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Environmental Conservation Masters Theses Collection

Theses from 2024 2024.

Effects of Habitat, Density, and Climate on Moose and Winter Tick Ecology in the northeastern U.S. , Juliana Berube, Environmental Conservation

Adaptive Silviculture for Wildlife: Supporting Forest Biodiversity Through Climate Adaptation , Jahiya Clark, Environmental Conservation

Comparing Likelihood of Tree Failure Assessments Using Different Assessment Techniques , Ari Okun, Environmental Conservation

Use of Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (Drones) Based Remote Sensing to Model Platform Topography and Identify Human-made Earthen Barriers in Salt Marshes , Joshua J. Ward, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2023 2023

Modeling the Effects of Forest Management Practices on Ecohydrologic Processes in the Antalya River Watershed of Turkey , Hilal Arslan, Environmental Conservation

HYDRO-SOCIAL TERRITORIES AND OIL PALM PLANTATIONS: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, AGRIBUSINESS, AND SAFE WATER ACCESS UNDER POWER RELATIONS IN KAIS, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA , Briantama Asmara, Environmental Conservation

Evaluation of Acoustic Telemetry Array Performance and Fine- Scale and Broad-Scale Spatial Movement Patterns for Coral Reef Species in Culebra, Puerto Rico , Roxann Cormier, Environmental Conservation

Improving Energy Efficiency of School Buildings with Solar-Assisted Cooling for the Maldives , Ahmed Fathhee, Environmental Conservation

Pine Barrens Wildlife Management: Exploring the Impact of a Stressor and Active Management on Two Taxa at Camp Edwards , Andrew B. Gordon Jr, Environmental Conservation

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Malayan Sun Bear in Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern Myanmar , Min Hein Htike, Environmental Conservation

A Multi-Regional Assessment of Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) Occupancy in Managed and Unmanaged Forests Using Autonomous Recording Units , Jeffery T. Larkin, Environmental Conservation

Climate Change Attitudes of United States Family Forest Owners and their Influence on Forest Management Practices , Logan Miller, Environmental Conservation

The Relative Effects of Functional Diversity and Structural Complexity on Carbon Dynamics in Late-Successional, Northeastern Mixed Hardwood Forests , Samantha Myers, Environmental Conservation

Factors influencing the occurrence and spread of aquatic invasive species in watershed systems , Hazel M. Ortiz, Environmental Conservation

PARTICIPATORY WETLAND GOVERNANCE IN RAMSAR – ASSESSING LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN INDIA , Seema Ravandale, Environmental Conservation

A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE LINKED DECISIONS IN THE CONFISCATION OF ILLEGALLY TRADED TURTLES , Desiree Smith, Environmental Conservation

Effect of Alliaria petiolata management on post-eradication seed bank dynamics , Chloe Thompson, Environmental Conservation

Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) Population Dynamics and Response to Habitat Management in Massachusetts , Julia Vineyard, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2022 2022

Assessment of the Economic and Ecosystem Service Contributions of USDA Forest Service Landowner Assistance Programs in the Conterminous United States , Jacqueline S. Dias, Environmental Conservation

Exploring Urban Forestry Non-Governmental Organizations in the Temperate Forest Region of the United States , Alexander J. Elton, Environmental Conservation

Songbird-mediated Insect Pest Control in Low Intensity New England Agriculture , Samuel J. Mayne, Environmental Conservation

Perception and Value Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Rural and Urban Regions in Ecuador , Roberto S. Navarrete Arias, Environmental Conservation

Identifying New Invasives In The Face Of Climate Change: A Focus On Sleeper Populations , Ayodelé C. O'Uhuru, Environmental Conservation

A Tipping Point in the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest: Current and Future Land-Use and Climate Change Trends , Alula Shields, Environmental Conservation

Dynamics of Water Supply and Demand in the Bandama River Watershed of Cote d'Ivoire , Sarah Alima Traore, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2021 2021

Applying Ecological Theory to Amphibian Populations to Determine if Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) are Ideal and Free when Selecting Breeding Habitat , Taylor M. Braunagel, Environmental Conservation

Assessing the Impacts to Society Associated with the Use of Alternative Ammunition for Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges , Christopher Cahill, Environmental Conservation

Evaluation of Environmental Factors Influencing American Marten Distribution and Density in New Hampshire , Donovan Drummey, Environmental Conservation

Can Volunteers Learn to Prune Trees? , Ryan W. Fawcett, Environmental Conservation

The Efficacy of Habitat Conservation Assistance Programs for Family Forest Owners in Vermont , Margaret E. Harrington, Environmental Conservation

The Role of Vegetative Cover in Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change and Improving Public Health , Anastasia D. Ivanova, Environmental Conservation

Assessing the Structure and Function of Utility Forests in Massachusetts , Ryan Suttle, Environmental Conservation

Factors Influencing Stopover and Movement of Migratory Songbirds within the Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge , Jessica Tatten, Environmental Conservation

Patterns and mechanisms of intraspecific trait variation across thermal gradients in a marine gastropod , Andrew R. Villeneuve, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2020 2020

Habitat Associations of Priority Bird Species and Conservation Value on Small, Diversified Farms in New England , Isabel Brofsky, Environmental Conservation

Autonomous Recording Units as an Alternative Method for Monitoring Songbirds , Lindsay Clough, Environmental Conservation

Impact of Predators on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Eastern and Western United States , Ryan Crandall, Environmental Conservation

New England’s Underutilized Seafood Species: Defining And Exploring Marketplace Potential In A Changing Climate , Amanda Davis, Environmental Conservation

Improving Growth and Survival of Cultured Yellow Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) for Restoring Populations , Virginia Martell, Environmental Conservation

From Intentional Awareness to Environmental Action: The Relationship Between Mindfulness and Pro-Environmental Behaviors , Nischal Neupane, Environmental Conservation

The Ecological Value of Spruce Plantations in Massachusetts , Calvin Ritter, Environmental Conservation

In-vitro Propagation and Fish Assessments to Inform Restoration of Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta Heterodon) , Jennifer Ryan, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2019 2019

Hydrologic Structure and Function of Vernal Pools in South Deerfield, Massachusetts , Charlotte Axthelm, Environmental Conservation

Ecological and Economic Implications of Establishing Quercus spp. in the Urban Environment , Tierney Bocsi, Environmental Conservation

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Management Effectiveness and Plant Community Response , Erin Coates-Connor, Environmental Conservation

Defining and Addressing Interconnected Goals in Groundwater Management Planning Across the USA , Allison Gage, Environmental Conservation

Root-Driven Weathering Impacts on Mineral-Organic Associations Over Pedogenic Time Scales , Mariela Garcia Arredondo, Environmental Conservation

Using Visual Media to Empower Citizen Scientists: A Case Study of the Outsmart App , Megan E. Kierstead, Environmental Conservation

Urban Biodiversity Experience and Exposure: Intervention and Inequality at the Local and Global Scale , Evan Kuras, Environmental Conservation

Arboriculture Safety Around The World , Jamie Lim, Environmental Conservation

Ecological Considerations and Application of Urban Tree Selection in Massachusetts , Ashley McElhinney, Environmental Conservation

The Women's Action: Participation through Resistance , Michael Roberts, Environmental Conservation

Eastern Whip-poor-will Habitat Associations in Fort Drum, NY , Kimberly Spiller, Environmental Conservation

The Role of International River Basin Organizations in Facilitating Science Use in Policy , Kelsey Wentling, Environmental Conservation

An Examination of Tern Diet in a Changing Gulf of Maine , Keenan Yakola, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2018 2018

Mapping Sandbars in the Connecticut River Watershed through Aerial Images for Floodplain Conservation , Bogumila Backiel, Environmental Conservation

You Must Estimate Before You Indicate: Design and Model-Based Methods for Evaluating Utility of a Candidate Forest Indicator Species , Jillian Fleming, Environmental Conservation

Performance of Floristic Quality Assessment in Massachusetts Forested Wetlands , Carolyn Gorss, Environmental Conservation

The Impact of Intraspecific Density on Garlic Mustard Sinigrin Concentration , Mercedes Harris, Environmental Conservation

Plants, Parasites, and Pollinators: The Effects of Medicinal Pollens on a Common Gut Parasite in Bumble Bees , George LoCascio, Environmental Conservation

Human and Climate Change Influences on Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinos in Southern Africa , Hlelolwenkhosi S. Mamba, Environmental Conservation

Watershed-Scale Modeling for Water Resource Sustainability in the Tuul River Basin of Mongolia , Javzansuren Norvanchig, Environmental Conservation

Impacts of Small, Surface-Release Dams on Stream Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen in Massachusetts , Peter Zaidel, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2017 2017

Accounting For Biotic Variability In Streams With Low Levels of Impervious Cover: The Role of Reach- and Watershed-Scale Factors , Catherine Bentsen, Environmental Conservation

Juvenile River Herring in Freshwater Lakes: Sampling Approaches for Evaluating Growth and Survival , Matthew T. Devine, Environmental Conservation

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON BIRD ABUNDANCE ALONG ELEVATION GRADIENTS IN THE NORTHERN APPALACHIANS , Timothy Duclos, Environmental Conservation

EVALUATION OF THE RECREATIONAL CATCH-AND-RELEASE FISHERY FOR GOLDEN DORADO SALMINUS BRASILIENSIS IN SALTA, ARGENTINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT , Tyler Gagne, Environmental Conservation

Botswana’s Elephant-Back Safari Industry – Stress-Response in Working African Elephants and Analysis of their Post-Release Movements , Tanya Lama, Environmental Conservation

Factors Influencing Shrubland Bird and Native Bee Communities in Forest Openings , H. Patrick Roberts, Environmental Conservation

A Mixed-methods Study on Female Landowner Estate Planning Objectives , rebekah zimmerer, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2016 2016

Factors Influencing Household Outdoor Residential Water Use Decisions in Suburban Boston (USA) , Emily E. Argo, Environmental Conservation

Understory Plant Community Structure in Forests Invaded by Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) , Jason Aylward, Environmental Conservation

Factors Affecting Habitat Quality for Wintering Wood Thrushes in a Coffee Growing Region in Honduras , Brett A. Bailey, Environmental Conservation

Invasive Species Occurrence Frequency is not a Suitable Proxy for Abundance in the Northeast , Tyler J. Cross, Environmental Conservation

Population Genetic Analysis of Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in Coastal Massachusetts. , Katherine T. Johnson, Environmental Conservation

Modeling Historical and Future Range of Variability Scenarios in the Yuba River Watershed, Tahoe National Forest, California , Maritza Mallek, Environmental Conservation

The Life History Characteristics, Growth, and Mortality of Juvenile Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, in Coastal Massachusetts , Julianne Rosset, Environmental Conservation

Specific Phosphate Sorption Mechanisms of Unaltered and Altered Biochar , Kathryn D. Szerlag, Environmental Conservation

Trophic Relationships Among Caribou Calf Predators in Newfoundland , Chris Zieminski, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2015 2015

Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Three New York Pine Barrens and the Impacts of Hiking Trails , Grace W. Barber, Environmental Conservation

Niche-Based Modeling of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Using Presence-Only Information , Nathan Bush, Environmental Conservation

Assessing Mammal and Bird Biodiversity and Habitat Occupancy of Tiger Prey in the Hukaung Valley of Northern Myanmar , Hla Naing, Environmental Conservation

Generating Best Management Practices for Avian Conservation in a Land-Sparing Agriculture System, and the Habitat-Specific Survival of a Priority Migrant , Jeffrey D. Ritterson, Environmental Conservation

Experimental Test of Genetic Rescue in Isolated Populations of Brook Trout , Zachary L. Robinson, Environmental Conservation

UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTION TOWARDS HUMAN-WILDLIFE INTERACTION AND CONFLICT IN A TIGER LANDSCAPE-COMPLEX OF INDIA , Ronak T. Sripal, Environmental Conservation

Impacts of Land Cover and Climate Change on Water Resources in Suasco River Watershed , Ammara Talib, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2014 2014

A Comparison of American, Canadian, and European Home Energy Performance in Heating Dominated – Moist Climates Based on Building Codes , Stephanie M. Berkland, Environmental Conservation

Spatio-Temporal Factors Affecting Human-Black Bear Interactions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Nathan Buckhout, Environmental Conservation

Estimating the Effective Number of Breeders of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Over Multiple Generations in Two Stream Systems , Matthew R. Cembrola, Environmental Conservation

An Assessment of Environmental Dna as a Tool to Detect Fish Species in Headwater Streams , Stephen F. Jane, Environmental Conservation

Assessing Wild Canid Distribution Using Camera Traps in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts , Eric G. LeFlore, Environmental Conservation

Quantifying the Effect of Passive Solar Design in Traditional New England Architecture , Peter Levy, Environmental Conservation

Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Species in Sumatra: Smaller Cats and the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis) As Case Studies , Wulan Pusparini, Environmental Conservation

The Cumulative Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use Change on Water Quantity and Quality in the Narragansett Bay Watershed , Evan R. Ross, Environmental Conservation

Patterns in Trash: Factors that Drive Municipal Solid Waste Recycling , Jared Starr, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2013 2013

Greening the Building Code: an Analysis of Large Project Review Under Boston Zoning Code Articles 37 and 80 , Sandy J. Beauregard, Environmental Conservation

Vernal Pool Vegetation and Soil Patterns Along Hydrologic Gradients in Western Massachusetts , Kasie Collins, Environmental Conservation

Implementation of Aquaponics in Education: An Assessment of Challenges, Solutions and Success , Emily Rose Hart, Environmental Conservation

Aquatic Barrier Prioritization in New England Under Climate Change Scenarios Using Fish Habitat Quantity, Thermal Habitat Quality, Aquatic Organism Passage, and Infrastructure Sustainability , Alexandra C. Jospe, Environmental Conservation

The Energy Benefits of Trees: Investigating Shading, Microclimate and Wind Shielding Effects in Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts , Emma L. Morzuch, Environmental Conservation

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Environmental studies theses and dissertations.

