paragraph, you can format your topic sentences in such a way to further sharpen your thesis. Whenever you have doubt though, you can always place one topic sentence at the beginning of the paragraph.

Sometimes less is more in writing the topic sentence

The topic sentence introduces the key concept of that paragraph, along with evidence and research findings. It can even be written as more than one sentence or perspective, as noted directly above. However, you also don’t want to say too much. Why?

You don’t want to give all of your information away at once. While it is imperative to write a clear, specific, and even complex topic sentence, it’s just as important to avoid being too general or too informative. Striking the right balance is going to help you structure the rest of your essay. After all, you have the rest of the paragraph and the rest of your essay to do that, which leads us to our next point.

Topic sentences for smoother transitions

Like a game of dominoes, your paragraphs are all connected and should flow smoothly into the next statement you are making. As you are building your outline, or even as you’re already writing, consider how your previous paragraph transitions into the next . This depends on the intention of each paragraph and how you are structuring your argument.

Topic sentences for paragraph transitions have many functions. They will elaborate on more examples. They can wrap up or summarize a preceding point you made, providing another perspective. Also, they can go against a fact or opinion you wrote, which is a great way to strengthen your overall thesis and they can also be posed as a question.

Take a look at these transitional topic sentence examples below:

9) In fact, walking as a form of exercise has shown to reduce cortisol levels.

10) Furthermore, city council representatives have said that environmental sustainability has remained at the top of the agenda, but activists have largely disagreed.

11) While the strike in Hollywood has come to an end, many writers are still without employment and searching for new ways to restart their careers.

12) However, grocery prices across the country still seem to have risen.

13) Despite the state’s discontinued funding for the arts, is there another feasible way for these students to gather together and flourish as young artists at their school?

More than one paragraph: Topic sentences that expand into several key points

So far we’ve covered topic sentences that elaborate on just one paragraph. However, you might find that one topic sentence (or two) can best address several paragraphs. This usually occurs when you’re trying to introduce a bigger argument to serve your essay.

Let’s take one of the single paragraph topic sentences from earlier above and expand it by adding a connecting topic sentence to it:

14)Book sales across the country have actually increased this year, contrary to popular belief.

15) A report from the Association of American Publishers’ StatShot program states that in April sales over a year there has been an 18% increase.

These two topic sentence examples can even serve as their own introductory paragraph. This can then lead into more paragraphs related to the topic of specific book sales increasing across the country:

Book sales across the country have actually increased this year, contrary to popular belief. A report from the Association of American Publishers’ StatShot program states that in April sales over a year there has been an 18% increase.

Make the topic sentence interesting, not obvious

Check out 15 more topic sentence examples below. How do they introduce the topic, and what does it make you want to learn more about? You can imagine what kind of paragraph, or paragraphs, might follow afterwards:

16) When brewed correctly, coffee can hold strong, subtle hints of flavors such as chocolate or fruit, depending on the level of acidity.

17) Although today life in 1920s Paris is often romanticized for its glamor, jazz, and fashion, the city was still struggling to recover from the devastation of World War I.

18) Strict social rules dominated the Victorian Era, despite Britain’s expansion around the world in pursuit of wealth and power.

19) Dogs have a keen sense of time, so much so that they can predict when you’re late to take them out for a walk.

20) Before winter arrives, birds such as cranes and waterfowl follow preferred aerial pathways during their yearly migrations.

21) Conservation methods have helped local farms in their efforts to prioritize sustainability.

22) Did you know that humans would have a better chance of reaching Mars if they had a base set up on the moon?

23) The Pacific Ocean covers more than 30 percent of the earth’s surface, and it is home to so many life forms that have not yet been studied.

24) It is often debated whether or not student athletes should be paid for their performance, considering the cost for them to succeed.

25) Becoming a successful CEO doesn’t just happen overnight.

26) Although purchasing a home is considered a great form of investment, potential buyers should look at the real estate market first.

27) Watching my mother work three jobs to support our family has taught me the importance of resilience and strong work ethic.

