conservation of wildlife essay lines

CBSE Class 10th
CBSE Class 12th
UP Board 10th
UP Board 12th
Bihar Board 10th
Bihar Board 12th

Top Schools

Top Schools in India
Top Schools in Delhi
Top Schools in Mumbai
Top Schools in Chennai
Top Schools in Hyderabad
Top Schools in Kolkata
Top Schools in Pune
Top Schools in Bangalore

Products & Resources

JEE Main Knockout April
Free Sample Papers
Free Ebooks
NCERT Notes
NCERT Syllabus
NCERT Books
RD Sharma Solutions
Navodaya Vidyalaya Admission 2024-25
NCERT Solutions
NCERT Solutions for Class 12
NCERT Solutions for Class 11
NCERT solutions for Class 10
NCERT solutions for Class 9
NCERT solutions for Class 8
NCERT Solutions for Class 7
JEE Main Exam
JEE Advanced Exam
BITSAT Exam
View All Engineering Exams
Colleges Accepting B.Tech Applications
Top Engineering Colleges in India
Engineering Colleges in India
Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu
Engineering Colleges Accepting JEE Main
Top IITs in India
Top NITs in India
Top IIITs in India
JEE Main College Predictor
JEE Main Rank Predictor
MHT CET College Predictor
AP EAMCET College Predictor
GATE College Predictor
KCET College Predictor
JEE Advanced College Predictor
View All College Predictors
JEE Advanced Cutoff
JEE Main Cutoff
GATE Registration 2025
JEE Main Syllabus 2025
Download E-Books and Sample Papers
Compare Colleges
B.Tech College Applications
JEE Main Question Papers
MAH MBA CET Exam
View All Management Exams

Colleges & Courses

MBA College Admissions
MBA Colleges in India
Top IIMs Colleges in India
Top Online MBA Colleges in India
MBA Colleges Accepting XAT Score
BBA Colleges in India
XAT College Predictor 2025
SNAP College Predictor
NMAT College Predictor
MAT College Predictor 2024
CMAT College Predictor 2024
CAT Percentile Predictor 2024
CAT 2024 College Predictor
Top MBA Entrance Exams 2024
AP ICET Counselling 2024
GD Topics for MBA
CAT Exam Date 2024
Download Helpful Ebooks
List of Popular Branches
QnA - Get answers to your doubts
IIM Fees Structure
AIIMS Nursing
Top Medical Colleges in India
Top Medical Colleges in India accepting NEET Score
Medical Colleges accepting NEET
List of Medical Colleges in India
List of AIIMS Colleges In India
Medical Colleges in Maharashtra
Medical Colleges in India Accepting NEET PG
NEET College Predictor
NEET PG College Predictor
NEET MDS College Predictor
NEET Rank Predictor
DNB PDCET College Predictor
NEET Result 2024
NEET Asnwer Key 2024
NEET Cut off
NEET Online Preparation
Download Helpful E-books
Colleges Accepting Admissions
Top Law Colleges in India
Law College Accepting CLAT Score
List of Law Colleges in India
Top Law Colleges in Delhi
Top NLUs Colleges in India
Top Law Colleges in Chandigarh
Top Law Collages in Lucknow

Predictors & E-Books

CLAT College Predictor
MHCET Law ( 5 Year L.L.B) College Predictor
AILET College Predictor
Sample Papers
Compare Law Collages
Careers360 Youtube Channel
CLAT Syllabus 2025
CLAT Previous Year Question Paper
NID DAT Exam
Pearl Academy Exam

Predictors & Articles

NIFT College Predictor
UCEED College Predictor
NID DAT College Predictor
NID DAT Syllabus 2025
NID DAT 2025
Design Colleges in India
Top NIFT Colleges in India
Fashion Design Colleges in India
Top Interior Design Colleges in India
Top Graphic Designing Colleges in India
Fashion Design Colleges in Delhi
Fashion Design Colleges in Mumbai
Top Interior Design Colleges in Bangalore
NIFT Result 2024
NIFT Fees Structure
NIFT Syllabus 2025
Free Design E-books
List of Branches
Careers360 Youtube channel
IPU CET BJMC 2024
JMI Mass Communication Entrance Exam 2024
IIMC Entrance Exam 2024
Media & Journalism colleges in Delhi
Media & Journalism colleges in Bangalore
Media & Journalism colleges in Mumbai
List of Media & Journalism Colleges in India
CA Intermediate
CA Foundation
CS Executive
CS Professional
Difference between CA and CS
Difference between CA and CMA
CA Full form
CMA Full form
CS Full form
CA Salary In India

Top Courses & Careers

Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com)
Master of Commerce (M.Com)
Company Secretary
Cost Accountant
Charted Accountant
Credit Manager
Financial Advisor
Top Commerce Colleges in India
Top Government Commerce Colleges in India
Top Private Commerce Colleges in India
Top M.Com Colleges in Mumbai
Top B.Com Colleges in India
IT Colleges in Tamil Nadu
IT Colleges in Uttar Pradesh
MCA Colleges in India
BCA Colleges in India

Diploma Colleges

Top Diploma Colleges in Maharashtra
UPSC IAS 2024
SSC CGL 2024
IBPS RRB 2024
Previous Year Sample Papers
Free Competition E-books
Sarkari Result
QnA- Get your doubts answered
UPSC Previous Year Sample Papers
CTET Previous Year Sample Papers
SBI Clerk Previous Year Sample Papers
NDA Previous Year Sample Papers

Upcoming Events

NDA Application Form 2024
UPSC IAS Application Form 2024
CDS Application Form 2024
CTET Admit card 2024
HP TET Result 2023
SSC GD Constable Admit Card 2024
UPTET Notification 2024
SBI Clerk Result 2024

Other Exams

SSC CHSL 2024
UP PCS 2024
UGC NET 2024
RRB NTPC 2024
IBPS PO 2024
IBPS Clerk 2024
IBPS SO 2024
Top University in USA
Top University in Canada
Top University in Ireland
Top Universities in UK
Top Universities in Australia
Best MBA Colleges in Abroad
Business Management Studies Colleges

Top Countries

Study in USA
Study in UK
Study in Canada
Study in Australia
Study in Ireland
Study in Germany
Study in China
Study in Europe

Student Visas

Student Visa Canada
Student Visa UK
Student Visa USA
Student Visa Australia
Student Visa Germany
Student Visa New Zealand
Student Visa Ireland
CUET PG 2025
IGNOU B.Ed Admission 2024
DU Admission 2024
UP B.Ed JEE 2024
LPU NEST 2024
IIT JAM 2025
IGNOU Online Admission 2024
Universities in India
Top Universities in India 2024
Top Colleges in India
Top Universities in Uttar Pradesh 2024
Top Universities in Bihar
Top Universities in Madhya Pradesh 2024
Top Universities in Tamil Nadu 2024
Central Universities in India
CUET DU Cut off 2024
IGNOU Date Sheet 2024
CUET DU CSAS Portal 2024
CUET Response Sheet 2024
CUET Result 2024
CUET Participating Universities 2024
CUET Previous Year Question Paper
CUET Syllabus 2024 for Science Students
E-Books and Sample Papers
CUET College Predictor 2024
CUET Exam Date 2024
CUET Cut Off 2024
NIRF Ranking 2024
IGNOU Exam Form 2024
CUET PG Counselling 2024
CUET Answer Key 2024

Engineering Preparation

Knockout JEE Main 2024
Test Series JEE Main 2024
JEE Main 2024 Rank Booster

Medical Preparation

Knockout NEET 2024
Test Series NEET 2024
Rank Booster NEET 2024

Online Courses

JEE Main One Month Course
NEET One Month Course
IBSAT Free Mock Tests
IIT JEE Foundation Course
Knockout BITSAT 2024
Career Guidance Tool

Top Streams

IT & Software Certification Courses
Engineering and Architecture Certification Courses
Programming And Development Certification Courses
Business and Management Certification Courses
Marketing Certification Courses
Health and Fitness Certification Courses
Design Certification Courses

Specializations

Digital Marketing Certification Courses
Cyber Security Certification Courses
Artificial Intelligence Certification Courses
Business Analytics Certification Courses
Data Science Certification Courses
Cloud Computing Certification Courses
Machine Learning Certification Courses
View All Certification Courses
UG Degree Courses
PG Degree Courses
Short Term Courses
Free Courses
Online Degrees and Diplomas
Compare Courses

Top Providers

Coursera Courses
Udemy Courses
Edx Courses
Swayam Courses
upGrad Courses
Simplilearn Courses
Great Learning Courses

Wildlife Conservation Essay

The phrase "wildlife conservation" serves as a reminder to protect the resources that nature has given us as a gift. Animals that have not been domesticated or tamed are represented by wildlife. They are the only wild animals that live in a natural environment. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘wildlife conservation’.

100 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

Animals, plants, and their habitats are preserved and protected through wildlife conservation. Similar to forests, wildlife is a national resource that contributes to ecological balance and is also valuable from an economic, recreational, and aesthetic standpoint. There was a time when there was no human intervention, there were a lot of wild animals, and there was no issue with protecting or conserving them.

However, as agriculture, settlement, industry, and other developmental activities increased, as well as largely as a result of human greed, the number of wild animals rapidly decreased. As a result, a number of animal species have already gone extinct, and a number more are in danger of doing so. In order to preserve the environment and life on Earth, it is essential that we concentrate on wildlife conservation.

200 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

Need for wildlife conservation.

The need for wildlife conservation results from how human beings are altering lifestyles and advancing ways of living. The massive clearing of trees and forests is causing the habitats of wildlife to be destroyed. The mass extinction of wildlife species is the result of human beings' careless actions. Poaching and hunting are illegal activities; no animal may be killed for recreational purposes.

Wild animals and plants crucially maintain the ecological balance. They have to be considered necessary. The threat to wildlife comes from a variety of sources. Significant factors contributing to the decline of animals include rising pollution, climatic changes, resource overuse, irregular hunting and poaching, habitat degradation, etc. The government has created and modified a large number of laws and regulations aimed at protecting animals.

As we know, deforestation is a huge problem when we speak of wildlife conservation. Trees and forests are home to numerous animals and birds. Thus we need to plant more trees and stop cutting them as well. My school has recently decided to plant trees near our school area, which is empty. This might be a small initiative, but we need to have more afforestation so that it can have a significant impact and help us conserve wildlife.

500 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

Like trees and animals, wildlife is a domestic resource that helps maintain the natural balance and has aesthetic, recreational, and economic advantages. When humans were not present, there were numerous wild animals and little concern for their protection or conservation.

Importance Of Wildlife Conservation

The wildlife in our ecosystem is a crucial component. Here are a few justifications for protecting wildlife:

Wild plants provide one-third of the world's pharmaceutical needs regarding medicinal value. For medical science and technology research, forests offer a wealth of opportunities. Additionally, it gives an excellent opportunity to produce therapeutic drugs on a vast scale.

Maintains the health of our environment by assisting with global temperature regulation. Additionally, it aids in preventing the greenhouse effect and halting sea level rise.

Helps to maintain ecological harmony - In this regard, the interdependence of plants and animals is crucial.

Forests are important economically because they provide raw materials that support the nation's economic development and raise living standards.

Causes Of Wildlife Depletion

Habitat Loss - The intentional destruction of forests and agricultural land for numerous construction projects, roads, and dams significantly reduce the habitat for various species of creatures and plants. Animals are deprived of their habitat by these practices. As a result, they either need to find a new environment or go extinct.

Overexploitation of Resources - Although resources should be used wisely, they are overused when they are used unnaturally. The usage will contribute to species extinction.

Hunting and poaching - These activities are terrible since they include trapping and killing animals for sport or to gain a particular item. Ivory, skin, horn, and other valuable animal goods are a few examples. They are collected by hunting and killing the animals after extracting the product or holding them captive. As a result, there are more and more mass extinctions; the musk deer is one example.

Using Animals for Research - Many animals are used in research labs of academic institutions to assess outcomes. The mass extinction of the species is the effect of taking in such a significant number of them.

Pollution - Unwanted changes in the environment's condition lead to a polluted one—likewise, air, water, and soil pollution. However, the decline in the diversity of animal and plant species can be directly attributed to changes in the air, water, and soil quality.

Impact on Marine Biodiversity - Contaminated water significantly impacts marine biodiversity because the pollutants disrupt the marine biota's ability to function. The contaminants and temperature variations have a significant impact on the coral reef.

My Contribution

The organisation under which I work is building some zoos. In these zoos, we will keep the endangered and rare animals near the forest area in our locality. They will be safe and can be taken care of in this manner. Poaching is another reason for the depletion of wildlife. These zoos will also ensure that these endangered species are not killed and can safely continue their race. I am very proud of my organisation and encourage other organisations and the government to take specific steps for the safety of these animals so they can live peacefully.

Applications for Admissions are open.

Aakash iACST Scholarship Test 2024

Get up to 90% scholarship on NEET, JEE & Foundation courses

JEE Main Important Physics formulas

As per latest 2024 syllabus. Physics formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters

JEE Main Important Chemistry formulas

As per latest 2024 syllabus. Chemistry formulas, equations, & laws of class 11 & 12th chapters

TOEFL ® Registrations 2024

Accepted by more than 11,000 universities in over 150 countries worldwide

PTE Exam 2024 Registrations

JEE Main high scoring chapters and topics

As per latest 2024 syllabus. Study 40% syllabus and score upto 100% marks in JEE

Download Careers360 App's

Regular exam updates, QnA, Predictors, College Applications & E-books now on your Mobile

Certifications

We Appeared in

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Wildlife conservation.

Wildlife conservation aims to protect plant and animal species as the human population encroaches on their resources.

Biology, Ecology, Conservation, Storytelling, Photography

Loading ...

Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats . Wildlife is integral to the world’s ecosystems , providing balance and stability to nature’s processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species, and to educate people on living sustainably with other species. The human population has grown exponentially over the past 200 years, to more than eight billion humans as of November 2022, and it continues to rapidly grow. This means natural resources are being consumed faster than ever by the billions of people on the planet. This growth and development also endangers the habitats and existence of various types of wildlife around the world, particularly animals and plants that may be displaced for land development, or used for food or other human purposes. Other threats to wildlife include the introduction of invasive species from other parts of the world, climate change, pollution, hunting, fishing, and poaching. National and international organizations like the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the United Nations, and National Geographic, itself, work to support global animal and habitat conservation efforts on many different fronts. They work with the government to establish and protect public lands, like national parks and wildlife refuges . They help write legislation, such as the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 in the United States, to protect various species. They work with law enforcement to prosecute wildlife crimes, like wildlife trafficking and illegal hunting (poaching). They also promote biodiversity to support the growing human population while preserving existing species and habitats. National Geographic Explorers, like conservation biologist Charudutt Mishra and conservation technologist Rebecca Ryakitimbo, are working to slow the extinction of global species and to protect global biodiversity and habitats. Environmental filmmakers and photographers, like Thomas P. Peschak and Joel Sartore, are essential to conservation efforts as well, documenting and bringing attention to endangered wildlife all over the world.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Production Managers

Program specialists, last updated.

May 9, 2024

User Permissions

For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.

Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service .

Interactives

Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.

Related Resources

Essay on Wildlife Conservation

Introduction to Wildlife Conservation

Wildlife conservation is crucial for maintaining the planet’s ecological balance and preserving biodiversity. Wildlife faces numerous threats as human activities continue to expand, including habitat destruction, climate change, and poaching. The loss of wildlife impacts ecosystems and communities that depend on them for their livelihoods and cultural practices. For example, the African elephant, with its iconic status, is facing a severe poaching crisis due to the demand for ivory. Without conservation efforts, these magnificent creatures could face extinction in the wild. This essay explores the importance of wildlife conservation, the threats facing wildlife, and strategies to protect these vulnerable species.

Importance of Wildlife Conservation

Biodiversity Preservation: Wildlife conservation helps maintain the diversity of life on Earth, ensuring that various species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity are preserved for future generations.
Ecosystem Balance: Wildlife plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Species interact with each other and their environment in complex ways, and losing one species can have cascading effects on others.
Economic Benefits: Wildlife conservation can have significant economic benefits, including ecotourism, which generates revenue and employment opportunities in local communities.
Cultural Importance: Many cultures around the world have deep connections to wildlife, and conservation helps preserve these cultural practices and traditions.
Ecological Services: Wildlife provides essential ecological services, such as pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient cycling, which are vital for the health of ecosystems and human well-being.
Medicinal Resources: Many wildlife species provide sources for medicines and other valuable products that can benefit human health.
Climate Regulation: Wildlife plays a role in regulating the climate by sequestering carbon and contributing to the overall health of ecosystems.
Education and Research: Wildlife conservation provides opportunities for education and research, helping us better understand the natural world and develop sustainable practices.
Aesthetic and Recreational Value: Wildlife enriches our lives through its beauty and provides recreational activities like birdwatching and hiking opportunities.
Ethical Considerations: Many people believe that wildlife has intrinsic value and a right to exist independent of its usefulness to humans, making conservation a moral imperative.

Threats to Wildlife

Threats to wildlife are numerous and diverse, ranging from direct human activities to broader environmental changes. Here are some of the major threats:

Watch our Demo Courses and Videos

Valuation, Hadoop, Excel, Mobile Apps, Web Development & many more.

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: One of the biggest threats to wildlife is the destruction and fragmentation of habitats due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture. This habitat loss reduces the available space for wildlife to live and thrive.
Climate Change: Climate change alters habitats and ecosystems, making them less suitable for many species. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea levels are affecting the distribution and behavior of wildlife.
Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching for body parts, such as ivory, horns, and skins, continues to threaten many species, including elephants, rhinos, and tigers. The illegal wildlife trade is a multi-billion-dollar industry that drives many species to the brink of extinction.
Pollution: Pollution from various sources, including chemicals, plastics, and oil spills, can devastate wildlife. Pollutants can contaminate water and soil, harm ecosystems, and directly impact the health of wildlife.
Overexploitation: Overexploitation of wildlife for food, medicine, pets, and other purposes can lead to population declines and even extinction. Unsustainable hunting and fishing practices can deplete populations faster than they can recover.
Invasive Species: Invasive species introduced by humans can outcompete native species for resources, prey on them, or introduce diseases, leading to declines in native wildlife populations.
Human-Wildlife Conflict: As human populations expand and encroach on wildlife habitats, conflicts between humans and wildlife increase. This can result in retaliatory killings of wildlife and further habitat destruction.
Infrastructure Development: The construction of roads, dams, and other infrastructure can fragment habitats, disrupt wildlife migration routes, and increase the risk of collisions between wildlife and vehicles.
Lack of Awareness and Conservation Efforts: A lack of awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and inadequate conservation efforts can also threaten wildlife. Without proper conservation measures, species are more vulnerable to other threats.

Conservation Strategies

Conservation strategies aim to protect and restore ecosystems, preserve wildlife populations, and promote sustainable practices. Here are some key conservation strategies:

Protected Areas: Establishing and maintaining protected areas, such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas, to safeguard habitats and wildlife from human activities.
Habitat Restoration: Restoring degraded habitats through reforestation, wetland restoration, and other measures to improve habitat quality and connectivity for wildlife.
Wildlife Corridors: Creating wildlife corridors or greenways to connect fragmented habitats, allowing species to move between areas and maintain genetic diversity.
Anti-Poaching Efforts: Implementing measures to combat poaching, such as increasing patrols, strengthening law enforcement, and reducing demand for wildlife products.
Community-Based Conservation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts through sustainable livelihoods, education, and partnerships to promote conservation while meeting their needs.
Sustainable Land Use Practices: Promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fisheries practices that minimize negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.
Climate Change Mitigation: Addressing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, and supporting climate-resilient habitats.
Invasive Species Management: Managing and controlling invasive species to reduce their impact on native wildlife and ecosystems.
Research and Monitoring: Conducting research and monitoring better to understand wildlife populations, habitats, and threats and to inform conservation strategies.
Education and Awareness: Educating the public about the importance of wildlife conservation and promoting behavior change to reduce threats to wildlife.

Human-Wildlife Conflict

Human-wildlife conflict occurs when there are competition or antagonistic interactions between humans and wildlife, often resulting in negative consequences for both. Here are some key aspects of human-wildlife conflict:

Causes: Human-wildlife conflict can arise due to various factors, including habitat loss and fragmentation, competition for resources such as food and water, crop raiding by wildlife, predation on livestock, property damage, and threats to human safety.
Impacts on Humans: Human-wildlife conflict can have significant socio-economic impacts on communities, including crop losses, damage to property and infrastructure, loss of livelihoods, injuries, and even loss of human lives. These impacts can exacerbate poverty and food insecurity, particularly in rural areas.
Impacts on Wildlife: Human-wildlife conflict can also negatively impact wildlife populations, including retaliatory killings, habitat destruction, reduced reproductive success, and fragmentation of habitats. This can lead to declines in wildlife populations and loss of biodiversity.
Species Affected: A wide range of wildlife species can be involved in human-wildlife conflict, including large mammals such as elephants, big cats, bears, and wolves, as well as smaller animals like monkeys, deer, and rodents.
Conflict Hotspots: Human-wildlife conflict tends to occur in areas where humans and wildlife overlap, such as agricultural lands, peri-urban areas, and areas adjacent to protected areas or natural habitats.
Management Strategies: Various strategies, including preventive measures such as fencing, deterrents, and land-use planning, as well as reactive measures such as compensation schemes, translocation of problem animals, and community-based conflict resolution, can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict.
Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in decision-making and implementing solutions is essential for addressing human-wildlife conflict effectively. This can involve participatory approaches, community-based monitoring, and capacity building to empower communities to coexist with wildlife.
Policy and Legislation: Governments play a crucial role in addressing human-wildlife conflict by developing and enforcing policies promoting coexistence, protecting wildlife, and supporting affected communities.
Research and Monitoring: Research on human-wildlife conflict’s causes, impacts, and dynamics is essential for informing management strategies and developing evidence-based solutions. Monitoring of conflict incidents and their outcomes can help assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures.
Long-Term Solutions: Addressing the root causes of human-wildlife conflict, such as habitat loss, land-use change, and socio-economic disparities, is crucial for achieving long-term solutions that promote sustainable coexistence between humans and wildlife. This may require integrated approaches that consider the needs of both people and wildlife and involve multiple stakeholders.

Economic Aspects of Wildlife Conservation

The economic aspects of wildlife conservation are multifaceted and interconnected with broader socio-economic factors. Here are some key economic aspects of wildlife conservation:

Ecotourism: Wildlife conservation can stimulate economic growth through ecotourism, which involves visiting natural areas to observe wildlife. Ecotourism can create jobs, generate revenue for local communities, and provide incentives for conservation.
Ecosystem Services: Wildlife conservation contributes to the provision of ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration, which have economic value for human well-being and livelihoods.
Biodiversity-based Industries: Conservation of wildlife and habitats supports industries that rely on biodiversity, such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and biotechnology, by maintaining genetic resources and ecosystem functions.
Cultural and Spiritual Values: Wildlife conservation can preserve cultural and spiritual values associated with wildlife, such as traditional practices, beliefs, and aesthetics, contributing to cultural heritage and identity.
Property Values: Proximity to protected areas and wildlife habitats can increase property values, benefiting local economies and communities.
Research and Education: Conservation efforts contribute to scientific research and education, creating opportunities for innovation, capacity building, and knowledge transfer.
Regulation and Enforcement: Wildlife conservation regulations and enforcement mechanisms incur costs but are necessary for preventing illegal activities, such as poaching and habitat destruction, which can have long-term economic consequences.
Sustainable Resource Use: Conservation promotes sustainable resource use practices, which can lead to long-term economic benefits by ensuring the availability of resources for future generations.
Opportunity Costs: Conservation often involves trade-offs, as protecting wildlife and habitats may require limiting certain economic activities, such as logging, mining, or agriculture, which can have short-term economic costs.
Externalities: Wildlife conservation can generate positive externalities, such as improved ecosystem health and resilience, benefiting society as a whole but not necessarily captured in market transactions.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite efforts to conserve wildlife, several challenges and limitations persist, hindering effective conservation outcomes. Here are some of the key challenges and limitations:

Funding Constraints: Limited funding for conservation projects often restricts the scale and effectiveness of conservation efforts, leading to gaps in the protection and management of wildlife and habitats.
Lack of Political Will: Inadequate political support and commitment to conservation initiatives can result in insufficient policies, enforcement, and allocation of resources for conservation efforts.
Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Conflicts between humans and wildlife, such as crop raiding by elephants or livestock depredation by predators, can lead to negative perceptions of wildlife and undermine conservation efforts.
Limited Stakeholder Engagement: Ineffective engagement with local communities, indigenous peoples, and other stakeholders can hinder conservation efforts, as their support and participation are crucial for successful conservation outcomes.
Poverty and Livelihoods: Poverty and lack of alternative livelihood options can drive communities to engage in activities harmful to wildlife, such as poaching and illegal logging, undermining conservation efforts.
Inadequate Law Enforcement: Weak law enforcement, corruption, and insufficient penalties for wildlife crimes contribute to illegal wildlife trade and poaching, exacerbating threats to wildlife populations.
Climate Change: Climate change poses significant challenges to wildlife conservation by altering habitats, disrupting ecosystems, and increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.
Limited Data and Information: Only complete or adequate data on wildlife populations, habitats, and threats can impede evidence-based conservation decision-making and monitoring of conservation outcomes.
Conflicting Interests: Conflicts of interest between conservation goals and economic development, infrastructure projects, or resource extraction activities can compromise conservation efforts and lead to habitat destruction.
Scale and Scope: The vast scale and complexity of conservation challenges, including global biodiversity loss and habitat degradation, require coordinated and sustained efforts at local, national, and international levels.