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• AN ACCUMULATION OF CATASTROPHE: A POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WILDFIRE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES  Dockstader, Sue ( University of Oregon , 2024-03-25 ) This dissertation is an environmental sociological study of wildland fire in what is now the western United States. It examines wildfire management from roughly the 1900s to the present time employing a Marxist historical ...
• Managing Life's Future: Species Essentialism and Evolutionary Normativity in Conservation Policy, Practice, and Imaginaries  Maggiulli, Katrina ( University of Oregon , 2024-01-10 ) Folk essentialist and normative understandings of species are not only prevalent in popular layperson communities, but also end up undergirding United States conservation policy and practice due to the simplistic clarity ...
• Unsettled Ecologies: Alienated Species, Indigenous Restoration, and U.S. Empire in a Time of Climate Chaos  Fink, Lisa ( University of Oregon , 2024-01-10 ) This dissertation traces environmental thinking about invasive species from Western-colonial, diasporic settlers of color, and Indigenous perspectives within U.S. settler colonialism. Considering environmental discourses ...
• Futuremaking in a Disaster Zone: Everyday Climate Change Adaptation amongst Quechua Women in the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca  Moulton, Holly ( University of Oregon , 2024-01-10 ) Indigenous women in Peru are often labeled “triply vulnerable” to climate change due to race, gender, and economic marginalization. Despite Peru’s focus on gender, Indigeneity, and intersectionality in national adaptation ...
• Land Acts: Land's Agency in American Literature, Law, and History from the Colonial Period to Removal  Keeler, Kyle ( University of Oregon , 2024-01-10 ) This dissertation examines land’s agency and relationships to land in the places now known as the United States as these relationships appear in literature and law from early colonization to the removal period. Land Acts ...
• PALEOTEMPERATURE, VEGETATION CHANGE, FIRE HISTORY, AND LAKE PRODUCTIVITY FOR THE LAST 14,500 YEARS AT GOLD LAKE, PACIFIC NORTHWEST, USA  Baig, Jamila ( University of Oregon , 2024-01-09 ) The postglacial history of vegetation, wildfire, and climate in the Cascade Range (Oregon) is only partly understood. This study uses high-resolution analysis from a 13-meter, 14,500-year sediment core from Gold Lake to ...
• On Western Juniper Climate Relations  Reis, Schyler ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-26 ) Western juniper woodlands are highly sensitive to climate in terms of tree-ring growth, seedling establishment and range distribution. Understanding the dynamics of western juniper woodlands to changes in precipitation, ...
• Stories We Tell, Stories We Eat: Mexican Foodways, Cultural Identity, and Ideological Struggle in Netflix’s Taco Chronicles  Sanchez, Bela ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-26 ) Food is a biological necessity imbued with numerous social, cultural, and economic implications for identity production and everyday meaning-making. Food television is a unique medium for the meanings of food and foodways ...
• Soil Nutrient Additions Shift Orthopteran Herbivory and Invertebrate Community Composition  Altmire, Gabriella ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-26 ) Anthropogenic alterations to global pools of nitrogen and phosphorus are driving declines in plant diversity across grasslands. As such, concern over biodiversity loss has precipitated a host of studies investigating how ...
• Multispecies Memoir: Self, Genre, and Species Justice in Contemporary Culture  Otjen, Nathaniel ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-04 ) Liberal humanism articulates an individual, rational, autonomous, universal, and singularly human subject that possesses various rights and freedoms. Although the imagined subject at the heart of liberal humanist philosophy ...
• Understanding How Changes in Disturbance Regimes and Long-Term Climate Shape Ecosystem and Landscape Structure and Function  Wright, Jamie ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-04 ) Long-term and anthropic climatic change intersecting with disturbances alters ecosystem structure and function across spatiotemporal scales. Quantifying ecosystem responses can be convoluted, therefore utilizing multiproxy ...
• Ikpíkyav (To Fix Again): Drawing From Karuk World Renewal To Contest Settler Discourses Of Vulnerability  Vinyeta, Kirsten ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-04 ) The Klamath River Basin of Northern California has historically been replete with fire-adapted ecosystems and Indigenous communities. For the Karuk Tribe, fire has been an indispensable tool for both spiritual practice and ...
• Grassland Restoration in Heterogeneous, Changing, and Human Dominated Systems  Brambila, Alejandro ( University of Oregon , 2022-10-04 ) Ecological restoration is a powerful tool to promote biodiversity and ecosystem function. Understanding underlying system variability and directional change can help predict outcomes of restoration interventions. Spatial ...
• Restoring What? And for Whom? Listening to Karuk Ecocultural Revitalization Practitioners and Uncovering Settler Logics in Ecological Restoration.  Worl, Sara ( University of Oregon , 2022-05-10 ) What does it mean to restore a landscape degraded by settler colonialism? How might a well intentionedprocess like ecological restoration end up causing harm from underlying settler colonial logics? This thesis explores ...
• Instigating Communities of Solidarity: An Exploration of Participatory, Informal, Temporary Urbanisms  Meier, Briana ( University of Oregon , 2021-11-23 ) This dissertationexamines the potential for participatory, informal urbanisms to buildcollaborative relations across ontological, cultural, and political difference. This research contributes to thefield of urban, environmental ...
• The Holy Oak School of Art and Ecology: A Proposal for Arts-Based Environmental Education Programming  Best, Krysta ( University of Oregon , 2021-11-23 ) The following is a proposal for arts-based environmental education programming in elementary schools, after-school programs, and day-camp programs, entitled the Holy School of Art and Ecology. Ecophenomenological, arts-based ...
• Settler Colonial Listening and the Silence of Wilderness in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area  Hilgren, Bailey ( University of Oregon , 2021-11-23 ) The Boundary Waters Canoe Area soundscape in northern Minnesota has a long and contested history but is most often characterized today as a pristine and distinctly silent wilderness. This thesis traces the construction and ...
• Species Dynamics and Restoration in Rare Serpentine Grasslands under Global Change  Hernandez, Eliza ( University of Oregon , 2021-11-23 ) Conserving rare serpentine grasslands is a challenge with ongoing nitrogen deposition. Nutrient-poor patches are fertilized by nitrogen-rich smog and exotic grasses can rapidly spread. Water resources are also being altered ...
• Place-making and Place-taking: An Analysis of Green Gentrification in Atlanta Georgia  Okotie-Oyekan, Aimée ( University of Oregon , 2021-11-23 ) Despite the benefits of urban greenspace, Atlanta’s Westside Park is causing gentrification and displacement pressures in Grove Park, a low-income African-American community in northwest Atlanta, Georgia. This study used ...
• Prairie Plant Responses to Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest  Reed, Paul ( University of Oregon , 2021-09-13 ) Understanding how plants respond to climate change is of paramount importance since their responses can affect ecosystem functions and patterns of biodiversity. At the population level, climate change may alter phenology ...

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Home > Environmental Studies > Student Theses 2001-2013

Student Theses 2001-2013

Theses/dissertations from 2017 2017.

The Disappearing Wetland Act: Climate Change, Development, and Protection , Jessica P. Doughty

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Centrality of Ecological Design: Achieving Sustainability in an Era of Free-Market Capitalist Framework , Eddy Andrade

A Vicious CERCLA, Or The Twilight of the Superfund , Donald Borenstein

Saving the World’s Remaining Tigers: Panthera’s Work and the Role of Non-Profits in Wildlife Conservation , John Byrne

New York City’s Water Challenges: History, Politics, and Design , Jessica Crowley

Giving Back to the Community: Addressing the Environmental Literacy Gap Through Socially and Environmentally Responsible Business Practices , David Garcia

Wasting Plates: Addressing Food Waste in the United States , Sarah Geuss

Too Pig to Fail: Considering Regulatory Solutions to the Environmental Damages Caused by Industrial Hog Farms in North Carolina , Samir Hafez

Sandy and the City: The Need for Coastal Policy Reform , Jonathan Hilburg

Drilling for Arctic Oil: Is it Worth the Risk? , Emily Kain

The Pedestrianization of New York City: An Environmental History and Critique of Urban Motorization and A Look at New York City’s New Era of Planning , Anna Kobara

Hurricane Sandy: Using Environmental History, Economics, Politics and Urban Planning to Prepare For the Next One , Julia Maguire

Our Failing Food System: Productivity Versus Sustainability , Alyson Murphy

Exploring the Drivers of CSR and Creating a Sustainable Corporate Institution: Environmental Education, Politics, and Business Practices , Eric Osuna

Composting Food Waste: A Method That Can Improve Soil Quality and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions , Gentiana Quni

Assessment of Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Conservation Awareness in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem , Karianne Rivera

The Sustainable Future of the Metropolis: Greening New York City Building By Building , Lizbeth Sanchez

Trash Talk: Solid Waste Disposal in New York City , Alexander Williams

Hurricane Sandy: A Chance to Identify Vulnerabilities, Learn from the Past, and Increase Future Resiliency , Julianne Yee

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Going Green at New York-Presbyterian: Hospitals As Sustainable Businesses , Samantha Allegro

A Stronger Role For the United States President in Environmental Policy , Elizabeth Anderson

Simulating Climate Risk Into Markets and Policies: A New Approach to Financial Analysis and Policy Formation , Miguel Bantigue

Environmental Education Reform: Using Experiential Learning to Influence Environmental Policy-Making By Fostering a Sense of Environmental Citizenship and Eco-Literacy , Nicol Belletiere

Internship Report: Earthjustice & the Fracking Battle in New York's Marcellus Shale , John Byrne

Coal: How We Achieved Our Dependency and Its True Cost , Kelly Caggiano

Recycling Furniture: The Ecological, Economic and Social Benefits , Michele Calabrese

Internship Report UNEP: The Effects of Climate Change in Arctic Zones , Diana Cartaya-Acosta

Environmental Racism in South Africa: A Sustainable Green Solution , Danielle Darmofal

The Bronx, Beavers and Birthrights: The Case For Urban Wildlife , Richard Day

The Economics of Biodiversity , Paige Doyle

Environmental Communications: Case Study of New York City's Double Crested Cormorant , Marisa Galdi

Not a Walk In the Park: Environmental Justice in New York City , Lindsey Grier

The Economic and Environmental Justice Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in 21st Century North America , Katie Medved

The Bottling Craze: Exposing the Environmental Effects of Bottled Vs. Tap Water , Michele Paccagnini

How the United States Will Find a Sustainable Future Through Increased Nuclear Productivity , Ian Pruitt

Group For the East End: The Role of Childhood Environmental Education in Improving Learning Behaviors and the Health of Humans and the Environment , Brian Riley

The Role of Modern Zoos in Wildlife Conservation: From the WCS to the Wild , John Scott

Global Climate Change Vs. Global Warming: What Is the Difference "Global Climate Change" and "Global Warming"? , Nadia Seeteram

Lost in Translation: Environmental Communication Issues in Media and Politics , Carolyn Wegemann

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The Ins and Outs of Corporate Greenwashing , Jennifer Bender

A River Runs Through It: Community Access to the Bronx River in Tremont and Hunts Point , Matthew Bodnar

The Future is Green; Urban Agriculture in the Bronx , Patty Gouris

All in Our Backyard: Exploring how Environmental Discrimination Affects Health and Social Conditions in the South Bronx , Mireille Martineau

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

The Bronx River Alliance: A Model Community Action Organization And an Internship in Development , John Hinck

Enrique Reef: Degradation and Protective Measures , Dana Mitchell

The Human Population Growth and its Ecological Consequences on Kenya and Tanzania , Lauren Noll

Environmental Consciousness: Human Motivation for Thinking Ecologically , Rob Pigue

Economics of Carbon Regulation: An Exploration to the Nuance of Carbon Regulation , Timothy J. Schwartz

New York Botanical Garden Internship: From Photography to Policy , Christine Willeford

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Environmental Health and Climate Change: The Case of Lyme Disease , Matthew Abad

Recycling Tendencies of Fordham University's Population , Jeremy Aiss, Vincent Ammirato, Anamarie Beluch, and Christopher Torres

The Business of Sustainability , Andrea Brady

Waste Mismanagement: Fighting Environmental Injustice in Mott Haven and Hunts Point , Elizabeth Friedrich

Environmental Internship & The Fordham Eco-Roof Proposal , Anthony Giovannone

The Putnam Railroad Corridor Restoration Project: A Comprehensive Plan for Paired Ecological Restoration and Greenway Construction , Patrick J. Hopkins Jr.

Land Use Policy and Development on Long Island , Richard Murdocco

From the Bronx into the Wild! My Adventurous Experience at the Bronx Zoo , Lauren Noll

For the Birds! , Robert Patterson

Managing Infestation of the Invasive Viburnum Leaf Beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) at the New York Botanical Garden , Gregory Russo

Environmental History of Japan , Amy Seagroves

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

A Healthy Environment is a Healthy Body , Matthew Abad

Stormwater Runoff, Combined Sewer Overflow, and Environmental Justice in the Bronx , Natalie Collao

Solving a Crisis: Water Quality & Storm Water Infrastructure in New York City , Kelsey Ripper

The New Social Movement: Environmental Justice in the Bronx , Kelsey Ripper

Environmental Justice and Street Science: A Fusion of Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice to Address the Asthma Epidemic in Urban Communities , Natalie Robiou

Urban Wildlife and Leopold’s Land Ethic: “The squirrels on a college campus convey the same lesson as the redwoods. . . .” , Natalie Robiou

Unpasteurized Milk and Soft Cheese Outbreaks: An Overview of Consumer Safety , Taygan Yilmaz

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

The Environmental Justice Movement in the United States , Harrison Delfin

Natural River Restoration in Urban Ecology: The Bronx River , Samuel P. Loor

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

The H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus: Globalization, Climate Change, and Other Anthropogenic Factors in New Emergent Diseases , Quan Luong

The Environmental Effects of War , Philip Swintek

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Identification of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foodstuffs , Anamarie Beluch

The Moral Dilemma of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) , Anamarie Beluch

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

The History of Community Gardens in New York City: The Role of Urban Agriculture and Green Roofs in Addressing Environmental Racism , Rosamarie Ridge

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

Bronx River Restoration: Report and Assessment , Teresa Crimmens

Environmental Audit of the Rose Hill Campus , Nicole Marshall, Maria Nissi, Brian Flaherty, Carl Van Ostrand, and Ian McClelland

Theses/Dissertations from 2001 2001

Bronx River Restoration: Report and Assessment , Nicole Marshall

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The Master of Environmental Management curriculum draws from coursework in the natural and social sciences and focuses on the complex relationships among science, management, and policy. The purpose of the program is to provide students with an in-depth understanding of natural and social systems that can be applied to environmental and natural resource problem solving in a policy or management context. In addition to course work, students are expected to hone their capacities as leaders and managers through summer internships, professional skills courses, and other opportunities. The MEM curriculum requires students to focus on an area of specialization, while still offering the flexibility to tailor their course programming in a way that exposes them to other disciplines and subject areas. This structure assures that students develop both depth and breadth in their course of study. Students can choose from more than 100 courses offered by YSE faculty and have access to an even larger number of courses from across Yale University.