28) Historical fiction not only has the power to teach us of actual past events. It also allows us to step into the lives of those we would have never met.

29) Parents and teachers at Sunnyroad School District are advocating for schools to provide free computers for their students – but the administrators aren’t so sure.

30) Across the country, the debate around whether teenagers should be allowed to use smart phones on campus has been circulating.

The topic sentence as a guide

One way to look at topic sentences is to imagine them as guiding compasses of your essay. Whatever point you are trying to make, the topic sentence has the power to guide your reader down a certain path. Choose wisely! And if you’re ever unsure about how to steer your essay and you need a personal guide, we’re here to help .

Additional Resources

• 100 Creative Writing Prompts for Middle & High School
• 100 Tone Words to Express Mood in Your Writing
• 160 Good Argumentative Essay Topics for Students in 2024
• How to Write the AP Lang Rhetorical Analysis Essay (With Example)
• How to Write the AP Lang Argument Essay (With Example)
• 400 Adjectives to Describe a Person
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Joanna Hong

With a BA from Pitzer College and an MA from University College London, Joanna has worked in London, Berlin, and Los Angeles covering many cultural and political issues with organizations such as Byline Media, NK News, and Free Turkey Media. A freelancer for The New York Times, her work has also appeared in Newsweek, Dazed and Confused Magazine, and The Guardian, among others. In addition, Joanna was the recipient of the 2021 PEN America Emerging Voices Fellowship in Fiction and is currently completing her first novel.

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• Parts of an Academic Essay
• The Writing Process
• Rhetorical Modes as Types of Essays
• Stylistic Considerations
• Literary Analysis Essay - Close Reading
• Unity and Coherence in Essays
• Proving the Thesis/Critical Thinking
• Appropriate Language

Test Yourself

• Essay Organization Quiz
• Sample Essay - Fairies
• Sample Essay - Modern Technology

In a way, these academic essays are like a court trial. The attorney, whether prosecuting the case or defending it, begins with an opening statement explaining the background and telling the jury what he or she intends to prove (the thesis statement). Then, the attorney presents witnesses for proof (the body of the paragraphs). Lastly, the attorney presents the closing argument (concluding paragraph).

The Introduction and Thesis

There are a variety of approaches regarding the content of the introduction paragraph such as a brief outline of the proof, an anecdote, explaining key ideas, and asking a question. In addition, some textbooks say that an introduction can be more than one paragraph. The placement of the thesis statement is another variable depending on the instructor and/or text. The approach used in this lesson is that an introduction paragraph gives background information leading into the thesis which is the main idea of the paper, which is stated at the end.

The background in the introductory paragraph consists of information about the circumstances of the thesis. This background information often starts in the introductory paragraph with a general statement which is then refined to the most specific sentence of the essay, the thesis. Background sentences include information about the topic and the controversy. It is important to note that in this approach, the proof for the thesis is not found in the introduction except, possibly, as part of a thesis statement which includes the key elements of the proof. Proof is presented and expanded on in the body.

Some instructors may prefer other types of content in the introduction in addition to the thesis. It is best to check with an instructor as to whether he or she has a preference for content. Generally, the thesis must be stated in the introduction.

The thesis is the position statement. It must contain a subject and a verb and express a complete thought. It must also be defensible. This means it should be an arguable point with which people could reasonably disagree. The more focused and narrow the thesis statement, the better a paper will generally be.

If you are given a question in the instructions for your paper, the thesis statement is a one-sentence answer taking a position on the question.

If you are given a topic instead of a question, then in order to create a thesis statement, you must narrow your analysis of the topic to a specific controversial issue about the topic to take a stand. If it is not a research paper, some brainstorming (jotting down what comes to mind on the issue) should help determine a specific question.

If it is a research paper, the process begins with exploratory research, which should show the various issues and controversies. It should, ultimately, lead to the specific question. Then, the research becomes focused on the question, which should lead to taking a position on the question.

