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Coursera: Machine Learning (Week 4) [Assignment Solution] - Andrew NG

Recommended Machine Learning Courses: Coursera: Machine Learning    Coursera: Deep Learning Specialization Coursera: Machine Learning with Python Coursera: Advanced Machine Learning Specialization Udemy: Machine Learning LinkedIn: Machine Learning Eduonix: Machine Learning edX: Machine Learning Fast.ai: Introduction to Machine Learning for Coders

• ex3.m - Octave/MATLAB script that steps you through part 1
• ex3 nn.m - Octave/MATLAB script that steps you through part 2
• ex3data1.mat - Training set of hand-written digits
• ex3weights.mat - Initial weights for the neural network exercise
• submit.m - Submission script that sends your solutions to our servers
• displayData.m - Function to help visualize the dataset
• fmincg.m - Function minimization routine (similar to fminunc)
• sigmoid.m - Sigmoid function
• [*] lrCostFunction.m - Logistic regression cost function
• [*] oneVsAll.m - Train a one-vs-all multi-class classifier
• [*] predictOneVsAll.m - Predict using a one-vs-all multi-class classifier
• [*] predict.m - Neural network prediction function
• Video - YouTube videos featuring Free IOT/ML tutorials

lrCostFunction.m :

Onevsall.m :, predictonevsall.m :, check-out our free tutorials on iot (internet of things):.

predict.m :

54 comments.

hey! In predict.m file theta should be = 25*401 not 26*401; wrong: % theta dimensions = S_(j+1) x ((S_j)+1) % theta1 = 26 x 401 % theta2 = 10 x 26 correct: % theta dimensions = S_(j+1) x ((S_j)+1) % theta1 = 25 x 401 % theta2 = 10 x 26

correct me.If I am wrong.

Thanks Bhupesh. You are right.

Hi Akshay I still did not understand how we arrived at the theta sizes. We only know the activation nodes in the first layer = 400 and in the last layer (output) = 10. We have no information relating to the second layer. Can you please elaborate? Thanks

@Unknown details for the layer2 is given in the question itself. I have also mentioned in the comments in code as below. (please read the question carefully once again.) % layer1 (input) = 400 nodes + 1bias % layer2 (hidden) = 25 nodes + 1bias % layer3 (output) = 10 nodes

Got it, thanks very much.

predict.m is not working

What error you are getting?

Hey, could you explain how "[prob, p] = max(a3,[],2);" is working in predict.m

Hi Iam getting error =: nonconformant arguments (op1 is 1x1, op2 is 1x2) at line using the code grad(1) = (1/m) * (X(:,1)'*(h_x-y)); in IrCostFunction

Mentioned error says there is some matrix dimension mismatch in variable op1 & op2. I don't see any variables as op1 & op2 in my code. Please check once again.

Hi Akshay I am having the same problem too when trying to submit my solutions. The error message is: !! Submission failed: product: nonconformant arguments (op1 is 20x3, op2 is 3x1) Function: lrCostFunction LineNumber: 46 Appreciate your help to troubleshoot this? Thanks

I got the same error and after I have figured it out. It is because of wrong implementation of sigmoid. you might have writing code as g = 1/(1+exp(-z)) but z can be matrix so operation should be element wise. find out correct implementation. ex = exp(z.*(-1)); din = 1.+ex; g = 1./din;

Sigmoid function is missing in predictOneVsAll

Sigmoid is not used as we need to get the maximum value of Theta*x as h(x) =Sigmoid(1/(1+e^theta*x)). this E (0,1) To predict the value to highest we need theta*x as maximum. Hence sigmoid is not used.

will you please tell me what is t here? @(t)(lrCostFunction(t, X, (y == c), lambda)

why do to separate grad into two line? like seen below grad(1) = (1/m) * (X(:,1)'*(h_x-y)); grad(2:end) = (1/m) * (X(:,2:end)'*(h_x-y)) + (lambda/m)*theta(2:end); Just writing it as grad = (1/m) * (X'*(h_x-y)) + (lambda/m)*theta; works fine or am i missing something here?

As per the theory, we don't do regularization for first term. and we apply regularization from 2nd term onward. that's why we have to do it separately. Watch the related theory video once again carefully.