• Provide the broad knowledge necessary to engage in 21st century environmental challenges while gaining the depth required to offer expertise
• Expose students to diverse perspectives and approaches to environmental problem-solving
• Offer clear pathways for subject immersion through required specializations while encouraging exploration
• Foster interdisciplinary teamwork focused on developing and validating solutions to environmental challenges
• Equip students with practical, professional skills needed to be effective organizational leaders
• Support student learning, training, and engagement through robust learning communities

MEM Curriculum Details

Degree Awarded

Program duration, required credit hours, additional program options.

• Joint Degree Programs

Specializations

• Business and the Environment
• Climate Change Science and Solutions
• Ecosystem Management and Conservation
• Energy and the Environment
• Environmental Policy Analysis
• Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
• People, Equity, and the Environment
• Water Resource Science and Management
• Self-Designed

MEM Specializations

All MEM students are required to choose one specialization. Specialization are designed to ensure that students obtain sufficient depth in their chosen area of study. Specialization requirements account for 18 of the 48 total credits required for the MEM degree, and it is possible to add a second specialization. Students have until the end of their second semester of study to choose their specialization, which will be listed on their transcript, upon completion.

Why choose the Yale School of the Environment?

Experiential Learning

At YSE, education and training extend well beyond the classroom. Participate in our unique summer orientation program, MODs; travel widely for field research and internships; attend global conferences and climate talks such as the U.N. Climate Change Conference (COP 26).

• Activities and Opportunities

Acclaimed Faculty

Working closely with some of the top experts in their fields is one of the advantages of a YSE graduate degree. Our faculty are committed to mentoring the next generation of environmental leaders to tackle the world’s most urgent problems.

• Faculty Profiles

Student and Alumni Impacts

Creating Sustainable Fashion

Jinali Mody ’23 MEM is reducing the environmental impacts from fashion with a new vegan alternative leather made from banana crop waste that the company says uses 90% less water in production than animal leather products and results in 90% less carbon emissions. “Solving the climate crisis requires concerted efforts across all industries and not just energy, transportation, and carbon capture. Building a sustainable fashion industry is the need of the hour,” says Mody. 

In 2023, Mody’s company, Banofi Leather, won the $1 million Hult Prize, which is given to student entrepreneurs whose ideas create a measurable positive impact on people and the planet. 

Generating Climate Solutions

While tackling the climate crisis can seem overwhelming at times, Victoria Mansfield ’22 MEM is helping to find answers by overseeing the Climate Solutions Generator, a six-week program run by Yale’s Center for Business and the Environment and the Tsai Center for Innovative Thinking.

More than 50 students participated in the program in teams, pitching a solution on issues ranging from food waste to energy.

“It is motivating to work with teams of students with interdisciplinary backgrounds who are coming together for innovate solutions,” says Mansfield.

Tree Equity

Using income, age, ethnicity, health, and surface temperature data and tree canopy surveys, Ian Leahy ’21 MEM , vice president of urban forestry at American Forests, helped create a Tree Equity Score. Wealthy urban communities, it found, have 65% more tree cover than low-income neighborhoods where temperatures can range 10 degrees higher.

The issue is a matter of health, Leahy noted in a New York Times Op-Ed ., and his efforts have led to more financial support for urban tree growth. “What we're trying to do right now,’’ he says, “is close the canopy gap to save lives.’’

Waste Warrior

As founding chair of the New York City Public Housing Authority Recycling Committee, DeNeile Cooper ’22 MEM is working to boost recycling efforts in public housing units.

Only 2% of waste from NYCHA units is recycled. Nationally, that rate is 32%.

“This work has been successful so far because it involves a variety of stakeholders who bring unique perspectives to create programs that work for everyone,” says Cooper, who is a member of the Manhattan Solid Waste Advisory Board.

Re-imagining Urban Tree Life

Cambium Carbon, a startup company founded by  Ben Christensen ’20 MEM and Marisa Repka ’20 MEM , is re-imagining the urban tree lifecycle — and combatting climate change in the process. The company is building  “ reforestation hubs ,” a unique private-public partnership that restores city forests across the U.S. Cambium Carbon received its initial funding from the Center for Business and the Environment at Yale and the Tsai Center for Innovative Thinking at Yale. It launched pilot reforestation hubs in four U.S. cities in 2021. It recently raised $3 million in seed funding that will allow it to reinvest in urban tree restoration and create local jobs.

Preserving and Restoring Urban Forests

Sarah Charlop-Powers ’09 MEM is helping to preserve and restore critical urban forests in New York City and beyond. In 2012, she helped launch the Natural Areas Conservancy (NAC), which has partnered with NYC Parks to create the innovative Forest Management Framework that conducted field-based ecological assessments in the city. Its efforts recently expanded with a national survey distributed to 125 cities and organizations across the U.S. aimed at gaining a better understanding of how urban forests and natural areas are being managed.

Sustainable Trail Foods

Caroline Ebinger ’22 MEM/MBA is promoting an earth-friendly lifestyle through a startup company, Mesa Foods, that sells spice mixes for backpacking meals.

Working the concept through Yale’s Tsai Center for Innovative Thinking, Ebinger, in partnership with Tony Cisneros ’21 MEM/MBA , received startup funding and the Center for Business and the Environment.

The company supports sustainable farmers and food suppliers who are practicing planetary health principles.

“I really have always believed that for-profits can be a tool for social environmental impact,’’ Ebinger says.

Keeping Bhutan Carbon Neutral

To make good on its constitutional mandate to be the first carbon neutral country for its entire existence, Bhutan relies heavily on its forest cover.  Dechen Dorji ’01 MEM led the Bhutan for Life initiative, which raised more than $40 million to finance the protection of the country’s pristine network of protected areas.

Dorji continues to work on land preservation and protection of endangered species as the World Wildlife Fund’s senior director for the Asian Wildlife Program.

Program Timeline

Summer before first year.

• Attempt Foundational Knowledge waiver exams for each of the four subject areas.
• Attend MODs, a 3-week summer orientation in the Urban environment of New Haven and forested landscape of Connecticut.

First Year — Fall Semester

• Take Perspectives course, and complete any of the Foundational Knowledge courses for which you did not receive a waiver from the summer exams.
• Begin core and elective courses of your intended specialization(s)
• Complete a Professional Skills Module (PSM)
• Declare your specialization by the end of the term

First year — Spring Semester

• Continue core and elective courses for your specialization (s)

Summer Experience

• Complete the required summer work experience to apply knowledge and skills gained during the first year of study, gain professional experience, build networks, and investigate potential career paths.

Second Year — Fall Semester

• Continue core and elective courses for your specialization(s)
• Complete a Capstone course or Independent Capstone project (this semester or next)

Second Year — Spring Semester

• Finish remaining electives for your specialization(s)
• Complete a Capstone course or Independent Capstone project (if you did not last semester)
• Complete any remaining graduation requirements

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• v.8(12); 2022 Dec

Evaluating the effects of environmental management practices on environmental and financial performance of firms in Malaysia: the mediating role of ESG disclosure

a Faculty of Islamic Economics and Finance (FEKIM), Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali, Brunei Darussalam

Asma Salman

b College of Business Administration, American University in the Emirates, United Arab Emirates

Shazia Parveen

c National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Pakistan

d Association of Professional Researchers and Academicians, United Kingdom

Associated Data

Data included in article/supp. material/referenced in article.

The concepts of environmental and business sustainability are well-established in the business lexicon of progressive firms. However, firms are yet to examine the effects of environmental management practices (EMPs) on environmental performance (EP) and financial performance (FP) by connecting the missing linkage of environment, social, and governance disclosure (ESGD). This study analyses the impact of EMPs on EP and FP and offers empirical evidence of whether ESGD mediates the relationship between EP and FP of firms in Malaysia. The data from 141 listed firms on Bursa Malaysia was extracted between 2009–2020. The data was analyzed using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique. The findings reflect that EMPs have a significant positive effect on EP and all five proxies of EP have a significant positive effect on ESGD (except ‘S’) and FP. Also, ESGD together with its three proxies mediates the relationship between EP and FP. The findings of this research offer an empirical rationale for regulators and policymakers of industrial firms to accelerate their EMPs and improve ESGD mechanisms for better environmental and financial outcomes.

Environmental management; Environmental practices; Environmental performance; Financial performance; ESG.

1. Introduction

Global businesses have started employing different environmental management practices (EMPs) to mitigate the effects of surging environmental threats ( Tene et al., 2021 ). The findings of recent studies have confirmed that industrial firms play a concomitant role in the destruction of the ecological system and regulators, business managers, and scholars are exploring various methods to combat these issues ( Ali et al., 2022 ; Pinto et al., 2018 ; Shahab et al., 2020 ). The current global business environment is complex which has further enhanced the uncertainties about gaining a competitive advantage and survival without complying with environmental legitimacy and addressing the concerns of stakeholders ( Shahzad et al., 2020 ).

Simultaneously, scholars have suggested that strategic implementation of EMPs improves firms' environmental performance (EP) which alternatively contributes to improving the environment, social, and governance (ESG) and financial performance (FP) ( Chen et al., 2018 ; Zheng et al., 2020 ). Proactive implementation of EMPs involves, developing a management system by synergizing organizational structure, planning environmental initiatives, sharing responsibilities, developing processes, and acquiring resources to implement, achieve, review and maintain an effective environmental policy ( Aslam et al., 2021 ). The evidence of theoretical studies predicted that organizations’ voluntary commitment to environmental initiatives helps in gaining a competitive advantage by leveraging strategic resources ( Zhang and Ma, 2021 ) and seeking a wider social acceptance by legitimatizing environmentally-driven operations ( Elzinga et al., 2020 ). According to resource-based view (RBV) and stakeholder legitimacy theories, consistent organizational commitment of good EMPs may improve their EP which improves ESG and may result in financial benefits, competitive advantage, improved reputation, and positive brand image. RBV and institutional theories under similar settings further argued that the organizational commitment of good EMPs cajoles managers to develop environment-friendly initiatives which lead to better EP, ESGD, and improved FP ( Feng and Wang, 2016 ; Hart, 1995 ; DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 ). Additionally, commitment to good EMPs leads to developing and maintaining an effective business connection with stakeholders and exploiting critical resources. Based on the proceeding argument, this study aims to investigate whether EMPs improve the EP and ESGD of industrial firms and alternatively affect FP.

Progressive organizations use environmental, social, and governance disclosure (ESGD) as a tool of their wider corporate social responsibility (CSR) to engage stakeholders and disclose their environmental policies, initiatives, and performance ( Crane et al., 2019 ). Often, organizations are rated based on their good EMPs and EP which considerably contribute to strategic positioning and influence organizational perception, value, and image ( Martins, 2005 ). Investors, for example, require ESGD information to assess the firm's ethical and sustainable performance for a better understanding and evaluation of the decision-making pertaining to ESGD issues ( Amel-Zadeh and Serafeim, 2018 ; van Duuren et al., 2016 ). Therefore, ESGD is significant to scrutinize organizations' discrete claims about the contribution of information-based governance to CSR as well as examining strategic operational changes through EMPs ( Depoers et al., 2016 ). Lastly, scrutinizing organizational response offer contemporary information on the implications of sustainability concepts in response to growing capital which will help in analyzing the investment and expenditure on ESG initiatives. This leads us to examine whether ESGD improves FP by mediating the relationship between EP and FP.

The past studies examining the relationship between EMPs, EP, FP, and ESGD have several limitations. According to the studies of Dragomir (2018) , Henri and Journeault (2008) , Trumpp et al. (2015) , and Xie and Hayase (2007) , organizations characterize environmentalism as a multilayer construct that determines two distinct characters i.e., EMPs and EP which are difficult to interrelate. Most empirical studies have focused on analyzing environmental approaches through the lens of economic benefits which primarily concentrate on the financial benefits of going green ( Clarkson et al., 2011 ; Jiang et al., 2018 ; Jyoti and Khanna, 2021 ). Also, past studies instead of directly measuring the environmental initiatives of organizations have used environmental disclosure proxies which may render errors in capturing the actual EMPs and EP ( Albertini, 2013 ; Deegan, 2013 , 2017 ). Hence, it is argued here that the generalizing capacity of these studies is minimal. A few studies have attempted to develop scales to analyze EMPs ( Al-Tuwaijri et al., 2004 ; Clarkson et al., 2008 ; Ilinitch et al., 1998 ; Montabon et al., 2007 ; Xie and Hayase, 2007 ) however, the failure to validate these scales raise concerns about the authenticity of these studies ( Trumpp et al., 2015 ). Scholars have addressed these limitations by developing an exclusive EMPs scale using five sub-dimensions to statistically measure EMPs ( Xie and Hayase, 2007 ). The statistical confirmation of this scale was validated by Trumpp et al. (2015) while measuring organizational EMPs. There is no evidence of a mutual agreement in the extant literature about the measurement of EMPs ( Song et al., 2018 ). The emergence and discovery of new sources of information potentially contribute to the actual quality of EMP measurement ( Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ; Tadros and Magnan, 2019 ) which indicates that the efficiency of EMPs, EP, and FP should be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) ( Aslam et al., 2021 ). Some emerging studies have corroborated the efficiency, EMPs, and EP of firms using DAE however, these studies were restricted to micro-level analysis ( Jin et al., 2014 ; Wojcik et al., 2019 ; Zhou et al., 2006 , 2007 ). Nonetheless, promulgated by the rare usage of DEA to measure environmental and financial efficiency at the organizational level, this study rendered the DEA approach to estimate the environmental (EMPs, EP, and ESGD) and financial performance of firms.