These methods of determining a thesis are still answering a question. It’s just that you pose a question to answer for the thesis.  Here is an example.

Suppose, one of the topics you are given to write about is America’s National Parks. Books have been written about this subject. In fact, books have been written just about a single park. As you are thinking about it, you may realize how there is an issue about balancing between preserving the wilderness and allowing visitors. The question would then be Should visitors to America’s National Parks be regulated in order to preserve the wilderness?

One thesis might be "There is no need for regulations for visiting America’s National Parks to preserve the wilderness."

Another might be "There should be reasonable regulations for visiting America’s National Parks in order to preserve the wilderness."

Finally, avoid using expressions that announce, “Now I will prove…” or “This essay is about…” Instead of telling the reader what the paper is about, a good paper simply proves the thesis in the body. Generally, you shouldn’t refer to your paper in your paper.

Here is an example of a good introduction with the thesis:

Not too long ago, everyday life was filled with burdensome, time-consuming chores that left little time for much more than completing these tasks. People generally worked from their homes or within walking distance to their homes and rarely traveled far from them. People were limited to whatever their physical capacities were. All this changed dramatically as new technologies developed. Modern technology has most improved our lives through convenience, efficiency, and accessibility.

Note how the background is general and leads up to the thesis. No proof is given in the background sentences about how technology has improved lives.

Moreover, notice that the thesis is the last sentence of the introduction. It is a defensible statement.

A reasonable person could argue the opposite position: Although modern technology has provided easier ways of completing some tasks, it has diminished the quality of life since people have to work too many hours to acquire these gadgets, have developed health problems as a result of excess use, and have lost focus on what is really valuable in life.

• The introduction opens the essay and gives background information about the thesis.
• Do not introduce your supporting points (proof) in the introduction unless they are part of the thesis; save these for the body.
• The thesis is placed at the end of the introductory paragraph.
• Don’t use expressions like “this paper will be about...” or “I intend to show…”

For more information on body paragraphs and supporting evidence, see Proving a Thesis – Evidence and Proving a Thesis – Logic, and Logical Fallacies and Appeals in Related Pages on the right sidebar.

Body paragraphs give proof for the thesis. They should have one proof point per paragraph expressed in a topic sentence. The topic sentence is usually found at the beginning of each body paragraph and, like a thesis, must be a complete sentence. Each topic sentence must be directly related to and support the argument made by the thesis.

After the topic sentence, the rest of the paragraph should go on to support this one proof with examples and explanation. It is the details that support the topic sentences in the body paragraphs that make the arguments strong.

If the thesis statement stated that technology improved the quality of life, each body paragraph should begin with a reason why it has improved the quality of life. This reason is called a  topic sentence . Following are three examples of body paragraphs that provide support for the thesis that modern technology has improved our lives through convenience, efficiency, and accessibility:

     Almost every aspect of our lives has been improved through convenience provided by modern technology. From the sound of music from an alarm clock in the morning to the end of the day being entertained in the convenience of our living room, our lives are improved. The automatic coffee maker has the coffee ready at a certain time. Cars or public transportation bring people to work where computers operate at the push of a button. At home, there’s the convenience of washing machines and dryers, dishwashers, air conditioners, and power lawn mowers. Modern technology has made life better with many conveniences.      Not only has technology improved our lives through convenience, it has improved our lives through efficiency. The time saved by machines doing most of the work leaves more time for people to develop their personal goals or to just relax. Years ago, when doing laundry could take all day, there wasn’t time left over to read or go to school or even just to take a leisurely walk. Nowadays, people have more time and energy than ever to simply enjoy their lives and pursue their goals thanks to the efficiency of modern technology.      Accessibility to a wide range of options has been expanded through modern technology. Never before could people cross a continent or an ocean in an afternoon. Travel is not the only way technology has created accessibility. Software which types from voice commands has made using computers more accessible for school or work. People with special needs have many new options thanks to modern technology such as special chairs or text readers. Actually, those people who need hearing aids as a result of normal aging have access to continued communication and enjoyment of entertainment they did not previously have. There are many ways technology has improved lives through increased accessibility.