Thankyou for your help it's really great of you , i just wanted to know 2 things (1) always i start with an programming assignment i get really confused and dont understand where and how to start , so i first refer to your code understand it thoroughly and proceed with the assignment , i wanted to know how correct it is to do (2) why have we used [prob , p] and and what are it's further intuations in the code , i mean why have we used 2 variables 'prob' & 'p'

Hi Rohan, (1) I think you should understand the problem first, then try to solve it your way. and if stuck in between or couldn't understand the problem then only you should check out my code for understanding purpose and then start solving your assignment. (Please don't just copy paste the code as it is) (2) In predict function, we calculate probability for each class (for multi-class problem) then find out the maximum probability. "prob" variable has value of probability and "p" variable has index of probability. more the probability means more matching. then we use variable "p" to represent predicted class (category). which is nothing but the index of the maximum probability (prob). I hope, I made it clear. If you still find it difficult to understand, please go through the theory lecture once again.

absolutely clear , thanks for the support

Hi Akshay Thanks for creating this amazing forum for us like minded people. Had a couple of queries: 1. Am not able to understand the variables of fmincg function (despite of using 'help'. It would be great if someone could help me with the same ! 2. What do the three dots (...) in the line preceding the fmincg function specify ? Why are they needed ? (tried running the function without them but it pointed out as syntax error ! Thanks in advance.

Thank you very much for your appreciation. 1. fmincg is explained a little bit in theory lecture. (Honestly, Even I have to check it in details) 2. Three dots (...) are nothing but "Lin Continuation character" in MATLAB. DESCRIPTION: Three or more periods at the end of a line continues the current command on the next line. If three or more periods occur before the end of a line, then MATLAB ignores the rest of the line and continues to the next line. This effectively makes a comment out of anything on the current line that follows the three periods.

None of the coed are working, getting 0/100

Hi Qwert123, I think you are doing something wrong. Because the codes were 100% working for me and they are still working for many of my viewers. (you can get idea from comments). And anyways, these codes are just for understanding. Get the idea from the above codes and make your own solution and try to submit. Thank you.

how were you able to solve onevsall.m predictOneVsAll.m and predict.m bc i am trying to understand the problem and i am not getting how should i solve it

Can anyone explain what "theta_t" is? Why and how they coose some random value "[-2; -1; 1; 2]" (in ex.m).

Sorry, I don't see any "theta_t" in my code.

Hi Akshay , It is showing error as unprecedented parameter name 'GrabObj'

Hi Akshay, In OneVsall.m,it is saying IrCostFunction is undefined. Why is it so?

Hello, Can you help me resolve this octave:7> oneVsAll.m error: 'X' undefined near line 11 column 10 error: called from oneVsAll at line 11 column 3

Instead of running oneVsAll.m file, please run the (.m) file in which all above function are called. Don't run those individual (.m) files in which the functions are defined.

Hi..... I used same to same implementation but the cost of my set is coming out to be 45.73 in contrast to the expected cost of 2.53. I am using the same logic as yours but I dont know why is this happening. Can you plz help me out?

Did you find the solution? Cos am having the same problem here.

I found the solution. His vectorizing formulas are wrong. He needed to use scalar multipication in some of them. Try the code below. It works %100 z = X * theta; % m x 1 h_x = sigmoid(z); % m x 1 reg_term = (lambda/(2*m)) .* sum(theta(2:end).^2); J = (1/m).*sum((-y.*log(h_x))-((1-y).*log(1-h_x))) + reg_term; % scalar grad(1) = (1/m). * (X(:,1)'*(h_x-y)); % 1 x 1 grad(2:end) = (1/m). * (X(:,2:end)'*(h_x-y)) + (lambda/m).*theta(2:end); % n x 1

@Ozan Kocabs All vectorized implemented formulas provided by me are 100% right. When you multiply a scalar (constant) with any matrix, you don't have to use ".*" (dot star), only "*" (star) is enough to multiply all the elements of the matrix by that constant. You might have some other mistake which caused the different cost value. Please check and find out the correct root cause of your problem. NOTE: For 2nd check, I ran my code once again and tested it just now and it is giving the correct output. ... Testing lrCostFunction() with regularization Cost: 2.534819 Expected cost: 2.534819 ...

I dont know why it resulted in 5 different values in my results. It was like 5x1 matrice all resulting 45,73 and after i put some scalar multipication problem solved. I have just used your code once again and it worked. U are right. But i dont know why it didnt work at first. Thanks you mate. You are a life saver:)

Hi Akshay, I have used the same code as yours in predict.m Within the exercise code i am getting training exercise accuracy as expected (97.5%). Also the digit is also being recognized correctly. But when i am submitting the code for grading, i am getting the following error: !! Submission failed: unexpected error: Index exceeds the number of array elements (16). !! Please try again later. Thanks in advance for the help.