The social, environmental, and regulatory dynamics in Malaysia are considered relevant drivers to conduct this study. Recently, Malaysians were characterized as an environmental nation ( Mei et al., 2016 ). Malaysia is touted as one of the developing countries in Southeast Asia and a pioneer of industrialization in the region through its economic growth. Industrialization has played a major role in expanding economic growth and facilitating the achievement of Mission (Wawasan) 2020 ( Chin et al., 2019 ). However, in the process of industrialization and economic expansion, industrial firms have heavily polluted the environment ( Awang et al., 2000 ) such as industries in Klang Valley, Penang and Iskandar contribute to one-third of the overall pollution of the country ( Azmi et al., 2010 ). To tackle these issues, the government of Malaysia has imposed stringent environmental regulations on industrial firms. 1 However, the effectiveness and compliance with these regulations by the firms through their EMPs and the interaction of these EMPs with the performance of firms need further investigation.

Based on the contemporary limitations of the prior studies and the relevance of current research to the Malaysian context, we seek to contribute to the extant literature in several ways. First, the present study empirically examines the interrelationship between EMPs, EP, ESGD, and FP which is expected to provide a benchmark for future research in similar settings ( Chen et al., 2016 , 2018 ). Secondly, the current research measures EP through major inputs and outputs of EP which substantially differentiates it from the past studies that have separately used the indicators of carbon emission (CO2), energy, waste, and water to measure EP ( Arena et al., 2003 ; Clarkson et al., 2011 ). The present study employed major indicators of energy (input), sales (good output), and carbon emission (bad output) as the proxies of EP which represent the inclusiveness of this research. Third, ESGD is conceptualized as a mediator which may allow firms to examine the effectiveness of their EMPs and EP contributing to the literature on measuring sustainability and FP. Fourth, the methodological approach of this research is discrete in the context of environmental management studies as the DEA technique is still at a rudimentary phase in environmental studies. Lastly, we use five major proxies (total carbon emission produced, carbon emission intensity, carbon emission productivity, carbon emission per unit size, and DEA) to measure EP and ESG scores of individual components as the proxies of ESGD to analyze its mediating role.

The rest of the study is organized as follows. Section two outlines the theoretical background and hypotheses followed by the research methods in section three. Section four delineates the findings and discussion and finally, section five concludes this study.

2. Conceptualizing EMPS and EP

These days organizations face constant pressure from their stakeholders to implement EMPs ( Delmas and Toffel, 2008 ). Generally, different organizations perceive EMPs differently. According to Shrivastava and Hart (1995) , EMPs allow organizations to combat perspective environmental issues by acquiring raw materials and implementing environment-friendly practices in packaging and waste disposition. Therefore, EMPs represent a set of organizational practices focused on the conservation of resources by decreasing consumption and improving waste disposal. Organizations also leverage technology in designing products, manufacturing, and managing their waste. Similarly, Monotabon et al. described EMPs as “the set of techniques, policies, and procedures used by the firms to monitor and control the impact of their activities on the natural environment.” EMPs help firms in improving their EP which represents environmental initiatives taken by the firms to streamline their operations in a way that does not harm the environment ( Tyteca, 1996 ; Ulubeyli, 2013 ). Organizations require dynamic capabilities to implement EMPs ( Bowen et al., 2001 ). Hence, it is crucial for organizations to improve their EP through changes in business processes and by developing unique capabilities. Managers need to focus on developing environment-related capabilities instead of involving in complex environmental initiatives. Earlier studies suggested that managers require proper guidance to develop these capabilities to support EMPs ( Bowen et al., 2001 ) and improve organizational EP.

Earlier studies employed different business perspectives to define EP. According to Lober (1996) , EP is an organizational commitment to preserving and protecting their natural environment considering different focus areas including maintenance of water, air, soil, etc. EP has several dimensions which broadly examine the impact on the natural environment, resources, consumption, waste, and emissions resulting due to diverse business activities. Considering EP as a multidimensional concept, Epstein (1996) categorized pollutants and waste reduction, resources and energy conservation, manufacturing safe products, and potential risks as the major dimensions of EP. Another definition of EP was suggested by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), governments use EP to assess the public sector firms' progress to achieve environmental goals, promote continuous policy dialogue, and peer learning, and stimulate accountability among the firms. The scant literature on EP offers a limited understanding of the concept and has linked societal obligations ( Judge and Douglas, 1998 ), and stakeholders’ expectations ( Lankoski, 2000 ) to EP. Further, researchers employed different approaches to determine the EP of firms ranging from the process, resources consumption, emissions, and waste, efficiency, ecological and financial effects, and the perception of consumers ( James, 1994 ). Another systematic study determined EP by analyzing impact indicators which evaluated the physical and monetary impacts of EP ( Bartolomeo, 1995 ). Recent research developed an exclusive index using 40 performance indicators to measure EP and ranked 180 countries based on their climate change performance, environmental health, and ecosystem vitality ( Wolf et al., 2022 ) Similarly, another study measured EP by designing socioeconomic and environmental indicators ( Zhang and Wu, 2022 ).

2.1. Conceptual background

The past studies have applied several conventional theories namely legitimacy, resource dependence, stakeholder, and signaling theories to understand and interpret the linkage between EP and FP ( Boakye et al., 2021 ). The main problem with these conventional theories is the lack of effectiveness to address complex environmental issues and poor recognition of the significance of natural resources as a part of organizations’ social and environmental strategy ( Oliver, 1997 ; Wagner, 2015 ). Therefore, organizations require a holistic framework to address dynamic environmental issues that can explain different EMPs and link EP and FP. In this regard, institutional and resource-based view (RBV) theories are employed to address dynamic environmental issues faced by the firms and analyze the linkage between EMPs, EP, ESGD, and FP ( Tran et al., 2021 ).

The features of RBV advance that developing internal capabilities helps organizations in gaining a competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). RBV offers an explanation of how firms may develop internal resources. According to Nisar et al. (2021) , access to tangible (skilled labour) and intangible (financial and non-financial) resources allows firms to achieve a competitive advantage. In the context of industrial firms, pollution reduction burdens firms’ resources ( Porter and Van der Linde, 1995 ) whereas, these environment-related initiatives achieve sustainability ( Al-Tuwaijri et al., 2004 ; Jung et al., 2018 ). Hence, RBV requires firms to adopt and develop strategic environmental capabilities to represent good EMPs which will also boost their growth, financial performance, and access to critical resources.

Alternatively, firms' environmental initiatives represent their wider external engagement which can be explained through institutional theory ( Berrone et al., 2017 ). This theory suggests that transformations in social and cultural expectations are highly influenced due to firms’ operational activities ( Feng and Wang, 2016 ). The isomorphism in firms is categorized into coercive, cognitive, and normative types ( DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 ). Institutional isomorphism represents direct (regulatory authorities and governments) and indirect forces (social and cultural expectations) that impact structural and technical components while complying with environmental legitimacy ( Liao et al., 2020 ). A few external forces such as political factors exerted by stakeholders, force firms to undergo environmental scrutiny, fines, closures, and consumers boycotting their products ( DiMaggio and Powell, 1983 ). Normative components argue that social values, institutional affiliations and networks, suppliers, skilled employees, and customers are influenced by the media ( Soobaroyen and Ntim, 2013 ). Consequently, instead of developing environment-specific protocols, firms allocate essential resources to implement EMPs as a part of their wider organizational policy ( Wang et al., 2018 ). This leads to infer that commitment to good EMPs will result in better EP, especially by reducing CO2 emission and pollution. Thus, maintaining good relations with their key stakeholders allow firms to improve their FP.

Based on the complexity of EMPs and the dynamic business environment, it is impossible to rely on a single theoretical framework to explain the economic perspective. Therefore, the current study suggests analyzing the EMPs, EP, ESG, and FP of industrial firms using RBV and institutional theories. This approach responds to the limitations highlighted in the recent studies ( Aerts et al., 2008 ; Feng and Wang, 2016 ; Moussa et al., 2020 ) and encouraged the integration of socio-political elements to investigate firms’ environmental and financial prospects.

2.2. Relevance of DEA technique

The plethora of literature concentrated on the nexus between the environment and FP of firms has rigorously used DEA which offers an adequate justification to establish the empirical foundation of this study. DEA is useful to evaluate firms' efficiency and use as a diagnostic tool for environmental management decision-making ( Emrouznejad et al., 2019 ; Khodadadipour et al., 2021 ; Wegner and Amin, 2019 ). A recent study used two-a stage DEA method to explore the efficiencies of 23 countries through capital, labor, and energy consumption and concluded that Iceland, Luxemburg, and New Zealand were the most efficient countries ( Halkos and Argyropoulou, 2021 ). According to Wei et al. (2021) , the current techniques are unable to provide accurate measurement of CO2 emission, therefore DEA combined with stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA-2) are acceptable techniques for the evaluation of energy and environmental efficiencies. DEA technique has also been used in assessing firms’ sustainability of environmental performance ( Cui et al., 2021 ), eco-efficiency and eco productivity ( Demiral and Sağlam, 2021 ; Matsumoto and Chen, 2021 ), carbon emission performance, and economic determinants ( Lv et al., 2021 ), environmental performance ( Albertini et al., 2021 ; Matsumoto et al., 2020 ), and haze influencing factors ( Zhou et al., 2019 ). Similarly, DEA coupled with stochastic DEA cross efficiency has been used in the past to design regulatory strategies for the banking industry ( Liu et al., 2020 ; Zhao et al., 2021 ). Based on the settings of this study and realizing the relevance of DEA to accurately measure the impact of EMPs on EP and FP, it is justified to adopt this method to evaluate the performance of firms, address issues in existing environmental policies, and propose perspective eco-friendly business strategies ( Sueyoshi et al., 2017 ).

2.3. Empirical literature and hypotheses

2.3.1. nexus between emps and ep.

RBV argues that firms may achieve EP targets by allocating resources and developing capabilities through proper environment-friendly initiatives ( Alam et al., 2019 ). Firms that utilize advanced-level EMPs and structures are able to improve their FP and contribute to environmental protection in two different ways. Firstly, developing capabilities and allocating resources to leverage clean technologies allow firms to harmonize their business according to emerging global markets and facilitate achieving eco-efficiency targets. Secondly, the adoption of relevant EMPs inspires organizations to develop clean and efficient energy policies. Hence, the reduction of CO2 emissions and environmental protection is only possible by embracing and implementing a range of EMPs programs.

Progressive firms have restructured their strategic directions to achieve EP goals by implementing different concepts of EMPs ( Ali et al., 2020a ; Florida, 1996 ; Li et al., 2021 ; Theyel, 2002 ). The findings of previous studies examining the relationship between EMPs and EP reflect mixed results. The studies on US chemical firms revealed that enhanced EMPs commitment lowers environmental practices resulting in the release of more toxic material in the atmosphere ( Delmas and Blass, 2010 ). Whereas, recent studies contradicted these findings and suggested that firms taking green initiatives may highly improve their green performance ( Ali et al., 2020b ; Chen et al., 2018 ; Mungai et al., 2020 ; Jyoti and Khanna, 2021 ). This leads to establishing that implementing good EMPs allow firms to minimize the hazardous impact on the ecological system ( Du et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2018 ). Modern-day firms gearing to achieve environmental and social goals need to remain proactive in implementing effective environmental strategies by focusing on reducing carbon emissions ( Moussa et al., 2020 ). Another study on the European hotel industry (Italy, Spain, and Portugal) found that despite obtaining environmental certification European hotels were unable to report significant improvement in EP. While in Malaysia, stakeholders (investors, creditors, government, and environmental agencies) are highly concerned with the contribution of firms toward sustainable development ( Atan et al., 2018 ). This has led the Malaysian government to implement several environmental regulations on industrial firms to protect the environment and enhance the industrial sector's contribution to the sustainable development of the country ( Md Nor et al., 2016 ). Studies on Malaysian firms found that general EMPs under ESG compliance have no significant impact on FP ( Atan et al., 2018 ), however, implementing innovative EMPs and green initiatives have indicated a positive effect on FP ( Ong et al., 2019 ). This argument essentializes investigating the impact of EMPs on EP and examining whether good EMPs result in better EP. Hence, hypothesis one is proposed as follows;

EMPs have a positive effect on the EP of firms.

2.3.2. Nexus between EP and ESGD

Theoretical components of institutional theory indicate that firms may improve their ESGD by committing to good EP as these practices reduce firms’ operational cost, optimize resources and energy consumption, and results in a positive effect on FP. Alternatively, features of RBV argue that firms may achieve competitive advantage and improve their growth by improving their EP allowing them to improve their reputation, brand value, and establish a close relationship with key stakeholders which may positively influence FP ( Russo and Fouts, 1997 ).

Although ESGD is established as a common criterion for firms' ratings, there is a lack of information about firms' responses and the impact of these ratings on their performance ( Clementino and Perkins, 2021 ). The findings of past studies argue that ESGD motivates firms to avoid class action and mitigate financial penalties by improving their EP ( Murphy and McGrath, 2013 ). The literature on ESGD and EP for firms is largely fragmented as a few studies found a significantly positive relationship between EP and ESGD ( Alareeni and Hamdan, 2020 ; Albitar et al., 2020 ), and others reported a modest relationship between EP and ESGD ( Huang, 2021 ). Besides regulatory compliance, firms tend to remain cautious in the selection of their environmental initiatives and employ different EMPs so that besides regulatory compliance under ESGD, these EMPs improve their sustainability and financial performance ( Arun et al., 2022 ). Over the years, organizations have designed and implemented numerous ESG-based business models to address environmental and financial sustainability issues ( Rajesh and Rajendran, 2020 ). However, the scant literature on ESG offers little information about its integration and strategic implementation at the firm level which may affect the environmental policies of the firms ( Lokuwaduge and Heenetigala, 2017 ). A few scholars have attempted to classify factors of firms' engagement in ESG initiatives and concluded that firms often engage in environmental initiatives to minimize the internal and external stakeholders' pressure by designing strategies for EP which may lead to better ESGD ( Russo and Fouts, 1997 ; Shen et al., 2019 ). EP motivates firms to continue implementing environment-friendly initiatives by establishing an effective relationship with their stakeholders which reduces their operational costs as well as improves their ESGD ( Nguyen et al., 2020 ). Following RBV's logic, EP can be considered an institutional strategy that may help firms in gaining a competitive advantage by resolving their ESG issues. Consequently, the second hypothesis is proposed as follows;

EP has a positive effect on the ESGD of firms.