Role of Government and NGOs

Both governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play crucial roles in wildlife conservation, often collaborating to achieve conservation goals. Here’s how they contribute:

Policy and Legislation: Governments are responsible for creating and implementing laws and regulations designed to safeguard wildlife and their natural habitats. This includes establishing protected areas, regulating hunting and trade, and setting conservation goals.
Resource Management: Governments manage natural resources , including wildlife, through agencies such as wildlife departments, national parks, and forestry departments, ensuring sustainable use and conservation.
Law Enforcement: Governments enforce wildlife protection laws through wildlife rangers, law enforcement agencies, and judiciary systems to combat poaching, illegal trade, and other wildlife crimes.
Research and Monitoring: Governments fund and research wildlife populations, habitats, and threats to inform conservation strategies and monitor the effectiveness of conservation efforts.
International Cooperation: Governments collaborate with other countries through agreements such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to address transboundary conservation issues.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Advocacy and Awareness: NGOs raise awareness about wildlife conservation issues, advocate for policy change, and mobilize public support for conservation efforts.
Field Conservation: NGOs implement on-the-ground conservation projects, such as habitat restoration, anti-poaching efforts, and species conservation programs, often in collaboration with local communities.
Research and Monitoring: NGOs conduct scientific research, monitor wildlife populations, and develop conservation strategies to protect endangered species and habitats.
Capacity Building: NGOs build the capacity of local communities, governments, and other stakeholders to engage in effective conservation practices and sustainable natural resource management.
Community Engagement: NGOs work closely with local communities, indigenous peoples, and other stakeholders to involve them in conservation decision-making and ensure conservation benefits local people.
Partnerships and Collaboration: NGOs collaborate with governments, other NGOs, academia, and businesses to leverage resources, share expertise, and coordinate conservation efforts on a larger scale.

Case Studies

Here are some case studies of successful wildlife conservation projects from around the world:

Conservation efforts for giant pandas in China have successfully upgraded the species from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List. Conservation measures include establishing protected areas, habitat restoration, and captive breeding programs.
Black Rhinoceros Conservation (Namibia): Namibia has implemented community-based conservation programs that involve local communities in rhino conservation and provide economic benefits from ecotourism. As a result, black rhino populations have increased in some areas.
Mountain Gorilla Conservation (Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo): Conservation efforts, including anti-poaching patrols, community engagement, and tourism revenue sharing, have helped increase mountain gorilla populations in the Virunga Massif and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest.
California Condor Recovery Program (USA): The California Condor Recovery Program has successfully increased the population of critically endangered California condors through captive breeding, habitat protection, and monitoring programs.
Tiger Conservation (India): India’s Project Tiger, launched in 1973, has been instrumental in conserving tiger populations by establishing tiger reserves, improving habitat, and anti-poaching efforts, leading to an increase in tiger numbers.
Sea Turtle Conservation (Costa Rica): Conservation efforts in Costa Rica have helped protect nesting beaches, reduce bycatch, and increase awareness about the importance of sea turtle conservation, leading to increased nesting populations.
African Elephant Conservation (Kenya): Kenya’s anti-poaching efforts, community-based conservation programs, and wildlife corridors have helped protect African elephant populations and reduce poaching.

Future Outlook

The future of wildlife conservation faces both challenges and opportunities. Here are some key aspects of the future outlook for wildlife conservation:

Climate Change: Climate change continues to impact wildlife and habitats, necessitating adaptive strategies to mitigate its effects on ecosystems and species.
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Addressing ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation will be critical to ensuring the survival of many species, requiring concerted efforts to protect and restore habitats.
Technology and Innovation: Advances in technology, such as remote sensing, DNA analysis, and conservation drones, offer new tools for monitoring wildlife populations, combating poaching, and informing conservation strategies.
Policy and Governance: Enhancing international cooperation, strengthening wildlife protection laws, and improving governance frameworks will be essential for effective conservation on a global scale.
Human-Wildlife Coexistence: Promoting coexistence between humans and wildlife through innovative solutions, such as wildlife corridors, eco-friendly infrastructure, and community-based conservation, will be crucial for reducing conflicts and conserving biodiversity.
Public Awareness and Education: Increasing public awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and promoting sustainable lifestyles will be key to garnering support for conservation efforts.
Sustainable Development: Integrating wildlife conservation into sustainable development agendas, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), will be vital for balancing conservation with human development needs.
Inclusive Conservation: Ensuring conservation efforts are inclusive and benefit local communities, indigenous peoples, and marginalized groups will be essential for long-term conservation success.
Innovative Financing: Exploring new financing mechanisms, such as biodiversity offsets, conservation finance, and public-private partnerships, will be crucial for funding conservation projects and ensuring their sustainability.
Adaptive Management: Embracing adaptive management approaches that allow for flexibility and learning from both successes and failures will be critical for effective conservation in an ever-changing world.

Wildlife conservation is imperative for maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance, and ecosystem services essential for human well-being. While facing numerous challenges, such as habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict, conservation efforts have shown promising results in protecting and restoring wildlife populations and habitats. The future of wildlife conservation depends on collaborative efforts involving governments, NGOs, local communities, and individuals. Sustainable practices, innovative solutions, and effective policies are crucial for ensuring the survival of wildlife species and promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and wildlife. By valuing and conserving wildlife, we protect our natural heritage and secure a healthy planet for future generations.

*Please provide your correct email id. Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you

By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .

Valuation, Hadoop, Excel, Web Development & many more.

Forgot Password?

This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to our Privacy Policy

Explore 1000+ varieties of Mock tests View more

Submit Next Question

🚀 Limited Time Offer! - 🎁 ENROLL NOW

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

Essay on Wildlife Conservation

500+ Words Essay on Wildlife Conservation

Going by the importance of climate change and associated topics are garnering importance worldwide, an essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English is an expected topic in the English exams. To prepare well in advance Vedantu has brought this essay for you. It is written by experts having expertise in English. Enough data and content are brought to you so that you can recall maximum points in the exam. This will ensure you achieve amazing marks in the English examination.

Let’s Being with the Essay on Wildlife Conservation for Students in English

Like forests, wildlife consisting of animals, birds, insects, etc. living in the forest is a national resource, which not only helps in maintaining the ecological balance but is also beneficial for various economic activities that generate revenue from tourism. The rich flora and fauna also play a major role in maintaining the ecological balance of a region. There was a time when human needs were minimal and there was bare interference in the wildlife. There is no denying the fact that due to urbanization, pollution, and human interventions wildlife is rapidly disappearing from the planet.

Today the biodiversity of the world is threatened due to the extinction of species. There are thirty-five hotspots around the world, which supports 43% of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians as endemic. The IUCN has compiled a list of species and has classified the different species under extinct, critically endangered, less endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concerned. This list is called the Red Data Book. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the number of birds, animals, marine and freshwater creatures has dropped by almost one-third of its earlier population.

Causes for Decline or Threat to Wildlife

One of the major reasons for the constant decline of wildlife is human’s ever-increasing demands and greed that have led to deforestation and habitat destruction. For development and urbanization, man has chopped down trees to build dams, highways, and towns and this has forced the animals to retreat further and further into the receding forests.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization due to the fast growth in population in recent decades have taken a heavy toll on wildlife. Global warming and extensive environmental pollution have largely threatened wildlife as they lead to habitat destruction and rising temperature.

There is a huge demand for animal fur, skin, meat, bone, etc. across the globe that has led to a decrease in the wildlife population. Poachers kill the animals for the illegal trading of their body parts. For example, elephants are massively poached for ivory, rhinoceros are poached in Assam for their horns. The desire to keep animals in captivity or their desire to consume certain animals as exotic food has resulted in the disappearance of many animal species such as tigers and deer.

Forest fires, food shortage, increase in the number of predators, extreme weather conditions and other extraneous reasons have led to the extinction and endangerment of many species. For instance, the recent forest fires in the Amazon (Brazil), Uttarakhand (India), Australia, etc. lead to the death of many animals every year.

Many types of animals, birds, and fauna are needed to retain the ecological balance. They are considered necessary for scientific research and experiments that will benefit mankind.

Steps to Conserve Wildlife

The protection and conservation of wildlife is the need of the hour. Some conservation efforts which are widely implemented are given below:

Afforestation:

First and most importantly, humans need to have control over their needs. We need to prevent man from felling trees unnecessarily. Trees should be replanted if they are felled.

Pollution is one of the major causes that have led to the destruction of the habitat of animal species. Pollution of the environment like air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution hurts the entire ecosystem. It has become of utmost importance to control environmental pollution.

More campaigns must be launched to raise awareness in humans on the need to keep our environment clean. A man should be responsible to maintain a healthy and balanced ecosystem so they should be cordial with the environment. More organizations like PETA should be set up to create awareness among people for the protection of wildlife.

Population:

The man should consciously put a check on the rapid growth of the population. The slow growth of population will decrease the rate of urbanization and that will have a major impact on the preservation of wildlife.

Wildlife Sanctuaries:

Wildlife sanctuaries should be made to ensure the protection of the areas of ecological significance. Under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 various provisions for protecting habitats of wildlife are made by constructing national parks and sanctuaries. These parks and sanctuaries ensure the protection and maintenance of endangered species.

Ban of Illegal Activities:

Illegal activities like hunting, poaching, and killing animals, birds, etc. for collections and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns, feathers, etc. should be strictly prohibited and severe punishments and fines should be imposed on people who do these kinds of activities.

Community initiatives

Communities come together to take various conservation initiatives such as the establishment of community forests, raising their voice against illegal activities, creating awareness among the masses, raising voice for the rights of the animals, conserving animals of cultural significance, and many more. For example, members of the Bishnoi community of Rajasthan are very vocal against poaching activities in the region.

Many countries have taken the initiative to help animals by proclaiming various birds and animals either as national animals or as protected species. In India, the government has launched a program of Joint Forest Management to protect the wildlife and their habitat. Under this program, responsibilities have been assigned to the village communities to protect and manage nearby forests and the wildlife in them. Animal species have the right to live just like humans. Therefore, we should take every step to conserve them and ensure their survival and betterment.

Wildlife is an integral part of our planet. Wildlife plays a significant role in the ecology and the food chain. Disturbing their numbers or in extreme cases, extinction can have wide-ranging effects on ecology and humankind. Valuing and conserving forests and wildlife enhance the relation between man and nature. We want our future generation to be able to hear the lions roar and peacocks dancing with their extravagant feathers and not just see them in picture books. We must take steps today or else it will be too late and we should always remember

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.”

-Mahatma Gandhi

FAQs on Essay on Wildlife Conservation

1. How is Wildlife Important for Humankind?

Wildlife comprises animals, birds, insects, and aquatic life forms. They provide us with a number of products, such as milk, meat, hides, and wools. Insects like bees provide us, honey. They help in the pollination of flowers and have an important role to play as decomposers in the ecosystem. The birds act as decomposers by feeding on insects. Birds like vultures are known as scavengers and cleansers of the environment by feeding on dead livestock. Thus, wildlife helps in maintaining ecological balance.

2. Why Should we Conserve Biodiversity?

We should conserve biodiversity because it is very significant for all living organisms and for the environment. We must conserve biodiversity to save it from becoming extinct.

3. Why are Animals Poached?

The animals are hunted and poached for collection and illegal trade of skins, fur, horns, skins, and feathers.

4. Write Two Steps that the Government has Taken to Conserve Wildlife.

The two steps that the government has taken to conserve wildlife are:

In order to conserve wildlife, the government has established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.

Many awareness programs are launched by the government to create awareness of protecting wildlife.

5. What is the importance of essays on Wildlife Conservation for students in English?

Essay on Wildlife Conservation is a topic given to students because it serves many purposes and holds a lot of importance in the present times. Before starting the essay, students will do adequate research to get enough data about the topic. In the process, they will learn a lot about wildlife conservation. While writing this essay they will learn to empathize with the plight of the animals. Also, they will become better at expressing themselves in written words by writing an essay on this topic as it is a very sensitive topic. This essay will not just help them in fetching excellent marks but it will also sensitize them about the current happenings.

6. What message does an essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English carry?

Essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English carries a very significant message that emphasizes the importance of the conservation efforts taken and that are needed. The essay talks about the efforts which have already been taken and are under implementation and it also talks about what needs to be done in the future. It also talks about why we need to conserve wildlife and what significance it holds. Overall the central message of the essay is to conserve and protect the wildlife as much as we can.

7. What important points should be covered while writing an essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English?

As such there are no rigid pointers that you need to cover while writing an essay on Wildlife Conservation, but you may use the following pointers for reference:

Definition of wildlife conservation

Explain the reasons for conserving the wildlife with valid points

Efforts that are taken by international agencies. This should also include various treaties and protocols signed

Mention the efforts that are taken by the Indian government. Talk about various laws and legislations present.

Mention various provisions on the local level

Talk about various popular civil movements such as efforts undertaken by the Bishnoi Community

What can you do as students to conserve wildlife? Give suggestions and examples.

8. What steps taken by the government should be mentioned in the essay on Wildlife Conservation?

The Indian government has undertaken various measures to conserve wildlife in the country. You can mention some of these in the essay on Wildlife Conservation:

Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972

Schedules involved and protections provided to the animals

Conservation efforts for particular animals like tigers, elephants, etc.

Formation of various protected areas such as National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves, etc.

Awards and accolades received by India on various international forums

Various international treaties and agreements were signed by India.

Mention names of international grouping dedicated to conservation efforts whose India is a part of

You may refer to Vedantu’s forum to get more information about steps to conserve wildlife.

9. In how many words should one write an essay on Wildlife Conservation?

Word count for writing an essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English can vary depending on which standard the student is studying in. it can range from 300 words to 800 words. Accordingly, the level of writing and richness of the content should vary. You can refer to Vedantu’s guide on essays for further understanding the demand of any given topic. If the essay is being written by a student studying in class 10 then the essay should be data and opinion-driven. It should reflect the ideas and thoughts of the student that are substantiated with authentic data and valid reasons.

Essay on Conservation of Biodiversity for Students and Children

500+ words essay on conservation of biodiversity.

Conservation of biodiversity is vital for maintaining the Earth’s environment and sustaining life on the planet. There are a number of ways in which the richness of biodiversity helps in maintaining the ecological system. Conservation of biodiversity is important for the survival of living beings on Earth. Hence, a lot of emphases is being given on the conservation of biodiversity these days.

The Extinction in Biodiversity

Due to human activities, numerous varieties of animals go extinct each year. Western Black Rhinoceros, Dodo, Tasmanian tiger, Golden Toad, Woolly Mammoth, Caribbean Monk Seal, Ivory-billed Woodpecker, and Japanese Sea Lion are some of the species of animals that have gone extinct.

Lemur, Mountain Gorilla, Vaquita, Sea Turtles, Amur Leopard, and Tiger are some of the species that are on the verge of extinction. Apart from these many species of plants and trees including Lepidodendron, Araucaria Mirabilis, Wood Cycad and Kokia Cookie have gone extinct and many species are endangered.

Need to Conserve Biodiversity

Earth is a beautiful planet which has given us many things which occur naturally. Natural resources, rivers, valleys , oceans, different species of animals and beautiful varieties of plants and trees are among some of these.

In today’s world, we are busy developing our surroundings and spoiling our beautiful environment. Today, we have exploited most of the things that were available abundantly in nature. Thus, there arises a need to conserve these natural things. Among other things, there is a serious need for the conservation of biodiversity.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Importance of Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity is important for many reasons. Here are some of the main reasons to conserve biodiversity:

Process of Food Chain: Different species of animals and plants serve as the source of food for other animals and living organisms. Thus, conserving biodiversity help to keep the food chain among the living organisms.
Nutritional Needs: The decline in the variety of plants and animals would mean the decline in the variety of food we eat. So, this is likely to result in nutritional deficiencies.
Cleaner Air: Plants and trees have a greater ability to purify the air and keep the atmosphere clean. As there is a decrease in the number and types of trees and plants, it impacts the quality of air in a negative way.
Better Cultivation of Crops: Fertility of soil is maintained by many insects, organisms and microorganisms work on different levels. So we have to maintain the level of microorganism which is better for the cultivation of crops.
For Medical Reason s: For making different medicines many species of trees and plants are used so as to cure various diseases.

Methods to Conserve Biodiversity

Methods that can help in the conservation of biodiversity are

Control Population: The greater the population the higher the needs which would result in further exploitation of flora and fauna and decline in biodiversity. For the conservation of biodiversity, we have to control the human population and allow other species of plants and animals to replenish on our planet.
Control Pollution: The changing climate, deteriorating air quality and the growing amount of pollution on land and water bodies are leading to different types of diseases in many. It is essential to reduce the activities leading to pollution so as to conserve biodiversity.
Reduce Deforestation: Due to deforestation, there is the loss of habitat. Due to this reason, wild animals are unable to survive in the new environment and die.
Avoid Wastage: We need to understand that natural resources are not only essential for us but are also vital for the survival of other species. We must thus utilize only as much as we require them so that these remain available in abundance in nature for future use.
Spread Awareness: Apart from this, one of the best methods to conserve biodiversity is by spreading awareness. The government can do so at a bigger level. While we can spread awareness by word of mouth and through social media.

Conservation of biodiversity is of utmost importance. We must all make efforts to conserve biodiversity rather than contributing towards its declination. Thus, the richness of biodiversity is essential for the survival of living beings on Earth.

Customize your course in 30 seconds

Which class are you in.

Travelling Essay
Picnic Essay
Our Country Essay
My Parents Essay
Essay on Favourite Personality
Essay on Memorable Day of My Life
Essay on Knowledge is Power
Essay on Gurpurab
Essay on My Favourite Season
Essay on Types of Sports

Download the App

94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best wildlife topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ good research topics about wildlife, 👍 simple & easy wildlife essay titles, ❓ research questions about wildlife.

Wildlife Tourism Essay Tourism can lead to interference and destruction of the wildlife ecosystem, leading to decrease in the population of the animals and degradation of their habitats.
The Manas Wildlife Sanctuary A home to a great variety of wildlife and endangered species, the Manas Sanctuary is located in the Himalayan foothills, in the far eastern state of Assam.
Urban Wildlife Issues Actually, it is important to note that not all human developments are destructive; a focus toward taking care of or conserving animals in urban areas has promoted conservation and sustainability of environment and biodiversity.
American National Park Service and Wildlife The law reads in part: “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such […]
Impact of Global Warming on Arctic Wildlife High surface temperatures lead to “the melting of ice in Polar Regions such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions causing a rise in the ocean and sea levels, which affects the amount and pattern of […]
Wildlife Management in Urban Areas The end result of reducing the number of predator and carnivores in a given ecological system will cause an imbalance that allows organisms in the lower levels of the food chain to multiply to the […]
Oil Drilling in the Alaska Wildlife Refuge Therefore, drilling for oil in the Alaska Wildlife Refuge would be seen as an act that could potentially harm not only the wildlife and ecosystem in that location, but also affect the well-being of other […]
Wildlife Management and Extinction Prevention in Australia This paper investigates the threats to wildlife in Australia and strategies for managing and preventing their extinction. In summary, this paper examines the threats to wildlife in Australia and outlines strategies for managing and preventing […]
Climate Crisis and Wildlife in Danger The structure of the presentation includes an explanation of the issue and reasons for the beagles’ rescue, followed by the time limit to find new homes for dogs and a chronology of facility inspections.
The US Fish and Wildlife Service and the US Forrest Service Refuge Management Thus, the aim is to sustain natural resources with the purpose of providing people with the necessary benefits while ensuring the activities do not lead to the deterioration of the land.
Wildlife Conservation and Food Safety for Human From the epidemiological investigation, the seafood market in Wuhan was termed as the cause of the outbreak and Coronavirus was identified as of bat origin.
Immunization of the Wildlife Population Against Rabies The only way of reducing the number of casualties is by preventing the disease. The efficacy of the method is shown by significant achievements in the reduction of the number of rabies cases among the […]
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Vehicle Collisions With Animals The issue of collisions between wildlife and motor vehicles is a major challenge in most countries owing to the unpredictability of the animals’ closing in correspondence to the vast sizes of the parks and lands […]
Should the Arctic National Wild Life Refuge Be Opened to Oil Drilling? The Baloney Detection Kit used in the series of discussions provides the guidelines for the arguments presented. Wherever there is a need to justify an argument advanced for the debate or against the drilling, the […]
How Global Warming Has an Effect on Wildlife? According to one of the most detailed ecological studies of climate change, global warming is already directly affecting the lives of animals and plants living in various habitats across the world.
Hunting in Wildlife Refuges in California In addition, the lack of regulations and the prohibition of hunting in wildlife refuges in its entirety has led to the overpopulation of certain species and the introduction of imbalance to the ecosystem, with the […]
Wildlife Controls Around Commercial Airports Managing the safety of the airports is one of the most important responsibilities of civil aviation authorities around the world. Security in the aviation sector is the factors often given priority because of the magnitude […]
Wildlife in Art, Science and Public Attitudes In her opinion, Hirst’s approach to art that involves “taking things out of the world” to get to their essence is extremely contradictory and aims to oversimplify the concept of wilderness.
Wildlife Control in and Around Airports The main purpose of the paper is to describe possible ways to protect and control the airport area from wild animals and birds that are potentially dangerous to the safety of passengers and can disrupt […]
Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge’s Issues The article in question addresses the correlation between the value of property prices and the proximity of open spaces. The authors address two research questions, investigating the possibility of a correlation between the proximity of […]
Relations of World Wildlife Fund for Nature and Media The purpose of this NGO is to safeguard nature and to stop the degradation of the planet’s environment and “to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature”.
Wildlife Forensic DNA Laboratory and Its Risks The mission of the Wildlife Forensic DNA Laboratory is to provide evidence to governmental and non-governmental organizations to ensure the protection of the wildlife in the country.
Water Transportation Industry’s Impact on Wildlife It is possible to note that emissions and the use of ballast water can be seen as serious issues that pose hazards to maritime animals.
Wildlife Parks Visitor Management Issues Administrators of wildlife parks have to employ different strategies of visitor management to ensure that they have a balance of demand by visitors and the available regeneration capacity of the wildlife parks.
Emerging Energy Development’ Impacts on Wildlife One of the major concerns involves the effect of energy development on wildlife and natural ecosystems. It is important to lessen the effects of energy development on wildlife and natural ecosystems.
A Call for Conservation of Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Though economic benefits of such drilling are obvious, they do not outweigh the need to preserve the pristine nature of the area o the benefit of thousands of animal and plant species that depend on […]
Learning During Wildlife Tours in Protected Areas: Towards a Better Understanding of the Nature of Social Relations in Guided Tours
Wildlife-Based Recreation and Local Economic Development
Location-Specific Modeling for Optimizing Wildlife Management on Crop Farms
African Wildlife Policy: Protecting Wildlife Herbivores on Private Game Ranches
Illegal Logging, Fishing, and Wildlife Trade
Network Structure and Perceived Legitimacy in Collaborative Wildlife Management
Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservation, and Local Welfare
Habitat Conservation, Wildlife Extraction, and Agricultural Expansion
The Transaction Costs Tradeoffs of Private and Public Wildlife Management
Caring for Native Wildlife Securing Permit and Approval
Evaluating Tax Policy Proposals for Funding Nongame Wildlife Programs
Dealing With Wildlife Damage to Crops
Clear Forest Cause Extinction of Wildlife
Forensic Techniques for Wildlife Crime
Bird and Wildlife Management at Airports
Economic Benefits, Conservation and Wildlife Tourism
Environmental Plans and Wildlife Management Programs
The Current Issues Involving Wind Farms and Wildlife
Ecological Fever: The Evolutionary History of Coronavirus in Human-Wildlife Relationships
Opportunities for Transdisciplinary Science to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks From the Intersectionality of Illegal Wildlife Trade With Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens
Mitigation Measures for Wildlife in Wind Energy Development
Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis
Ethical Considerations for Wildlife Reintroductions and Rewilding
Save Wildlife and Forest for Our Future Generations
Spatial Data Analysis and Study of Wildlife Conservation
Global Warming and Its Threat to the Future of Wildlife and Its Habitat
Gabriela Cowperthwaite’s Blackfish: Treatment of the Sea World and Marine Wildlife
Information and Wildlife Valuation: Experiments and Policy
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land
Identifying and Assessing Potential Wildlife Habitat Corridors
Regulating the Global Fisheries: The World Wildlife Fund, Unilever, and the Marine Stewardship Council
Wildlife Gardening and Connectedness to Nature: Engaging the Unengaged
Urban Sprawl: Impact Upon Wildlife
Human Activities, Wildlife Corridors, and Laws and Policies
Pollution and Its Effects on Wildlife
Tourism, Poaching, and Wildlife Conservation: What Can Integrated Conservation and Development Projects Accomplish
Wildlife-Based Tourism and Increased Tourist Support for Nature Conservation Financially and Otherwise
Supporting Sustainable Livelihoods Through Wildlife Tourism
Evolving Urban Wildlife Health Surveillance to Intelligence for Pest Mitigation and Monitoring
Gray Lodge Wildlife Area: A Home for the Animals
Can Local Communities Afford Full Control Over Wildlife Conservation?
What Is the Biggest Threat to Wildlife Today?
What Are the Major Causes of Loss of Wildlife?
Should the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Be Opened to Oil Drilling?
How Does Hunting Affect Wildlife?
What Are the Effects of Wildlife Depletion?
What Is the Importance of Wildlife?
What Human Activities Badly Affect Wildlife?
What Will Happen if We Don’t Protect Wildlife?
What Are the Top Ten Ways to Save Wildlife?
What Are Man-Wildlife Conflicts?
What Are the Five Major Impacts Humans Have on the Environment?
How Killing Animals Affect the Wildlife Environment?
How Can We Prevent Human-Wildlife Conflict?
Where Is the Best Place to See Wildlife in the US?
What US National Park Has the Most Wildlife?
Does Florida Have a Lot of Wildlife?
What Wildlife Is in Yellowstone?
What Country Has the Most Exotic Wildlife?
How Humans Are Affecting Wildlife?
What Country Has the Best Wildlife?
What Continent Has the Most Wildlife?
What Is the Wildlife of Asia?
Which Country in Asia Has the Most Wildlife?
What Is the Most Common Wildlife in the Arctic?
Expedition Ideas
Zoo Research Ideas
Ecotourism Questions
Biodiversity Research Topics
Ecosystem Essay Topics
National Parks Research Topics
Environmental Protection Titles
Animal Welfare Ideas
Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, March 2). 94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/wildlife-essay-topics/

"94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 2 Mar. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/wildlife-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 2 March.

