harvard citation powerpoint presentation

Harvard Referencing Guide: PowerPoint Presentations

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• PowerPoint Presentation

Audiovisual Media - Powerpoint Presentation

PowerPoint Pr esentation

E xample -  Presentation available online and accessible by anyone

The full reference should generally include

• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in italics)
• [PowerPoint presentation] in square brackets
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List

Example: PowerPoint presentation from a learning management system such as the VLE

• Author or tutor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in single quotation marks)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of the VLE

Example : Full reference for the Reference List

Audiovisual Material

Film / movie

TV programme

PowerPoint presentation

YouTube video

Harvard Referencing Guide: A - Z

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Harvard Style Guide: Lectures/ presentations

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• Case studies
• Group or individual assignments
• Legal Cases (Law Reports)
• No date of publication
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• Citing same author, multiple works, same year

Back to Academic Integrity guide

Lectures or presentations

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution. Day Month.

Example : De Burca, M. (2014) ' Geriatric radiography services in Ireland' [Lecture], RDGY30300: Clinical Practice of Radiography . University College Dublin. 11 May.

In-Text-Citation :

• Author(s) Last name (Year)
• (Authors(s) Last name, Year)
• De Burca (2014) described the complicated system of radiographic services...
• There is a complicated system of geriatric radiographic services in Ireland (De Burca, 2014).

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here . 

Lectures or presentations (Online/Recorded)

Reference : Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title . Institution/Venue. Day Month. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Example : Dunphy, S. (2021) ‘History of Irish women in law’ [Recorded lecture], HIS2300: Modern Ireland . University College Dublin. 7 January. Available at: https://brightspace.ucd.ie/his2300/ (Accessed: 7 March 2021).

• Dunphy (2021) outlines the impact of the absence of female law makers...
• The absence of Irish female law makers has led to a system with a blindness to key aspects of daily life (Dunphy, 2021).

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• How it works

How to Cite a PowerPoint in Harvard Style?

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 30th, 2021 , Revised On August 23, 2023

A PowerPoint is a .ppt extension file that is mostly used to prepare lecture presentations. Both teachers and students use it. Citing a PowerPoint is different from citing an online book or a PDF file in Harvard referencing.

Some institutions require students to cite and reference their (the students’) lecturers’ presentations. But some don’t. It should be checked with one’s institution first whether citing and referencing a PowerPoint presentation is even required or not.

In-Text Citation and Reference Formats with Examples

Citing and referencing unpublished powerpoint files.

If a student’s own lecturer course notes or PowerPoint slides are being sources in a text, they will most probably not be published or accessible online for readers. Format for citing and referencing such PowerPoint material in Harvard style is:

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year) OR (Author Surname Year: powerpoint presentation)

Reference list entry: Author’s Surname, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title.’ [PowerPoint presentation] Date. Institution name, Place of institution.

Note: Since the title of the PowerPoint file is written in single quotes within the reference list entry, it is NOT italicised.

For example:

In-text citation: Dlamini (2006) … OR

…. (Dlamin, 2006) OR

“…..” (Dlamini, 2006: PowerPoint presentation)

Reference list entry: Dlamini, N. 2006. ‘E-commerce trends in retail in South Africa.’ [PowerPoint Presentation] 4 November. Business Solutions Inc., Midrand.

Citing and referencing Published PowerPoint Files

The general Harvard format for citing and referencing PowerPoint slides that are accessible online is:

In-text citation:

Reference list entry: Author’s Surname, Initial(s). Year. ‘Title.’ [PowerPoint presentation] Date. Institution name, Place of the institution.

Author’s Surname, Initial(s). Year. Title in italics, [PowerPoint presentation] Date. Institution Name. Place of Institution. Date Accessed.

Note: Harvard contains the above two, slightly different reference list formats for PowerPoint files. Whichever needs are used depends on one’s host institution referencing guidelines and which format it has specified.

It should also be noted here that while referencing published PowerPoint files in Harvard style, the title of the file since it is not in single quotes, will be italicised.

In-text citation: (Bloggs 2016: powerpoint presentation) OR Bloggs (2016)

Reference list entry: Bloggs, J. (2016) Research Skills [PowerPoint presentation to BBS Year 4] WD096: Communication skills , Waterford Institute of Technology. 3 May.

Lastly, the phrase ‘PowerPoint Presentation’ is only mentioned when the entire in-text citation is within (). Otherwise, in the case of narrative in-text citations (for example, Bloggs (2016 mentions…), the phrase is left out.

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Frequently Asked Questions

To cite a PowerPoint in Harvard Style: Include the presenter’s last name, initials. (Year). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Name of course or event, Institution. URL (if accessed online).