2.3.3. Nexus between EP and FP

RBV also suggested that gaining a competitive advantage and improving FP hinge on firms' environmental efficiency fulfilling the sustainability expectations of influential stakeholders, environment conservation, and seeking wider social acceptance ( Hart, 1995 ; Rivera et al., 2017 ). This indicates that firms' tentative engagement in environmental initiatives is guided by external and internal pressures such as accountability pressure from stakeholders, reputation, and brand value in the global market which often results in positive changes in FP ( Russo and Fouts, 1997 ; Shen et al., 2019 ). Institutional theory advances a similar narrative of improvement in firms' FP through environmental commitments. Firms’ ongoing commitment to environment-friendly initiatives establishes progressive connections with their stakeholders and significantly reduces operational costs ( Nguyen et al., 2020 ; Zeng et al., 2010 ).

The findings of past empirical studies analyzing the relationship between EP and FP reported mixed results. Some seminal and a few novel studies claimed that EP and FP are positively associated ( Al-Tuwaijri et al., 2004 ; Ambec and Lanoie, 2008 ; Konar and Cohen, 2001 ; Manrique and Martí-Ballester, 2017 ; Prado-Lorenzo and Garcia-Sanchez, 2010 ; Russo and Fouts, 1997 ; Wagner, 2015 ). These findings were authenticated by recent studies of Rivera et al. (2017) and Aslam et al. (2021) while analyzing the impact of EP on the FP of US-listed and Japanese-listed firms. However, some studies have also claimed that EP and FP of firms have no mutual association and/or negative relationship with each other negative ( Cormier and Magnan, 1997 ; Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998 ; Earnhart and Lizal, 2007 ; Qiu et al., 2016 ; Walls et al., 2012 ). This indicates that literature on the relationship between EP and FP is scattered and no mutual agreement exists between scholars. The findings of previous studies are inconclusive due to two main factors. First, most of these studies have focused on subjective methods to estimate firms’ EP using disclosure proxies which poorly capture the actual EP of firms ( Albertini, 2013 ; Deegan, 2013 , 2017 ; de Castro Sobrosa Neto et al., 2020 ). Second, there is well-documented evidence that the effectiveness of environment-friendly initiatives can only be seen in the long term therefore, firms need to stay committed to their environmental activities to gain economic and financial benefits ( Busch and Lewandowski, 2017 ). Whereas, studies analyzing the effect of EP on FP of Malaysian firms lack robustness due to theoretical and sample limitations ( Atan et al., 2018 ; Hazudin et al., 2015 ; Md Nor et al., 2016 ; Ong et al., 2019 ). The government of Malaysia continues to develop various regulations and acts to monitor industrial effluents and their effect on the environment. These regulations are expected to improve the EP of industrial firms which may positively affect FP. Consequently, the third hypothesis predicts that;

EP has a positive effect on FP for firms.

2.3.4. ESGD as the mediator between EP and FP

The earlier discussion indicates that most of the past studies have focused on analyzing the direct impact of EMPs on the FP of firms and the results of these studies present mixed findings ( Florida, 1996 ; Hertin et al., 2008 ; Jiang et al., 2018 ; Jyoti and Khanna, 2021 ; Miroshnychenko et al., 2017 ; Montabon et al., 2007 ; Xie et al., 2019 ). The findings of these studies are limited due to the failure to incorporate the impact of essential mediators between EMPs, EP, and FP. The institutional theory's theoretical components argue that firms' commitment to strong EMPs increases their opportunities to experience positive changes in EP through investments in environmental initiatives which allow firms to reduce their negative impact on the environment, improve brand value, and result in positive changes in FP ( Lin et al., 2013 ; Porter and Van der Linde, 1995 ). RBV argues a similar perspective of positive changes in firms' FP by implementing good EMPs which lower production costs, increase productivity and firms efficiently utilize their resources ( Bernauer et al., 2007 ). RBV also suggests that commitment towards good EMPs represents firms' broad commitment toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy which should be disclosed in corporates' nonfinancial reporting ( Raimo et al., 2020 ) hence, corporates are required to establish certain standards and indicators to estimate EMPs and EP ( Kassem et al., 2017 ). As suggested by institutional theory, commitment toward good EMPs improves EP by investing in environmental initiatives and allocation of resources. However, powerful stakeholders often require firms to disclose their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information so that investment decisions are made accordingly ( Chouaibi et al., 2021 ). ESG disclosure (ESGD) incorporates ratings of the firms based on their EP therefore, firms concerned with the reputation of their brand value concentrate on improving their ratings. Past studies have associated ESGD with firms' operating performance and operational costs ( Ruan and Liu, 2021 ). Additionally, it is also confirmed that ESGD reduces firms' risk-taking behavior and lowers their financing cost ( Di Tommaso and Thornton, 2020 ; Oikonomou et al., 2014 ) which will avoid spending on unnecessary EMPs. This leads us to infer that firms with better ESGD ratings represent better EP which results in better FP therefore, it is predicted that the relationship between EP and FP is essentially mediated by ESGD ( Figure 1 ) which leads us to propose the fourth hypothesis as follows;

ESGD mediates the relationship between EP and FP of the firms.

Theoretical model.

3. Materials and methods

3.1. data and sampling.

This study covers the FP of Malaysian firms between 2009–2020. The selection of the study period is important to estimate the constructs of this study as the Ministry of Environment and Water promulgated ‘Industrial Effluent Regulations 2009’ which required Malaysian industrial firms no implement best management practices to prevent and reduce the discharge of industrial effluent contaminating the environment. Hence, the study period is projected to estimate the actual effect of EMPs, EP, and ESGD on FP. Initially, the sample contained 1764 firm-year observations of 147 firms from 13 different industries listed on Bursa Malaysia. However, in the final sample, 6 firms from different sectors (real estate and finance) were excluded for comparison of results also, these firms had mandated regulatory and reporting patterns ( Ntim, 2016 ). Additionally, excluded firms were not significant contributors to environmental pollution and energy consumption. During data screening, we excluded 227 firm-year observations due to a lack of information about carbon emissions and EMPs during the sample selection period. The final sample contained an unbalanced panel dataset of 1537 firm-year observations of 141 firms in 10 different industries between 2009–2020. The descriptive statistics of firms with industry types are reported in Table 1 . We used three popular databases i.e., Thomson Reuters Assets 4, Worldscope, and Bloomberg to extract data related to EMPs, EP, FP, and ESGD as these databases are authentic data sources in the world press. Table 1 shows that the industrial products & services industry had 405 (26.35%) firm-year observations, followed by the energy 246 (16%), and transportation and logistics 172 (11.11%) industries.

Table 1

Classifying the firms into relative industries.

3.2. Experimental variables

To test the hypotheses of this study, we operationalized four main variables. EMPs is an explanatory variable estimated using a scale developed by Xie and Hayase (2007) , Trumpp et al. (2015) , and Aslam et al. (2021) . This scale is comprised of five sub-dimensions of EMPs with 29 items covering broad areas of environmental policy (8 items), environmental objectives (5 items), environmental processes (6 items), organizational structure (4 items), and environmental monitoring (6 items). The items of the scale were imported from Xie and Hayase (2007) , Trumpp et al. (2015) , and Aslam et al. (2021) and were modified to suit the context of this study. We used this measurement scale to estimate the EMPs index by adding scores of dimensions items (1 represents an environmental initiative taken by the firm, 0 no initiative taken). Similarly, EP scores are estimated by following the same criteria to represent the level of EP quality which ranges from 29 (implementing good EMPs) to 0 (implementing poor EMPs). The developed scale elucidates all the aspects of firms’ environmental initiatives promulgated by ISO 14001. The scale operationalized to measure EMPs is presented in Table 2 .

Table 2

Operationalizing EMPs scale.

Note: score 1 is given if the information is available; 0, if no information is available.

EP is a response variable estimated by five unique proxies. These proxies are environmental efficiency (EP_DEA) representing total energy consumption (input) and sales (good output) and total carbon emission (bad output) ( Chen et al., 2017 ; Song et al., 2018 ). According to ( Chen et al. 2017 ), environmental efficiency can be measured through nonparametric techniques such as DEA, which considers a range of inputs into several different outputs (desired and undesired) and exclude previously established assumptions about the relationships between inputs and outputs. Following these criteria, firms' environmental efficiency is estimated by applying a constant return to scale input DEA efficiency. Based on the sensitivity to the environment, industries in the initial sample were divided into two types (sensitive and non-sensitive) which helped in estimating firms' efficiencies each year. Carbon emission productivity (EP_EE) was the second proxy of EP which was estimated by net sales to total carbon emission ( Chen et al., 2018 ). Whereas, carbon emission per unit size of total assets (EP_PUS) and carbon emission produced (EP_Emi) were the third and fourth proxies of EP which were developed using Mungai et al. (2020) and Moussa et al. (2020) criteria. Finally, the intensity of carbon emission (EP_Int) was the fifth proxy of EP which was measured using carbon emission/sales following Trumpp and Guenther's (2017) criteria. We separated these proxies based on their expected association with EMPs, FP, and ESGD.

FP is also a response variable estimated by Tobin's Q technique. The past studies analyzing the effects of EMPs on firms' FP have vigorously used this technique ( Busch and Lewandowski, 2017 ; Horváthová, 2010 ; Manrique and Martí-Ballester, 2017 ; Shen et al., 2019 ; Surroca et al., 2010 ; de Castro Sobrosa Neto et al., 2020 ) and concluded that Tobin Q is a reliable technique to estimate the actual effect of firms' long-term investments (related to environment-friendly initiatives) ( Dowell et al., 2000 ; Surroca et al., 2010 ) and it is less sensitive to management's manipulation as compared to other accounting methods ( Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ).

ESGD is a mediator between EP and FP of firms which were estimated by a proxy of ESG ratings developed by Bloomberg. This method is credible and commonly used in business studies and follows Conca et al. (2021) criteria. The main reason to prefer Bloomberg's indicators is due to the estimation method which directly calculates ESG based on relative information disclosure instead of relying on empirical models. ESGD scores were split into single components (E, S, and G) which allowed us to estimate whether disclosure of individual E, S, and G components (environment, social, and governance) mediate the relationship between EP and FP (1, represents ESG's individual component is disclosed; 0, no disclosure available).

Finally, firm-specific characteristics such as size, clean technology, leverage, research and development (R&D), and industry sensitiveness to pollution are used as control variables adopted from extant literature on environmental studies ( Liao, 2018 ; Liao et al., 2020 ; Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ; Moussa et al., 2020 ). The size of firms is estimated by the natural log of firms' total assets ( Haque and Ntim, 2020 ; Moussa et al., 2020 ). Past studies suggested that implementing environment-friendly initiatives in large firms is guided by their financial freedom to use clean energy for the reduction of carbon emissions ( Moussa et al., 2020 ; Onubi et al., 2020 ; Jung et al., 2018 ). Similarly, implementing environment-friendly initiatives in small firms is guided by their flexible and non-hierarchical organizational structure ( Halkos and Tzeremes (2007) . Past studies have confirmed that cleaner and green technologies allow firms to reduce carbon emissions which positively influence firms' EP ( Blackman and Bannister, 1998 ). The data related to clean technology usage (1, one use of clean technologies; 0, no use) was retrieved from the Thomson Reuters Assset4 database. In the context of leverage, past studies revealed that firms with high leverage enhance their commitment to good EMPs which allows them to meet stakeholders' expectations and have a positive impact on EP and FP ( Moussa et al., 2020 ). Firms' leverage is measured by total debt divided by total assets following Shahab et al.'s (2020) criteria. Alternatively, investment in R&D was found to have a positive impact on firms’ EP and FP as it improves resource management and reduces carbon emissions ( Alam et al., 2019 ). We used a natural log of total R&D expenditure to estimate R&D. Lastly, Moussa et al. (2020) predicted that industry type can be linked to EMPs and EP, as environment-sensitive firms are likely to disclose more information regarding environment and social performance as compared to non-sensitive firms ( Qureshi et al., 2020 ). Industrial context is estimated by following Qureshi et al. (2020) criteria (1 represents environment sensitivity and 0 non-sensitivity). All these variables with respective estimations are reported in Table 3 .

Table 3

Variables’ estimations.

3.3. Estimation models

While measuring the linkage between EMPs, EP, ESGD, and FP, it is essential to resolve endogeneity issues so that the findings are reliable and valid. According to ( Ullah et al. 2018 ), endogeneity issues during statistical analysis can be resolved by a generalized method of moments (GMM). This technique uses internal instruments by deriving lagged values of dependent variables ( Blundell and Bond, 1998 ). Additionally, the data loss during estimation can be recovered by a two-step GMM model ( Ullah et al., 2018 ). Therefore, this study corroborated the dynamic two-step GMM model to resolve endogeneity and causality issues during model estimation which is consistent with the recent studies examining EMPs, EP, and FP ( Aslam et al., 2021 ; Haque and Ntim, 2018 ).

To examine the effect of EMPs on EP ( H1 ), the GMM regression estimation model is as follows;

While, EP represents environmental performance estimated using five proxies (EP_DEA; EP_EE; EP_PUS; EP_Emi; EP_Int) and as alternative response variables; β is the coefficient of the degree of change; β1EPit – 1 represents first legged of the dependent variable; EMPs is the explanatory variable which signifies environmental management practices, C indicates control variables; i represents each firm, t is year, μ is the time effect (fixed), and git is the error term.

The effect of EP on the ESGD of firms ( H2 ) is analyzed through the following regression model;

While, ESGD refers to the environment, social, and governance disclosure; ESGDit – 1 is first lagged of the dependent variable; EP determines environmental performance; C signifies control variables as mentioned above.

The effect of EP on FP ( H3 ) is analyzed using the following regression model;

While, FP indicates the financial performance of firms; FPit – 1 represents first lagged of outcome variable; EP determines environmental performance; C represents control variables.

The mediating effect of ESGD between EP and FP ( H4 ) is estimated using the following regression model;

While, FP denotes firms’ financial performance; FPit – 1 represents first lagged of the dependent variable; ESGD is the mediator which represents the environment, social, and governance disclosure; C represents firm-specific characteristics (control variables).