IvyPanda . 2024. "94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/wildlife-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/wildlife-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/wildlife-essay-topics/.

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Environmental Protection — Wildlife Conservation

Essay Types and Topics

Argumentative essay topics.

The impact of climate change on wildlife conservation efforts
Government policies and their influence on wildlife protection
The ethical debate surrounding zoos and wildlife preservation

Example Paragraph: Climate change poses a significant threat to the world's wildlife, leading to habitat loss and species extinction. In this essay, we will explore the impact of climate change on wildlife conservation efforts and the urgent need for proactive measures to protect vulnerable species.

Example Paragraph: It is evident that climate change poses a grave threat to wildlife conservation. By implementing sustainable practices and raising awareness, we can work towards a future where wildlife thrives in a changing environment.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

The conservation efforts for marine wildlife versus land-based species
The impact of human activity on urban and rural wildlife habitats
The similarities and differences in conservation approaches across different countries

Descriptive Essay Topics

An exploration of a wildlife sanctuary or conservation area
The behavior and habitat of a specific endangered species
The intricate ecosystem of a rainforest and its conservation challenges

Persuasive Essay Topics

The importance of sustainable living in wildlife conservation
The role of community involvement in protecting wildlife habitats
The need for stricter laws to combat illegal wildlife trade

Narrative Essay Topics

A personal experience with wildlife conservation efforts
An imaginary journey to a world without wildlife protection
The inspiring story of a successful wildlife rehabilitation program

Engagement and Creativity

Essay writing is an opportunity to explore your interests and critical thinking skills. We encourage you to choose a topic that resonates with you and to approach your writing with creativity and enthusiasm. Your unique perspective and passion for the subject can greatly enhance the quality of your essay.

Educational Value

Each essay type offers valuable learning outcomes. Argumentative essays develop analytical thinking and persuasive writing skills, while compare and contrast essays foster critical analysis and organizational abilities. Descriptive essays enhance your observational and descriptive abilities, while persuasive essays strengthen your ability to influence and persuade. Narrative essays encourage the development of storytelling and narrative techniques.

The Plight of Polar Bears in a Warming World

Endangered tiger: paper, made-to-order essay as fast as you need it.

Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences

+ experts online

Factors Affecting The Conservation of Wildlife Species and Their Habitats.

Wildlife and coexistence: the conflict between wild animals and humans, the importance of conserving biodiversity, smokey bear campaign to prevent forest fires, let us write you an essay from scratch.

450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Illegal Wildlife Trade Across The World

The need for federal agencies funding towards wildlife conservation, national board for wildlife, global decline of high value large old trees and its impact on wildlife, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

Expert-written essays crafted with your exact needs in mind

The Effect of Covid-19 Lockdown on The Wildlife Conservation

Beyond the limit: understanding the urgency of overfishing, the end of abundance: the impact of overfishing on oceans, saving the seas: causes and solutions to overfishing, how to conserve biodiversity: exploring some principles and strategies, importance and benefits of solar energy for planet and environment, conserving natural resources: nurturing our planet's lifelines, the lady and the tiger analysis, importance of game wardens.

Wildlife conservation refers to the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to maintain healthy wildlife species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural ecosystems.

Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation, overexploitation, poaching, pollution and climate change.

Relevant topics

Waste Management
Animal Ethics
Natural Disasters
Climate Change
Global Warming
Ocean Pollution
Plastic Bags
Biodiversity

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

Instructions Followed To The Letter
Deadlines Met At Every Stage
Unique And Plagiarism Free

Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife

Students are often asked to write an essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

100 Words Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife

Introduction.

Forests and wildlife are vital parts of our ecosystem. They provide shelter, food, and even oxygen. Sadly, these natural resources are under threat due to human activities.

Importance of Forests and Wildlife

Forests absorb harmful carbon dioxide, helping to combat climate change. They are also home to countless species of animals. Wildlife, on the other hand, contributes to biodiversity, crucial for ecosystem balance.

Threats to Forests and Wildlife

Conservation efforts.

Protecting these resources involves creating protected areas, enforcing laws, and promoting sustainable practices. Education also plays a key role in conservation.

250 Words Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife

Conservation of Forest and Wildlife is a pressing issue in the contemporary world. Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization have significantly threatened our natural habitats, causing a decline in biodiversity.

Forests and wildlife are integral to maintaining ecological balance. They serve as carbon sinks, absorbing greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Wildlife, on the other hand, plays a crucial role in pollination, pest control, and maintaining a balanced food chain.

Impacts of Deforestation and Loss of Wildlife

Deforestation and loss of wildlife have far-reaching impacts. It disrupts the balance of the ecosystem, leading to severe climatic changes, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. The extinction of a single species can have a domino effect, causing the collapse of an entire ecosystem.

Conservation Strategies

Conservation strategies revolve around sustainable use and management of natural resources. These include the establishment of protected areas, implementation of laws against illegal hunting and logging, and promotion of eco-tourism. Additionally, reforestation and afforestation programs can help restore degraded habitats.

The conservation of forests and wildlife is not just an environmental issue; it’s a matter of survival for future generations. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that we use our resources sustainably, preserving the balance of our ecosystems. Through concerted efforts and global cooperation, we can protect and preserve our natural heritage.

500 Words Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife

Forests and wildlife are integral parts of our planet’s ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. They not only support a diverse range of flora and fauna but also provide essential resources for human survival. However, with rapid industrialization and urbanization, the conservation of forest and wildlife has become a pressing issue.

The Importance of Forests and Wildlife

Wildlife, on the other hand, contributes to the biodiversity of the planet. Each species, no matter how small, plays a vital role in the ecosystem. They help in pollination, pest control, decomposition, and much more. Wildlife also has intrinsic value, enhancing our world with their beauty and diversity.

Unfortunately, human activities pose significant threats to forests and wildlife. Deforestation, driven by the need for agricultural land, timber, and urban development, is causing a rapid loss of forest cover. This not only results in a loss of habitat for wildlife but also contributes to climate change.

Efforts towards the conservation of forest and wildlife must be multi-pronged. Legal measures, such as implementing strict laws against deforestation and poaching, can deter destructive activities. Protected areas, like national parks and wildlife reserves, should be established and effectively managed to provide safe havens for wildlife.

Community involvement is also crucial. Local communities should be educated about the importance of conservation and encouraged to participate in conservation efforts. Sustainable practices, such as community forestry and eco-tourism, can provide economic benefits while preserving the environment.

The Role of Technology and Research

The conservation of forest and wildlife is not just an environmental issue; it is a matter of our survival. As we continue to exploit nature for our needs, we must also take responsibility for its protection. By understanding the value of forests and wildlife, implementing effective conservation strategies, and harnessing the power of technology and research, we can ensure a sustainable future for all life on Earth.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

Happy studying!

Wildlife Conservation Essay for Students in English [Easy Words]

January 15, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Wildlife Conservation: Protecting the wild animals, plants and the related fauna is collectively referred to as wildlife conservation. Man exploited wildlife and exercised poaching for his personal benefits. Due to his selfishness, many species are on the verge of extinction today. In 1972 the Indian government passed a wildlife protection act to prevent damage to wildlife. Zoos, botanical gardens, and wildlife sanctuaries are some of the ways wildlife is being preserved.

Essay on Wildlife Conservation 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Wildlife Conservation Essay in English, suitable for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.

“Wherever there are wild animals in the world, there is always an opportunity for caring, compassion, and kindness.”

Wildlife refers to the species of animals that are not domesticated. It plays a significant role in preserving the Earth’s ecological balance. It also provides stability to different natural processes. Wildlife conservation is a well-protecting wildlife population, ecosystems, and plants. Each species in the world needs food, water, shelter and, most importantly, reproductive opportunities.

Wildlife is a beautiful divine invention. God did not construct the universe exclusively for man. On this Earth, we consider the magnificent oak to the tiniest grass, from the giant whale to the smallest fries, in the wood. God forms all of these in a very balanced way. We, human beings, cannot contribute to these marvellous creations of nature but can preserve them. Thus, wildlife protection is essential to preserve the equilibrium of mother earth.

Types of Wildlife Conservation

Conservation of wildlife can be divided into two essential terms, namely “in situ conservation” and “ex-situ conservation.”

In-Situ Protection: This form of protection preserves the imperil animal or plant in its natural environment. In Situ Conservation falls under initiatives such as National Parks, Biological Reserves.
Ex-Situ Conservation: Ex-situ wildlife protection simply means off-site protection of wild animals and plants by eliminating and relocating a portion of a population to protected habitat.

Need for Wildlife Conservation

Conservation of wildlife is necessary to maintain a healthy ecological equilibrium among all living things. Every living being on this planet has a unique place in the food chain, and therefore contribute in their specific way to the ecosystem. Unfortunately, humans are destroying many natural ecosystems of plants and animals for land creation and firming. Some other factors that lead to the disappearance of wildlife are like poaching for fur, jewellery, meat, and leathers etc. If we do not take any action to save biodiversity , then one day all animals will be on the list of endangered species.

It is up to us to save the wildlife and our planet. It is also vital for medical values since a considerable number of plants and animal species are used to derive certain essential drugs. Ayurveda, India’s ancient medicinal system, also uses extracts of various herbs and plants. Wildlife protection is essential for preserving a safe and healthy climate. Birds like Eagle and Vulture, for example, contribute to nature by collecting dead bodies from animals and keeping the surroundings healthy.

Effective Wildlife Conservation Methods in India

To protect the environment, various types of wildlife management approaches may be employed. The following are some vital wildlife conservation methods in India:-

Wildlife Conservation Laws – The 1972 Wildlife Protection Act is an act which attempts to protect the Indian wildlife. The Indian parliament enacted this act on 9 September 1972, and after that, the destruction of wildlife was limited to some degree.
Habitat Management – This approach is used to perform wildlife conservation surveys and to hold statistical data. After that, the wildlife habitat can be improved.
Creation of Protected Area – Protected areas are created to preserve wildlife, such as national parks, reserve forests, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. In these restricted regions, wildlife protection laws are implemented to protect the species.
Awareness – There is a need to educate the people about the value of wildlife for wildlife conservation in India. Some people neglect or hurt wildlife since they are unaware of wildlife’s significance. Thus, awareness of conserving wildlife in India can be spread amongst people.
Eliminating Superstitions – Wildlife has always been endangered by superstition. Many body parts of wild animals, parts of trees are used as treatments for other diseases. Such remedies have no theoretical basis at all. Also, some people claim that bone, fur etc. will heal their chronic illness by wearing or using other animals.

Geography Notes

Essay on wildlife: top 6 essays | natural resources | geography.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Wildlife’ for class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Wildlife’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Wildlife

Essay Contents:

Essay on the Conservation of Wildlife

1. Essay on the Introduction to Wildlife:

Wildlife comprises all living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms) in their natural habitats which are neither cultivated/domesticated nor tamed. But in its strictest sense, it includes uncultivated mammals, reptiles, birds and fishes etc. which are generally hunted.

In broad sense, wildlife includes whole fauna and flora found in wilderness zone (natural habitat).

According to Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL), 1970:

“Wildlife is the whole native and uncultivated fauna and flora of a particular country.”

According to Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972:

“Wildlife includes any animal, bees, butterflies, crustacea, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which form part of any habitat”.

In this definition, the word “animal” has come which according to the same Act means “Animals includes amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles and their young, and also includes in the cases of birds and reptiles, their eggs.”

Again in the same definition, the word “habitat” has come which according to the same Act means “Habitat includes land, water or vegetation which is the natural home of any wild animal.”

Again in the same Act “Wild animals” means “Any animal found wild in nature and includes any animal specified in Schedule I, II, III, IV or V wherever found”.

According to Indian Forest Records (1965) “Wildlife are living things that are neither human nor domesticated and are applied specially to mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes which are hunted.”

Hence, in broad sense, wildlife includes whole flora and fauna found in its natural habitat (wilderness zone) which embraces all living organisms. But in strict sense, it includes animal, birds, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, bees, butterflies, fish, their young and eggs and their habitat (i.e. land, water and vegetation which are their natural home).

But again in the strictest sense, wildlife includes mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes which are uncultivated (not domesticated, not tamed) and generally hunted.

2. Essay on Wildlife as Land-Use/Land-Use Planning/Multiple-Use Concept :

The present world, especially developing countries including India, is facing problems of over-population, poverty and illiteracy. There is tremendous growth in human population at a very fast pace and consequently causing depletion of natural resources day-by-day. The land and the natural resources are limited but the numbers of mouths to feed are going up and up.

Under such circumstances, it is really very difficult task to protect, propagate and strive for place to the wildlife. Thus, realizing the conditions of various sectors of our country particularly socio-economic life, the wildlife must be managed and guided by the efficient and intensive land-use concept.

We should propagate the wildlife through the concept of various ways by educating and motivating the public taking economical benefits from the wildlife, the renewable natural resources, for the common mass. This is possible through the concept of multiple-use of the land. Hence, multiple-use concept means that the resources not only keeping in only one use, should be utilized or used in multiple uses or directions so that maximum productions or benefits may be taken from it.

The soil is the most important resource of this earth. We cannot imagine life without it. If soil is used only for agriculture, horticulture and forestry, there will be only one type of production at a time; but if it is utilized for multiple-uses, we will get more than one production at a time.

For example, if in the lands suited for agricultural crops, the fast growing trees (forest crops) are planted on bunds (which remain vacant) then we will get fuel food, fodder for livestock, wood for agricultural implements, poles etc. in addition to the agricultural crops.

It along with this tree planting on bunds, some game birds like quails, partridge, and jungle fowl etc. which are harmless to the agricultural crops and live in agricultural fields are reared or left there; then after sometimes the villagers may be allowed to hunt them and taking fees. In this way; from agricultural fields, in addition to agricultural crops, benefits may be taken as fuel wood, fodder, wood timber, hunting etc. also.

The land is classified on the basis of the fertility and texture of the soil. On this very basis, the land is divided and distributed into various sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, forestry and so on for its proper utilization. The last type of land which is unfertile, degraded, marginal and which cannot be used for any other purpose should be merely earmarked for wildlife including forest.

Applying modern wildlife management techniques on such land, we can get benefits through tourism; trade in general and scientific field etc. and at the same time preservation and propagation of wildlife will also be achieved. Thus, it will serve the purposes of conservation of rare and threatened species, soil and water conservation, and enhancement of our economy up to a certain extent.

Since wildlife is also a kind of land-use as a renewable crop; soil, water, air etc. are needed for them. If this land-use is also kept separate like other land-uses (agriculture, horticulture etc.), there will be problem in meeting the land for them as land is limited and upon this the first priority is of agriculture to feed the human-beings (to solve food problems of mankind).

The lands which are not suitable for agriculture and horticulture, they are lastly used for forestry and wildlife. But when there is scarcity of agricultural/horticultural lands, wherefrom the land will come for wildlife. Under such circumstances; seeing the importance of wildlife, it may be linked with other land-uses in such a way that the revenue from the main land-use may be meeting and simultaneously the wildlife may also be conserved and propagated imparting benefits to the mankind.

Developed countries have already taken steps in this direction and wildlife is viewed as a land-use and most of the wildlife in these countries are seen in the individual farms, trade centres, national parks, sanctuaries and zoos. It shows the outlook of developed countries towards the wildlife. Similar sectors of economic activities in India can be identified in each area of the country depending upon land-use pattern.

The selection also depends upon the potential and type of wild fauna present in that particular area. For instance, breeding of suitable birds should be encouraged in certain area which should be closed for a certain period and then opened up so that people may be allowed hunting, if necessary, and government may get revenue. Similarly, trade may be dealt in silk, lac, feathers, wool, fats and oils, wild meat etc. if individual farms are set-up.

Along with main land-uses like the agriculture and forestry, wildlife as land-use may be linked as follows:

(i) In Forestry:

First of all; the forest should be divided as per the objectives such as protected forest, production forest, less productive and in the form of rivers and nallahs. Therefore, the forest area which is not so important from timber production point of view is very much important from wildlife management point of view and should be the main objective for wildlife in such area.

The forest area which is important for timber production point of view, wildlife management may be less important. But this area may also be managed which can meet the demands of wildlife propagation without hampering forest production.

(ii) In Agriculture:

In villages, there are some barren and degraded lands, village roads, rivers and nallahs which are not suitable for agricultural crops. In such areas, management should be done in such a way that it may suit for certain wildlife. Bushes may be grown in degraded and barren lands.

These will help as shelter for small wild animals, birds etc. as well as will provide fodder for livestock. In such areas, game birds like partridge, quails, jungle fowls etc. may be grown which will give revenue after some time by allowing hunting through paying fees. Apart from this, pisciculture may also be developed in ponds of the villages to get handsome revenue.

Hence, in our country, there is ample chance to link wildlife as land-use with the other land-uses on the basis of the multiple-use concept by understanding wildlife as important land-use for nature, environment, eco-balance and ultimately human-life.

It involves a challenging task of wildlife resource mobilization, efficient land-use and integration of wildlife economics with the basic planning objectives. This prospective should form a part of our overall developmental strategy so that we can save, preserve, conserve and propagate our remaining national valuable wildlife heritage up to the mark.

In nutshell, it can be said that we must divide the land into several categories depending upon the quality of land and its uses for various purposes such as agriculture, horticulture, forestry etc. The land; which is unfertile, degraded and where the land cannot be used otherwise for any other purpose should be exclusively utilized for wildlife.

By applying modern management techniques, we can get economical profit from such kinds of lands by promoting tourism, scientific trade and other related business. It will serve the twin purposes like conservation of rare and threatened species as well as conservation of soil and water, and thus dragging our economy towards-prosperity.

Overall; in our country, there is urgent need of different sectors/departments like forestry, agriculture, veterinary, watershed management, fishery etc. to be interlinked in order to come together and work in full collaboration for finalizing and suggesting the proper utility and suitability of the particular piece of land so that each and every piece of land may be utilized in proper way to avoid future anomalies or complications and in getting balance in every walk of human life.

3. Essay on the Basic Requirements of Wildlife:

Food is the most important basic requirement to get energy and subsequently for proper growth, breeding, propagation and other metabolic-activities. The green plants manufacture their food by own by the process of photosynthesis and, thus, called as autotrophs.

The animal-communities do not have such type of mechanism and, thus, have to depend upon others called as heterotrophs. In this respect, the consumers like herbivorous animals depend upon plants (producers) deriving food-energy from them and, in turn, carnivores ultimately trap their food and energy from them, in this way, food-chain and food-web have been formed and ecological-balance is maintained.

Though, each animal requires nutritive elements but the food requirements of all the animals are not alike. The different species are differently adopted for their food as per their environment or habitat and, thus, have different kinds of food-habits to suit in a particular environment. That’s why; some foods are edible while others are non-edible.

A particular food may be edible for a particular species whereas it may be non-edible for others. Therefore, quality and quantity of food available in the habitat affects a lotto the number and status of the wild animals. Hence, the assessment of characteristics, quality, quantity and status of the vegetation available in the habitat and its improvement is an important and primary stage of wildlife management.

The necessity of food may be divided into two categories:

(a) Physiological Need:

Some animals fulfill their required nutrients by eating the plants itself; while in some animals, like ruminants, it is synthesized by certain bacteria etc. found in their digestive tract which make it available in useful forms of elements for the body. In some special period, such as in pregnancy and milking period, the females require more food or some special food than the normal period for proper growth of the fetus and young ones.

(b) Psychological Need:

As per food-habit, there is adaptation in the digestive system of the species and they prefer the food in that manner. For example, herbivores become instinct towards vegetarian food while carnivores towards non-vegetarian food. Deer become tempted to see grasses whereas tigers will not.

For the sustenance of life, the animals consume different types of food in the variable seasons and in this way their food-choice may be said as primary, secondary and so on.

Thus, the food may be categorized in the following kinds:

(i) Preferred Food:

The most tasteful and liked food is called preferred-food of the species.

(ii) Staple Food:

After preferred-food, the staple-food comes in the series. Generally, this food is important for the living of the animal being available for long time.

(iii) Emergency Food:

When there is scarcity of staple food, the species depends upon certain food which is neither so tasteful nor nutritive and called as emergency-food. Such food cannot sustain the animal for a long period because it induces malnutrition.

(iv) Stuffing Food:

The food which is totally non-nutritive and is consumed by the animal only to fulfill its stomach is called stuffing-food. Such food is taken in by the animals when there is no alternative.

(v) Miscellaneous Food:

Sometimes, certain animals take unusual food which is not in their habit. For example, sometimes bark eaten by sambhar and cheetal, grass by tiger (as found in its pellet sometimes) etc.

Pinch Period:

The period in which the food is not sufficiently available and causes trouble to the animal, is called pinch-period. This period may be for other basic requirements also such as water etc. The period varies as per the habitat, climate, country etc. The management part is very essential and plays important role for such period.

Selection of food by the animals depends upon the following factors:

(i) Availability:

The selection of food by the animal depends upon the season and period of the habitat, it depends upon the fact that in which season or period, which type of food is available, and how much labour is to be done to procure it by the animal; because season is responsible for the availability and quantity of the food in a particular habitat.

Hence; the food, which is easily and sufficiently found in a season, is consumed in enough quantity by the animal. It can be said that plenty of food is directly related with its consumption.

(ii) Palatability:

Palatability of food for animal is related with its taste, easy availability and digestibility etc.