Notice how these proof paragraphs stick to one proof point introduced in the topic sentences. These three paragraphs, not only support the original thesis, but go on to give details and explanations which explain the proof point in the topic sentence.

Quick Tips on Body Paragraphs

• The body of your essay is where you give your main support for the thesis.
• Each body paragraph should start with a topic sentence that is directly related to and supports the thesis statement.
• Each body paragraph should also give details and explanations that further support the poof point for that paragraph.
• Don’t use enumeration such as first, second, and third. The reader will know by the topic sentence that it is a new proof point.
• See Proving the Thesis in Related Pages on the right sidebar for more information on proof.

The Conclusion

Instructors vary of what they expect in the conclusion; however, there is general agreement that conclusions should not introduce any new proof points, should include a restatement of the thesis, and should not contain any words such as “In conclusion.”

Some instructors want only a summary of the proof and a restatement of the thesis. Some instructors ask for a general prediction or implication of the information presented without a restatement of thesis. Still others may want to include a restatement along with a general prediction or implication of the information presents. Be sure to review assignment instructions or check with instructor.  If your assignment instructions don’t specify, just sum up the proof and restate the thesis.

Example which sums up proof and restates thesis :

Modern technology has created many conveniences in everyday from waking up to music to having coffee ready to getting to work and doing a day’s work. The efficiency provided by technology gives people more time to enjoy life and pursue personal development, and the accessibility has broadened options for travel, school, and work. Modern technology has improved our lives through convenience, efficiency, and accessibility.

See how the thesis statement was restated. The two major arguments about the possible locations proven to be incorrect were also included to remind the reader of the major proof points made in the paper.

Example which makes a general prediction or implication of the information presented:

Modern technology has created many conveniences in everyday life from waking up to music to having coffee ready to getting to work and doing a day’s work. The efficiency provided by technology gives people more time to enjoy life and pursue personal development, and the accessibility has broadened options for travel, school, and work. Without it, everyday life would be filled with burdensome tasks and be limited to our neighborhood and our physical capacity.

Here’s an example of a conclusion with a general prediction or implication statement with a restatement of thesis.

Modern technology has created many conveniences in everyday life from waking up to music to having coffee ready to getting to work and doing a day’s work. The efficiency provided by technology gives people more time to enjoy life and pursue personal development, and the accessibility has broadened options for travel, school, and work. Without it, everyday life would be filled with burdensome tasks and be limited to our neighborhood and our physical capacity. Modern technology has improved our lives through convenience, efficiency, and accessibility.

Quick Tips for Conclusions

• The conclusion brings the essay to an end and is typically the shortest paragraph.
• It is important to not introduce new ideas or information here.
• Unless otherwise specified in your assignment, just sum up the proof and restate the conclusion.
• Some instructors may want the concluding paragraph to contain a general prediction or observation implied from the information presented.
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The Truth About Topic Sentences, Main Ideas, and Paragraphs

Are you teaching the truth about paragraphs? Probably not. The truth is not what you think it is. Much of what you have learned about paragraphs is simply not true. In 1866, Alexander Bain created a list of six paragraph rules that became the foundation of modern paragraph theory. Although Bain’s rules all make logical sense and sound great, they don’t capture the reality of real writing.

If you want to understand the truth about paragraphs, main ideas, and topic sentences, this page is critical. The statistics can be a bit confusing, but the concepts are profound. When you fully understand the information presented here, you will never view paragraphs the same way again.

Let’s first establish a few terms:

1. The Main Idea of a Paragraph: A main idea answers this question: What’s your point? The good news is that most intelligible paragraphs have a main idea or make a point. Some poorly written paragraphs may not make a point.

2. Topic Sentence: A topic sentence is the main idea or main point stated in a single sentence.

3. Topic Sentence Location: Bain’s paragraph theory holds that the topic sentence should be placed first in a paragraph for emphasis.