4.1. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis

Table 4 outlines the descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of the variables. The mean value of the main (explanatory) variable is 12.23 with a standard deviation of 5.15 which confirmed that most Malaysian firms have adopted environmental management practices to protect the environment and reduce carbon emissions. These findings are consistent with the past studies of Atan et al. (2018) and Ong et al. (2019) revealed that Malaysian industrial firms tend to implement innovative EMPs. While, mean values of dependent variables FP and EP including all five proxies of EP (EP_DEA, EP_EE, EE_Emi, EP_Int, and EP_PUS) are widespread (less clustered). In contrast, the mean and standard deviation values of ESGD and its three proxies (E, S, and G) are less spread and appear more clustered around the mean.

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of observed variables.

The results of the correlation between variables are reported in Table 5 . The correlation between EMPs and EP is significantly positive confirming that the results comply with earlier assumptions (implementing effective EMPs has a positive effect on EP) ( H1 ). Similarly, it is notable from the correlation matrix that EP and ESGD have a significant positive correlation. This result complies with our prediction in H2 (EP has a positive effect on ESGD). The correlation between EP and FP is significant and positive confirming the compliance of this result with our prediction in H3 . In terms of ESGD and its individual components, the correlation results are significant and positive except for governance proxy (G_D). Overall, the correlation analysis determines that the results broadly comply with assumptions established under hypotheses ( H1 , H2 , H3 , and H4 ). Finally, the correlation between independent (EMPs) and control variables (F_size, C_Tech, Lev, R&D, and polluters) is low which indicates that our models are less likely to suffer from multicollinearity issues.

Table 5

Correlation analysis.

∗ Represents statistical significance at a 5% level.

4.2. Hypothesis testing

The hypotheses were tested through a two-step GMM regression analysis by controlling endogeneities of dynamic, simultaneous, and omitted variables ( Erdogdu, 2011 ; Ullah et al., 2018 ). First, we detected serial autocorrelation (AR) issues in the models using p values. Generally, p values of AR confirm whether the models have serial autocorrelation problems. The results of the two-step GMM regression are reported in Table 6 . The p values of AR (1) are significant whereas, AR (2) are insignificant which corroborates that our models do not contain serious serial autocorrelation issues. After addressing the endogeneity issues, we performed GMM regression analysis to analyze the effects of EMPs on EP ( H1 ), EP on ESGD ( H2 ), and EP on FP ( H3 ). The results of Two-step GMM estimations ( Table 6 ) delineate that EMPs were measured using 29 indicators, EP through five proxies (EP_DEA, EP_EE, EP_PUS, EP_Emi, and EP_Int), and ESGD through three proxies (E_D, S_D, and G_D). Three proxies of EP (EP_DEA, EP_EE, and EP_PUS) predicted a positive association with EMPs, ESGD, and FP while the other two proxies (EP_Emi and EP_Int) predicted negative interaction with EMPs, ESGD, and FP ( Table 6 ). Altogether, 16 models were tested to examine the relationship between EMPs and EP, EP and ESGD, and ESGD with EP and FP.

Table 6

Results of GMM regression analysis.

Note. The definitions and explanations of variables are available in Table 3 .

∗ Represents statistical significance at 5% level.

∗∗ Represents statistical significance at 10% level.

∗∗∗ Represents statistical significance at 1% level.

The mediating role of ESGD is analyzed by referring to H4 which predicts that ESGD mediates the relationship between EP and FP and the relationship is stronger in firms with better ESGD. The mediator effect is examined by following the hierarchical technique developed by Baron and Kenny (1986) . This criterion is fulfilled provided independent variables (EMPs) have a significant impact on dependent variables (EP and FP), independent variables (EP) have a significant impact on mediating variable (ESGD), and finally mediating variables (ESGD) have a significant impact on dependent variables (FP). After fulfilling these conditions, the combined effect of EMPs and ESGD on EP and FP was examined.

The results highlight that mediation conditions are satisfactory ( Table 6 ). The combined regression results of the impact of independent (EMPs) and mediating variable (ESGD) on dependent variables (EP and FP) are reported in Table 6 (models 4, 7, 10 13, and 16). The coefficients related to the effect of EMPs on EP and FP (β = 0.005, p < 0.05; β = 0.010, p < 0.05; β = 0.023, p < 0.01; β = 0.006, p < 0.01; β = 0.003 p < 0.10) are significant and varies (positive, negative) based on the proxy used for EP measurement. Further, it was noticeable that coefficients related to the effect of EP on ESGD (model 2, 6, 9, 12, and 15) were significant (β = 0.039, p < 0.01; β = 0.018, p < 0.05; β = 0.031, p < 0.01; β = 0.010, p < 0.01; β = 0.012 p < 0.01) and fluctuated (positive/negative) based on the effect of relative EP proxy. While, ESGD as a mediator between EP and FP statistically remains significant and varies (positive, negative) based on the disclosure score of relative proxy (E_D, S_D, G_D). To examine the mediating effect of ESGD between EP and FP, we performed the Sobel test following Baron and Kenny's (1986) technique, and the results of the mediation effect together with path coefficients are reported in Table 7 . Overall, the mediation effect of ESGD and its three proxies appears significant and positive except for EP∗S_D∗FP.

Table 7

Results of mediating effect of ESGD.

Note. The definitions of variables are presented in Table 3 .

∗∗Represents significance at a 5% level.

∗∗∗Represents significance at 1% level.

4.3. Robustness checks

To examine the robustness of the results, we performed two robustness checks. The first robustness check involved the measurement of certain EMPs frequently employed by the firms. This was estimated by reviewing the values of the items in the index representing frequently taken environmental initiatives of the firms. The items for environmental policy (EPL) represent the highest values in the index indicating that firms strictly comply with environmental regulations by designing relative EPL. We used similar criteria to estimate EPL by adding the values of the items and constructed an index to measure its impact on EP, ESGD, and FP. The results in Table 8 disseminate that EPL has a significant (positive/negative) effect on EP (models 1, 5, 8, 11, and 14). Further, coefficients for models 1, 5, 8, 11, and 14 are also significant (positive/negative) indicating EP affects ESGD. Similarly, the results (models 3 and 6) show EP's positive effect on FP confirming that our findings are consistent with the results reported in Table 6 .

Table 8

Results of GMM regression (robustness checks – alternate variable 1).

The second robustness check was conducted by replacing EPMs with environmental processes (EPR) as the examination of the index revealed that most of the firms have ignored implanting effective EPR. The results in Table 9 indicate that EPL has an insignificant effect on EP (models 1, 5, 8, 11, and 14), EP also represents an insignificant effect on ESGD (models 1, 5, 8, 11, and 14), and finally, EP represents an insignificant effect on FP. These findings are also compatible with the theoretical assumptions of our research implying that better EPMs lead to better EP, ESGD, and FP.

Table 9

Results of GMM regression (robustness checks – alternate variable EPR).

5. Discussion

According to H1 , implementing effective EMPs have a positive effect on EP. The results of GMM regression in Table 6 (models 1, 5, and 8) confirmed that EMPs along with all control variables have a significant positive effect on EP (β = 0.004, <0.01; β = 0.07, p < 0.01; β = 0.009; p < 0.01 which confirmed that H1 is supported. The proxies used for measuring EP were EP_DEA, EP_EE, and EP_PUS indicating energy efficiency, carbon emission productivity, and carbon emission improvement, while proxies EP_Emi and EP_Int indicate carbon emission output levels (lower carbon emission levels and intensity represent positive EP and vice versa). Additionally, models 11 and 14 elucidate that firms’ EMPs have a significant and negative effect on EP which indicates a negative association between EMPs and EP (β = −0.010, p < 0.01; β = −0.002, p < 0.01. This finding established that effective EMPs have a positive effect on the EP of firms and validates the findings of past studies (see, Aslam et al., 2021 ; Clarkson et al., 2008 ; Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ; Moussa et al., 2020 ) suggested adopting good EMPs for a better EP. Additionally, this result reinforces the theoretical arguments of RBV and institutional theories that encouraged firms to adopt EMPs to reduce their environmental impacts. Hence, firms aiming to maximize their EP need to incorporate effective EMPs at operational and organizational levels ( Nisar et al., 2021 ; Famiyeh et al., 2018 ; Moussa et al., 2020 ). However, this finding contradicts the studies of Heras-Saizarbitoria et al. (2020) and Testa et al. (2018) revealed that although EMPs are vigorously used by global firms, their effectiveness remains challenging for certain firms due to technical issues.

The effect of EP on the ESGD of firms is examined by referring to H2 which predicted that better EP has a positive effect on ESGD. The results of GMM regression (models 1, 5, 8, 11, and 14) elucidate that EP and all control variables have a significant (positive/negative) effect on ESGD (β = 0.048, p < 0.02; β = 0.065, p < 0.04; β = 0.044, p < 0.02; β = -0.023, p < 0.02; β = -0.019, p < 0.01) hence, H2 is supported. This result infers that firms aiming to improve their ESGD need to strategically improve their EP by implementing a range of environmental initiatives. This finding supports RBV's conceptual argument that requires firms to allocate strategic environmental resources to achieve sustainable growth ( Hart, 1995 ). This result confirms the finding of recent studies ( Liao, 2018 ; Jiang et al., 2018 ; Xie et al., 2019 ) highlighting that progressive firms may achieve a competitive advantage through their environmental initiatives leading to better ESGD. This result contradicts the findings of Miroshnychenko et al. (2017) and Yang et al. (2011) delineating that, often environmental activities incur an extra financial burden on firms therefore, firms need to carefully select their environmental initiatives.

Similarly, the effect of EP on the FP of firms is examined by referring to H3 . The results (models 3 and 6) represent that EP along with all control variables has a significant positive effect on FP (β = 0.02, p < 0.01; β = 0.068, p < 0.01) hence, H3 is supported. Also, models 12 and 15 ( Table 6 ) show that coefficient values are negative which establishes that reduction in carbon emission intensity (DEA_Int) and carbon emission levels (DEA_Emi) has a positive impact on FP and vice versa. This result validates the earlier studies ( Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ; Aslam et al., 2021 ) confirming that the proxies used for measuring EP are accurate predictors of firms’ FP. While, the coefficient values (β = −0.287, p < 0.01) in model 9 are significant and negative which establishes that EP has a negative effect hence, EP_PUS proxy is not an accurate predictor of FP. Altogether, the results of H3 are consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of RBV and institutional theories validating the narrative established by earlier studies ( Busch and Lewandowski, 2017 ; Hassan and Romilly, 2018 ; Jyoti and Khanna, 2021 ; Shahab et al., 2020 ) that continuous improvement in EP improves FP of firms.

To examine the mediating effect of ESGD between EP and FP, we performed the Sobel test following Baron and Kenny's (1986) technique. The results of the Sobel test examine the mediating effect of ESGD between EP and FP and are reported in Table 7 . The path coefficients (β = 0.0023, p < 0.01; β = 0.0057, p < 0.01; β = -0.0019, p < 0.05; β = 0.0039, p < 0.01) are statistically significant confirming that ESGD and its three proxies (E_D, S_D, G_D) mediates the relationship between EP and FP. This finding supports H4 and endorses the arguments of past studies ( Chouaibi et al., 2021 ; Conca et al., 2021 ) revealing that ESGD improves EP and FP. This result also validates RBV and institutional theories which require firms to establish certain standards and indicators to estimate EP ( Kassem et al., 2017 ). Firms need to disclose these indicators to their influential stakeholders to facilitate their investment decisions ( Chouaibi et al., 2021 ). This result establishes that firms may represent a better FP through public disclosure of their EMPs and EP initiatives in the form of ESG ratings which significantly help in improving their reputation and brand value ( Ruan and Liu, 2021 ). This finding confirms the arguments of earlier studies ( Di Tommaso and Thornton, 2020 ; Oikonomou et al., 2014 ) and corroborated that ESGD reduces firms' risk-taking behavior, lower operational cost, and avoids unnecessary spending on environmental activities. However, another notable feature of the mediation effect was the negative path coefficient for EP∗S_D∗FP which lays the foundation for future studies to further investigate the effect of EP on ESGD, especially the effect on social disclosure. This can be an interesting research perspective as the firms continue facing diverse social pressure due to the impact of business activities on the environment and society.

6. Conclusion

This study has examined the effects of environmental management practices (EMPs) on the environmental performance (EP) and financial performance (FP) of firms using environment, social, and governance disclosure (ESGD) as the mediator between EP and FP. The data between 2009 to 2020 was collected from 141 firms listed on Bursa Malaysia. The results elucidate that EMPs have a positive effect on EP. Similarly, improvements in EP positively influence the ESGD and FP of firms while ESGD scores together with its individual components mediate the relationship between EP and FP. These results are consistent with the insights of the resource-based view (RBV) and institutional theories.

Our findings delivered multiple contributions to developing literature related to optimizing corporate efficiency through environmental management. First, our results contribute to resolving environmental and economic issues of organizations through continuous improvement in environmental initiatives and integration of strategic resources. The findings have revealed that the adoption of voluntary and mandatory EMPs will allow Malaysian firms to embrace the concept of environmental legitimacy. Second, the results of the current study suggest that relative environmental programs and their disclosure improve the organizational image and brand value by reducing firms' ecological footprints. Third, the insight of this study contributes to examining the missing linkage between investments in environmental initiatives and their effectiveness. This will help the managers to justify the investments in environmental programs as the results have just confirmed that disclosure of environmental programs through ESGD will help the firms to justify investments in environmental initiatives to gain financial benefits. This will also help in achieving customer loyalty and meeting stakeholders' expectations as the firm publicly discloses its environmental, social, and governance agendas. Finally, the current study contributes to developing strategic matrices for business owners concerned about their survival in today's competitive market. The findings have suggested that investing in green programs will help in the mitigation of environmental issues and generate perpetual financial outputs.

6.1. Implications for practice

Our findings have several theoretical and practical implications for regulators, policymakers, and managers. The insight of this study offers a strategic roadmap for the regulators contemplating different options to reduce ecological effects and achieve environmental sustainability through zero carbon emission. Governments across the world may consider the effectiveness of EMPs in improving environmental performance which will reduce firms' negative impact on the environment by minimizing carbon emissions. The policymakers of industrial firms may use the results of this study to improve their economic situation and contribute to environmental sustainability as the findings have suggested that firms implementing a range of EMPs represent better EP and FP. The managers and business owners may use these findings to improve their firms’ reputation, image, and brand value through a toolkit established in our findings which requires a synergy between EMPs, EP, and better ESGD ratings.