(iii) Physiology:

Physiological regions is also responsible in the selection of food as per need of the animal.

(iv) Habit:

Since its evolution and habit, the animal selects its food accordingly as it is capable of digestion as well as has habitual instinct for such food.

Hence; by considering all these situations, it can be said that the quantity and quality of food serve a lot in the survival and propagation of the animals. For their survival, different kinds of animals take different kinds of food as per their adapted habit and habitat.

For example; some species survive by eating seeds of the plants which is very nutritive while some are living on grasses and leaves of the trees, some are habituated on dry grasses and leaves, some take tender leaves and grass while some prefer hard grasses and so on. Some are grazers whereas some are browsers.

All these depend upon the condition of the habitat and adaptations of the animals. Climate, soil and other natural as well as biotic-factors are responsible for outcome of the condition of the habitat to which the animal adapts it accordingly.

The aquatic animals have developed various adaptations morphologically as well as physiologically, terrestrial animals have also modified and adapted themselves to suit their living environment and the desert animals have likewise adaptations in all means to conserves water and reducing the loss of water less and less for their survival.

In each and every type of environment and habitat, the animals are having adaptations to be suited and survive nicely. Selection of food, its quality and quantity, palatability etc.; all these depend upon the conditions and adaptations of the habitat and the species concerned respectively.

(ii) Water:

Water is another basic requirement of the wild animals. It varies with food, weather, environment, habitat and the animal’s ability to conserve it. Since water is essential for metabolic activities, it is required up to a certain extent by the animals for their survival, growth and propagation. All animals preserve metabolic water.

The desert animals conserve water to exist indefinitely on metabolic water and for this they have various adaptations in their morphology as well as physiology. Water conservation is also provided for by habits; such as the nocturnal or burrowing habit that escapes from diurnal heat and low humidity by the adaptations like possession of chitin, scales as the morphological protection and excretion of dry faeces as physiological adaptations.

Thus, the necessity of water is different in different types of animals. The size of the waterholes is not so important for wildlife rather its proper distribution in the entire habitat throughout the year is very important. Its spatial-distribution and availability with sufficient numbers have great importance for the survival and propagation of the animals.

If the number of waterholes is very few, there will be crowd and pressure of the animals around it and hard competition will arise for the survival and will not be utilized properly by them.

On the other hand, if it is properly distributed throughout the area, it will sustain the total animals as per the carrying-capacity. Therefore, management of water sources or waterholes plays an important role in the field of wildlife management.

(iii) Shelter:

The place or area which gives protection and serves other biological needs of the species is known as shelter.

It can be divided into:

(a) Cover and

Covers are those vegetation or plants which save the animals from causal-factors and provide safety, resting, shade as well as protecting from adverse environmental-effects.

The cover can be classified as:

(i) Escape Cover:

Where, the wild animals escape themselves to protect from predators or hunters. Its shape and size depends upon the size of the animals.

(ii) Nesting Cover (Breeding-Cover):

Here the birds hide themselves for breeding, laying and nursing the eggs. Likewise, the larger animals also require such cover to deliver the litters. Its size and shape also depend upon the size and requirements of the animals.

(iii) Shelter Cover:

It is that cover which protects the animals from the problematic season etc. It may be bushes or the trees in accordance with the size of the animals.

(iv) Roosting Cover (Resting-Cover):

The cover under which, shade the animals take rest after taking the food and use as perch. This may be bush, tree or cave.

There should be sufficient space for living of the animals. Therefore, space is the important characteristic of the habitat. Without it, the animals cannot survive. Space is multi-dimensional. It is not only horizontal, but also includes vertical dimension. The horizontal dimension requires sufficient space as per the need of the animals like home-range, territory etc.

In vertical dimension in any field, the wild animals are living in six-seven levels such as at the peak height vulture etc. fly; then eagle, crows etc.; then other birds fly and live on the trees; below them some birds and animals like small birds, squirrels, monkeys etc. live on the branches of the trees; just above the ground, some animals dwell in the bushes and grasses; on the ground, the terrestrial animals like small and large mammals roam; and lastly inside the soil, wild soil-dwelling animals live.

In lack of sufficient space, the animals come under stress and there is crowd in the habitat and ultimately leading towards the diseases, casualty, hampering in courtship and mating, improper supply of food, water and so on.

Hence, proper management of the habitat is to provide proper and sufficient basic requirements of the animals (food, water and shelter) as per the carrying-capacity is the most essential and important primary objective of wildlife management.

4. Essay on the Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Wildlife:

The ecosystem is the outcome of two components viz. biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, the ecological factors are falling under two categories such as biotic or living factors and abiotic or physical factors.

In the context of wildlife, it can be dealt as follows:-

Biotic Factors or Living Factors :

It includes living organisms such as plants and animals as well as other forms of life. These factors are the resultant of the interactions and interrelations of the same species (intraspecific) or different-species (interspecific) because, in the ecosystem, all organisms are interlinked and interdependent on each other and none can live alone or in isolation for getting their basic needs like food, water and shelter and protection.

Not only this, but the animals of one species are related or dependent upon the animals of the same species and vice-versa. Such interdependency exists without considering kind and size, such as big animals or plants are associated with small insects or parasites. Such association is intraspecific (between same species) and interspecific (between different species).

The interspecific relationship is further divided into:

i. Parasitism,

ii. Mutualism (Neutralism),

iii. Symbiosis,

iv. Commensalism,

v. Predation etc.

Abiotic Factors or Physical Factors :

Broadly, the physical factors which has affected and affecting the fauna and flora of an ecosystem can be divided into two parts viz. Medium and Climate. Mainly there are six media where animals and plants live which soil, light, temperature, water, air and parasite are living in or on the body of other organism (host).

Here, we will discuss about soil, light, temperature and water in detail:

The soil, which is formed by weathering of rocks associated with organic matter and the living organisms, is the most essential medium for the survival of plants and animals. It contains various types of nutrients, minerals, water and gases and support for the plants (producers).

Thus, it is essential for the sustenance of any form of life. The dead part of the organism is decayed and transformed by the decomposers dwelling in the soil and contribute also in the soil- formation particularly humus and continue the energy-nutrient-cycle also.

The vigour and hygiene of health of the wild animal depends upon the presence and absence of the minerals in the soil. The mineral-rich soil supports more wildlife than poorly aerated and acidic soil. The animal develops in the particular soil containing materials needed for it; for example, snails are found in the soil which is enriched in calcium required for their shell formation.

That’s why; flora and fauna are different in different types of soil. The soil which is slightly acidic or neutral is generally well-suited for most of the plants and animals. Therefore, status and kinds of wildlife has direct relationship with the soil-condition of an area or habitat.

On good soil, vegetation is luxuriant and nutritious resulting good size and number of the herbivores and subsequently optimum number of carnivores are found there establishing dynamic and viable ecosystem maintaining proper food-chain. Any deterioration, naturally or artificially, changes the characteristics of the soil leading the change in food, shelter and status of wildlife in reverse direction.

(B) Light :

Light is also an important factor in influencing growth, behaviour and distribution of flora and fauna. The most important work in this field is the phenomenon of photosynthesis. The green plants (producers/ autotrophs) trap sunlight and act as factory for producing food materials maintaining food-chain of the ecosystem.

The amount of light received by an organism depends upon the intensity and duration of light. The duration of light to which an organism is exposed to receive, is called as photoperiodism.

The effect of light controls various activities of wild animals such as:

(i) Effect on Metabolism:

The intensity of light effects the metabolic rate of the animals resulting the phenomenon like hibernation, aestivation and diapause in certain species like amphibians, reptiles, insects etc. as per the intensity of light in the different seasons.

(ii) Effect on Growth:

Since there is relation between metabolism and growth, the light influences the growth of the animal as per the rate of the metabolic activities. For the growth of plants, light is very essential while certain animals may die or survive in presence or absence of light.

(iii) Effect on Reproduction:

In certain animals, especially birds and mammals, gonads and ultimately reproduction are stimulated by light. To the, intensity or illumination of light, different kinds of animals response in different ways. Sexual activities, migration etc. depend upon the duration of light in certain animals and thus their breeding seasons are also different. Likewise, plants are also effected by the relative length of day light.

(iv) Effect of Photoperiodism:

The length of day and night light affects reproduction, behaviour, migration, hibernation, and aestivation etc. of the animals. Hence, photoperiodism influences the various activities of the animals. Perhaps, the sense organs are stimulated by the photoperiodism and required physiological changes occur in the animals to response to the desired performance.

(v) Other Effects:

Light is also responsible for changing the colour of the skin of certain animals. Mimicry is the example of that which is a kind of protective measure to suit in the environment. Eyes of certain deep water aquatic animals are enlarged while nocturnal animals, as in owls, have enlarged eyes to see in night. In certain lower animals, locomotion is influenced by light known as photokinesis. Butterflies move in day period while moths in the night.

Temperature is also one of the important factors controlling distribution and behaviour of the animals. Like light, it also controls the various activities of the animals like reproduction, embryonic development, migration, diapause and other metabolic activities. The temperature at which the body activities, physiological and metabolic, are at maximum is called as Optimum-temperature.

As per the capacity of tolerance of temperature by the animals, they are of following types:-

(i) Eurythermal:

The animals, which can tolerate, wide range of temperature such as mammals etc.

(ii) Stenothermal:

The animals which can tolerate narrow range of temperature like Pisces, snakes etc.

(iii) Poikilothermic or Cold-Blooded:

The animals, whose body temperature varies/fluctuates with the changes in temperature of the environment such as pieces, amphibians, reptiles etc.

(iv) Homoiothermic or Warm-Blooded:

The animals whose body temperature do not fluctuate with the changes in temperature of the environment and are able to regulate and maintain the body temperature at a constant level like birds and mammals.

The effects of temperature upon the animals are as follows:

(a) Effect on Metabolism:

Temperature influences metabolism of the animals by influencing the enzymatic-activities of the body. Increase or decrease of temperature, up to a certain limits, increases and decreases enzymatic-activities and subsequently the metabolism of the animals.

(b) Effect on Reproduction:

Like other factors, temperature also affects the activities and behaviour or reproduction of the animals. It also controls or induces sex-cells maturation and their liberation in certain animals. The outbreak of grasshopper, sex-ratio of rotifers, and production of fertilized and unfertilized eggs in daphnia is governed by the temperature or period of temperature.

Growth and development of animals are also effected and controlled by the temperature. It affects them at the different stages of their life-cycle.

(d) Effects on Distribution:

Specially cold-blooded and warm blooded animal’s distributions are related with the temperature. The animals having narrow range of tolerance of temperature are restricted to the specific areas only, whereas the animals having greater range of tolerance of temperature are widely distributed.

(e) Effect on Structure and Behaviour:

Temperature is also responsible for animal’s structure and their behaviour such as the animals living in colder region has more life span than the warmer areas.

There are certain theories in this regard like:

(i) Bergmann’s Rule:

According to this, the animals living in cold region are much larger than the warmer region. For example, the largest polar bears are found in far north in cold climate whereas the smaller black bears are living in warmer climate.

Furthermore; it is well known that of a given species, the races which inhabit desert areas are always pale or sandy-coloured whereas those living under the influence of heavy rainfall, in well-wooded or humid tracts, tend to be darker in colouration. It is assumed that the reduced force of ultraviolet rays due to water vapour suspended in the air may account for the darkening.

(ii) Gloger’s Rule:

The rule says that the temperature together with light and moisture governs the colour of many animals. In warm humid climate, majority of birds and mammals are darker than the animals living in cold or dry climate.

(iii) Jordan’s Rule:

Temperature has apparent control on the number of vertebrae in certain species of fishes. The fishes living in low water temperature have more vertebrae than those living in warm water as found in cool-fish.

(iv) Allen’s Rule:

As per this rule; the tail, neck and other external parts of the animals living in colder parts are compact as well as shorter in comparison with the animals living in warmer parts. For example, the ear sizes of three different species of fox (Arctic fox, Red fox and Desert fox) have different sizes of the pinna.

Their ear-sizes (pinna) are found increasing from arctic to desert fox. Arctic fox has smallest ear-size, Red-fox has bigger and Desert fox has the biggest size. It is assumed that the shorter ear-size will reduce the area of exposure and, thus, help in reduction in loss of heat from the body.

(D) Water :

We know that water plays an important role in the existence of the living organisms and comes under basic need of the animals for all types of metabolic-reactions of the body. Even various animals have adopted for aquatic-life (fresh water or salt water). The animals which can tolerate narrow fluctuation of the salt-concentration are called as stenohaline and which can tolerate wide range is called as euryhaline.

Of course; all the animals, whether aquatic or terrestrial, require water. On the hand, there are various aquatic-adaptations in aquatic animals; on the other hand, there are various adaptive-features to conserve water in the animals living in dry and desert places. For such particular mode of life; animals have developed morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptations.

Thus, water acts as a limiting-factor for the animals living in any ecosystem. Any factor, which approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance, is said to be limiting-factor. If in a particular habitat, the scarcity of food, water or shelter arises at any stage or time then it is called the limiting-factor for that particular thing of that habitat.

For example; the scarcity of food will be limiting-factor for food, scarcity of water will be limiting-factor for water and likewise scarcity of shelter will be the limiting-factor for shelter and soon. The period in which limiting-factor – arises is called as pinch-period. In case of aquatic animals, oxygen acts as a limiting-factor because it is in scarce in water but the same is not as a limiting-factor for the terrestrial animals where it is in abundance.

The distribution of water also determines the carrying-capacity of a habitat. By creating more waterholes in an area, carrying-capacity can be enhanced. The wildlife is more concentrated at the watery areas.

Besides this, relative-humidity also determines the occurrence of specific vegetation as well as distribution and availability of the animals. It is clear that the animals depend upon the vegetation for food and the vegetation is dependent upon the water and its distribution.

Hence; the ecological factors, abiotic and biotic, act as limiting- factors with respect to that organism. It is the established fact that the amount of a substance below or above the certain limits may also limit the abundance or distribution of a species. For example, carbon-dioxide is necessary for growth of green plants through photosynthesis.

Small increase in its concentration increases the rate of plant growth; but if the concentration is increased significantly, it becomes toxic. Sheldford (1913) postulated the theory called as “Law of Tolerance”. According to him, all environmental-factors have a tolerable limit, the critical- minimum and critical-maximum.

The range between the critical- minimum and critical-maximum is known as “Limit of Tolerance”. If for a particular species, the tolerance exceeds its limit, the species will disappear from that particular area, as long as such condition exists. But, before this range is crossed on either sides and the limits of tolerance are reached, there is stress upon the animals and called as “Zone of Physiological Stress.”

Generally, it is difficult to identify a single limiting- factor because presence and absence of an organism or a group of organisms in an ecosystem depends upon a complex of factors and entire complex of conditions involved.

Therefore, the approach towards the limiting-factor should cover all the aspects of ecosystem and a single species approach may not be helpful in proper understanding of the various interactions in population, factors, habitat etc. For wildlife management, we should follow wholestic concept of the ecosystem.

5. Essay on the Importance of Wildlife :

If we view wildlife from close quarters and juxtapose our observations and all the major disciplines, we simply cannot believe how important wildlife is.

We may nail down the following cardinal points:

(i) Ecological Balance:

Wildlife maintains nonetheless balance of nature through:

(a) Regulation of population of different species by self-regulation and feedback,

(b) Food-chains or passage of food and energy through series of populations comprising producers, consumers and micro-organisms, and

(c) Natural cycles or circulation of inorganic nutrients between biotic and abiotic environments, prevention of leaching and run-off.

Thus it preserves the environment as a self-sustaining system. It balances population and maintains food-chains and natural-cycles.

(ii) Gene Bank:

The most direct relationship of preservation of wildlife to human progress is its significance as gene banks for breeding programmes in agricultural, animal husbandry and fishery. Wildlife serves as a gene banks for breeding improved varieties in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery.

Plant and animal breeders have been able to produce high-yielding and disease-and-stress resistant varieties which form the backbone of modern agriculture. Average life of a crop variety is 5-15 years.

More application of fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides cannot raise production unless a variety of a crop or of an animal has the genetic potentiality to respond to improved inputs. To develop such varieties, a very wide range of plants or animals has to be screened and selected.

Scientists have been constantly examining the wild relatives of crop plants for the presence of useful genes that can be introduced to breeding programmes. Hence, gene- bank maintenance is essential.

Let us see how this point has held well in practice:

(i) Some old rice varieties from Kerala saved rice cultivation when Nilaparvata lugens (Brown Plant Hopper) attacked all modern rice varieties.

(ii) Wild rice (Oryza nivara) provided the resistance to the grassy stunt virus which has threatened rice cultivation in 1970’s. It was incorporated in IR-36 by Dr. Khush and others.

(iii) In potatoes, resistance to late blight has been incorporated from Solanum demissum, mosaic virus and leaf roll virus from Solanum acaule, mosaic virus Y from Solanum stoloniferum damping-off and nematodes from Solanum spegazzini.

The production of high-yielding, disease-resistant crops, livestock and fish cannot continue without the wild relatives of the cultivated varieties. This is because of pests and pathogens evolve new strains; climates change; soils vary; and consumers’ demands change with time. Since the average life of a crop variety is only 5-15 years, new varieties are constantly being produced to meet the changing demands.

We cannot predict which species become useful to us in the future. With increasing knowledge and skills, man is busy finding new uses for the traditionally used species. If penicillium had been eliminated from the earth before man could discover its antibiotic properties or Cinchona had become extinct from Peru before quinine was discovered, some of the severest infectious diseases would have continued to savage the world.

Man is the only species who has widely used the hidden values of a wide range of species around him. He is aware that the rich diversity of organisms today is the product of natural evolution stretching unbroken through 3.5 billion years.

A species once lost cannot be retrieved. Therefore, it would be unethical to be responsible for the destruction of a species. We have an evolutionary responsibility to conserve biological diversity for our descendants.

(iii) Plant Propagation:

Pollination in certain plants is performed by wild animals like birds; insects etc., and thus help in plants propagation, which is very essential.

(iv) Cleaning of Environment:

Scavengers and decomposers wild animals (like vultures, eagles, jackals, hyaenas etc.) as well as micro-organisms, which feed upon dead animals, convert them into different nutrients and release energy back to the nature increasing fertility of the soil. They do very important work of cleaning the environment; otherwise what the fate of this planet will be, can be assumed.

(v) Scientific Importance:

For research purposes and studies of anatomy, physiology, ecology, evolutionary aspects; wild animals are used, which help in saving human life.

(vi) Soil Erosion:

It is prevented by plant cover, litter, mixing of litter by movement of wild animals and conversion to spongy humus by micro-organisms.

(vii) Experimental Animals:

Monkeys, Rabbits, Guinea-pigs, Rats etc.

(viii) Economic Importance:

Timber, firewood, paper, gum, resins, tannins, several drugs, essential oils, spices, lac, silk, honey, hair, feathers, guano (the dung of sea-fishes used as manure or the manure made from fish), leather, musk, ivory etc. are obtained from wildlife.

Besides these, benefits are also obtained from:

i) Tourists

ii) Exports

iii) Hunting of surplus stock

iv) Procurement of food materials

v) Hide, ivory etc. after death of wild animals; though now-a-days it is legally banned and not in practices.

(ix) Potential Uses:

Just as all present day cultivated/domesticated plants and animals are derived from wildlife; new foods, beverages (A beverage is a type of plant product used by everyone daily which contains an alkaloid called caffeine having the stimulative action in the human body; e.g., tea, coffee, cocoa etc. It is also fragmented product of the plant), drugs and other useful products may be obtained in future from wildlife.

6. Essay on the Conservation of Wildlife:

India is rich in biodiversity including the wildlife. Its wildlife includes rare animals like the lion in Gir forests of Gujarat, elephants in Kerala and Assam jungles, rhinoceros is found in Assam and northern West Bengal. The Bengal tiger of Sunderbans is really ferocious to look at. Rewa in Madhya Pradesh is known for the White tigers. Gaur or Indian bison is another big animal common in Central parts of India.

The Rann of Kutch has the wild ass. Rajasthan has cranes and Indian bustard. The country has a large species of deer and antelope. It has crocodiles and gharials in rivers and salt water. There is a large variety of monkeys, snakes and other reptiles. Tortoises are also very common. Besides these animals, it has very large varieties of birds and fishes. Tiger is our National Animal and Peacock is our National Bird.

Many of these species have become rare. Some are almost on the way to extinction. With growing population, forests are recklessly cut down. The hunger for cultivated land, for building, big dams and hydel power projects has snatched the homeland of wild animals. Many people kill them for fun of hunting. Indian Cheetah and other so many animals have become extinct (in recent years).

It is high time that we give up our arrogance and carelessness towards the wildlife. The Government has setup several sanctuaries, national parks, projects etc. Hunting of animals is prohibited so that they may thrive in peace. Such sanctuaries and national parks have now become centres of tourists’ interest. They are a source of income and employment to a large number of people, serving domestic and international tourists.

Conservation is defined as the management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations.

It is scientific management of wildlife so as to maintain it at its optimum level and derive sustainable benefit for the present as well as future generations. The conservation of wildlife is directly related to healthy and better forests. Wildlife conservation includes protection, preservation, perpetuation of rare species of plants and animals in their natural habitats.

Conservation of living resources has three specific objectives:-

(i) To maintain essential ecological processes and lite-supporting systems.

(ii) To preserve the diversity of species or the range of genetic material found in the world’s organisms.

(iii) To ensure sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems which support millions of rural communities as well as major industries. Thus, conservation of living resources is a complex operation which is specifically concerned with plants, animals and the microorganisms; and with those non-living elements of the environment on which they depend.

Conservation Strategies:

Wildlife conservation as well as its propagation through the proper management techniques is a must. Sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves, projects etc. have been created for exclusively protecting the wild flora and fauna in all parts of the world as a part of broad wildlife management prospective.

Scientists representing 100 countries of the world have evolved a comprehensive “World Conservation Strategies” (national and international conservation strategies) for the judicious use of resources.

Some of the steps proposed to save the existing species of the wildlife are as follows:-

(i) All efforts should be made to preserve the species that are endangered throughout the range. The species that are sole representative of their family or genus should receive special attention. An endangered species should be given priority over vulnerable one, a vulnerable species over a rare one and a rare species over other categories.

All the threatened species is protected. Priority is given belonging to monotypic genera, endangered over vulnerable, vulnerable over rare and rare over other species.

(ii) Prevention of extinction requires sound planning and management of land and water uses. The wildlife should be protected both in their natural habitat (in situ) and in zoo and botanical gardens (ex situ).

The threatened species be provided with both in situ conservation (under natural habitat in forest/national park/sanctuary/biosphere reserve) and ex situ conservation (in zoo/botanical garden/biological garden/arboureta/channelling into trade).

(iii) As many varieties as possible of food crops, forage plants, timber trees, livestock, animals for aquaculture, and their wild relatives and microbes should be preserved. Priority should be given to those varieties that are most threatened and are most needed for national and international breeding programmes.

All the possible varieties, old or new of food, forage and timber plants, livestock, aquaculture animals and microbes are conserved.

(iv) Each country should identify the habitats of wild relatives of the economically valuable and useful plants and animals and ensure their preservation in protected areas (sanctuaries, national parks, and biosphere reserves).

Wild relatives of all the economically important organisms be identified and conserved in protected areas.

(v) The critical habitats (the feeding, breeding, nursery and resting areas) of the species should be safeguarded.

(vi) In case of migratory or wide-ranging animals, a network of protected areas should be established to preserve the habitat of the species.

Resting/feeding places of migratory/wide-ranging animals are protected.

(vii) If a species migrates or ranges from one national jurisdiction to another, bilateral or multilateral agreements should be made to set up the required network. Exploitation of the species and pollution of the environment along the migration routes should also be regulated.

For migratory/wide-ranging animals, pollution and exploitation should be controlled. Bilateral and multilateral agreements be made where required.

(viii) Unique eco-system should be protected as a matter of priority. Only those uses which are compatible with their preservation should be permitted.

The national protection programmes have to be coordinated with the international programmes, particularly the biosphere reserve (unique ecosystem) programme of the UNESCO’S Man and the Biosphere Project and National Parks and Protected Areas of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

The international network of biosphere reserve programme aims to conserve and use the diversity and integrity of plant and animal communities for the present and the future within natural ecosystem. This would safeguard the genetic diversity of species and their continuing evolution.

National Wild Life (Protection) Act, enacted in India in 1972. Wildlife protection strategies formulated in India in 1983 and protection programmes integrated with international programmes. Wildlife Institute of India was located at Dehradun, Uttaranchal. Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) was established in 1952.