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Citing Journals may vary slightly in style, depending on the style used by the journal.

Harvard referencing style follows the author-date system of in-text citation. It’s essential to mention page numbers of the book’s information you’ve used.

To Cite the court case in Harvard Style; the names of the parties, case type, the volume, the page or case number; and date should be known

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Harvard Referencing Style: Powerpoint Presentations

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Referencing a PowerPoint Presentation

IN-TEXT CITATION

Dlamini (2006) ...

.... (Dlamin, 2006)

"....." (Dlamini, 2006: PowerPoint presentation)

FORMAT OF A REFERENCE TO A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Author’s surname, Initials. Year. ‘Title.’ [PowerPoint presentation] Date.  Institution, place.

Please note that in this case, the title is not italicised.

EXAMPLE OF A REFERENCE TO A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

Dlamini, N. 2006. ‘E-commerce trends in retail in South Africa.’ [PowerPoint Presentation] 4 November.  Business Solutions Inc., Midrand.

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Cite A Presentation or lecture in Harvard style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator . For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Popular Harvard Citation Guides

• How to cite a Book in Harvard style
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• How to cite a DVD, video, or film in Harvard style
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Other Harvard Citation Guides

• How to cite a Archive material in Harvard style
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• How to cite a E-book or PDF in Harvard style
• How to cite a Edited book in Harvard style
• How to cite a Email in Harvard style
• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in Harvard style
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• How to cite a Interview in Harvard style
• How to cite a Legislation in Harvard style
• How to cite a Magazine in Harvard style
• How to cite a Music or recording in Harvard style
• How to cite a Newspaper in Harvard style
• How to cite a Patent in Harvard style
• How to cite a Podcast in Harvard style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in Harvard style
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• How to cite a Religious text in Harvard style
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Harvard Reference Style

• Introduction
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• Films (Motion pictures)
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• Harvard: Reference list example

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• Harvard: Examples of references

Powerpoint slides: Reference format

A basic reference list entry for Powerpoint slides:

• Author or authors; the surname is followed by initials
• Year of compilation of Powerpoint slides 
• Title of presentation (in italics)
• [Lecturer notes or Powerpoint slides]
• Available: URL [Date of access]

Kunka, J.L. 2018.  Conquering the comma  [PowerPoint slides]. Available:  http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops//pp/index.html#presentations  [15 March 2018].

PowerPoint slides: Examples

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RGU Harvard Templates

An Organisation or Individual

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting (CAPITALS, italics ), and any punctuation.

ORGANISATION NAME or AUTHOR'S NAME, Year of lecture. Presentation title. [PowerPoint presentation]. City of publication: Publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

(Public Health England 2015)

Reference List :

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND, 2015. Making the case for tackling obesity: why invest? [PowerPoint presentation]. London: Public Health England. Available from: https://www.noo.org.uk/gsf.php5?f=313571&fv=21268 [Accessed 20 June 2015].

Slides on CampusMoodle, Authored by Lecturer

LECTURER'S SURNAME, First Initial(s)., Year of lecture. Presentation title, Module code. [PowerPoint presentation]. Title on the slides. Module title. Teaching institution, Teaching department, date on the slides. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Campbell 2014)

Campbell (2014) suggests that...

"..." (Campbell 2014 slide 3)

As outlined by Campbell (2014 slide 3), "..."

CAMPBELL, C., 2014. Less and more: architecture is visual culture, AA1009. [PowerPoint presentation]. Less and more: architecture is visual culture. Contextual and Critical Studies module. Robert Gordon University, Gray's School of Art, 24 March. Available from: http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/pluginfile.php [Accessed 20 May 2014].

RGU Lecture on CampusMoodle, Unknown Author

INSTITUTION NAME, Year of lecture. Presentation title, Module code. [PowerPoint presentation]. Title on the slides. Module title. Teaching institution, Teaching department, date on the slides. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

(Robert Gordon University 2014)

ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY, 2014. Less and more: architecture is visual culture, AA1009. [PowerPoint presentation]. Less and more: architecture is visual culture. Contextual and Critical Studies module. Robert Gordon University, Gray's School of Art, 24 March. Available from: http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/pluginfile.php [Accessed 20 May 2014].

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Harvard Referencing - SETU Libraries Waterford Guide: PowerPoint presentations/seminars

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• Photographs you have taken yourself
• PowerPoint presentations/seminars
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PowerPoint presentations/ seminars

Bloggs, J.(2016) Research Skills [PowerPoint presentation to BBS Year 4] WD096: Communication skills, Waterford Institute of Technology. 3 May.

NOTE: If the powerpoint presentation is prepared by your Lecturer as part of your course.   PIease check with your Lecturer as to whether or not they require you to reference course materials in your assignments .