Please compare your code with the one given above and check if the dimensions are matching or not. Please use the comments given in each in above code. That will help you understand what that particular line of code signifies.

Could you please explain the line all_theta(c,:) = ... in onevsall. I got stuck for this an hour

I dont know , i am getting iteration and cost on output console here i am posting some of them. Please help as i am stuck there for more than one day. Iteration 16 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 17 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 18 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 19 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 20 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 21 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 22 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 23 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 24 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 25 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 Iteration 26 | Cost: 1.018509e-01 all_theta = -0.5595 0.6192 -0.5504 -0.0935 -5.4744 -0.4716 1.2613 0.6349 0.0684 -0.3756 -1.6523 -1.4101

missing ';' in code?

Hi could you please help me? this is my code on lrcostfunction: H = sigmoid(X*theta); T = y.*log(H) + (1 - y).*log(1 - H); J = -1/m*sum(T) + lambda/(2*m)*sum(theta(2:end).^2); ta = [0; theta(2:end)]; grad = X'*(H - y)/m + lambda/m*ta; but im getting this error: >> lrCostFunction Not enough input arguments. Error in lrCostFunction (line 9) m = length(y); % number of training examples I try using your code to check if i was wrong but i got the same error could you help me? please

Hey, I have question and that is when we were calculating grad in week 3 assignment we include grad(1) = (1/m)* sum(X(:,1)'*(hx-y)); grad(2:end) = (1/m)* sum(X(:,2:end)'*(hx-y))+(lambda/m)*theta(2:end); Now, when we calculate in week 4 we remove "sum" in both equations, my question is why we remove sum and when I calculate with sum it's provides wrong answer.

I don't see any sum function used in calculating grad even in assignment 3. Here is the link for assignment 3 solution- https://www.apdaga.com/2018/06/coursera-machine-learning-week-3.html#costFunctionReg Please check it out.

Hi for the oneVsAll.m problem, how would the code look like if you don't use the fmincg function, I'm kinda lost on the process of how to get all_theta

can you send submit.m and submit confg file of the of this experiment

i am getting error at predict.m file error: called from predict at line 7 column 5

it might be some silly mistake near line 6 or 7. Please check. You will resolve it yourself.

I am trying to submit the whole package. All scripts so far are running and give me the correct answer, but when I submit to the test servers, I get an error on the size of a matrix !! Submission failed: unexpected error: Matrix dimensions must agree. !! Please try again later. How can I fix this error? Thanks

In predict.m why do we have to do a1 * Theta1' instead of Theta1 * a1'?

i am getting a very high cost function that is around 45.734819. plese tell me why i am getting this.

Hello Akshay, I have a question in relation to the prediction part. I understand the creation of all_theta, using the fmincg function to create theta parameters that fit the particular number from 1-10, but my question is, that once you multiply X * all_theta', you receive the 5000 x 10 matrix, which is the 5000 samples x (10) the value at each number prediction. How do we know, that the maximum value will be reflecting the number which is most likely thanks to our prediction. So why is it not the minimum value or etc. Why do we know that the column with the maximum value, will equal the number we predict.

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The Joy Of Computing Using Python Week 4 : Assignment 1 | NPTEL | Answers July 2023

The joy of computing using python week 4 - assignment 1 | nptel | answer with explanation, "discover the excitement of computing with python | week 1 multiple choice questions - get ready to enhance your programming skills and deepen your understanding of the python language with this week 4 mcq on 'the joy of computing using python'. test your knowledge and boost your confidence as a python programmer today".

| Learn Python at "Computer Courses - All in One" For Free

What is a magic square.

b. A square grid of numbers where the sum of the rows, columns, and diagonals are equal A magic square is a square grid of numbers where the sum of the values in each row, column, and diagonal is the same. Each number in the grid is usually unique, and the arrangement of the numbers follows a specific pattern that ensures the magic property. The most common type of magic square is one composed of integer numbers, but variations exist where other mathematical properties are used. Magic squares have been known and studied for centuries, and they have fascinated mathematicians and artists alike due to their intriguing properties and patterns.