The standard paragraph rules are not exactly true in real writing. We should all know that because we all read books, newspapers, and magazines, etc. We only need to open up a handful of professionally written texts to see that most paragraphs don’t start with a topic sentence that explicitly states the main idea. It’s not your imagination—they are not there!

The Research on Topic Sentences and Main Ideas in Professionally Written Expository Text

Researchers have proven what we should have known all along. Please note that the following research focused on expository text in academic journals, educational publications, and textbooks. Put simply, they examined the kinds of texts where the rules should apply if the rules do in fact exist.

We will take a close look at the research soon. However, I will summarize the findings now. The actual statistics are a bit more confusing than what I present here. In short, make sure you understand these three points before moving forward.

1. Main ideas are seldom stated in a single topic sentence (about 30-40% at most.) When they are, that sentence is rarely (about 13% of the time) the first sentence in the paragraph.

2. Main ideas are commonly broken up into two or more sentences. This means the main idea or main point is started in one sentence but completed in another.

3. Main ideas are implied over 50% of the time. This means that readers usually infer the main idea or main point. In short, readers can’t point to any one or two sentences that specifically state the main idea. Having said that, a point is still made, but it’s inferred.

When looking at the results of his study, Richard Braddock stated, “Teachers and textbook writers should exercise caution in making statements about the frequency with which contemporary professional writers use simple or even explicit topic sentences in expository paragraphs. It is abundantly clear that students should not be told that professional writers usually begin their paragraphs with topic sentences.”

Questioning Traditional Paragraph Theory

I love models. They bring order to chaos. The problem comes when we think they are reality or rules in the real world. Although they shine a light on the truth, they usually are not the complete truth.

One hundred years after Bain’s rules became fact, theorists began to question if professional writers actually followed his paragraph rules. The research has found that although the topic sentence rule is an effective writing technique and an excellent guideline, it is surprisingly rare. Before the statistical research had begun, here is what some theorists were already saying:

It is frequently said that every paragraph contains a topic sentence, stated or implied. A more accurate statement, however, is that some paragraphs have topic sentences and that others do not; for an “implied” topic sentence is one which the reader must construct for himself as a way of summarizing the paragraph in question. — Modern Rhetoric (1949; 1961) by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren

The topic sentence (or thesis statement, as it is sometimes called) is a more or less fictitious entity. It does sometimes make an appearance… but… often it is not something written but what is meant by what has been written. That is, the topic sentence is something a reader extracts from a paragraph and something a writer has in mind as the unity he wants to achieve. The schoolboy notion of a topic sentence as the big firecracker, from which a string of little firecrackers is ignited, has little relationship to the truth. — The Logic and Rhetoric of Exposition 3rd Edition (1957; 1969) by Harold C. Martin, et al.

First, we teach the “methods of development…” Second, we teach the paragraph… Third, we teach what I’ll call “fixed forms…” These three approaches cover most of what most of us do to teach arrangement. They share several characteristics. They are mechanical, in the sense that they provide slots to be filled with meaning; they are idealizations, corresponding to nothing in the actual print world. They are inversions (even perversions) of the natural writing process of skilled professionals. Finally, they are artificial. — Teaching Arrangement: A Pedagogy (1979) by Patrick Hartwell

As a new teacher, I sensed that something was wrong with everything I taught my students about main ideas, topic sentences, supporting details, and paragraphs. It all made sense to me logically, but it didn’t seem to create the results it should have if it were true.

If I had been knowledgeable enough to look at the printed books, magazines, and newspapers around me, I would have seen that what I was teaching my students wasn’t true in real writing. It all sounded so logical that I couldn’t see a different way.

Still, I became a highly effective writing teacher over the next few years. To be clear, I was never satisfied with anything I taught about paragraphs. Then, one day, I was put in charge of an out-of-control class for six weeks. In this extreme situation where it was difficult to explain anything, I ended up creating Pattern Based Writing: Quick & Easy Essay . Without a doubt, Pattern Based Writing: Quick & Easy Essay is the fastest, most effective way to teach students clear and organized multi-paragraph writing… Guaranteed! Be sure to check it out.

