c xor assignment operator

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C - Bitwise XOR and assignment operator

The Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise XOR operation of two operands.

(x ^= y) is equivalent to (x = x ^ y)

The Bitwise XOR operator (^) is a binary operator which takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. It returns 1 if only one of the bits is 1, else returns 0.

The example below describes how bitwise XOR operator works:

The code of using Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) is given below:

The output of the above code will be:

Example: Swap two numbers without using temporary variable

The bitwise XOR and assignment operator can be used to swap the value of two variables. Consider the example below.

The above code will give the following output:

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Bitwise Operators in C Programming

In the arithmetic-logic unit (which is within the CPU), mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are done in bit-level. To perform bit-level operations in C programming, bitwise operators are used.

Bitwise AND Operator &

The output of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands is 1 . If either bit of an operand is 0 , the result of corresponding bit is evaluated to 0 .

In C Programming, the bitwise AND operator is denoted by & .

Let us suppose the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25 .

Example 1: Bitwise AND

Bitwise or operator |.

The output of bitwise OR is 1 if at least one corresponding bit of two operands is 1 . In C Programming, bitwise OR operator is denoted by | .

Example 2: Bitwise OR

Bitwise xor (exclusive or) operator ^.

The result of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands are opposite. It is denoted by ^ .

Example 3: Bitwise XOR

Bitwise complement operator ~.

Bitwise complement operator is a unary operator (works on only one operand). It changes 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 . It is denoted by ~ .

Twist in Bitwise Complement Operator in C Programming

The bitwise complement of 35 ( ~35 ) is -36 instead of 220 , but why?

For any integer n , bitwise complement of n will be -(n + 1) . To understand this, you should have the knowledge of 2's complement.

2's Complement

Two's complement is an operation on binary numbers. The 2's complement of a number is equal to the complement of that number plus 1. For example:

The bitwise complement of 35 is 220 (in decimal). The 2's complement of 220 is -36 . Hence, the output is -36 instead of 220 .

Bitwise Complement of Any Number N is -(N+1). Here's how:

Example 4: Bitwise complement

Shift operators in c programming.

There are two shift operators in C programming:

• Right shift operator
• Left shift operator.

Right Shift Operator

Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by certain number of specified bits. It is denoted by >> .

Left Shift Operator

Left shift operator shifts all bits towards left by a certain number of specified bits. The bit positions that have been vacated by the left shift operator are filled with 0 . The symbol of the left shift operator is << .

Example #5: Shift Operators

Table of contents.

• Bitwise AND
• Bitwise XOR
• Bitwise complement
• Shift right

Sorry about that.

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Assignment operators are used for assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side otherwise the compiler will raise an error.

Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

1. “=”: This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example:

2. “+=” : This operator is combination of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a += 6) = 11.

3. “-=” This operator is combination of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 8. Then (a -= 6) = 2.

4. “*=” This operator is combination of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first multiplies the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a *= 6) = 30.

5. “/=” This operator is combination of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first divides the current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 6. Then (a /= 2) = 3.

Below example illustrates the various Assignment Operators:

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• Logical XOR Operator in C

an Overview of XOR ( ^ ) Operator in C

Use ^ to apply xor in c programming language, apply xor in c programming language.

In this article, we will understand about logical XOR ( ^ ) operator in the C programming language.

Exclusive OR , also known as XOR, is a logical operator that returns a true result when either of the operands is true (one is true, and the other is false), but not when both are true nor when both are false. When both operands are true, using the basic or in logical condition creation might lead to confusion.

Because under such circumstances, it is challenging to comprehend what it is that precisely meets the criteria. This issue has been resolved by adding the qualifier exclusive to the word or , which also clarifies its meaning.

The ^ operator, also known as bitwise XOR, takes two integers as its operands and performs XOR on every bit of both numbers.

If both bits are different, the XOR operation will provide a value of 1 . If the bits are identical, it will return the value 0.

Let us take an example to apply the bitwise XOR in C. Firstly, import the libraries and create a main() function.

Inside the main function, establish two variables named firstValue and secondValue with the int datatype and set integer values for each. The firstValue is equal to 0101, and the secondValue is equal to 1001 in binary format.

Now that we have these two variables, we need to apply XOR to them, so let us create a new variable called applyXOR and use the symbol ^ on both of these variables.

In the above expression, the XOR operation will be performed on both binary values shown as follows.

Now we get the number 1100 in binary format, which, converted to decimal, is the same as the value 12 . Then we print the value that was obtained.

Code Example:

Let’s take another example to demonstrate the working of the XOR ( ^ ) operator.

Given a collection of numbers in which every item occurs an even number of times apart from one number, locate the odd occurring number. Simply applying the XOR( ^ ) operator to each integer to solve this issue is an effective way to tackle it.

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Related Article - C Operator

• Types of Shift Operators in C
• How to Generate Random Number in C
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C operator precedence.

The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence.

• ↑ The operand of prefix ++ and -- can't be a type cast. This rule grammatically forbids some expressions that would be semantically invalid anyway. Some compilers ignore this rule and detect the invalidity semantically.
• ↑ The operand of sizeof can't be a type cast: the expression sizeof ( int ) * p is unambiguously interpreted as ( sizeof ( int ) ) * p , but not sizeof ( ( int ) * p ) .
• ↑ The expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized: its precedence relative to ?: is ignored.
• ↑ Assignment operators' left operands must be unary (level-2 non-cast) expressions. This rule grammatically forbids some expressions that would be semantically invalid anyway. Many compilers ignore this rule and detect the invalidity semantically. For example, e = a < d ? a ++ : a = d is an expression that cannot be parsed because of this rule. However, many compilers ignore this rule and parse it as e = ( ( ( a < d ) ? ( a ++ ) : a ) = d ) , and then give an error because it is semantically invalid.

When parsing an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be bound tighter (as if by parentheses) to its arguments than any operator that is listed on a row further below it. For example, the expression * p ++ is parsed as * ( p ++ ) , and not as ( * p ) ++ .

Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are evaluated with the same precedence, in the given direction. For example, the expression a = b = c is parsed as a = ( b = c ) , and not as ( a = b ) = c because of right-to-left associativity.

[ edit ] Notes

Precedence and associativity are independent from order of evaluation .

The standard itself doesn't specify precedence levels. They are derived from the grammar.

In C++, the conditional operator has the same precedence as assignment operators, and prefix ++ and -- and assignment operators don't have the restrictions about their operands.

Associativity specification is redundant for unary operators and is only shown for completeness: unary prefix operators always associate right-to-left ( sizeof ++* p is sizeof ( ++ ( * p ) ) ) and unary postfix operators always associate left-to-right ( a [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ++ is ( ( a [ 1 ] ) [ 2 ] ) ++ ). Note that the associativity is meaningful for member access operators, even though they are grouped with unary postfix operators: a. b ++ is parsed ( a. b ) ++ and not a. ( b ++ ) .

[ edit ] References

• C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
• A.2.1 Expressions
• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
• A.1.2.1 Expressions

[ edit ] See also

Order of evaluation of operator arguments at run time.

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