Unique ecosystem is preserved on priority basis.

(ix) The productive capacities of exploited species and ecosystems have to be determined and it has to be ensured that utilization does not exceed those capacities. Industries, communities and countries that are over-exploiting the living resources they depend on, should be convinced that they would be better off if utilization is kept at a sustainable level.

The reproductive capacity of the exploited species and productivity of the ecosystem be determined. Exploitation should not exceed the same.

(x) International trade in wild plants and animals has to be regulated to appropriate legislative and administrative measures. International trade in wildlife should be highly regulated.

India is a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES).

Our late Prime Minister, Smt. Indira Gandhi addressed in her inaugural speech of World Conservation Strategy in 1980 – “The interest in conservation is not sentimental one but the rediscovery of a truth well-known to our ancient sages. The Indian tradition teaches us that all forms of life – human, animal and plant – are so closely interlinked that disturbance in one gives rise to imbalance in the other. Nature is beautifully balanced. Each little thing has its own place, its duty and special utility. Any disturbance creates a chain reaction which may not be visible for some time. Taking a fragmentary view of life has created global and national problems.”

Protected Areas in India:

India is richly endowed with various bio-geographical provinces, ranging from the cold deserts of Ladakh and Spiti to the hot deserts of the Thar; the temperate forests in the Himalayas to the lush green tropical rain forests of the low lands. India is also endowed with large fresh water bodies such as the Wular and the Manasbal lakes in Kashmir, the Chilka in Orissa and the Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh and the rugged and rich coastline and coral reefs of the Deccan.

To protect, preserve and propagate these varied natural bounties; the Government of India passed Wild Life (Protection) Act in 1972 under which national parks and sanctuaries could be created. Creation of biosphere reserves has also been put into practice since 1986.

Protected Areas are ecological/bio-geographical area where wildlife is conserved by maintaining habitats, natural resources and preventing poaching. They are delimited to protect biological diversity, i.e. cold desert (Ladakh and Spiti) hot desert (Thar), Wetland (Assam and N.E. States), saline swampy areas (Sunderbans, Rann of Kutch), mangroves, temperate forests, subtropical forests, tropical forests, tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical dry deciduous forests, tropical thorn, coral reef etc.

Protected Areas include:

a. National parks,

b. Sanctuaries and

c. Biosphere reserves.

a. National Parks:

They are areas which are strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife. They are the areas maintained by government and reserved for improvement of wildlife. Cultivation, grazing, forestry-operation and habitat-manipulation are not allowed.

b. Sanctuaries:

In a sanctuary, protection is given only to the fauna and operations such as harvesting of timber, collection of MFP and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they do not interfere with the well-being of animals.

They are tracts of land where wild animals/fauna can take refuge without being hunted. Other activities like collection of forest products, harvesting of timber, private ownership of land, tilling of land etc. are allowed.

c. Biosphere Reserves:

During the past few decades, the concept of biosphere reserves has been evolved by the Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB) of the UNESCO.

India has identified 14 areas to be declared as Biosphere Reserves. Of this Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve including parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu was declared in 1986.

In a biosphere reserve, multiple land use is permitted by designating various zones. There is the Core Zone (where no human activity is permitted), the Buffer Zone (where limited human activity is allowed) and the Manipulation Zone (where a large number of human activities would go on). In a biosphere reserve, wild population as well as traditional life styles of tribals and varied domesticated plant and animal genetic resources is protected.

Biosphere Reserves are multipurpose protected areas which are meant for preserving genetic diversities in representative ecosystems by protecting wild populations, traditional life style of tribals and domesticated plant/animal genetic resources. There are some 243 biosphere reserves in 65 countries of the world. In India 14 potential sites were identified in 1979 by Core Advisory Group but only 12 biosphere reserves have been set up by now.

Each biosphere reserve has a:

(a) Core Zone: No human activity is allowed.

(b) Buffer Zone: Limited human activity is permitted.

(d) Restoration Zone: Degraded area for restoration to near natural form.

National parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves would be the last refuse (shelter) for wild plants and animals in the coming years.

Wildlife Organizations:

There are several organizations engaged in conservation of wildlife at national and international levels.

Some of them are mentioned below:

(i) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).

(ii) Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB Programme).

(iii) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

(iv) Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).

(v) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

(vi) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

(viii) Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).

(ix) Wildlife Preservation Society of India (WPSI).

(x) Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India (CAZRI).

(xi) Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Research Institute (CBMTRI).

(xii) Tiger Conservation Society (TCS).

(xiii) Zoological Survey of World (ZSW).

(xiv) Botanical Survey of World (BSW).

(xv) Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).

(xvi) Botanical Survey of India (BSI).

(xvii) International Council for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).

(xviii) International Council for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).

(xix) Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS).

(xx) Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun (WII).

(xxi) Global Tiger Forum (GTF).

Estimating the Census of Wildlife | Essay | Natural Resources | Geography
Essay on Natural Resources: Top 4 Essays | Geography
Essay on Marine Resources | Natural Resources | Geography
Essay on the Conservation of Wildlife: Top 5 Essays | Wildlife | Geography

Essay , Essay on Wildlife , Geography , Natural Resources , Wildlife

Privacy Overview

Cookie	Duration	Description
cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional	11 months	The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-others	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy	11 months	The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.

Academic Test Guide

Essay on Preservation of Wildlife For Students & Children

We are Sharing an Essay on Preservation of Wildlife in English for students and children. In this article, we have tried our best to provide a short Preservation of Wildlife Essay for Classes 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, and Graduation in 200, 250, 300, 500 words.

Essay on Preservation of Wildlife For Students & Children

Wildlife preservation is a matter of urgent concern all over the world. Many animals are in danger of extinction; that is, they are gradually disappearing. Such animals are called endangered species. Saving such animals from extinction is called conservation.

There are two dangers that threaten the wildlife of the world. An animal is said to be endangered when people kill it indiscriminately. Some people go on killing elephants for their ivory. Alligators are killed for their skin. Many kinds of birds are killed for their feathers. Man kills them out of greed. He wants to make a profit at the cost of these animals. If such killings are not checked, these animals may totally disappear from the world.

There is an even more serious threat to the animals. People cut down the trees of the forest for various reasons. When this goes on for a long time, the animals living there lose their home. Trees are cut for fuel or timber. Then the forest area goes on diminishing gradually. Sometimes even the governments do this when they want to construct dams or reservoirs. Thousands of acres of forest land are cleared. The animals living there are thrown out of their habitats.

Is it such a serious matter if a few animals are killed? Can we not lead a safer life without these dangerous animals like snakes, tigers, and lions? But the truth is that if one species of life is removed, it is like removing one link from a chain. The ecosystem is sustained by a delicate balance. Wildlife is an important part of nature. Plantlife and animal life constitute a complex balance. It is like a fabric in which all the threads are neatly woven into a pattern. If species after species of animals are killed, it is like removing thread after thread of the fabric. Finally, no life will be left on this planet.

# Speech | Paragraph on Preservation of Wildlife # Wildlife Conservation Essay

Dear viewers, Hope you like this article Essay on Preservation of Wildlife in English and Please let us know by commenting below.

Love for Animals Essay

Essay on Animals

10 lines Essay on Save Animals

Essay on Wildlife Conservation: From 50 Words to Long Essay

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India: – Wildlife is an important part of the environment. In recent times we have got plenty of emails to write an essay on the conservation of wildlife. So we have decided to write a number of essays on wildlife conservation. These essays can also be used to prepare wildlife conservation articles as well.

Are you Ready to Go?

Table of Contents

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India

(Wildlife Conservation Essay in 50 Words)

Wildlife conservation means the practice of protecting wildlife; wild plants, animals, etc. The main aims of wildlife conservation in India are to protect our wild animals, and plants for the future generation.

Wildlife is a part of nature that maintain the balance in the ecosystem. In order to live a peaceful life on this earth, we need to protect the wildlife too. Some people are seen harming the wildlife for their personal benefit. There are lots of wildlife conservation laws in India but still, our wildlife is not safe.

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India (100 Words)

(Wildlife conservation Essay)

Wildlife conservation means the act of protecting wildlife. On this earth, wildlife is equally important as human beings. But unfortunately, the wildlife on this earth is always in danger as we, the human being are destroying it regularly only to fulfill our personal needs.

Many animals are on the verge of extinction due to the irresponsibility of man. Trees are vanishing from the earth daily. As a result of that, the ecosystem and the balance of nature is deteriorating.

In India, the growth of population has caused a lot of damage to wildlife. Though we have wildlife conservation laws in the country it has not reduced the destruction of wildlife as expected. People need to feel the importance of wildlife and try to protect it from being destroyed.

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India (150 Words)

Wildlife refers to the animals, insects, birds, etc. living in the forests. There is an importance of wildlife as it maintains the balance on earth. Wildlife also helps in the promotion of various economic activities that generate revenue from tourism.

But unfortunately, the wildlife in India is not safe. From ancient times, people are destroying wildlife to fulfill their own needs.

In 1972 govt. of India introduced a wildlife protection act to protect the wildlife from the cruel clutch of men. The wildlife conservation laws have reduced the destruction of wildlife, but still, wildlife is not completely safe.

There are different causes of the destruction of wildlife. The main cause is the rapid growth in population. On this earth, the human population is growing very rapidly and human beings is occupying forest areas gradually.

As a result of that, the wildlife is vanishing from the earth. So in order to protect the wildlife from being vanished, the growth of the population needs to be controlled at first.

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India (200 Words)

Wildlife, nature’s gift to mankind, is continuously helping in maintaining the ecological balance of the earth. But, due to some human activities like mass killing of wild animals for their teeth, bones, fur, skin, etc along with population growth and expansion of agriculture fields reduces the number of wild animals and many species of wild animals have become extinct.

Wildlife conservation is the process of protecting all the wild plant and animal species in their habitat. As we know, every living creature on this earth contributes to the ecosystem in their own special way, wildlife conservation has become one of the most important tasks for mankind.

There are mainly two types of wildlife conservation, namely “in situ conservation” and “ex-situ conservation”. 1st type of wildlife conservation includes programs like National Parks, Biological Reserves, etc and the 2nd type includes programs like Zoo, Botanical Garden etc.

Hunting of wild animals and capturing of wildlife must be banned by the government by imposing strict laws in order to succeed in Wildlife Conservation. Moreover, restrictions on importing and exporting of wildlife products must be banned to get a faster result in wildlife conservation.

Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India (300 Words)

Introduction to wildlife conservation essay: – Wildlife constitutes the animals, birds, insects, etc. that are found in their natural habitat. Wildlife is considered an important part of this universe. But endangered by hunting and encroachments on their natural habitat, many species of wildlife are on the verge of extinction. Thus there is a need for the conservation of wildlife.

Importance of wildlife: – God has created different creatures on this earth. Each and every creature perform its role to maintain the ecosystem on the earth. Our wildlife also plays a vital role in this process.

We can understand the importance of wildlife when we look at the trees. The trees release a sufficient amount of oxygen to the environment so that we can get oxygen in the air to breathe in. The birds maintain the balance in the growth of the population of insects. So the importance of wildlife needs to be felt and we should try to protect wildlife.

How to protect wildlife: – We have discussed a lot about the protection of wildlife. But the question arises ‘How to protect wildlife?’ First of all, we, human beings need to feel the importance of wildlife and should stop destroying it for our personal benefit.

Secondly, we have the wildlife conservation laws in India, but these wildlife conservation laws need to be forced strictly to safeguard the wildlife. Thirdly, superstition in our society is another cause of wildlife destruction.

Removal of superstition from society is required for the conservation of wildlife. Again national parks, reserve forests, and wildlife sanctuaries can be set up to protect wildlife.

Conclusion to wildlife essay: – It is high time to save/protect wildlife for their future existence. Besides the govt. laws, both govt. and non-govt. organizations should take strict steps for the conservation of wildlife.

Along with the govt. efforts, awareness, and cooperation of people are needed for the conservation of wildlife in India. People need to know the importance of these valuable natural resources. Wildlife is an integral part of our national heritage. Thus we should protect wildlife for our future generations.

Long Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India (700 Words)

Image of Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India

Introduction to wildlife conservation Essay: – Wildlife is a wonderful creation of God. God has not created the universe only for human beings. On this earth we find from the huge whale to the smallest fries, in the forest, we can find the majestic oak to the tiniest grass. All are created in a very balanced way by God.

We, the human beings don’t have the capacity to contribute to these marvelous creations of God but can protect them. Thus conservation of wildlife is necessary to maintain the balance of mother earth.

What is wildlife: – We all know “what is wildlife? Collectively the wild animals, the native fauna, and flora of a reason can be called wildlife. Wildlife is found in all ecosystems. In other words, we can also say that the animals and plants that grow in a natural conditions are called wildlife.

What is wildlife conservation: – Wildlife conservation refers to the act of protecting wildlife from being destroyed. The condition of wildlife on this earth is deteriorating on daily basis. The time has arrived to conserve wildlife from the cruel clutch of man.

The human being is the main destroyer of the wildlife. For example, the one-horned rhinos of Assam are on the verge of extinction as poachers are killing it daily for their own benefit.

Importance of wildlife conservation: – It is not necessary to describe a lot about the importance of wildlife conservation. We should not allow the wildlife or a part of wildlife to vanish from this earth.

We all know that nature maintains a balance of its own and every creature on this earth performs its duty to assist nature to maintain the natural balance. For example, trees not only provide oxygen to us but also maintain the climatic condition of a region.

It also performs its duty in reducing global warming on this earth. Again the birds control the population of insects in the ecosystem. That is why the conservation of wildlife is important to maintain the balance of our ecosystem.

If we ignore the importance of wildlife and cause harm to it on regular basis, there will be a reverse effect on us too.

Important methods for conservation of wildlife in India: – Different types of wildlife conservation methods can be applied to protect the wildlife. Some important methods for wildlife conservation in India are as follows: –

Management of habitat: – Under this method of wildlife conservation surveys are conducted and statistical data are kept. After that, the habitat of the wildlife can be improved.

Establishment of the protected areas: – Protected areas like national parks, reserve forests, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. are established to protect wildlife. Wildlife conservation laws are enforced in these restricted areas to protect the wildlife.

Awareness: – For the conservation of wildlife in India, there is a need of educating the people about the importance of wildlife. Some people ignore or cause harm to the wildlife as they are unaware of the importance of wildlife. So, awareness can be spread among people to conserve wildlife in India.

Removing superstition from society: – Superstition has always been a threat to wildlife. Different body parts of wild animals, and parts of trees are used for remedies for some diseases. Those remedies don’t have any scientific base.

Again some people believe that wearing or using some animal bones, fur, etc. may cure their prolonged illness. Those are nothing but the only superstition. Animals are killed to fulfill those blind beliefs. So, for the conservation of wildlife in India, these superstitions need to be removed from society.

Wildlife conservation laws: – In our country, we have wildlife conservation laws. The wildlife protection act 1972 is an act that tries to protect the wildlife in India. On 9th September 1972, the parliament of India enacted this act and after that, the destruction of wildlife has reduced to an extent.

Conclusion to wildlife conservation essay: – Wildlife is an important part of mother earth. It is almost impossible to imagine the earth without the wildlife. So the beautiful wildlife needs to be protected from being destroyed. Wildlife conservation laws can’t do anything if we don’t feel the importance of wildlife by ourselves.

Wildlife Conservation Essay for students of Higher class

“Wherever there are wild animals in the world, there is always an opportunity for caring, compassion, and kindness.” – Paul Oxton

Definition of Wildlife-

Wildlife traditionally refers to wild animal species that are not domesticated. It plays an important role in maintaining a healthy ecological balance on the earth. It also provides stability to different processes of nature.

What is wildlife conservation – Wildlife Conservation is a well-planned way to protect wild animal species and their habitats and plants. Every species in this world needs food, water, shelter, and most importantly opportunities to reproduce.

Habitat destruction by human activity is the primary threat to the species. Forests are the habitat for wildlife and for the smooth functioning of biological cycles of the earth; we must conserve forests along with Animal Species.

Essay on Social Media Advantages and Disadvantages

How to Protect Wildlife –

Today, protecting wildlife has become as one of the most important tasks for mankind, because, animals and plants are the major part of a wider natural environment that provides food, shelter, and water for other wildlife and people. Let’s discuss some of the ways to protect wildlife.

We should try to reuse and recycle our natural resources as much as we can to protect wildlife habitat

We should avoid sports hunting. Rather we should use our cameras to take shots.

Adopting a plant-based diet helps us to reduce animal slaughtering and it is a great way to protect wildlife.

We should learn how to live peacefully with wild animals.

We can also create a personal conservation plan by adopting an animal through an organization’s program.

We must participate in local cleanup efforts whenever we get a chance.

Importance of Wildlife conservation –

Wildlife conservation is important for maintaining a healthy ecological balance among all living creatures. Every living creature on this earth has a unique place in the food chain and thus, they contribute to the ecosystem in their own special way.

But sadly, for land development and firming many natural habitats of plants and animals are being destroyed by humans. Some other factors that contribute to wildlife extinction are like the hunting of animals for fur, jewelry, meat, leathers, etc.

If we don’t take any steps to save wildlife, all wild animals will be on the list of extinct species one day. It is our responsibility to save the wildlife and our planet. Below are some of the reasons for wildlife conservation for students of class X and higher that will help you to understand the importance of wildlife conservation.

Wildlife conservation is important for a healthy ecosystem. If a single wildlife species gets vanished from the ecosystem, it may disturb the whole food chain.

Wildlife conservation is also important for medical value as a huge number of plants and animal species are used to derive some essential drugs. Moreover, Ayurveda, the ancient medicinal system of India is also using extracts from various plants and herbs.

Wildlife conservation is important for agriculture and farming. Wildlife plays a very significant role in the growth of agricultural crops and a large amount of the population in this world is dependent on these crops.

For maintaining a clean and healthy environment, wildlife conservation is essential. For example, birds like Eagle and vultures contribute to nature by removing dead bodies of animals and keeping the environment clean

Types of Wildlife conservation –

Wildlife conservation can be categorized into two interesting phrases namely “in situ conservation” and “ex-situ conservation”

In situ conservation – This type of conservation protects the imperil animal or plant on-site in its natural habitat. Programs like National Parks, and Biological Reserves come under In Situ Conservation.

Ex-situ conservation – Ex-situ conservation of wildlife literally means off-site conservation of wild animals and plants by removing and relocating some part of a population to protected habitat.

Wildlife conservation in India

India has a wide variety of wild animals like Indochinese tigers, Asiatic Lions, Indochinese Leopards, various species of deer, the great Indian Rhinoceros, and many more.

But due to some factors like excessive poaching, illegal trading, loss of habitat, pollution, etc, several animals and birds are standing on the border of destruction.

Though the Government of India is taking steps to protect Wildlife, the integral heritage of India, every citizen of India must think it to be his duty to protect wildlife. Some of the steps taken by the Government of India toward Wildlife conservation in India are –

Creating wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks.

Launching of Project Tiger

The hunting and trading of animals need to be controlled by the government by imposing strict laws in order to succeed in Wildlife Conservation. India is becoming a good example to the world for its taken for wildlife conservation. The wildlife protection act, of 1972 is working like a milestone in the conservation of wildlife.

Essay on Importance of Health – Tips for Healthy Lifestyle

4 thoughts on “Essay on Wildlife Conservation: From 50 Words to Long Essay”

This essay is very important and nice

Hi, I’m sending you this message via your contact form on your website at guidetoexam.com. By reading this message you’re living proof that contact form advertising works! Do you want to blast your ad to millions of contact forms? Maybe you prefer a more targeted approach and only want to blast our ad out to websites in certain business categories? Pay just $99 to blast your ad to 1 million contact forms. Volume discounts available. I have more than 35 million contact forms.

Is your number toll-free?

Hi, are you interested in an effective and unique way to promote your business/website?

Essay on Wildlife Conservation

“Wildlife Conservation” word reminds us of saving the resources which have been provided to us as nature’s gift. Wildlife represents the animals that are not domesticated or tamed. They are just wild animals and living in total wilderness. The conservation of such animals and plant species so that they may be out of the danger of extinction is termed wildlife conservation.

Short and Long Essays on Wildlife Conservation in English

Find here some essays on this topic to get clear about wildlife conservation in English language for the students of school and college. You can get some help from these essays on wildlife conservation given under 100-150 words, 200-250 words and 500-600 words limit.

Essay on World Nature Conservation Day

Wildlife Conservation Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) The protection of wild species and their habitat is termed wildlife conservation.

2) Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the ecosystem.

3) Pollution, deforestation, hunting, etc are responsible for harming wildlife.

4) Government is trying hard to conserve wildlife.

5) Crocodile Conservation Project, Project Tiger, etc have been imposed to save wildlife.

6) Due to human activities many wildlife are endangered and some have vanished.

7) Wildlife conservation is important to maintain the food chain.

8) Protecting endangered species, habitat management, banning hunting, etc could help in wildlife conservation.

9) Dodo, Great Auk, Woolly Mammoth, etc species are vanished due to human negligence.

10) To promote wildlife conservation, 4 December is observed as Wildlife Conservation Day.

Essay on Rainwater Harvesting

Essay 1 (250 Words) – The Need for Wildlife Conservation

Introduction

The protection of the species of wildlife from extinction or vanishing by applying suitable methods is termed as wildlife conservation. The wild animals and plants play an important role in the ecosystem they reside.

The Need for Wildlife Conservation

This is the outcome of the way in which man is changing the lifestyle and advancements in way of living. The enormous cutting of trees and forests is leading to the destruction of the habitats of wildlife. The thoughtless deeds of human beings are responsible for the mass extinction of the wildlife species. The act of hunting and poaching is also a punishable offense, no wildlife species must be killed for the enjoyment purpose.

The wild animals and plants are playing an important role in maintaining ecological balance. Their importance could not be denied. There are several factors that are a threat to wildlife creatures. The increasing pollution, temperature and climatic changes, overexploitation of resources, irregular hunting and poaching, loss of habitat, etc are major causes for the deterioration of wildlife. There are many of the government acts and policies formulated and amended in the direction for the conservation of wildlife.

It is the sole and social responsibility of human beings, on an individual basis, one should try to conserve our renewable resources. They are precious and must be used up in a wise manner. The wildlife creatures and plants add beauty to our nature. Their uniqueness, beautiful voice of some birds and animals makes the surrounding and the habitat pleasing and wonderful.

Essay 2 (400 Words) – What Causes of Wildlife Depletion

The act of protecting the species of wild plants and animals from becoming extinct is termed as wildlife conservation. The same is achieved through the execution of different plans and policies by the human being. The wildlife is an important factor of our ecosystem, without their existence, the ecological balance will turn to an imbalanced state. As each and every creature has its right to exist and therefore they must be provided with a proper habitat and conditions.

But the conditions prevailing are totally different. Man has become so much selfish in his desires that he forgot that other organisms have the same right. The different illegal practices, advancements, needs have led to the creation of a situation which is an alarming one.

Causes of Wildlife Depletion

There are several factors leading to the destruction of wildlife:

Habitat Loss – The unwanted clearing of forests and agricultural land to make several building projects, roads, dams is leading to major habit loss of different wildlife animals and plants. These activities deprive animals of their home. As a result either they have to move to some other habitat or becomes extinct.
Overexploitation of Resources – The resources are meant to use up in a wise manner but if used in an unnatural way leads to overexploitation of the same. The overuse will foster the extinction of the species.
Hunting and Poaching – The act of hunting and poaching is really a miserable one as it involves the trapping and killing up of animals for the enjoyment of obtaining some product. Some of the animal’s products are valuable ones, for example, ivory, skin, horn, etc. They are obtained by making the animals captive or hunting and further killing them after obtaining the product. This is leading to increasing mass extinctions, an example is musk dear.
Using Animals for Research Purpose – There are many of the animals, chosen for testing results in the laboratory of research institutes. Taking them in such a large number of results in the mass extinction of the species.
Pollution – The unwanted changes in the state of the environment leads to a result in a polluted one. And so is the air, water, soil pollution. But the alteration in the quality of the air, water, the soil is directly responsible for the reduction in the number of animal and plant species.
The marine biodiversity is greatly affected by the contaminated water; the chemicals present in the water ruptures the functional activities of marine biota. The coral reef is greatly affected by the temperature changes and contamination.

There should be a positive approach to the conservation of wildlife. There are many policies and plans and initiatives by the government already working for protection purposes. The wild animals and plants which are easy to protect or conserve within their own habitat should be protected following the in-situ conservation measures. The animals and plants which are unable to remain safe in their own habitat or are facing the extinction terrors should be conserved within laboratories or some reserves following ex-situ measures.