6.2. Limitations and future studies

Like any other empirical study, the present study also has a few limitations which are deliberated briefly and future studies are recommended to address these limitations. This study uses a single country data-Malaysia hence, it is essential to remain cautious while interpreting and generalizing the results. Although the robustness of our findings is verified through statistical procedures, future studies are recommended to incorporate regional, cultural, and country-level factors as suggested by Albertini (2013) while generalizing the results. Second, the time covered in this study ranged from 2009–2020 while, the ongoing pandemic has seriously limited firms’ capabilities to implement different environmental initiatives. Future research may incorporate the recent data as it may elucidate a completely different perspective of EMPs, EP, FP, and ESGD. Third, the data analysis technique may still suffer from endogeneity problems, future studies are encouraged to consider additional measures and techniques such as difference-in-difference, generalized, two-and three-stage least squares regression to ensure the robustness of results ( Xue et al., 2022 ). Fourth, the proxies used for estimating EP and ESGD scores may not reflect the actual picture of environmental performance and environment, social, and governance disclosure. Future studies may consider using other proxies such as water and material and ESG scores by regional rating agencies such as Thomson Reuters and MSCI to measure environmental performance and ESGD.

Declarations

Author contribution statement.

Qaisar Ali: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.

Asma Salman: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.

Shazia Parveen: Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.

Funding statement

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Declaration of interests statement.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

1 The details of environmental and industrial regulations are available on the official portal of Department of Environment: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/tentang-jas/perundangan/akta-kaedah-peraturan-arahan2/peraturan

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Theses & Dissertations: Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Nitrous Oxide Exposure in the Workplace: A Study of Pediatric Dental Clinics in Saudi Arabia , Badr Alhemayyed

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Grip Characterization of Protective Gloves , Doris Burns

A systematic literature review of the prevalence, distribution, exposure, and human health risks of tire microplastics and the contribution of their physicochemically diverse properties , Luke Glastad

Hepatocyte-Hepatic Stellate Cell Axis in Potentiation of Alcohol and HIV-Induced Liver Injury , Moses O. New-Aaron

Agrichemicals (Nitrate and Atrazine) In Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in Children in Nebraska , Balkissa S. Ouattara

Environmental exposures and human health challenges: Evidence-based insights from health surveillance systems , Jagadeesh Puvvula

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Investigation of Environmental Lead Exposures in Children at A Midwestern City with Superfund Site , Zijian Qin

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Modulation of Estrogen Metabolism and Prevention of Pathologies , Bodhisattwa Mondal

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Hearing Loss and Hearing Protection Use Among Midwestern Farmers , Josie J. Ehlers

An Assessment of Preparations Made in the United States for Highly Hazardous Communicable Diseases Following the 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic , Jocelyn J. Herstein

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Organizational Effects of Defeminizing Toxicants: Lessons Learned From an Environmental Sentinel Organism, The Fathead Minnow. , Jonathan Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Aldehyde Adducts and Lung Injury , Muna Sapkota

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Postural Responses to Perturbations of the Vestibular System During Walking in Healthy Young and Older Adults , Jung Hung Chien

Risk factors for agricultural injury : an evaluation using systematic review and injury surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Risk Factors for Agricultural Injury: An Evaluation Using Systematic Review and Injury Surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Occupational exposure to isoflurane anesthetic gas in the research environment , Andrea R. Mulvenon

Community, environmental, and occupational health risks associated with fossil fuel energy production , Mark A. Shepherd

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Functional and proteomic study of KIAA1199 in breast cancer , Hong Peng

Characterization of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Francisella tularensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Scott Reiling

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Perception and production of complex movement variability , Joshua Lewis Haworth

Quantifying stride-to-stride fluctuations in amputee gait: implications for improved rehabilitation , Shane R. Wurdeman

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release by human lung fibroblasts through TGF-beta/Smad3 pathway , Maha Farid

Quantitative proteomics and its application in studying the functions of microrna-155 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , Xin Huang

Biomarkers for organophosphorus agent exposure , Wei Jiang

Exposure to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate as a possible explanation of aerotoxic syndrome , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Reducing the impact of distraction using augmented feedback on robot-assisted surgical skills training , Irene H. Suh

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Protein drug delivery using block ionomer complexes , Andrea Rose Mulvenon

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) on the chemosensitivity of mantle cell lymphoma to agents that induce DNA strand breaks , Radha M. Golla

Evaluation of the mode of action and human relevance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice , Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota

Reaction of human albumin with aspirin in vitro : mass spectrometric identification of acetylated amino acids , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma and drinking water contaminants in Nebraska : atrazine and nitrate , Martha Grace Rhoades

Endocrine disruption in agriculturally-intense Nebraska watersheds , Marlo K. Sellin

Association of estrogen metabolism and risk of breast or prostate cancer or non-hodgkin lymphoma : detection of novel biomarkers from case-control studies , Li Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

The XRCC1 Arg399GIn polymorphism in breast cancer , Mohamed Fouad Irbrahim Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Critical role of estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer initiation via a direct genotoxic mechanism , Fang Lu

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2024-2025 General Catalog

Environmental Science & Management, Bachelor of Science College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences

Office & Contact Information

The Environmental Science & Management (ESM) major is jointly coordinated by the Department of Environmental Science & Policy and the Department of Land, Air, & Water Resources.

The major is designed for students who are interested in solving environmental problems from an interdisciplinary perspective linking the natural and social sciences. Students who choose this major will study the interaction of physical, biological, and social components of environmental problems. Students completing the program will understand the scientific basis for environmental decision-making and the legal, economic, and political issues involved in management of the environment.

Environmental Science & Policy

Susan Harrison, Chairperson

2132 Wickson Hall; 530-752-3026; Environmental Science & Policy ; Faculty

Land, Air, & Water Resources

William Horwath, Chairperson

1110 Plant & Environmental Sciences Building; 530-752-1130; Land, Air & Water Resources ; Faculty

The Program

Courses in biology, chemistry, physics, economics, geology, and calculus form the lower division preparatory foundation of the curriculum. These are then tied together with Environmental Science & Policy ESP 001 , which provides an inter-disciplinary analysis of several environmental problems. The upper division core consists of foundation courses in physical, biological, and social sciences, as well as applied courses in environmental monitoring, GIS, impact reporting, and statistical analysis. In their junior year, students must choose a specialized track from the following six options:

• Climate Change & Air Quality
• Ecology, Biodiversity, & Conservation
• Environmental Data Science
• Natural Resource Management

Soils & Biogeochemistry

• Watershed Science

A capstone course is required for all seniors and serves to integrate the science, policy/management and biology aspects of the ESM major. All students gain practical experience through field courses and a  required internship. Selected students may also pursue an honors thesis in their senior year.

The ESM major is jointly administered by the Departments of Environmental Science & Policy (ESP) and Land, Air & Water Resources (LAWR). Any student in good standing is eligible to transfer to the major; to do so, please see the student affairs officers in 2134 Wickson Hall or in 1150 Plant & Environmental Sciences Building.

Graduates from this program are prepared to pursue careers as practicing environmental scientists, resource analysts and planners working for public agencies and private firms specializing in environmental quality, natural resources or ecological research. The major is also excellent preparation for graduate or professional training in physical and/or biological environmental science graduate programs, as well as in environmental law, administration and environmental policy.

Major Advisors

Marissa Baskett (Environmental Science & Policy); Terrence Nathan (Land, Air & Water Resources)

Advising centers for the major, including peer advising, are located in both the Environmental Science & Policy and Land, Air & Water Resources departments. Students whose last names begin with the letters:

• A-L, see Melissa Whaley in 2134 Wickson Hall.
• M-Z,  see Lacole Brooks in 1150 Plant & Environmental Sciences.

The major requirements below are in addition to meeting  University Degree Requirements  &  College Degree Requirements ; unless otherwise noted. Respective of the Track, the minimum number of units required for the Environmental Science & Management Bachelor of Science is 111.

CHE 002C or CHE 002CH recommended, but not required.

Climate Change & Air Quality Track

Ecology, biodiversity & conservation track, environmental data science track, natural resource management track, watershed science track.

Research Topics & Ideas: Environment

100+ Environmental Science Research Topics & Ideas

Finding and choosing a strong research topic is the critical first step when it comes to crafting a high-quality dissertation, thesis or research project. Here, we’ll explore a variety research ideas and topic thought-starters related to various environmental science disciplines, including ecology, oceanography, hydrology, geology, soil science, environmental chemistry, environmental economics, and environmental ethics.

NB – This is just the start…

The topic ideation and evaluation process has multiple steps . In this post, we’ll kickstart the process by sharing some research topic ideas within the environmental sciences. This is the starting point though. To develop a well-defined research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , along with a well-justified plan of action to fill that gap.

If you’re new to the oftentimes perplexing world of research, or if this is your first time undertaking a formal academic research project, be sure to check out our free dissertation mini-course. Also be sure to also sign up for our free webinar that explores how to develop a high-quality research topic from scratch.

Overview: Environmental Topics

• Ecology /ecological science
• Atmospheric science
• Oceanography
• Soil science
• Environmental chemistry
• Environmental economics
• Environmental ethics
• Examples  of dissertations and theses

Topics & Ideas: Ecological Science

• The impact of land-use change on species diversity and ecosystem functioning in agricultural landscapes
• The role of disturbances such as fire and drought in shaping arid ecosystems
• The impact of climate change on the distribution of migratory marine species
• Investigating the role of mutualistic plant-insect relationships in maintaining ecosystem stability
• The effects of invasive plant species on ecosystem structure and function
• The impact of habitat fragmentation caused by road construction on species diversity and population dynamics in the tropics
• The role of ecosystem services in urban areas and their economic value to a developing nation
• The effectiveness of different grassland restoration techniques in degraded ecosystems
• The impact of land-use change through agriculture and urbanisation on soil microbial communities in a temperate environment
• The role of microbial diversity in ecosystem health and nutrient cycling in an African savannah

Topics & Ideas: Atmospheric Science

• The impact of climate change on atmospheric circulation patterns above tropical rainforests
• The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation above cities with high pollution levels
• The impact of agricultural land-use change on global atmospheric composition
• Investigating the role of atmospheric convection in severe weather events in the tropics
• The impact of urbanisation on regional and global atmospheric ozone levels
• The impact of sea surface temperature on atmospheric circulation and tropical cyclones
• The impact of solar flares on the Earth’s atmospheric composition
• The impact of climate change on atmospheric turbulence and air transportation safety
• The impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on atmospheric circulation and climate change
• The role of atmospheric rivers in global water supply and sea-ice formation

Topics & Ideas: Oceanography

• The impact of ocean acidification on kelp forests and biogeochemical cycles
• The role of ocean currents in distributing heat and regulating desert rain
• The impact of carbon monoxide pollution on ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
• Investigating the role of ocean mixing in regulating coastal climates
• The impact of sea level rise on the resource availability of low-income coastal communities
• The impact of ocean warming on the distribution and migration patterns of marine mammals
• The impact of ocean deoxygenation on biogeochemical cycles in the arctic
• The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in regulating rainfall in arid regions
• The impact of ocean eddies on global ocean circulation and plankton distribution
• The role of ocean-ice interactions in regulating the Earth’s climate and sea level

Tops & Ideas: Hydrology

• The impact of agricultural land-use change on water resources and hydrologic cycles in temperate regions
• The impact of agricultural groundwater availability on irrigation practices in the global south
• The impact of rising sea-surface temperatures on global precipitation patterns and water availability
• Investigating the role of wetlands in regulating water resources for riparian forests
• The impact of tropical ranches on river and stream ecosystems and water quality
• The impact of urbanisation on regional and local hydrologic cycles and water resources for agriculture
• The role of snow cover and mountain hydrology in regulating regional agricultural water resources
• The impact of drought on food security in arid and semi-arid regions
• The role of groundwater recharge in sustaining water resources in arid and semi-arid environments
• The impact of sea level rise on coastal hydrology and the quality of water resources

Topics & Ideas: Geology

• The impact of tectonic activity on the East African rift valley
• The role of mineral deposits in shaping ancient human societies
• The impact of sea-level rise on coastal geomorphology and shoreline evolution
• Investigating the role of erosion in shaping the landscape and impacting desertification
• The impact of mining on soil stability and landslide potential
• The impact of volcanic activity on incoming solar radiation and climate
• The role of geothermal energy in decarbonising the energy mix of megacities
• The impact of Earth’s magnetic field on geological processes and solar wind
• The impact of plate tectonics on the evolution of mammals
• The role of the distribution of mineral resources in shaping human societies and economies, with emphasis on sustainability

Topics & Ideas: Soil Science

• The impact of dam building on soil quality and fertility
• The role of soil organic matter in regulating nutrient cycles in agricultural land
• The impact of climate change on soil erosion and soil organic carbon storage in peatlands
• Investigating the role of above-below-ground interactions in nutrient cycling and soil health
• The impact of deforestation on soil degradation and soil fertility
• The role of soil texture and structure in regulating water and nutrient availability in boreal forests
• The impact of sustainable land management practices on soil health and soil organic matter
• The impact of wetland modification on soil structure and function
• The role of soil-atmosphere exchange and carbon sequestration in regulating regional and global climate
• The impact of salinization on soil health and crop productivity in coastal communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Chemistry

• The impact of cobalt mining on water quality and the fate of contaminants in the environment
• The role of atmospheric chemistry in shaping air quality and climate change
• The impact of soil chemistry on nutrient availability and plant growth in wheat monoculture
• Investigating the fate and transport of heavy metal contaminants in the environment
• The impact of climate change on biochemical cycling in tropical rainforests
• The impact of various types of land-use change on biochemical cycling
• The role of soil microbes in mediating contaminant degradation in the environment
• The impact of chemical and oil spills on freshwater and soil chemistry
• The role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in shaping water and soil chemistry
• The impact of over-irrigation on the cycling and fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Economics

• The impact of climate change on the economies of developing nations
• The role of market-based mechanisms in promoting sustainable use of forest resources
• The impact of environmental regulations on economic growth and competitiveness
• Investigating the economic benefits and costs of ecosystem services for African countries
• The impact of renewable energy policies on regional and global energy markets
• The role of water markets in promoting sustainable water use in southern Africa
• The impact of land-use change in rural areas on regional and global economies
• The impact of environmental disasters on local and national economies
• The role of green technologies and innovation in shaping the zero-carbon transition and the knock-on effects for local economies
• The impact of environmental and natural resource policies on income distribution and poverty of rural communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Ethics

• The ethical foundations of environmentalism and the environmental movement regarding renewable energy
• The role of values and ethics in shaping environmental policy and decision-making in the mining industry
• The impact of cultural and religious beliefs on environmental attitudes and behaviours in first world countries
• Investigating the ethics of biodiversity conservation and the protection of endangered species in palm oil plantations
• The ethical implications of sea-level rise for future generations and vulnerable coastal populations
• The role of ethical considerations in shaping sustainable use of natural forest resources
• The impact of environmental justice on marginalized communities and environmental policies in Asia
• The ethical implications of environmental risks and decision-making under uncertainty
• The role of ethics in shaping the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable future for the construction industry
• The impact of environmental values on consumer behaviour and the marketplace: a case study of the ‘bring your own shopping bag’ policy

Examples: Real Dissertation & Thesis Topics

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses to see how this all comes together.