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CEMS Harvard Referencing Style: Powerpoint Presentations

• Introduction to Referencing and Plagiarism
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• Secondary Referencing

PowerPoint Presentations

Author’s surname, initials. Year. Title [PowerPoint presentation], day month. Institution, place.

Dlamini, N. 2021. E-commerce trends in retail in South Africa [PowerPoint presentation], 4 November. Business Solutions, Midrand.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

Let’s be honest: Sometimes the best information for a paper comes straight from a professor’s PowerPoint presentation. But did you know that source needs to be cited?

Whether you’re making use of your instructor’s lecture materials or pulling information from a Powerpoint found online, you need to make sure to cite your sources if you use information from it in a project or paper.

Here’s a run -t hrough of everything this page includes:  

• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style

By now, you’re probably familiar with how to cite websites, books or journal articles, but not as knowledgeable about how to cite a Powerpoint presentation. In actuality, citing PowerPoint presentations aren’t all that different from citing written materials, so don’t let yourself be phased! It’s not too hard and compiling an MLA works cited or APA reference page doesn’t take too long—each one should take just a few minutes to create.

To help you with the process, we’ve put together a handy guide demonstrating how to cite a PowerPoint presentation in three commonly used citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago.

Let’s start by looking for basic information you’ll need for the citation.

Information you may need to cite a PowerPoint Presentation:

• Author or authors of the presentation
• Presentation title
• Date of publication/presentation
• Place of publication/where the presentation was given
• URL (if used to locate the presentation)

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format:

MLA format citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. Presentation Title. Month Year, URL. PowerPoint Presentation.

Example citation :

Park, Lisa. Effective Working Teams . Jan. 2011, https://www.company.meetings/teams. PowerPoint Presentation.

In-text citation structure:

(Last Name)

Example in-text citation:

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format:  

APA reference structure:

Author or Presenter Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Date of publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL

Example reference:

Park, L. (2011, March 24-28). Effective working teams [PowerPoint presentation]. Regional Dairy Workers National Conference, New York, NY, United States. https://www.company.meetings/teams

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style:

Chicago citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Presentation Title.” Lecture, Location of Lecture, Month Day, Year.

Example citation:

Park, Lisa. “Effective Working Teams.” Lecture, The Plaza Hotel, New York, NY, January 11, 2011.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: how to cite a powerpoint that has multiple authors..

For a presentation with multiple authors, list the authors alphabetically by last name for the full reference citation. The citation will list each author by Last Name, First Initial.

If the PowerPoint has just two authors, separate them with a comma and an ampersand (&). If the PowerPoint has more than two authors, list the authors separated by commas.

Reference examples:

Felner, D., & Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Felner, D., Nguy, A., Becham, G. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

For an in-text citation for two authors, give both surnames separated by an ampersand (&) followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

For an in-text citation for three or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

In-text citation examples:

(Felner & Nguy, 2021)

(Felner et al., 2021)

For a PowerPoint with two presenters or authors, include both names in the full works-cited citation. The names need to be written as follows: First presenter’s Last Name, First Name, and then the second presenter’s First Name and Last Name.

For an in-text citation, simply list the surnames of both presenters.

In-text citation example:

(Nguy and Felner)

Work-cited entry example:

Nguy, Anna and Dominic Felner. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

For a PowerPoint with three or more presenters, only list one presenter’s name followed by a comma and “et al.”

For an in-text citation for three or more authors or presenters , list the surname given in the full works-cited citation followed by “et al.”

(Nguy et al.)

Nguy, Anna et al. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

Solution #2 How to cite a slideshow that wasn’t made with PowerPoint

If making a full works-cited citation for a slideshow that was made with another program other than PowerPoint, include the medium in brackets instead of PowerPoint.

If the presentation is not in PowerPoint, and you can’t determine what software was used, include the word “slideshow” in brackets in place of PowerPoint.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Prezi presentation]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other APA in-text citation (author last name, year).

(Nguy, 2021)

At the end of your full works-cited citation, include the program the slideshow was made with, formatted as:  ______ Presentation.

If you are uncertain of the program used, end your citation with “slideshow” followed by a period. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation. Apr. 2021. Prezi Presentation. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation . Apr. 2021. Slideshow.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other MLA in-text citation (author last name).

Hello all paper writers! Take a moment to try our spell checker , or refresh your knowledge on English basics with our EasyBib grammar guides ! Discover a determiner definition , learn what is an adverb , review an interjection list , and more.   

Updated April 26, 2021.

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To cite PowerPoint presentation slides, include the author name, year/date of presentation, the title, the source description, the website and/or university name, and the URL where the source can be found.