Essay 3 (500 – 600 Words) – Wildlife Conservation: Factors, Types, Importance and Projects

Wildlife conservation is the phenomenon of protection and management of wildlife facing the danger of extinction. Wildlife is an important feature of our ecology. They are the animals or plants which are the supporting systems of our ecosystem. They are living in wilderness in some forests or jungles. They are helping in maintaining our ecological balance. The inhuman practices are leading wildlife creatures to become endangered or extinct. India is rich in biodiversity, but there are many factors leading to the loss of the same.

Factors Leading to Wildlife Destruction

Overexploitation of resources
Habitat loss
Habitat fragmentation
Hunting and poaching
Climatic changes

Types of Wildlife Conservation

In-situ Conservation – In this type of conservation, species of plants and animals, and their genetic material are protected or conserved within their habitat. The areas are termed as protected areas. They are national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves.
Ex-situ Conservation – This conservation technique involves conservation or protection of the species of plants and animals and also the genetic material outside their habitat. This is done in form of gene banks, cryopreservation, tissue culture, captive breeding, and botanical gardens.

Importance of Wildlife Conservation

Ecological balance
Aesthetic and recreational value
Promotes to maintain biodiversity

Wildlife Conservation Efforts in India

Project Tiger: This project was launched by the Government of India in 1973, with an initiative for protection and management of the reducing population of the tiger. The Bengal tigers were reducing drastically in their numbers and their habitats too as a result of increasing human activities and advancements. Therefore in order to protect their habitat and their numbers, project initiative was taken. The project was administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

The main objective of the project was to maintain the habitat of the tigers from destruction. Secondly, ensuring a rise in the number of tigers.

The project had a positive approach in saving our Royal Bengal Tigers, as their number increased from 1000-5000 approx. At an initial level, there were 9 protected areas which came up to become 50 till 2015. This was really a successful attempt towards the conservation of the Tiger our national animal.

Project Elephant: The increased developmental activities like construction of roads, railways, resorts, buildings are leading to the clearing up many forests and grazing spaces which results in the destruction of the habitat of different wild animals. The same was observed with elephants too. Project elephant was launched by the Indian government in 1992 to conserve the number of elephants, maintenance of their habitat, reduce human-animal conflicts, as well as reduce hunting and poaching.

This project was launched at the central level, but the initiative was taken up by the states, funds were also provided to different states according to the requirements. 16 states were mainly implementing the act.

Crocodile Conservation Project: This project was launched in 1975, at different state levels. The objective of the project was to prevent the habitat destruction of the crocodiles and thus helping to increase their numbers. The hunting and killing of the crocodiles should be monitored. As a result of this initiative, the numbers have been increased from 100 to 1000 till 2012.
UNDP Sea Turtle Conservation Project: This project launched by UNDP, aims at properly managing and conserving the reducing numbers of the turtle population.

The results of population explosion and urbanization have to lead to an increase in the activities of cutting down forests and turning them into buildings, hotels, or places of human settlements. This results in a reduction of the habitat of different forest-dwelling species. They have to leave those places and search for new habitat which is not very easy. The search for new habitat, a lot of competition for food, carries many of the species towards the verge of extinction.

Wildlife animals and plants are important aspects of nature. A loss at any level may lead to unnatural consequences. They are responsible for the ecological balance and for the sustenance of mankind, the balance must be maintained. Therefore along with the conservation efforts by the government, it’s our social responsibility, to individually put our efforts in conservation of the wildlife.

Frequently Asked Questions

Ans . The conservation of plants and animals in their natural habitat is called in-situ conservation.

Ans . Red Data Book is that contains the data of the threatened species.

Ans . The maximum number of national parks is there in the Madhya Pradesh state of India.

Ans . Wildlife Protection Act was passed on 9th September 1972.

Ans . There were only 5 national parks in India before 1972.

Ans . Kailash Sankhala is regarded as the Tiger man of India.

Related Information:

Essay on Conservation of Water

Essay on Conservation of Natural Resources

Essay on Conservation of Environment

Essay on Importance of Water

Essay on Conservation of Plants and Animals

Essay on digital india, cashless india essay, essay on child is father of the man, essay on causes, effects and prevention of corona virus, essay on dr. sarvepalli radhakrishnan, durga puja essay, essay on summer vacation, essay on my plans for summer vacation, essay on holiday, leave a comment cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Conservation of Forest Essay

The conservation of forest essay is a useful learning resource for kids to understand the value of forests and wildlife. Forests are important to us. They provide air and water, absorb carbon dioxide, protect us from natural disasters, and house many of our wild animals. Hence, it is our duty to conserve them.

Due to human activities, the world is losing its forests. If we do not take action now, we will lose them forever. The continuing destruction of our forests is both a cause and consequence of climate change. This destroys the habitat of many plant and animal species that cannot adapt to changing conditions. Unfortunately, the trend toward extinction has been accelerated with the recent introduction of exotic species, which have caused millions of trees and other species to be lost or destroyed. We must preserve the environment for future generations, and all of us need to do our part in conserving what is left by keeping invasive species at bay.

To protect the environment, we have to reduce our carbon footprint. Minimising food waste is one of the best ways to reduce your carbon footprint. It is also important for us to care about our wildlife and forests through awareness programmes on the importance of protecting them. The conservation of forest and wildlife essay is a great way to teach kids the significance of coexisting with nature and protecting its elements.

Importance of Conservation of Forests and Wildlife

The conservation of forest essay keeps your little ones engaged in learning the significance of protecting nature and wild animals. Conservation implies preserving something or maintaining it to keep it alive. People have concerns about preserving forests and wildlife because of the need for trees, which is why many people save a fallen tree from being chopped down by cutting it into logs.

Since forests are home to many species, it’s vital to preserve them because it is where animals can escape from danger and find food, water, and shelter. Moreover, forests contribute to climate stability and provide food for animals who live there or depend on them for their livelihoods.

The Earth is full of species, and it is our responsibility to take care of them. Some animals need conservation as they are facing the threat of extinction. The more we help these animals, the better the planet will be. Also, the conservation of forest essay PDF helps create awareness among kids so that they can take the necessary steps to protect our planet.

With the Earth’s resources being depleted, protecting our wildlife and nature is crucial. Conservation of wildlife has a lot of benefits to society that many people are unaware of, and it also helps the environment by reducing pollution and protecting endangered species.

You can find more essays similar to the conservation of forest essay on BYJU’S website. Also, explore a range of kid-friendly learning resources, such as short stories, poems, worksheets, etc., for young learners on the website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Conservation of Forest Essay

Does deforestation affect climate change.

Yes. Deforestation affects climate change, as it increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which leads to a rise in atmospheric temperature.

Why is it important to conserve wildlife and forests?

It’s important to preserve wildlife and forests because animals can escape from danger and find food, water, and shelter. Moreover, forests contribute to climate stability and provide food for animals who live there or depend on them for their livelihoods.

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

View all journals
Explore content
About the journal
Publish with us
Sign up for alerts
Open access
Published: 13 July 2024

The contribution of community-based conservation models to conserving large herbivore populations

Christian Kiffner 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Charles A. H. Foley 4 ,
Derek E. Lee 5 ,
Monica L. Bond 5 , 6 ,
John Kioko 2 ,
Bernard M. Kissui 2 ,
Alex L. Lobora 7 ,
Lara S. Foley 4 &
Fred Nelson 8

Scientific Reports volume 14 , Article number: 16221 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

338 Accesses

2 Altmetric

Metrics details

Conservation biology
Population dynamics

In East Africa, community-based conservation models (CBCMs) have been established to support the conservation of wildlife in fragmented landscapes like the Tarangire Ecosystem, Tanzania. To assess how different management approaches maintained large herbivore populations, we conducted line distance surveys and estimated seasonal densities of elephant, giraffe, zebra, and wildebeest in six management units, including three CBCMs, two national parks (positive controls), and one area with little conservation interventions (negative control). Using a Monte-Carlo approach to propagate uncertainties from the density estimates and trend analysis, we analyzed the resulting time series (2011–2019). Densities of the target species were consistently low in the site with little conservation interventions. In contrast, densities of zebra and wildebeest in CBCMs were similar to national parks, providing evidence that CBCMs contributed to the stabilization of these migratory populations in the central part of the ecosystem. CBCMs also supported giraffe and elephant densities similar to those found in national parks. In contrast, the functional connectivity of Lake Manyara National Park has not been augmented by CBCMs. Our analysis suggests that CBCMs can effectively conserve large herbivores, and that maintaining connectivity through CBCMs should be prioritized.

Assessing the effectiveness of a national protected area network for carnivore conservation

Mixed effects of a national protected area network on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity

Hierarchical habitat-use by an endangered steppe bird in fragmented landscapes is associated with large connected patches and high food availability

Introduction.

Populations of large herbivores in East African savanna and grassland ecosystems move widely through landscapes where the distribution of forage and water vary considerably across space and time, resulting in seasonal animal migrations 1 . These herbivore populations in East Africa have declined markedly during the last decades 2 both inside and outside fully protected areas 3 , 4 , 5 as a result of unsustainable legal and illegal hunting 6 , deterioration of rangelands 7 , and loss and fragmentation of habitat due to expansion of agriculture and infrastructure 8 , 9 . Acknowledging that government protected areas alone are insufficient as a single measure to halt or reverse wildlife declines and to create landscapes that support both people and wildlife 10 , a diverse set of community-based conservation models (CBCMs) has been implemented in several parts of East Africa. In practice, these CBCMs often augment existing protected area networks and safeguard critical habitats on community and private lands 11 , 12 . In ecosystems that still sustain long distance migrations of large herbivores, CBCMs can provide suitable and safe habitat for wildlife and can contribute to effective conservation of migratory populations 1 , 13 . CBCMs in the region often aim for sustainable coexistence between wildlife and the livestock of pastoralist communities, as well as the Indigenous communities’ rangeland management practices, which include seasonal grazing reserves and rules for pasture access 14 , 15 .

Testing the effectiveness of conservation interventions is a key topic in conservation biology 16 , yet frequently hampered by a lack of monitoring data in CBCMs 17 , 18 . The few site-specific assessments of the ecological effectiveness of different Tanzanian CBCMs indicate mixed results, including wildlife population declines, stable population trends, and marked population size increases 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 . Ecological assessments of CBCMs are often solely based on temporal trends of target species in one study area 25 or on comparisons with density estimates in either human-dominated 20 , 21 , 26 or fully protected areas 22 . While valuable for informing local management in the short-term, such site-specific monitoring efforts only partially inform whether CBCMs effectively contribute to conserving wildlife populations at the ecosystem scale. This is because the distribution of large mammals in heterogeneous savanna ecosystems is dynamic 27 , 28 , 29 with local population sizes affected by animal movement 30 . To more accurately assess the ecological effectiveness of CBCMS, it is beneficial to compare wildlife densities across multiple management units, including positive reference points such as national parks (while keeping in mind that they are not entirely pristine 31 , 32 ), and areas with minimal conservation efforts.

The fragmented Tarangire Ecosystem of northern Tanzania (Fig. 1 ) maintains one of the last remaining long-distance migrations of large herbivores in Africa 1 , 33 . Compared to historical baselines, wildlife population sizes have declined substantially inside and outside of protected areas, with particularly pronounced declines during the 1980s and 1990s 31 , 34 , 35 . During the last two decades, three strategically placed community-based conservation areas [Burunge and Randilen Wildlife Management Area (WMA), and Manyara Ranch] were established in parts of the ecosystem 36 , mostly around Tarangire National Park (NP), to counteract these declines. These community-based conservation areas protect specific habitats for wildlife while allowing limited human activity. Some CBCMs allow seasonal livestock grazing in specified areas, some allow regulated hunting, and they typically employ game scouts to enforce wildlife laws and community land-use regulations. The type and intensity of natural resource utilization and the degree of community involvement in governance differ by CBCM category (see Table 1 ).

Map of the Tarangire Ecosystem in northern Tanzania; the inset in the top right indicates the location of the ecosystem within Tanzania. Terrestrial line transects (black lines) were carried out in Lake Manyara (LMNP) and Tarangire National Park (TNP), Burunge (BWMA) and Randilen Wildlife Management Area (RWMA), Manyara Ranch (MR), and the Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area (MGCA, no boundary data available). Mkungunero Game Reserve (MGR) and Makame Wildlife Management Area (MWMA). ‘Northern Plains’ and ‘Simanjiro Plains’ denote approximate locations of the wet season ranges of zebra ( Equus quagga ) and wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ). For completeness, we also mapped Mkungunero Game Reserve (MGR) and Makame Wildlife Management Area (MWMA) which are part of the TE but not sampled. Blue polygons are alkaline lakes. We created both maps (study area within Tanzania and details of our study area) using the 'ggplot2' (version 3.3.6), 'rgdal' (version 1.5–23), and 'ggsn' (version 0.5.0) packages in R (version 4.2.2) 70 . Maps are based on open source (area polygons, lakes) and our own (transects) shapefiles.

Here, we test how these conservation efforts affected site-specific population dynamics of four wide-ranging, abundant, and functionally important wildlife species: African savanna elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), Masai giraffe ( Giraffa tippelskirchi ), plains zebra ( Equus quagga ), and wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ). Wildlife populations were estimated from line distance sampling carried out seasonally from 2011 to 2019 in Burunge WMA, Randilen WMA, and Manyara Ranch. As spatial reference points, we considered population densities and associated trends in two fully protected areas: Tarangire NP, which is buffered by the considered CBCMs and Lake Manyara NP, which is not directly bordered by CBCMs. In addition, as counterfactual, we considered wildlife population trends in an area with few restrictions on human land use, Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area (GCA) (Fig. 1 ). To estimate area-specific annual trends, we fitted generalized additive models to seasonal density data and used a two-stage Monte Carlo simulation approach which propagates uncertainties from both the distance sampling estimates and trend analysis.

Area-specific trends of large herbivore populations

Based on estimates from terrestrial line distance surveys and generalized additive models, elephant densities in Burunge WMA (Fig. 2 c) increased over the survey period, fluctuated widely but appeared to remain fairly constant in Tarangire NP (Fig. 2 a) and Manyara Ranch (Fig. 2 e), and seemed to decline in Lake Manyara NP (Fig. 2 b, Table S1 ). During 24 seasonal surveys, we did not detect any elephant in the Mto wa Mbu GCA (Fig. 2 f).

Population density estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals for elephant ( Loxodonta africana ). The trend lines are based on 1000 Monte Carlo replicates and modelled as season-specific (LR: long rains; Dry: dry season; SR: short rains) generalized additive models across six management units (TNP: Tarangire National Park; LMNP: Lake Manyara National Park; BWMA: Burunge Wildlife Management Area; RWMA: Randilen Wildlife Management Area; MR: Manyara Ranch; MGCA: Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area) of the Tarangire Ecosystem, northern Tanzania. Population density estimates are based on terrestrial line distance sampling surveys. In RWMA, elephant were not counted during the surveys.

Across the monitoring period, giraffe densities showed a slight increase in Tarangire NP (Fig. 3 a) and remained relatively constant in both Burunge WMA (Fig. 3 c) and Lake Manyara NP (Fig. 3 b; Table S1 ). In Randilen WMA (Fig. 3 d) and Manyara Ranch (Fig. 3 e), giraffe densities showed a slight upward trend. In the Mto wa Mbu GCA, giraffe densities were much lower than in the other management units (Fig. 3 f).

Population density estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals for giraffe ( Giraffa tippelskirchi ). The trend lines are based on 1000 Monte Carlo replicates and modelled as season-specific (LR: long rains; Dry: dry season; SR: short rains) general additive models across six management units (TNP: Tarangire National Park; LMNP: Lake Manyara National Park; BWMA: Burunge Wildlife Management Area; RWMA: Randilen Wildlife Management Area; MR: Manyara Ranch; MGCA: Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area) of the Tarangire Ecosystem, northern Tanzania. Population density estimates are based on terrestrial line distance sampling surveys.

Zebra densities increased markedly in Tarangire NP (Fig. 4 a), and remained fairly constant in Lake Manyara NP (Fig. 4 b), Burunge WMA (Fig. 4 c), Randilen WMA (Fig. 4 d), and Manyara Ranch (Fig. 4 e; Table S1 ). In the Mto wa Mbu GCA (Fig. 4 f), zebra densities were considerably lower compared to the other management units. Seasonality strongly affected zebra densities in Tarangire NP (Fig. 4 a), reflecting their seasonal long-distance movements (i.e. concentration during the dry season inside Tarangire NP, migration to areas outside the NP during the long rains).

Population density estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals for zebra ( Equus quagga ). The trend lines are based on 1000 Monte Carlo replicates and modelled as season-specific (LR: long rains; Dry: dry season; SR: short rains) generalized additive models across six management units (TNP: Tarangire National Park; LMNP: Lake Manyara National Park; BWMA: Burunge Wildlife Management Area; RWMA: Randilen Wildlife Management Area; MR: Manyara Ranch; MGCA: Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area) of the Tarangire Ecosystem, northern Tanzania. Population density estimates are based on terrestrial line distance sampling surveys.

Across the survey period, wildebeest densities remained relatively constant in Tarangire NP (Fig. 5 a), with potential increases during the dry season in this core dry season range. In Lake Manyara NP (Fig. 5 b) and Manyara Ranch (Fig. 5 e; Table S1 ), their densities did not change substantially over the study period. In Burunge WMA, however, their densities increased markedly (Fig. 5 c). Similar to zebra, wildebeest densities were comparably low in Randilen WMA (Fig. 5 d) and the Mto wa Mbu GCA (Fig. 5 f). As with zebra, seasonality strongly affected wildebeest densities in Tarangire NP, with both species practically absent from the park during the long rains and reaching high densities during the dry season.

Population density estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals for wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ). The trend lines are based on 1000 Monte Carlo replicates and modelled as season-specific (LR: long rains; Dry: dry season; SR: short rains) generalized additive models across six management units (TNP: Tarangire National Park; LMNP: Lake Manyara National Park; BWMA: Burunge Wildlife Management Area; RWMA: Randilen Wildlife Management Area; MR: Manyara Ranch; MGCA: Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area) of the Tarangire Ecosystem, northern Tanzania. Population density estimates are based on terrestrial line distance sampling surveys.

Based on long-term, systematic wildlife monitoring data, we describe population dynamics of four wide-ranging large herbivore species for five protected areas, including three CBCMs, two national parks, and a lesser protected Game Controlled Area in the Tarangire Ecosystem of Tanzania. While our site-based monitoring highlights heterogeneity and seasonality in species-specific densities, we show that densities of the four target species in CBCMs are comparable to those in adjacent Tarangire NP 22 , and occasionally even higher than those in Lake Manyara NP (Fig. 6 ). Moreover, large herbivore densities were consistently greater than in the Game Controlled Area, which served as a negative control as there are limited conservation efforts in place. Moreover, in Burunge WMA, we detected marked increases in wildebeest and elephant densities over our study period. In Randilen WMA, giraffe densities have increased (Fig. 6 ). Especially for the central part of the ecosystem (Tarangire NP, Burunge WMA, and Manyara Ranch), population trends of the target species were mostly either stable or indicated population growth over time. This mirrors data from photographic mark-recapture studies of both wildebeest, showing that their population in the ecosystem has stabilized since the early 2000s 34 , as well as giraffe, whose populations in Manyara Ranch and much of Tarangire NP were stable from 2012–2016 37 . Our population trend estimates also align with results of a photographic mark-recapture study conducted from 2012 to 2016, indicating a slight decrease in the giraffe population over that time frame in Burunge WMA 37 (Fig. 2 c); our more recent data suggest that this trajectory has since reversed (Fig. 3 c). Overall, our site-based, seasonal monitoring efforts suggest that CBCMs contributed to the stabilization of large herbivore populations, with some areas experiencing increases in numbers, highlighting that strategically placed 28 , 38 and locally supported 39 conservation approaches effectively improved the resilience of wide-ranging herbivore populations in an increasingly fragmented ecosystem.

Trends in population density estimates for elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), giraffe ( Giraffa tippelskirchi ), zebra ( Equus quagga ) and wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ) across six management units (TNP: Tarangire National Park; LMNP: Lake Manyara National Park; BWMA: Burunge Wildlife Management Area; RWMA: Randilen Wildlife Management Area; MR: Manyara Ranch; MGCA: Mto wa Mbu Game Controlled Area) in the Tarangire Ecosystem, northern Tanzania. The plotted values represent density estimates for each season (LR: long rains; Dry: dry season; SR: short rains) over different years, based on model predictions. Initial density estimates (lighter circles) are averages from the first two years of the time series, and final density estimates (bolder circles) are from the last two years (note varying time series lengths across areas). Density estimates were derived from terrestrial line distance sampling surveys, using Monte Carlo simulations and generalized additive models to model trends. Percent changes indicate the relative difference in average population density between initial and final periods.

Our results confirm previous observations that the oldest CBCM model in the ecosystem, Manyara Ranch (established in 2001), sustains densities of giraffe, zebra, and wildebeest that are similar to those observed in adjacent Tarangire NP 19 and much higher than in the adjacent Mto wa Mbu GCA 26 as well as a relatively small (compared to Tarangire NP) population of mostly male elephant 40 . These relatively high densities of giraffe, zebra, and wildebeest (and other species 19 ) have been sustained over a long time span, suggesting that the concept of Manyara Ranch appears to be working for conserving the current densities of large herbivores. Likely, this is attributed to effective anti-poaching efforts and the enforcement of a limited grazing regime. The grazing strategy aims to build up sufficient grass biomass during the rainy season, allowing for dry season grazing of surrounding communities’ livestock. Data associated with these interventions are currently not accessible, yet analyzing such data would be valuable for assessing the effectiveness of these conservation interventions.

Wildlife monitoring efforts in the Burunge WMA (established in 2006) further highlight the contribution of CBCMs in conserving large herbivores in the ecosystem. Marked increases in elephant densities over time (Fig. 2 c), increased density of giraffe after an initial decrease (Fig. 3 c), zebra densities greater than outside the area dedicated to wildlife 21 , and a growing wildebeest population (Fig. 5 c) that reached densities similar to those observed in neighboring, fully protected Tarangire NP 22 suggest that Burunge WMA has been effective in conserving large herbivores. This is substantiated by a before-after-control-impact study which documented that adjusting management in Burunge MWA improved giraffe survival 21 .

In the case of the newest CBCM of the ecosystem, Randilen WMA (established in 2014), the contribution to herbivore conservation efforts is perhaps not as obvious. However, as Randilen WMA is not situated in the core migratory routes of the ecosystem 28 , 41 , 42 , it is not surprising that zebra and wildebeest densities were low, or occurred sporadically during the rainy season, and did not seem to have increased systematically over the relatively short monitoring period. Nevertheless, the seemingly positive trends in the giraffe population (also supported by more detailed studies within the Randilen WMA 20 ) is encouraging and suggest that resident wildlife populations may have benefitted from the implementation of similar management activities to those instituted in Burunge WMA: the effective protection of rangelands from conversion to agriculture or settlements, locally enforced grazing regulations, and community enforcement of anti-poaching measures 20 , 22 .

During the last two decades, most conservation efforts have focused on areas outside established protected areas in the central part of the ecosystem, i.e. areas around Tarangire NP that are essential for the seasonal migration in and out of the national park. A substantial fraction of these migratory routes are now protected by CBCMs and other community land-use regulations 12 , 43 , with only a few bottlenecks remaining along the migratory routes 28 , 42 . Our ground-based monitoring indicates that the zebra population has increased (Fig. 4 a) and that the wildebeest population has stabilized and possibly even increased during the dry season (Fig. 5 a) in Tarangire NP from 2011 to 2019. As both species spend approximately half of the year outside Tarangire NP in village lands and CBCMs, concentrating in Tarangire NP only during the dry season, these population increases provide circumstantial evidence that conservation measures outside Tarangire NP are effective in bolstering migratory ungulate populations. Since Tarangire NP constitutes the main dry season range for wildebeest and zebra 34 , 44 , it is likely that these population size trajectories are due to intrinsic population growth and not due to immigration. On the other hand, demographic monitoring of the Tarangire elephant population documented rapid population growth over the past decades, once poaching was effectively curbed in the 1990s 45 . This rapid growth is not evident from our line transect monitoring for the core of Tarangire NP (Fig. 2 a).