In the following study, Richard Braddock reveals what I suspected all along.

The Frequency and Placement of Topic Sentences in Expository Prose (1974) by Richard Braddock

Richard Braddock seems to get the lion’s share of the credit for blowing the whistle on the topic sentence myth. Anyone who does even a little research into topic sentences and main ideas comes across Braddock’s research.

First, Braddock created an excellent title. It captures the main concepts we teach students about topic sentences: frequency and placement. Additionally, Braddock makes a strong point. What’s his point? In short, the frequency and placement of topic sentences in professionally written expository text does not match the long-standing rules that many textbooks and teachers teach students.

Let’s clarify another set of terms.

• Main Idea Topic Sentence / Simple Topic Sentence / The Traditional Topic Sentence: These three terms all mean the same thing.

Before we look at the statistical results of Braddock’s study, let’s consider what frequency and placement of topic sentences mean:

1. Frequency: What percentage of the time are traditional “Main Idea Topic Sentences” found in paragraphs? What percentage of the time are main ideas stated or communicated another way?

2. Placement: Where are “Main Idea Topic Sentences” placed in paragraphs? Are they put at the beginning, middle, or ending of paragraphs? What percentage of the time? What percentage of the time is the “Main Idea Topic Sentence” the first sentence of a paragraph?

Here is what Braddock found:

1. Frequency: Braddock (1974) found that 30% of contemporary, professionally-written expository paragraphs have an explicitly stated “Main Idea Topic Sentence” and 70% don’t. In other words, with 70% of paragraphs, readers must construct the main idea in their minds to some degree.

2. Placement: Braddock (1974) found that only “13% of the expository paragraphs of contemporary professional writers begin with a topic sentence, that only 3% end with a topic sentence.”

These results shred standard teaching practices. Will other researchers confirm or deny the results? In a moment, we will take a look at another study. But first, let’s put this study in perspective.

A Little Review and Perspective

Every decent paragraph with decent unity has a main idea—it makes a point of some kind that a skilled reader can visually identify or infer. There is no main idea in a paragraph with terrible unity because the ideas don’t add up to something specific. A reader is left wondering, “What is the writer trying to say? Why did the writer say this? What’s the writer’s point?”

We can assume that professional writers with professional editors create paragraphs that have decent unity and a main idea. In Braddock’s study and our following study, the researchers identified two main categories of main ideas:

1. The Main Idea is Explicitly Stated: The main idea is explicitly stated in one of two ways: a) Simple Topic Sentence or b) Delayed-Completion Topic Sentence.

2. The Main Idea is Implied: The main idea is not explicitly stated. It’s implied. The reader must infer, figure out, or construct the main idea from the entirety of the paragraph.

Keep this in mind as we examine the results of our next study.

The Frequency and Placement of Main Ideas in Children’s Social Studies Textbooks: A Modified Replication of Braddock’s Research on Topic Sentences (1984) by James F. Baumann and Judith K. Serra

As indicated in the study’s title, this study is “a modified replication of Braddock’s research on topic sentences.” Whereas Braddock’s study examined expository paragraphs written for adult readers, this study examined passages and paragraphs from elementary and middle school social studies textbooks (grades 2, 4, 6, and 8) from five different publishers.

Here are the results:

“Results were generally consistent with Braddock’s findings on topic sentences: only 44% of all paragraphs contained explicit main ideas; and only 27% of all paragraphs opened with a directly-stated main idea.”

Of the 44% of all paragraphs that did contain explicit main ideas, here is where they were located:

“Overall, 62% of the simple paragraph main ideas were stated in the first sentence, 25% appeared somewhere in the middle of the paragraph, and 13% were found in the last sentence of the paragraph.”

This study used elementary and middle school social studies textbooks. Does what you teach your students about topic sentences and paragraphs match what they see when they open up their textbooks?