Below, we’ve included a selection of research projects from various environmental science-related degree programs to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

• The physiology of microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal (Saunders, 2014)
• The influence of the coastal front on heavy rainfall events along the east coast (Henson, 2019)
• Forage production and diversification for climate-smart tropical and temperate silvopastures (Dibala, 2019)
• Advancing spectral induced polarization for near surface geophysical characterization (Wang, 2021)
• Assessment of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Thamnocephalus platyurus as Tools to Monitor Cyanobacterial Bloom Development and Toxicity (Hipsher, 2019)
• Evaluating the Removal of Microcystin Variants with Powdered Activated Carbon (Juang, 2020)
• The effect of hydrological restoration on nutrient concentrations, macroinvertebrate communities, and amphibian populations in Lake Erie coastal wetlands (Berg, 2019)
• Utilizing hydrologic soil grouping to estimate corn nitrogen rate recommendations (Bean, 2019)
• Fungal Function in House Dust and Dust from the International Space Station (Bope, 2021)
• Assessing Vulnerability and the Potential for Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Sudan’s Blue Nile Basin (Mohamed, 2022)
• A Microbial Water Quality Analysis of the Recreational Zones in the Los Angeles River of Elysian Valley, CA (Nguyen, 2019)
• Dry Season Water Quality Study on Three Recreational Sites in the San Gabriel Mountains (Vallejo, 2019)
• Wastewater Treatment Plan for Unix Packaging Adjustment of the Potential Hydrogen (PH) Evaluation of Enzymatic Activity After the Addition of Cycle Disgestase Enzyme (Miessi, 2020)
• Laying the Genetic Foundation for the Conservation of Longhorn Fairy Shrimp (Kyle, 2021).

Looking at these titles, you can probably pick up that the research topics here are quite specific and narrowly-focused , compared to the generic ones presented earlier. To create a top-notch research topic, you will need to be precise and target a specific context with specific variables of interest . In other words, you’ll need to identify a clear, well-justified research gap.

Need more help?

If you’re still feeling a bit unsure about how to find a research topic for your environmental science dissertation or research project, be sure to check out our private coaching services below, as well as our Research Topic Kickstarter .

Need a helping hand?

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Home > School, College, or Department > CLAS > ESM > Professional Master's Project Reports

Environmental Science and Management Professional Master's Project Reports

The Master of Environmental Management (MEM) and Professional Science Master (PSM) degrees in the Environmental Science and Management Department develop scientists, managers, and educators who can analyze and understand environmental systems, predict environmental change, and participate in the management of the environment. MEM and PSM students complete a project with scope and effort similar to a thesis but with more flexibility of topic and design, including an in-depth study of an appropriate problem. These projects are prepared for a community partner (e.g., a government agency, non-governmental organization, or private sector entity) and address a relevant and timely environmental issue. This collection includes the final project reports that have been reviewed and approved by the student's graduate committee.

Submissions from 2023 2023

Homelessness, Water Access, and Environmental Justice in an Urban Environment , Alicia Gamble

Current Vehicle Fleet Inventory and Future Implementation of a Centralized Electric Fleet at Portland State University , Dane Kovaleski

Management Plan for the Western Painted Turtle at the Sandy River Delta in Troutdale, Oregon , Emma Scott

An Examination of the Current Knowledge of Contaminants in Mangroves: Hawaii and Globally , Geoffrey Szafranski

Submissions from 2022 2022

Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland , Christopher L. Desiderati

Stakeholder Perceptions of Microplastics Management in Oregon , Maya Hurst-Mayr

Estimating Transport of Diesel Particulate Emissions in the Portland Metro Using Lagrangian-based Dispersion Modeling , Andrew McKinley Rogers

Identifying and Prioritizing Urban and Commercial Stormwater Concerns: City of Grants Pass, Oregon , Amie Nicole Siedlecki

Submissions from 2021 2021

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Forest Ecosystems in Sri Lanka: A Study Based on 2010 Forest Cover Classification and the TEEB Database , Isuru Jayantha Alawaththa Kankanamge

Influence of Climate Change on Forest Fire Occurrence and Distribution of Sri Lanka and Modeling of Forest Fire , Mohan Heenatigala

An Examination of Limiting Factors of Chrysemys picta bellii (Western painted turtles) in the Lower Willamette River Basin, Oregon , James P. Holley

Project to Establish Growth & Mortality Rates of Three Carex Species in Two Planting Types at Thomas Dairy Site, Tigard, Oregon , Ben Huffine

Community Engagement in Oregon Water Governance: Evaluating a State Water Policy and a Collaborative Q Methodology Research Project , Clare T. McClellan

Understory Species Increase Project: Investigating the Revegetation of Native Herbaceous Species From Seed in Urban Forest Fragments , Erin McElroy

Closed Canopies Crowd Out Bats: Planning Artificial Gap Creation , Alana Simmons

Current Stormwater Practices and Future Implementation at Portland State University with the Uncertainty of Climate Change , Evan Suemori and Alexandra Vargas Quiñones

Submissions from 2020 2020

Neighborhood Air Quality Impact from Construction Site Emissions in Portland, OR , Lyndsey Boyle

Eagle Creek Post-Fire Monitoring for Water Temperature & Water Stage , Sylas Daughtrey

A Multi-Scale Assessment of the Relationship Between the Riparian Landscape and the Health of Streams in Portland, Oregon , Dylan Esmonde

A Framework for Incorporating Benefits from Urban Forests into Planning for Livable Cities: a Case Study of Forest Park , Carole Hardy

Trail Impact Monitoring in Forest Park , James Mitchell

Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR , Rikki Carroll Oden

Strategies for Urban Pollinator Management Using Habitat Monitoring and Restoration Planning in Portland Oregon , Fiona Smeaton

Soil Nitrogen Cycling Over Two Decades Following Calcium Treatment in Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH , Angelina Uribe

Collecting Plant Phenology Data in Imperiled Oregon White Oak Ecosystems: Analysis and Recommendations for Metro , Kirsten Wright

Submissions from 2019 2019

Analysis of Toxic Pollutant Sources and Characteristics Contributing to Water Quality Impairments in the Willamette River Basin , Melinda Borgens

Watershed Assessment of Tryon Creek of Oregon , Danielle Goodrich

Developing a Framework to Assess Renewable Energy Options for Higher Education Institutions: Values-Based Recommendations for Portland State University , Emily Quinton

Process-Based Modeling of the Dairy McKay Watershed to Inform Monitoring for Agricultural Best Management Practices , Brittany Saeman

Submissions from 2018 2018

Waste Stream and Green Purchasing Analysis at Bonneville Lock and Dam , Alexander Bienko

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments to Enhance Oregon White Oak Systems within the Klickitat River Watershed , Kara Caselas

Development of an Effective Shade Model for Water Quality Management in Oregon , Erin Costello

Assessing Effort Shifts and Familial Succession in Oregon’s Nearshore Fisheries , Bryn Ellen Hudson

Nadaka 2023 Management Plan , Andrea Hurzeler

Effects of Variable Density Thinning on Spatial Patterns of Overstory Trees in Mt. Hood National Forest , Emma Huston

Monitoring and Evaluating Malawi Youth Conservation Engagement after Community-Based Environmental Education Workshops , Stefanie Kramer

Long-Term Managed Flooding to Control Invasive Phalaris arundinacea L. and Help Restore Native Vegetation in an Urban Palustrine Wetlands Ecosystem , Robert P. Lascheck

Existing Ecological Conditions and Management Recommendations for a Portion of the Chehalem Ridge Nature Park, Oregon , Amanda Pole

Effects of Beaver Dams on Urban Stream Hydraulic Response During Storm Events , Erin Poor

Submissions from 2017 2017

Informing Oregon's Marine Protected Area (MPA) Baseline Past and Present Tribal Uses of Marine Resources , Sabra Marie TallChief Comet

Hydrological Patterns and the Effects of Land Use on TSS Concentrations and Yields in the McCarthy Creek Watershed, Portland, Oregon , David Farmer

Johnson Creek Bacteria TMDL Implementation: Status and Trend Analysis Study , John Gala

Urban Connections: A Comparison of Connectivity Assessment Methods , Natalie M. Rogers

Submissions from 2016 2016

Greenroof Study: Final Report, an Assessment of Greenroof Design and Maintenance in Portland, Oregon: 2011 – 2013 , Windy Carney Beck

Clear Creek Estuary Restoration: Establishing an Ecological Monitoring Program and Baseline Conditions , Christine Butler-Minor

Mangrove Enhancement as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI): Potential Ecosystem Service Shifts Following Colonization , Andrew S. Harwood

Management Plan for Western Painted Turtle ( Chrysemys picta belli ) at Fairview Creek Headwaters , Ashley Smithers

Assessment of TMDL Implementation and Water Quality Status and Trends in Amazon Creek and Coyote Creek Watersheds , Stosh Zydek

Submissions from 2015 2015

An Ornithological Investigation of the Relationships Among Species Assemblages in Diverse Landscapes in Portland, Oregon , Trevor Attenberg

Rock Creek Restoration Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Report , Daniel Bedell

The Blue Heron Wetland Restoration Project: Eradication of Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis from the Blue Heron Wetlands of Portland, OR , Alexander Staunch

Submissions from 2014 2014

Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain , Todd Ashley

Evidence-Based Decision Making in Coastal Oregon: Increasing the Effectiveness of Policy and Management Decisions , Kaitlin Goldsmith

The Spread of Exotic Plant Species at Mount St. Helens: the Roles of a Road, Disturbance Type and Post-Disturbance Management , Lindsey Karr

Modeling Effective Shade to Prioritize Riparian Restoration Efforts in the Johnson Creek Watershed, OR , Brittany Sahatjian

The Effectiveness of Forest Collaborative Groups at Reducing the Likelihood of Project Appeals and Objections in Eastern Oregon , Brent M. Summers

Submissions from 2013 2013

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis Occupancy in Amphibian Habitats , Tara Chestnut

Understanding the Drivers of Forest, Residential, and Agricultural Land Values in Yamhill County Using Hedonic Models , Emily D. Dietrich

Submissions from 2012 2012

The Effects of Utility Pole Placement and Characteristics on Pentachlorophenol Concentrations Entering Underground Injection Control (UIC) Devices: City of Gresham, Oregon , Katie Bohnren

Connecting Habitat Across Roads: Field Testing Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Road Mortality of an Imperiled Butterfly , Rebecca Jalene Littlejohn

A Performance Assessment of Two Multi-component Water Quality Facilities in the Columbia Slough and Fairview Creek Watersheds , Chris Robinson

Submissions from 2011 2011

Integrating Ecosystem Services, River Restoration and Community: a Case Study at Fisher's Bend , Michael Carlson

Sources and Pathways to the Environment and Environmental Presence , Tess Chadil

Investigation and Evaluation of Current and Emerging Whole-Water Sampling Technologies for U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program , Keith D. Gareau

Macroinvertebrate Community Analysis on Lower Hood River Before and During the Removal of Powerdale Dam: A Baseline Study , Howard Jay Patterson

Policy Analysis for Optimizing Native Fisheries on the McKenzie River , Mary Ray

Submissions from 2010 2010

Outcomes of a One-week Teaching Training in Community-based Ecological Research , Kara Gonsler

Climate Change, Its Effect on Migration Patterns of the Cackling Goose and White-Fronted Goose in the Willamette Valley, and Implications for Goose Management , Kelly Warren

Exploring Mitigation Options to Reduce Vehicle-Caused Mortality for the Oregon Silverspot Butterfly, Speyeria Zerene Hippolyta , Along Highway 101 at the Siuslaw National Forest , Sara B. Zielin

Submissions from 2009 2009

State of the River Report for Toxics , Bradley Carter

The McKee Preserve Management Options at Bandon Dunes Golf Resort , Ashley Marie Edwards

Effects of Tide Gate Replacement on Water Temperature in a Freshwater Slough in the Columbia River Estuary , Sara Ennis

Downspout Disconnection Suitability and Incentives Analysis for the City of Gresham, Oregon , Brian C. Fletcher

Invasive Species Management Plan for Oswego Lake , Daniel Warren and Mark Sytsma

Calculating the Volume of the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens , Dâvid Nuñez Wickham

Submissions from 2008 2008

Designing More Effective Air Quality Advisories , Justin Olexy

Submissions from 2007 2007

Riparian Shade Assessment and Restoration Priorities Analysis in the Damascus Urban Growth Boundary Expansion Area , Robin K. Leferink

Report on Nutria Management and Research in the Pacific Northwest , Trevor Sheffels and Mark Sytsma

Submissions from 2006 2006

Estuarine Habitat Mitigation in Oregon: Policy Review, Analysis, and Recommended Improvements , Anna Buckley

Koll Center Wetlands Natural Resources Maintenance Management Plan , Meredith Clayton

Submissions from 2005 2005

Preliminary Study Comparing Precipitation Quality Between Nominal Land Uses in Portland, Oregon , Lacey Sullivan

Submissions from 2004 2004

Report on the Oregon Ballast Water Management Program in 2004 , Kiirsten Flynn and Mark Sytsma

Submissions from 2003 2003

Urbanization and its Relationship to Water Quality within the Bronson Creek Watershed , Jason Cristopher Creech

Watershed Data Organization and Project Prioritization , Joshua Darling

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