Our comparison of wildlife trends within the ecosystem (summarized in Fig. 6 ) supports the idea that conserving functional connectivity 8 , 13 is key to supporting populations of large herbivores in the ecosystem. Little to no conservation efforts have been directed towards protecting the remaining connectivity between Lake Manyara NP and the wider ecosystem. While factors internal to Lake Manyara NP (especially bush encroachment) 46 , may have contributed to stagnant and low densities of zebra and wildebeest (which have become largely resident) and a declining population of elephant, it is plausible that the insularization of Lake Manyara NP 47 contributed to this worrisome development. There remains some connectivity 38 , as evidenced by one documented giraffe movement between Manyara Ranch to Lake Manyara NP and back again 48 . Further, high levels of precipitation in 2019 and 2020 swamped the shortgrass plains habitat along Lake Manyara, and in 2021, no wildebeest were observed in Lake Manyara NP (DEL and MLB, pers. obs.). It is assumed these animals moved out of Lake Manyara NP, again suggesting some connectivity remains.

Similar to Lake Manyara, population densities of resident large herbivores in the Mto wa Mbu GCA, where there are limited anti-poaching measures, are very small (giraffe), functionally absent (elephant), and generally well below historical baselines 35 . Nevertheless, wildlife still occurs in this area and the landscape seems to be permeable for wildlife, especially for wildebeest and zebra which use this area for their annual migration to the Northern Plains 28 , even though agricultural and infrastructural development threaten this functional connectivity in several locations 49 .

Small, isolated populations are more vulnerable to extinction than large, connected populations because of stochastic demographic, environmental, and genetic threats 50 . In light of these threats, and the presence of small populations in the Tarangire Ecosystem such as in Lake Manyara NP, our results suggest that the conservation value of the CBCMs is at least twofold: (1) they effectively increase the area of suitable habitat well beyond core protected areas such as national parks; (2) they support densities of resident large herbivores comparable to those in national parks, thereby increasing effective population sizes of these species in the ecosystem. In addition, CBCMs effectively protect areas that are essential parts of migratory routes in the ecosystem and provide access to seasonally available resources 28 , 42 , and thus likely contribute to population increases of migratory ungulate populations inside Tarangire NP. Consequently, CBCMs in the Tarangire Ecosystem have been instrumental in preserving space for the annual migration of large herbivores and maintaining ecosystem functioning associated with migratory and resident wildlife populations 51 .

In times of a global biodiversity crisis 52 and widespread wildlife declines across Africa 2 , 53 , halting these declines and demonstrating population increases in newly established CBCMs are important steps towards longer-term conservation success. However, such ‘success’ should be viewed within the context of long-term environmental processes and cognitive biases such as the shifting baseline syndrome 54 . We are aware that wildlife populations were historically much more numerous in the Tarangire Ecosystem 31 . Historical anecdotes and long-term data further affirm higher wildlife densities in the Tarangire Ecosystem in the past 31 , 35 . For instance, based on aerial ecosystem-wide surveys, the wildebeest population in the ecosystem exhibited markedly greater densities during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with an average population size from 1987 to 1994 estimated at approximately 39,000 wildebeest. In contrast, by 2011, it had dwindled to only around 12,000 wildebeest 34 . Because human impacts on wildlife populations started well before the first biodiversity assessments were conducted 55 , we may never know the “true” potential for wildlife densities in the ecosystem, which in any case may have fluctuated considerably. For instance, the first dry season counts of wildebeest and zebra in Tarangire NP during the early 1960s estimated only 1,200 and 2,500 animals, respectively, and while this was likely only a portion of the total Tarangire Ecosystem population, populations of both species had already suffered significant declines in the previous 50 years, which was attributed to a decline in dry season water sources 27 . Given the past and current human population growth rate in Tanzania 56 and associated need for land required for infrastructure and agriculture 57 , it is debatable if historical wildlife population sizes (if they were ever to be known) are realistic quantitative targets for ecosystem restoration efforts. Critical wildlife habitats, such as dry season concentration areas north of Lake Manyara NP 27 , have been irrevocably lost for wildlife 35 . These substantial and likely irreversible landscape changes have likely reduced the overall carrying capacity for wildlife in the ecosystem. However, it is plausible that wildlife densities in the Tarangire Ecosystem have the potential to increase even under the current extent of core protected areas, combined with the growing extent of multi-use areas where wildlife coexists with livestock and people (e.g. Manyara Ranch, and village lands designated primarily for livestock grazing). Our findings demonstrate that such multi-use, locally managed conservation areas can contribute to the restoration of wildlife numbers in important migratory routes and seasonal ranges, which, with appropriate support, could provide the basis for further wildlife recoveries in the ecosystem over time.

In the last three decades, the main strategy for ecosystem restoration in the Tarangire Ecosystem has been to focus conservation efforts on protecting functional connectivity by creating diverse CBCMs to connect dry and wet season ranges of migratory wildlife. Overall, site-based monitoring suggests that this pragmatic conservation approach was effective. Considering that the majority of wildebeest and zebra spend approximately half of the year outside protected areas, crossing several main roads and traversing areas of human settlement during their seasonal migration, this is a remarkable example for human-wildlife coexistence in a human-dominated landscape, with important implications for conservation policy in East African savanna rangelands and potentially beyond. At the same time, we caution against excessive contentedness with the achieved outcomes. Foremost, several bottlenecks along migratory routes are still threatened by land-use change and expanding settlements; effectively securing these remaining gaps through community-supported actions should be prioritized and may yield a high return on investment for ecosystem conservation efforts 49 . Considering much greater densities of migratory wildlife species during the not too distant past 31 , we encourage conservationists to formulate and strive for bolder goals for the restoration of wildlife populations in the Tarangire Ecosystem. Such ecological restoration goals are likely best achieved if conservation measures are designed as social-ecological endeavors 58 , support Indigenous land and resource tenure and management systems that foster coexistence of livestock and wildlife, ensure that people benefit from increasing wildlife populations, and provide cost-effective ways to minimize costs associated with increasing wildlife populations such as crop damages, livestock depredation, threats to human wellbeing and opportunity, and transaction costs associated with preventing wildlife-related damages. Assessing the effectiveness of such restoration efforts not only requires renewed investment in long-term and ecosystem-wide wildlife monitoring efforts but also in monitoring schemes that assess indicators of social sustainability in CBCMs.

The climate of the Tarangire Ecosystem is semi-arid and characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern: a long dry season (June to October) is followed by a short rainy season (November to December), a short dry season (January to February), and then long rains (March to May). Annual precipitation ranges between 434 and 824 mm; the vegetation is characterized by mosaics of Vachellia-Commiphora bushland and woodland, edaphic grasslands, and riverine vegetation 59 . The extent of the ecosystem (c. 30,000 km 2 ) encompasses the annual movement range of migratory grazers (Fig. 1 ): during the dry season, zebra and wildebeest mainly concentrate in the northern part of Tarangire NP (total area c. 2650 km 2 ) and Manyara Ranch (total area c. 182 km 2 ). In these areas, surface water (in Tarangire NP provided by the Tarangire River, the Silale swamps, and some human-enhanced waterholes; in Manyara Ranch provided by the Makuyuni River and human-made dams) and sufficient grass biomass is available during the dry season. At the onset of the short rains, wildebeest and zebra leave Tarangire NP. About half of the wildebeest population migrates eastwards to the Simanjiro Plains and the other half migrates to the northern plains near Lake Natron 44 , 60 where females give birth in the nutrient and mineral rich grasslands 61 . Around June, as the surface water on the plains dries up, they return to their dry season ranges.

The eastward migration to the Simanjiro Plains is facilitated by Certificates of Customary Rights of Occupancy (CCRO) that began as conservation easements in 2006. The CCROs secure legal communal title over lands used traditionally for seasonal livestock grazing. These rangelands are conserved by local communities to protect their livestock grazing areas; CCRO by-laws permit livestock keeping but agriculture and settlements are not allowed 12 . The northern migration is strengthened by Manyara Ranch (established in 2001), an unfenced area managed for coexistence between livestock and wildlife; here, pastoralists of two adjacent communities are granted grazing rights and anti-poaching and grazing laws are enforced by rangers 19 . Along the northern migration route, wildlife moves through the Mto wa Mbu GCA, where few restrictions on natural resource extraction are in place 28 , 35 . Land-use changes from rangeland to agriculture and settlements are constricting wildlife movements 42 . Giraffe 62 and elephant 63 do not typically move as far and as predictably as wildebeest and zebra, yet both species have large annual home ranges that exceed the boundaries of protected areas 45 , 62 . Savanna elephants are mixed feeders (grazing and browsing) and considered a facultative partially migratory species 64 whereas Masai giraffes are primarily browsers and are considered a resident species with seasonal movements 65 . Both species occur year-round in all of our study sites.

Adjacent to Tarangire NP, several villages established two Wildlife Management Areas, i.e. community-based conservation and development areas that are spatially structured by land-use plans. Burunge WMA (c. 220 km 2 delineated for wildlife conservation), officially gazetted in 2006, lies to the west of Tarangire NP and connects to Lake Manyara NP 21 , 22 whereas Randilen WMA (c. 300 km 2 delineated for wildlife conservation), established in 2014, is located northeast of Tarangire NP 20 . In the wildlife areas of Burunge and Randilen WMA, agriculture and permanent settlements are not allowed, and village game scouts enforce community land-use regulations and protect wildlife from illegal hunting. The ecosystem also contains the Mkungunero Game Reserve, located between Tarangire NP and the Makame WMA. Some portion of the zebra and wildebeest migrate to these areas during the wet season. However, for these areas we do not have long-term wildlife monitoring data.

Lake Manyara NP (lowland area covers c. 168 km 2 ), located at the western edge of the ecosystem, is increasingly isolated due to human development along its northern and southern boundaries. Wildlife in this NP is mostly resident, although occasional movement does occur 42 , 48 . In Tarangire and Lake Manyara NPs, conservation authorities restrict human use to photographic tourism and research.

Area-specific density estimates

All wildlife surveys were conducted with permission from the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania National Parks, Burunge and Randilen WMA, Manyara Ranch, and the villages of Losirwa, Esilalei, Mswakini, Lolkisale, and Emboret. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and our observational studies did not involve experiments with animals. Starting in 2011, we established site-specific wildlife monitoring across multiple management units of the ecosystem. From the end of 2011 to the end of 2019 (see Table 1 for start and end months of the monitoring efforts), we surveyed Lake Manyara NP, Tarangire NP, Manyara Ranch, and the Mto wa Mbu GCA three times per year (24 surveys; in 2019, we omitted the dry season survey) to capture the main seasons 66 . In Burunge WMA, we conducted seven surveys from 2011 to 2018 22 and in Randilen WMA, we monitored wildlife populations during twelve seasonal surveys from 2012 to 2015 20 . These monitoring efforts were designed as line transect surveys 67 , with transects mostly following roads (except for Burunge WMA, where transects were placed systematically). In Tarangire and Lake Manyara NP, Manyara Ranch, and Mto wa Mbu GCA, transect length was typically 2 km and consecutive transects were separated by 0.5 km; in Burunge WMA, transect length ranged from 0.5 to 10.3 km; in Randilen WMA, we used one single transect per survey (23–85 km, length varied due to road conditions). For most surveys, we used open-top 4 WD vehicles and slowly drove (10–20 km h -1 ) along transects. A minimum of two trained observers counted animals along transects. In Burunge WMA, approximately half of the transects were walked by groups of three persons each. Upon detecting an animal or animal group, we moved to a position perpendicular to the sighting, stopped the vehicle or halted the walk, counted the number of individual animals, and measured the perpendicular distance between the transect and the initial position of the animal using a laser rangefinder. If animals occurred in a group, we measured the perpendicular distance to the approximate center of the group. These data have been analyzed and published previously 19 , 20 , 22 , 46 , 66 , but we re-analyzed these data for consistency and comparison within the same modeling framework.

To estimate densities we used Distance 6.0 67 . Line distance methodology accounts for imperfect detection and explicitly models the probability $\widehat{P}$ of detecting an animal as a function of the distance from the transect. Due to the non-random placement of transects, density estimates are possibly biased 46 (but see 19 , 24 ). Therefore, we focus on the temporal trend of density estimates and density comparisons across sites. In cases when surveys were repeated within a single season, we summed effort and sightings 68 . We truncated the farthest 10% of distances, fit species- and area-specific half-normal detection functions with cosine extension 69 , and used the mean cluster size of each season to extrapolate from cluster to animal density. Previously, we tested if detection functions were mediated by season 19 , 66 ; since including this covariate was not supported by model selection, detection functions were pooled across all seasons. Sample size exceeded the recommended threshold of 60 sightings for fitting robust detection functions 68 in the majority (18/22) of species-area combinations (Table S2 ). Based on Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness of fit tests (Table S2 ), the majority of detection models (16/22) fit the observed data well. Visual assessment of detection functions (Figs. S1 – S4 ) suggested a relatively good fit but also indicated that target species occasionally either avoided (few detections in first distance bins) or were attracted to roads (steep peak of detections in first distance bin). Based on the derived global detection models, we used the post-stratification option in Distance 6.0 for estimating season-specific densities (Table S3 ). This option allowed us to generate separate density estimates for each season-year-species combination. The density estimate D ij for each area i in year-season combination j was computed as:

where ${n}_{ij}$ is the number of detections in stratum i during year-season j ; $w$ is the effective strip half-width; ${L}_{ij}$ is the total length of transects surveyed in stratum i during year-season j , and $\widehat{P}$ is the global detection function.

Trend analysis

To assess overall temporal trends for site-specific population trends, we used generalized additive models coupled with a two-stage Monte Carlo sampling approach which enhances the robustness of our analyses by propagating uncertainties from both the distance sampling-derived density estimates and the subsequent trend analysis 53 . Furthermore, this methodological choice was driven by the heterogeneity in our dataset, characterized by unequal year-season combinations across areas. Consequently, we constructed area-, species- and season-specific time series. One exception was the Burunge WMA, where sampling occurred more sporadically. In this case, we aggregated all survey data, disregarding seasonal variations to maintain consistency in trend analysis.

The first stage of our Monte Carlo simulation, implemented in R 4.2.2 70 , involved generating 1000 replicates for each density estimate. We achieved this by simulating data points within the 95% confidence intervals of the original density estimates. For zero densities, we used the normal distribution. For non-zero densities, we employed truncated normal distributions (implemented via the truncnorm package 71 ), bounded by the lower ( L ) and upper ( U ) limits of the estimated 95% confidence intervals. For each density estimate ( D ), we calculated the standard deviation ( SD estimated ) as:

We then generated simulated densities (D simualted ) as follows:

Subsequently, for each species-, area-, and season-specific time series, we fitted a generalized additive model using the mgcv package 72 . In these models, the year ( Y ) was treated as a smooth function, enabling us to capture non-linear temporal trends without presupposing any specific functional form. The target variable for these models was the set of 1,000 simulated data points generated in the first Monte Carlo stage. The model can be expressed as:

where $s(Y, k=4)$ represents a smoothing spline function with a basis dimension of 4, allowing for the description of non-linear trends.

The second stage of our Monte Carlo methodology involved using the fitted generalized additive models to predict yearly density estimates. For each predicted year, we generated 1,000 simulated values. These simulations were designed to encompass the uncertainty inherent in the model predictions. We obtained the prediction (D predicted ) and the associated standard error ( SE ) for each year ( Y p ) from each model. We then simulated new density values based on the predicted mean and standard errors:

We then used the mean values of these 1000 simulated values per year to depict trend lines for each seasonal time series. This two-stage Monte Carlo approach, coupled with the flexibility of generalized additive models, allowed us to produce a nuanced and statistically robust analysis of population dynamics across species and ecological contexts. We visualized the time series by plotting the observed density estimates and the predicted yearly trends in ggplot2 73 .

To separate overall population trends from noise (arising from uncertainty in density and trend estimates), we condensed the key information of the time series. For each species, area, and season, we calculated the average density estimates for the initial and final years of the modelled time series. The initial and final density estimates were derived from the first and last two years of the monitoring period, respectively. For Randilen WMA, the initial years were 2012–2013 and the final years were 2014–2015. For Tarangire NP, Lake Manyara NP, Manyara Ranch, and Mto wa Mbu GCA, the initial and final years varied by season: short rains (2011–2012 to 2018–2019), long rains (2012–2013 to 2018–2019), and dry season (2012–2013 to 2017–2018; in 2019 we did not conduct dry season counts). For Burunge WMA, we aggregated data from 2011–2012 and 2017–2018 across all seasons. We then computed the percent change in density between the initial and final periods using the formula:

This approach smooths out non-linearity and provides an indication of the direction and magnitude of population changes over the study period.

Data availability

Density estimates derived by line distance sampling surveys are available in Table S3 . The data and the code for the corresponding trend analyses and Figs. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 are available at GöttingenResearchOnline: https://doi.org/10.25625/IC16AO .

Bolger, D. T., Newmark, W. D., Morrison, T. A. & Doak, D. F. The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates. Ecol. Lett. 11 , 63–77 (2008).

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Craigie, I. D. et al. Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biol. Conserv. 143 , 2221–2228 (2010).

Article Google Scholar

Western, D., Russell, S. & Cuthil, I. The status of wildlife in protected areas compared to non-protected areas of Kenya. PLoS ONE 4 , e6140 (2009).

Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Stoner, C. et al. Assessment of effectiveness of protection strategies in Tanzania based on a decade of survey data for large herbivores. Conserv. Biol. 21 , 635–646 (2007).

Ogutu, J. O. et al. Extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in Kenya: What are the causes?. PLoS ONE 11 , e0163249 (2016).

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Lindsey, P. A. et al. The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and possible solutions. Biol. Conserv. 160 , 80–96 (2013).

Prins, H. H. T. The pastoral road to extinction: Competition between wildlife and traditional pastoralism in East Africa. Environ. Conserv. 19 , 117–123 (1992).

Fynn, R. W. S. & Bonyongo, M. C. Functional conservation areas and the future of Africa’s wildlife. Afr. J. Ecol. 49 , 175–188 (2011).

Riggio, J. & Caro, T. Structural connectivity at a national scale: Wildlife corridors in Tanzania. PLoS ONE 12 , e0187407 (2017).

Kremen, C. & Merenlender, A. M. Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 362 , eaau6020 (2018).

Ingram, J. C. et al. Evidence of payments for ecosystem services as a mechanism for supporting biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. Ecosyst. Serv. 7 , 10–21 (2014).

Nelson, F. et al. Payments for ecosystem services as a framework for community-based conservation in northern Tanzania. Conserv. Biol. 24 , 78–85 (2010).

Kauffman, B. M. J. et al. Mapping out a future for ungulate migrations. Science 372 , 566–569 (2021).

Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Russell, S., Tyrrell, P. & Western, D. Seasonal interactions of pastoralists and wildlife in relation to pasture in an African savanna ecosystem. J. Arid Environ. 154 , 70–81 (2018).

Article ADS Google Scholar

Nelson, F. Natural conservationists? Evaluating the impact of pastoralist land use practices on Tanzania’s wildlife economy. Pastoralism 2 , 1–19 (2012).

Sutherland, W. J. et al. One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity. Conserv. Biol. 23 , 557–567 (2009).

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Newmark, W. D. & Hough, J. L. Conserving wildlife in Africa: Integrated conservation and development projects and beyond. Bioscience 50 , 585–592 (2000).

Brooks, J., Waylen, K. A. & Mulder, M. B. Assessing community-based conservation projects: A systematic review and multilevel analysis of attitudinal, behavioral, ecological, and economic outcomes. Environ. Evid. 2 , 2 (2013).

Kiffner, C. et al. Long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area. Ecol. Evol. 10 , 10000–10016 (2020).

Lee, D. E. & Bond, M. L. Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania. J. Mammal. 99 , 459–464 (2018).

Lee, D. E. Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area. J. Wildl. Manag. 82 , 1767–1774 (2018).

Kiffner, C. et al. Community-based wildlife management area supports similar mammal species richness and densities compared to a national park. Ecol. Evol. 10 , 480–492 (2020).

Riggio, J. et al. Sensitivity of Africa’s larger mammals to humans. J. Nat. Conserv. 43 , 136–145 (2018).

Bierhoff, L., Bond, M. L., Ozgul, A. & Lee, D. E. Anthropogenic and climatic drivers of population densities in an African savanna ungulate community. Popul. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.12182 (2024).

Ogutu, J. O. O., Kuloba, B., Piepho, H. & Kanga, E. Wildlife population dynamics in human- dominated landscapes under community-based conservation: the example of Nakuru wildlife conservancy, Kenya. PLoS ONE 12 , e0169730 (2017).

Kiffner, C., Nagar, S., Kollmar, C. & Kioko, J. Wildlife species richness and densities in wildlife corridors of Northern Tanzania. J. Nat. Conserv. 31 , 29–37 (2016).

Lamprey, H. F. Estimation of the large mammal densities, biomass and energy exchange in the Tarangire Game Reserve and the Masai Steppe in Tanganyika. East African Wildl. J. 2 , 1–45 (1964).

Bond, M. L., Bradley, C. M., Kiffner, C., Morrison, T. A. & Lee, D. E. A multi-method approach to delineate and validate migratory corridors. Landsc. Ecol. 32 , 1705–1721 (2017).

Hopcraft, J. G. C. et al. Competition, predation, and migration: Individual choice patterns of Serengeti migrants captured by hierarchical models. Ecol. Monogr. 84 , 355–372 (2014).

Morrison, T. A. et al. Informing aerial total counts with demographic models: Population growth of Serengeti elephants not explained purely by demography. Conserv. Lett. 11 , e12413 (2018).

Prins, H. H. T. & de Jong, J. F. The ecohistory of Tanzania’s Northern Rift Valley—can one establish an objective baseline as an endpoint for ecosystem restoration? In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 129–161 (Springer, 2022).

Chapter Google Scholar

Clements, H. S. et al. The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa’s major land uses. Sci. data 11 , 191 (2024).

Kiffner, C., Bond, M. L. & Lee, D. E. Human-wildlife interactions in the Tarangire Ecosystem. In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 3–22 (Springer, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_1 .

Morrison, T. A., Link, W. A., Newmark, W. D., Foley, C. A. H. & Bolger, D. T. Tarangire revisited: Consequences of declining connectivity in a tropical ungulate population. Biol. Conserv. 197 , 53–60 (2016).

Kiffner, C., Wenner, C., LaViolet, A., Yeh, K. & Kioko, J. From savannah to farmland: effects of land-use on mammal communities in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 53 , 156–166 (2015).

Brehony, P., Morindat, A. & Sinandei, M. Land tenure, livelihoods, and conservation: Perspectives on priorities in Tanzania’s Tarangire Ecosystem. In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 85–108 (Springer International Publishing, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_5 .

Bond, M. L., Lee, D. E. & Paniw, M. Extinction risks and mitigation for a megaherbivore, the giraffe, in a human-influenced landscape under climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16970 (2023).

Riggio, J. et al. Predicting wildlife corridors for multiple species in an East African ungulate community. PLoS ONE 17 , e0265136 (2022).

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Raycraft, J. Community attitudes towards Randilen Wildlife Management Area. In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 109–125 (Springer International Publishing, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_6 .

Kioko, J., Zink, E., Sawdy, M. & Kiffner, C. Elephant ( Loxodonta africana) demography and behaviour in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, Tanzania. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 43 , 44–51 (2013).

Borner, M. The increasing isolation of Tarangire National Park. Oryx 19 , 91–96 (1985).

Morrison, T. A. & Bolger, D. T. Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus population. Oryx 48 , 1–9 (2014).

Nelson, F., Muyamwa-Mupeta, P., Muyengwa, S., Sulle, E. & Kaelo, D. Progress or regression? Institutional evolutions of community-based conservation in eastern and southern Africa. Conserv. Sci. Pract. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.302 (2020).

Morrison, T. A. & Bolger, D. T. Wet season range fidelity in a tropical migratory ungulate. J. Anim. Ecol. 81 , 543–552 (2012).

Foley, C. A. H. & Foley, L. S. The history, status, and conservation of the elephant population in the Tarangire Ecosystem. In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 209–232 (Springer, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_10 .

Kiffner, C. et al. Long-term population dynamics in a multi-species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa. Ecosphere 8 , e02027 (2017).

Newmark, W. D. Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conserv. Biol. 10 , 1549–1556 (1996).

Lee, D. E. & Bolger, D. T. Movements and source–sink dynamics of a Masai giraffe metapopulation. Popul. Ecol. 59 , 157–168 (2017).