In a 3x3 magic square, what is the magic constant?

d. 15 In a 3x3 magic square, the magic constant is 15. The magic constant is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For normal magic squares of orders n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, the magic constants are, respectively: 15, 34, 65, 111, 175, and 260

Which of the following is NOT a property of a magic square?

d. The sum of each individual element is equal The property of a magic square that is NOT true is "The sum of each individual element is equal". While the sum of each row, column, and diagonal is equal, the sum of individual elements is not necessarily equal

What will be the output of the following code?

b. A magic square of size n. The code generates a grid with n rows and n columns, where each cell contains a random letter from the set of ASCII letters (both uppercase and lowercase).

a. Sorted List(L) containing random elements between 0-10 in descending order. The code you've provided generates a list of 10 random integers between 0 and 10, sorts them in ascending order, and then reverses the sorted list to get a descending order. The correct description for the output would be: "Sorted List containing random elements between 0-10 in descending order."

Which code will generate all prime numbers between 0-100?

In the birthday paradox, as the number of people in a group increases, what happens to the probability that two people share a birthday.

a. It increases In the birthday paradox, as the number of people in a group increases, the probability that two people share a birthday actually increases. This counterintuitive phenomenon is due to the fact that the number of possible pairs of people in the group also increases as the group size grows. This increase in pairs outweighs the decrease in the probability that a specific person doesn't share a birthday with another specific person. As a result, the likelihood of finding at least one pair of people with the same birthday becomes more likely as the group size increases.

Which module is used to generate random numbers in Python?

b. random The module used to generate random numbers in Python is the random module. The random module is an in-built module of Python that can be used to generate pseudo-random numbers, meaning they are not truly random. The random module can be used to perform random actions such as generating random numbers, printing random values for a list or string, etc. The random module offers various functions to generate random numbers, including randint(), random(), choice(), and shuffle()

Which function is used to shuffle a list in Python?

a. random.shuffle() The function used to shuffle a list in Python is random.shuffle()

What is the output of the following code?

c. A random ordering of the numbers 1 through 5

Disclaimer: "This page contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) related to The Joy of Computing using Python. The answers to these questions are provided for educational and informational purposes only.These answers are provided only for the purpose to help students to take references. This website does not claim any surety of 100% correct answers. So, this website urges you to complete your assignment yourself."

The Joy of Computing using Python Week 4, NPTEL ,Assignment 1 [July 2023],noc23_cs108

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SSC 4th week Assignment Question & Sample Answer 2021

SSC assignment question and sample solution PDF. 4th week SSC assignment answer 2021 is now available on our website. Students of class 10 already have submitted their last three weeks of assignments and are now searching for 4th-week assignments. From this article, you can grab our all subject assignment question and sample solution.

SSC 4th week Assignment Question & Sample Answer 2021

Due to Covid-19 upward trend, the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education has published the 4th week assignment of SSC according to the grid according to the short syllabus for the students participating in the 2021 SSC examination.

A student has to complete 24 assignments in each group-based subject, excluding the fourth subject. No need to create assignments for optional subjects.

The Department of Secondary and Higher Education will publish regular assignments to all students participating in the SSC examinations in 2022 to assess students as educational institutions are closed due to Covid-19. Students should submit the relevant subject to the teacher in due course after completing the prescribed assignments following the instructions and assessment mentioned in the assignment.

Assignment Question PDF

SSC Assignment Solution 2021 4th week

Group-based assignment topics have been published 4th week as well as the last three weeks. Three topics have been published by the Science Group i.e. physics, biology & higher mathematics and Commerce Group subjects are business entrepreneurs, accounting and finance & banking. Finally, Humanities subjects are Bangladesh and world civilization, economy and civics. All these assignment questions and answers 2021 are given below.

Physics Assignment Answer 

Physics is a compulsory subject for all students in the science group. Physics 3rd assignment has been selected from the 2nd and 4th chapters of the main book.

Biology Assignment Answer 

The third assignment of SSC Biology is taken from the fourth chapter of the NCTB book. Students whose main subject is biology will do so. Here we have attached the HSC Biology third week assignment question image and solution link.

Higher Math Assignment Answer 

SSC 4th week Higher Math assignment question and answer 2021. Here you will get SSC 4th week Higher Math assignment question and answer 2021. So keep your eye on our website.

Finance & Banking Assignment Answer 

Finance is a compulsory subject for all students in the Commerce Group. Finance is a difficult subject for many students and they have to face problems to solve their mathematical terms. The assignment topic has been selected from the third chapter of the textbook. Here we have added images and solutions to the finance assignment questions.