One of the big breakthroughs with Pattern Based Writing: Quick & Easy Essay was that I stopped explaining concepts that just weren’t true. Basically, I said, “Just do this…” Suddenly, students knew how it felt to make a point, indent, and then make another point. They quickly became natural and organized paragraph and multi-paragraph writers and literally said, “I get it! I finally get it!”

Understanding the Studies’ Four Ways of Constructing Topic Sentences and Main Ideas

Although Braddock (1974) used the term Topic Sentence , and Baumann (1984) used the term Main Idea , they were talking about the same thing. The two studies used two main categories of topic sentences or main ideas: 1) explicitly stated and 2) implied. These two categories were divided into a total of four categories.

Traditionally, teachers teach students that topic sentences are explicitly stated in a single sentence. Most teachers understand only one type of topic sentence—the Simple Topic Sentence. In this section, you will learn four ways that professional writers construct topic sentences or communicate main ideas. Keep this in mind as we move forward:

1. Main Ideas: Every decent paragraph has a main idea. If a paragraph does not have a main idea, it’s a terrible paragraph and should be edited or removed. Main ideas can be (1) stated explicitly or (2) implied.

2. Topic Sentences: Although topic sentences are far less common than we are told, they are still important and valuable and bring clarity to writing.

This table brings the two studies together and compares the results. As you can see, both studies show that readers infer the main idea from paragraphs more than half the time.

Baumann (1984) saw Braddock’s #3-4 to be more or less the same thing, so he omitted the “assembled” category. As a teacher, I like the assembled category because it sheds light on how readers draw inferences. When readers draw inferences, they are constructing or assembling the meaning.

Here are the four types of main ideas in list form. #1 and #2 are explicitly stated. #3 and #4 are implied.

• Simple Topic Sentence: States the Main Idea in a Single Sentence
• Delayed-Completion Topic Sentence: States the Main Idea Over Two Sentences
• Assembled Main Idea: The Reader Assembles/Infers the Main Idea
• Inferred Main Idea: The Reader Infers the Main Idea

Let’s take a closer look at those four types of topic sentences and main ideas.

1. Simple Topic Sentence: The main idea is stated clearly in a single “Main Idea Topic Sentence.” To express the paragraph’s main idea, a reader can identify and quote the writer’s exact words (more or less) from a single sentence. Theoretically, this sentence should be the first sentence in a paragraph, but we sometimes find it at the end of the paragraph or somewhere in the middle.

2. Delayed-Completion Topic Sentence: The main idea begins in one sentence and is completed in a different sentence. Although the reader must piece together the main idea from two sentences, it is still clear. In short, a reader can quote the writer’s exact words (more or less) to identify the main idea. This is not a traditional “Main Idea Topic Sentence.”

3. Assembled Main Idea: The main idea is stated over multiple sentences in the paragraph. Technically, a reader can quote the writer’s exact words to state the main idea, but it won’t be easy. The reader is more likely to infer the main idea than assemble it.

A Final Note: Don’t Be Fooled by Important and Interesting Details

The main idea is not the most important, interesting, shocking, thrilling, or powerful DETAIL. When no explicit topic sentence exists, one detail will stand out as the most important or interesting. Readers may focus on that detail and think, “This is the topic sentence!” However, it may not be. It may be that it’s just a great detail that caught our attention. The reader must ask, “Are all of the other sentences in this paragraph details or support for this one sentence? Is everything else all about that one sentence?”

The most important concept in all of reading and writing is this: What’s the point? Remember, readers often must infer the points being made. “What’s the point?” is the true essence of reading comprehension. There is a big difference between understanding and memorizing facts and comprehending the points being made. The fact that something is important or interesting does not mean that it is the point the writer is trying to make. Grasping and comprehending main ideas or main points is essential for reading comprehension. Sometimes paragraphs have a topic sentence—but often they don’t.

Writers should probably try to make their points clearer more often. Readers can only infer so much. One way to make points clear is to state them in a topic sentence. What’s a topic sentence? It states your point!

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