Lohay, G. G., Riggio, J., Lobora, A. L., Kissui, B. M. & Morrison, T. A. Wildlife movements and landscape connectivity in the Tarangire Ecosystem. In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (eds Kiffner, C. et al. ) 255–276 (Springer, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_12 .

Wilcox, B. A. & Murphy, D. D. Conservation strategy: The effects of fragmentation on extinction. Am. Nat. 125 , 879–887 (1985).

Western, D. et al. Conservation from the inside-out: Winning space and a place for wildlife in working landscapes. People Nat. 2 , 279–291 (2020).

IPBES. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment-report-biodiversity-ecosystem-services (Accessed 2 Oct 2019) (2019).

Chase, M. J. et al. Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants. PeerJ 4 , e2354 (2016).

Pauly, D. Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10 , 430 (1995).

Mahoub, J.-B. et al. Setting temporal baselines for biodiversity: The limits of available monitoring data for capturing the full impact of anthropogenic pressures. Sci. Rep. 7 , 41591 (2017).

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) & Office of Chief Government Statistician Zanzibar (OCGS). 2012 Population and Housing Census: Population Distribution by Administrative Units: Key Findings. United Repub. Tanzania 1–10 (2013).

Msoffe, F. U. et al. Spatial correlates of land-use changes in the Maasai- Steppe of Tanzania: Implications for conservation and environmental planning. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv. 3 , 280–290 (2011).

Google Scholar

Fischer, J., Riechers, M., Loos, J., Martin-Lopez, B. & Temperton, V. M. Making the UN decade on ecosystem restoration a social-ecological endeavour. Trends Ecol. Evol. 36 , 20–28 (2021).

Prins, H. H. T. & Loth, P. E. Rainfall patterns as background to plant phenology in northern Tanzania. J. Biogeogr. 15 , 451–463 (1988).

Kahurananga, J. & Silkiluwasha, F. The migration of zebra and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Simanjiro Plains, northern Tanzania, in 1972 and recent trends. Afr. J. Ecol. 35 , 179–185 (1997).

Voeten, M. M., Van de Vijver, C. A. D. M., Olff, H. & Van Langevelde, F. Possible causes of decreasing migratory ungulate populations in an East African savannah after restrictions in their seasonal movements. Afr. J. Ecol. 48 , 169–179 (2010).

Knüsel, M. A., Lee, D. E., König, B. & Bond, M. L. Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis . Anim. Behav. 149 , 143–151 (2019).

Galanti, V., Tosi, G., Rossi, R. & Foley, C. The use of GPS radio-collars to track elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) in the Tarangire National Park (Tanzania). Hystrix 11 , 27–37 (2000).

Purdon, A., Mole, M. A., Chase, M. J. & Van Aarde, R. J. Partial migration in savanna elephant populations distributed across southern Africa. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29724-9 (2018).

Pellew, R. A. The feeding ecology of a selective browser, the giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi ). J. Zool. 202 , 57–81 (1984).

Kiffner, C. et al. Wildlife population trends as indicators of protected area effectiveness in northern Tanzania. Ecol. Indic. 110 , 105903 (2020).

Thomas, L. et al. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J. Appl. Ecol. 47 , 5–14 (2010).

Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D. R., Burnham, K. P., Laake, J. L. & Borchers, D. L. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations (Oxford University Press, 2001).

Book Google Scholar

Prieto Gonzalez, R., Thomas, L. & Marques, T. A. Estimation bias under model selection for distance sampling detection functions. Environ. Ecol. Stat. 24 , 399–414 (2017).

Article MathSciNet Google Scholar

R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.r-project.org/ (2021).

Mersmann, O., Trautmann, H., Steuer, D. & Bornkamp, B. Package ‘truncnorm’. 1–4 (2023). https://github.com/olafmersmann/truncnorm (Accessed 11 Jan 2024).

Wood, S. N. Package ‘mgcv’. (2016). https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mgcv/mgcv.pdf (Accessed 2 Jan 2017).

Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3 (2016).

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the following institutions for funding the wildlife surveys: African Wildlife Foundation, Columbus Zoo, Chem Chem Associations, IGF Foundation, PAMS Foundation, Rufford Foundation, Sacramento Zoo, The School for Field Studies, Tulsa Zoo. We sincerely thank all rangers, SFS staff and students who participated in the surveys.

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Junior Research Group Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany

Christian Kiffner

The School for Field Studies, Centre For Wildlife Management Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania

Christian Kiffner, John Kioko & Bernard M. Kissui

Department of Land Use & Governance, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Tanzania Conservation Research Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA

Charles A. H. Foley & Lara S. Foley

Wild Nature Institute, Concord, NH, USA

Derek E. Lee & Monica L. Bond

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Monica L. Bond

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania

Alex L. Lobora

Maliasili, Essex Junction, VT, USA

Fred Nelson

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

C.K. designed the study, carried out fieldwork in Lake Manyara NP, Tarangire NP, Manyara Ranch, Burunge WMA and the Mto wa Mbu GCA, analyzed the data, created the figures and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. C.A.H.F. designed the study and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. D.E.L. designed the study, carried out fieldwork in Randilen WMA, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. M.L.B. carried out fieldwork in Randilen WMA and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. J.K. carried out fieldwork in Lake Manyara NP, Tarangire NP, Manyara Ranch and the Mto wa Mbu GCA, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. B.M.K. carried out fieldwork in Burunge WMA, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. A.L.L. critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. L.S.F. critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. F.N. designed the study, provided funding, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Kiffner .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary information., rights and permissions.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Kiffner, C., Foley, C.A.H., Lee, D.E. et al. The contribution of community-based conservation models to conserving large herbivore populations. Sci Rep 14 , 16221 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66517-9

Download citation

Received : 23 February 2024

Accepted : 02 July 2024

Published : 13 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66517-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Conservation effectiveness
Community-based conservation
Social-ecological systems
Fortress conservation

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

Explore articles by subject
Guide to authors
Editorial policies

45,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

Preservation of Wildlife Speech

Updated on
Aug 14, 2021

In the modern era, human civilization has witnessed considerable progress and it is lagging in the realm of wildlife preservation. Wildlife is meant to be preserved and protected rather than being used for selfish interests. Students get to prepare speeches as a part of ASL . It is a crucial part of class 9 and class 10 CBSE ASL evaluation. In this blog, few samples of preservation of wildlife speech have been given below.

Sample 1: preservation of wildlife speech (200-300 words), sample 2: preservation of wildlife speech (400-500 words), best speech for asl in english.

Good morning everyone! I am ABC and I stand before all of you to deliver an insightful and transformative Preservation of Wildlife Speech

Paul Oxton said it right, “No matter how few possessions you own or how little money you have, loving wildlife and nature will make you rich beyond measure.” The earth is meant for the collective existence of all types of creatures rather than just human beings.

It is inscribed on a forest in Zambia, “Man is the most dangerous animal on earth.” I somehow agree with it because the pursuit of human beings for more wealth and prosperity has blinded them from the consequence of their deeds. The modern era has indeed provided a boost to the global economy but it is a misbalanced growth as it has had negative repercussions for the wildlife. Animals are to be treated with integrity and respect rather than just being used as a raw material for the production of profitable goods. The price of human greed is paid by the voiceless and innocent animals who are put in jeopardy by them.

Animals are a significant part of the ecological system. Hence, we have no right to risk their lives. One must remember that when love for power, is substituted with the power of love, the world would be a peaceful place. Thank you so much, everyone, for being patient listeners.

Team Leverage Edu

8 Universities with higher ROI than IITs and IIMs

Grab this one-time opportunity to download this ebook

Connect With Us

45,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. take the first step today..

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

September 2024

January 2025

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

Bahasa Indonesia
Eastern Europe
Moscow Oblast

Elektrostal

Elektrostal Localisation : Country Russia , Oblast Moscow Oblast . Available Information : Geographical coordinates , Population, Area, Altitude, Weather and Hotel . Nearby cities and villages : Noginsk , Pavlovsky Posad and Staraya Kupavna .

Information

Find all the information of Elektrostal or click on the section of your choice in the left menu.

Update data

Country
Oblast

Elektrostal Demography

Information on the people and the population of Elektrostal.

Elektrostal Population	157,409 inhabitants
Elektrostal Population Density	3,179.3 /km² (8,234.4 /sq mi)

Elektrostal Geography

Geographic Information regarding City of Elektrostal .

Elektrostal Geographical coordinates	Latitude: , Longitude: 55° 48′ 0″ North, 38° 27′ 0″ East
Elektrostal Area	4,951 hectares 49.51 km² (19.12 sq mi)
Elektrostal Altitude	164 m (538 ft)
Elektrostal Climate	Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb)

Elektrostal Distance

Distance (in kilometers) between Elektrostal and the biggest cities of Russia.

Elektrostal Map

Locate simply the city of Elektrostal through the card, map and satellite image of the city.

Elektrostal Nearby cities and villages

Elektrostal Weather

Weather forecast for the next coming days and current time of Elektrostal.

Elektrostal Sunrise and sunset

Find below the times of sunrise and sunset calculated 7 days to Elektrostal.

Day	Sunrise and sunset	Twilight	Nautical twilight	Astronomical twilight
23 July	03:16 - 11:32 - 19:49	02:24 - 20:40	01:00 - 22:04	01:00 - 01:00
24 July	03:17 - 11:32 - 19:47	02:26 - 20:38	01:04 - 22:00	01:00 - 01:00
25 July	03:19 - 11:32 - 19:45	02:29 - 20:36	01:08 - 21:56	01:00 - 01:00
26 July	03:21 - 11:32 - 19:44	02:31 - 20:34	01:12 - 21:52	01:00 - 01:00
27 July	03:23 - 11:32 - 19:42	02:33 - 20:32	01:16 - 21:49	01:00 - 01:00
28 July	03:24 - 11:32 - 19:40	02:35 - 20:29	01:20 - 21:45	01:00 - 01:00
29 July	03:26 - 11:32 - 19:38	02:37 - 20:27	01:23 - 21:41	01:00 - 01:00

Elektrostal Hotel

Our team has selected for you a list of hotel in Elektrostal classified by value for money. Book your hotel room at the best price.

	Located next to Noginskoye Highway in Electrostal, Apelsin Hotel offers comfortable rooms with free Wi-Fi. Free parking is available. The elegant rooms are air conditioned and feature a flat-screen satellite TV and fridge...	from
	Located in the green area Yamskiye Woods, 5 km from Elektrostal city centre, this hotel features a sauna and a restaurant. It offers rooms with a kitchen...	from
	Ekotel Bogorodsk Hotel is located in a picturesque park near Chernogolovsky Pond. It features an indoor swimming pool and a wellness centre. Free Wi-Fi and private parking are provided...	from
	Surrounded by 420,000 m² of parkland and overlooking Kovershi Lake, this hotel outside Moscow offers spa and fitness facilities, and a private beach area with volleyball court and loungers...	from
	Surrounded by green parklands, this hotel in the Moscow region features 2 restaurants, a bowling alley with bar, and several spa and fitness facilities. Moscow Ring Road is 17 km away...	from

Elektrostal Nearby

Below is a list of activities and point of interest in Elektrostal and its surroundings.

Elektrostal Page

Direct link
DB-City.com	Elektrostal /5 (2021-10-07 13:22:50)

Information /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#info
Demography /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#demo
Geography /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#geo
Distance /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#dist1
Map /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#map
Nearby cities and villages /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#dist2
Weather /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#weather
Sunrise and sunset /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#sun
Hotel /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#hotel
Nearby /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#around
Page /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#page
Terms of Use
Change Ad Consent Do not sell my data

Post comment

or continue as guest

File : Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia - panoramio (161).jpg

File history, file usage on commons, file usage on other wikis.

Original file ‎ (4,288 × 2,848 pixels, file size: 5.21 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg )

DescriptionElektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia - panoramio (161).jpg

Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

Date

Taken on 8 September 2013

Source

Author

Permission
)

license. – to copy, distribute and transmit the work – to adapt the work – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0CC BY 3.0 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 truetrue

This image, which was originally posted to , was automatically reviewed on 2 March 2017 by , who confirmed that it was available on Panoramio under the above license on that date.

Camera location		View this and other nearby images on:	55.791130; 38.441124

Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

	Date/Time	Thumbnail	Dimensions	User	Comment
current			4,288 × 2,848 (5.21 MB)	( \| )	== {{int:filedesc}} == {{Information \|description=Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia \|date={{Taken on\|2013-09-08}} \|source=http://www.panoramio.com/photo/96032523 \|author=[http://www.panoramio.com/user/5441114?with_photo_id=96032523 Svetlov Artem] \|per...

You cannot overwrite this file.

The following page uses this file:

User:Stolbovsky/Recent uploads/Moscow/2017 March 1-10

The following other wikis use this file:

Elektrostal

This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong.

Camera manufacturer
Camera model
Author	ARTEM SVETLOV
Copyright holder	[email protected]
Exposure time	1/400 sec (0.0025)
	f/5.6
ISO speed rating	200
Date and time of data generation	17:29, 8 September 2013
Lens focal length	14 mm
Latitude	55° 47′ 28.07″ N
Longitude	38° 26′ 28.05″ E
Altitude	168.37 meters above sea level
Orientation	Normal
Horizontal resolution	300 dpi
Vertical resolution	300 dpi
Software used
File change date and time	17:29, 8 September 2013
Y and C positioning	Co-sited
Exposure Program	Shutter priority
Exif version	2.21
Date and time of digitizing	17:29, 8 September 2013
Meaning of each component
APEX exposure bias	0
Metering mode	Pattern
Flash	Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression
Supported Flashpix version	1
Color space	sRGB
Sensing method	One-chip color area sensor
File source	Digital still camera
Scene type	A directly photographed image
Custom image processing	Normal process
Exposure mode	Auto exposure
White balance	Auto white balance
Focal length in 35 mm film	21 mm
Scene capture type	Standard
Contrast	Hard
Saturation	High saturation
Sharpness	Normal
Subject distance range	Distant view
GPS time (atomic clock)	13:32
GPS date	8 September 2013

Structured data

Items portrayed in this file, copyright status, copyrighted, copyright license, creative commons attribution 3.0 unported, 8 september 2013, coordinates of the point of view, 55°47'28.068"n, 38°26'28.046"e, captured with, source of file, file available on the internet, exposure time, 0.0025 second, focal length, 14 millimetre, instance of.

2013 in Elektrostal
Moscow Oblast photographs taken on 2013-09-08
Panoramio images reviewed by trusted users
Photos from Panoramio
Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation
Panoramio files uploaded by Panoramio upload bot

Wildlife Conservation Is Important Free Essay Example
Essay on Conservation of wildlife || 10 lines on conservation of wildlife || Conservation essay ||
Essay on Wildlife Conservation for all Class in 100 to 500 Words in English
(DOC) Essay on Wildlife Conservation
Essay on conservation of wildlife|essay on wildlife conservation in english|conservation of wild ||
Wildlife Conservation Critical Essay (500 Words)

VIDEO

Write an essay on Conservation of Nature
Write 10 lines on Wildlife
Essay on Environmental Conservation for students| English essay writing| English essay| language
#insects #invasiveanimals #essay #invasiveplants #wildlife #invasivespecies #nature #ants #animals
Water Conservation || Essay / Paragraph
10 lines essay on conservation of biodiversity

COMMENTS

Wildlife Conservation Essay for Students and Children
The Wildlife Conservation Essay is an insight into the requirements of conserving wildlife globally. Deforestation is also a major cause of wildlife loss. Mass murders of wild animals are taking place all over the globe for their meat, bones, fur, teeth, hair, skin, etc. The need for conservation of wildlife has now become a necessity.
Wildlife Conservation Essay
100 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation. Animals, plants, and their habitats are preserved and protected through wildlife conservation. Similar to forests, wildlife is a national resource that contributes to ecological balance and is also valuable from an economic, recreational, and aesthetic standpoint. There was a time when there was no ...
Wildlife Conservation
noun. group of similar organisms that can reproduce with each other. sustainable. adjective. able to be continued at the same rate for a long period of time. wildlife. noun. organisms living in a natural environment. Wildlife conservation aims to protect plant and animal species as the human population encroaches on their resources.
Wildlife Conservation Essay For Students In English
500+ Words Essay on Wildlife Conservation. After the evolution of humans, we have changed the land cover of the planet Earth. Wildlife means species of animals living in their natural habitats and not domesticated by humans. Wildlife is found in almost all grasslands, plains, rainforests, ecosystems, deserts, etc.
Essay on Wildlife Conservation: Preserving Earth's Biodiversity
Biodiversity Preservation: Wildlife conservation helps maintain the diversity of life on Earth, ensuring that various species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity are preserved for future generations. Ecosystem Balance: Wildlife plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Species interact with each other and their environment ...
Essay on Wildlife Conservation for Students in English
CBSE Notes. 500+ Words Essay on Wildlife Conservation. Going by the importance of climate change and associated topics are garnering importance worldwide, an essay on Wildlife Conservation for students in English is an expected topic in the English exams. To prepare well in advance Vedantu has brought this essay for you.
Essay on Conservation of Biodiversity for Student
500+ Words Essay on Conservation of Biodiversity. Conservation of biodiversity is vital for maintaining the Earth's environment and sustaining life on the planet. There are a number of ways in which the richness of biodiversity helps in maintaining the ecological system. Conservation of biodiversity is important for the survival of living beings on Earth.
94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Administrators of wildlife parks have to employ different strategies of visitor management to ensure that they have a balance of demand by visitors and the available regeneration capacity of the wildlife parks. One of the major concerns involves the effect of energy development on wildlife and natural ecosystems.
Free Wildlife Conservation Essays and Research Papers on
4 pages / 1914 words. Wildlife and wilderness make up the biodiversity within a certain ecosystem. Conservation ensures the protection of global ecosystems. In this report, the reasons for wildlife and wilderness conservation will be discussed. The positive and negative aspects of conservation will also be discussed and evaluated.
Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife for Students
The conservation of forest and wildlife is not just an environmental issue; it is a matter of our survival. As we continue to exploit nature for our needs, we must also take responsibility for its protection. By understanding the value of forests and wildlife, implementing effective conservation strategies, and harnessing the power of ...
Wildlife conservation
Ankeny Wildlife Refuge in Oregon. Wildlife conservation refers to the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to maintain healthy wildlife species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural ecosystems.Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation, overexploitation, poaching, pollution, climate change, and the illegal ...
Wildlife Conservation Essay for Students in English [Easy Words]
Essay on Wildlife Conservation: Protecting the wild animals, plants and the related fauna is collectively referred to as wildlife conservation. Man exploited wildlife and exercised poaching for his personal benefits. Due to his selfishness, many species are on the verge of extinction today. In 1972 the Indian government passed a wildlife ...
Essay on Wildlife: Top 6 Essays
Essay on the Conservation of Wildlife: India is rich in biodiversity including the wildlife. Its wildlife includes rare animals like the lion in Gir forests of Gujarat, elephants in Kerala and Assam jungles, rhinoceros is found in Assam and northern West Bengal. The Bengal tiger of Sunderbans is really ferocious to look at.
Essay on Preservation of Wildlife For Students & Children
Wildlife preservation is a matter of urgent concern all over the world. Many animals are in danger of extinction; that is, they are gradually disappearing. Such animals are called endangered species. Saving such animals from extinction is called conservation. There are two dangers that threaten the wildlife of the world.
Essay on Wildlife Conservation: From 50 Words to Long Essay
Essay on Wildlife Conservation in India. (Wildlife Conservation Essay in 50 Words) Wildlife conservation means the practice of protecting wildlife; wild plants, animals, etc. The main aims of wildlife conservation in India are to protect our wild animals, and plants for the future generation. Wildlife is a part of nature that maintain the ...
Essay on Wildlife Conservation
Wildlife Conservation Essay 10 Lines (100 - 150 Words) 1) The protection of wild species and their habitat is termed wildlife conservation. 2) Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the ecosystem. 3) Pollution, deforestation, hunting, etc are responsible for harming wildlife. 4) Government is trying hard to conserve wildlife.
Conservation of Forest Essay
The conservation of forest essay is a useful learning resource for kids to understand the value of forests and wildlife. Forests are important to us. They provide air and water, absorb carbon dioxide, protect us from natural disasters, and house many of our wild animals. Hence, it is our duty to conserve them. Due to human activities, the world ...
Conservation Of Wildlife Essay
The Conservation Of Yellowstone Wildlife Essay Conservation: Yellowstone is extraordinarily large, with 290 waterfalls, 17 rivers and acreage spanning across portions of three states. According to Yellowstone Superintendent Dan Wenk, his park "is at the heart of the largest intact ecosystem in the temperate zone in the United States, if not
The contribution of community-based conservation models to ...
In East Africa, community-based conservation models (CBCMs) have been established to support the conservation of wildlife in fragmented landscapes like the Tarangire Ecosystem, Tanzania. To assess ...
Preservation of Wildlife Speech
Wildlife preservation helps humankind in leading a better life whereas lack of wildlife preservation leads to an increase in suffering for humanity. Destruction of forests and a lack of wildlife conservation measures lead to atmospheric changes, increasing the likelihood of natural disasters, global warming, and a decrease in food grain production.
Elektrostal
In 1938, it was granted town status. [citation needed]Administrative and municipal status. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Elektrostal City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Elektrostal City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Elektrostal Urban Okrug.
Holland America Line Invites Fans to Name an Orphan Rescue Moose in
Cruise Line partners with AWCC in its mission to celebrate Alaska's wildlife. Seattle, Wash., June 14, 2024 — Holland America Line is inviting fans to name an orphan rescue moose calf, in partnership with Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center (AWCC). The cruise line gives guests the opportunity to view Alaska wildlife responsibly from its ships and on shore excursions and Cruisetours, and ...
Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Elektrostal Geography. Geographic Information regarding City of Elektrostal. Elektrostal Geographical coordinates. Latitude: 55.8, Longitude: 38.45. 55° 48′ 0″ North, 38° 27′ 0″ East. Elektrostal Area. 4,951 hectares. 49.51 km² (19.12 sq mi) Elektrostal Altitude.
Kapotnya District
A residential and industrial region in the south-east of Mocsow. It was founded on the spot of two villages: Chagino (what is now the Moscow Oil Refinery) and Ryazantsevo (demolished in 1979). in 1960 the town was incorporated into the City of Moscow as a district. Population - 45,000 people (2002). The district is one of the most polluted residential areas in Moscow, due to the Moscow Oil ...
File : Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Jump to navigation Jump to search. File; File history; File usage on Commons; File usage on other wikis

Top Schools

Products & Resources

Colleges & Courses

Predictors & E-Books

Predictors & Articles

Top Courses & Careers

Quick Links

Diploma Colleges

Upcoming Events

Other Exams

Top Countries

Student Visas

Engineering Preparation

Medical Preparation

Online Courses

Top Streams

Specializations

Top Providers

Wildlife Conservation Essay

100 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

200 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

500 Words Essay On Wildlife Conservation

Importance Of Wildlife Conservation

Causes Of Wildlife Depletion

My Contribution

Applications for Admissions are open.

Aakash iACST Scholarship Test 2024

JEE Main Important Physics formulas

JEE Main Important Chemistry formulas

TOEFL ® Registrations 2024

PTE Exam 2024 Registrations

JEE Main high scoring chapters and topics

Download Careers360 App's

We Appeared in

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Loading ...

Media Credits

Production Managers

User Permissions

Interactives

Related Resources

Essay on Wildlife Conservation

Introduction to Wildlife Conservation

Importance of Wildlife Conservation

Threats to Wildlife

Conservation Strategies

Human-Wildlife Conflict

Economic Aspects of Wildlife Conservation

Challenges and Limitations

Role of Government and NGOs

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Case Studies

Future Outlook

500+ Words Essay on Wildlife Conservation

Let’s Being with the Essay on Wildlife Conservation for Students in English

Causes for Decline or Threat to Wildlife

Steps to Conserve Wildlife

FAQs on Essay on Wildlife Conservation

Essay on Conservation of Biodiversity for Students and Children

The Extinction in Biodiversity

Need to Conserve Biodiversity

Importance of Conservation of Biodiversity

Methods to Conserve Biodiversity

Customize your course in 30 seconds

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Download the App

94 Wildlife Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Essay Types and Topics

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Descriptive Essay Topics

Persuasive Essay Topics

Narrative Essay Topics

Engagement and Creativity

Educational Value

The Plight of Polar Bears in a Warming World

Factors Affecting The Conservation of Wildlife Species and Their Habitats.

Illegal Wildlife Trade Across The World

The Effect of Covid-19 Lockdown on The Wildlife Conservation

Relevant topics

Essay on Conservation of Forest and Wildlife