Business Entrepreneurship Assignment Answer

Business Entrepreneurship is a matter of trade groups. Assignment questions are selected from Chapters 2 and 3 of the Business Entrepreneurship book. Here you will find SSC 4th Week Business Entrepreneur assignment question and answer.

History of Bangladesh & World Civilization assignment answer

History of Bangladesh & World Civilization assignment question has been selected from 2nd chapter of the main book. Here you will find the class 10 History of Bangladesh & World Civilization 4th week assignment question and answer.

Economics Assignment Answer 

Economics is a compulsory subject for all the students of the Humanities group. SSC 4th week Economics assignment question and answer 2021.

Civics Assignment Answer 

SSC Civics 2nd assignment has taken from the 1st chapter of the textbook. Here you will get SSC 4th week Civics assignment question and answer.

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Deep Learning IIT Ropar Week 6 Nptel Answers

Are you looking for the Deep Learning IIT Ropar Week 6 NPTEL Assignment Answers 2024 (July-Dec)? You’ve come to the right place! Access the most accurate and up-to-date solutions for your Week 6 assignment in the Deep Learning course offered by IIT Ropar.

Course Link:  Click Here

Table of Contents

Deep Learning IIT Ropar Week 6 Nptel Assignment Answers (July-Dec 2024)

1. We are given an autoencoder A. The average activation value of neurons in this network is 0.01. The given autoencoder is:

A) Contractive autoencoder B) Overcomplete neural network C) Denoising autoencoder D) Sparse autoencoder

Answer: D) Sparse autoencoder

2. If an under-complete autoencoder has an input layer with a dimension of 7, what could be the possible dimension of the hidden layer?

A) 6 B) 8 C) 0 D) 7 E) 2

Answer: C) 0 E) 2

3. What is the primary reason for adding corruption to the input data in a denoising autoencoder?

A) To increase the complexity of the model. B) To improve the model’s ability to generalize to unseen data. C) To reduce the size of the training dataset. D) To increase the training time.

Answer: Updating soon in Progress

4. Suppose for one data point we have features ( x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 ) as −3, 7, 2.1, 0, 12.5 then, which of the following function should we use on the output layer (decoder)?

A) Logistic B) Linear C) ReLU D) Tanh

Answer: B) Linear

These are Deep Learning IIT Ropar Week 6 Nptel Assignment Answers

5. What is/are the primary advantages of Autoencoders over PCA?

A) Autoencoders are less prone to overfitting than PCA. B) Autoencoders are faster and more efficient than PCA. C) Autoencoders can capture nonlinear relationships in the input data. D) Autoencoders require fewer input data than PCA.

Answer: C) Autoencoders can capture nonlinear relationships in the input data.

6. What type of autoencoder is it when the hidden layer’s dimensionality is less than that of the input layer?

A) Under-complete autoencoder B) Complete autoencoder C) Overcomplete autoencoder D) Sparse autoencoder

Answer: C) Overcomplete autoencoder

7. Which of the following statements about overfitting in overcomplete autoencoders is true?

A) Reconstruction error is very low while training B) Reconstruction error is very high while training C) Network fails to learn good representations of input D) Network learns good representations of input

8. Which of the following statements about regularization in autoencoders is always true?

A) Regularisation reduces the search space of weights for the network. B) Regularisation helps to reduce the overfitting in overcomplete autoencoders. C) Regularisation shrinks the size of weight vectors learned. D) All of these.

9. We are using the following autoencoder with linear encoder and linear decoder. The eigenvectors associated with the covariance matrix of our data ( X ) are ( (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5) ). What are the representations most likely to be learned by our hidden layer ( H )? (Eigenvectors are written in decreasing order to the eigenvalues associated with them)

A) ( V1, V2 ) B) ( V4, V5 ) C) ( V1, V3 ) D) ( V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 )

Answer: A) ( V1, V2 )

10. What is the primary objective of sparse autoencoders that distinguishes it from vanilla autoencoder?

A) They learn a low-dimensional representation of the input data B) They minimize the reconstruction error between the input and the output C) They capture only the important variations/features in the data D) They maximize the mutual information between the input and the output

Answer: C) They capture only the important variations/features in the data

Check here all Deep Learning IIT Ropar Nptel Assignment Answers :  Click here

For answers to additional Nptel courses, please refer to this link:  NPTEL Assignment Answers