If the PowerPoint presentation is not accessible to the reader, cite the slides as personal communication.

If you want to cite a PowerPoint in MLA or APA style, you need to have basic information including the name of the author(s), title of the presentation, date and place of publication, and URL. For in-text citations, you need to include only the author name(s) in MLA style and author name(s) and year in APA style.  

APA in-text citations

(Author Surname, publication year)

(Dhanalakshmi, 2004)

MLA in-text citations

(Author Surname)

(Dhanalakshmi)

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

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• Referencing

A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

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Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 20 March 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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Conference papers, presentations

• For conference papers published online, hyperlink the title . If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published conference paper and presentation

Elements of the reference, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference, accessed day month year., in-text citation, blunden (2007) or (blunden 2007), reference list, blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘ plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement ’ [conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , tasmania, accessed 3 may 2019., unpublished conference paper, author a (day month year) ‘title of paper: subtitle of paper’ [unpublished conference presentation],  name of conference , place of conference., blunden j (9–12 may 2007) ‘plain or just dull collateral damage from the plain english movement’ [unpublished conference presentation],  3rd iped conference , hobart..

• If the thesis is online, hyperlink the title and include an accessed date. If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.

Published thesis

Author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., (rahman 2013) or rahman (2013), rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017., unpublished thesis, author a (year)  title of thesis: subtitle of thesis  [unpublished type of thesis], name of university, accessed day month year., rahman m (2013)  using authentic materials in the writing classes: tertiary level scenario  [unpublished master’s thesis], brac university, accessed 5 may 2017..

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Harvard Referencing

Mar 18, 2019

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Introduction to Referencing. Harvard Referencing. In-text citations Reference List. AUSTRALIAN CAMPUS NETWORK. ACADEMIC SKILLS UNIT WORKSHOP. REFERENCING WORKSHOP Part 1. All page numbers refer to the La Trobe University publication, Referencing: A Guide by Robyn Thomas 2003 ACTIVITY 1

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Introduction to Referencing Harvard Referencing • In-text citations • Reference List AUSTRALIAN CAMPUS NETWORK ACADEMIC SKILLS UNIT WORKSHOP

REFERENCING WORKSHOP Part 1 • All page numbers refer to the La Trobe University publication, Referencing: A Guide by Robyn Thomas 2003 • ACTIVITY 1 • Materials: • Text-book from any of your subject areas • AND / OR • Online journal article from http://scholar.google.com/ or the La Trobe website • QUOTING • Take a one sentence quote from the source • Write the sentence as a quote with an in-text citation (see Referencing Guide P. 8-9) • Write the full reference (see Referencing Guide P. 14-15) • PARAPHRASING • Paraphrase the sentence in a) • Write the paraphrased sentence with an in-text citation (see Referencing Guide P. 8-9) • Write the full reference (see Referencing Guide P. 14-15)

Two main STYLES of referencing In text reference e.g. Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that “it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate”. Full reference e.g. Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne. • IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS 2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that “it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate” [1]. Full reference: Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996, p.112.

IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS • Harvard system • APA system (American Psychological Association system) • MLA system (Modern Language Association) Humanities NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS • Oxford system • Vancouver system • Cambridge reference TYPES of Referencing There are a few main types of referencing: Harvard (mostly used by Social Sciences, Business, Engineering and Science), Oxford and Cambridge (mostly used in Law subjects and occasionally referred to as 'footnoting') and APA (American Psychological Association (Psychology and some Health Science areas) – but there are also others.

Harvard system APA system In text reference Davis and McKay (1996) note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (p.112). Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia. In text reference Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate. Full reference Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne. • IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS MLA system In text reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (112). Full reference Davis, Lloyd and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996.

OXFORD SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate [1]. Full reference Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996, p.112. VANCOUVER SYSTEMNumbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate1. Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996 CAMBRIDGE FOOTNOTING REFERENCE Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate1. Full reference (appears at the bottom of the page) 1. Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Macmillan 2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS

Harvard Referencing – Citing In Text • It is the most widely used system in business disciplines • It is the standard in La Trobe University Business subjects When you are taking notes, you should record not only the main points of the author’s work, but also your initial critical evaluation of the material (Davis & McKay, 1996). In-text references for a paraphrase* require: 1. Authors Surname (s) 2. A comma 3. Year of Publication No author? Use the the name of the Institution eg: La Trobe University * PARAPHRASE is when you re-word the writers words (same idea but different words)

In-text references for a paraphrase where you mention the writer’s name: Davis and McKay (1996) explain that……….. Year of Publication Davis & McKay, (1996, p. 6) state that “…note taking is a key part of lectures.” There is strong evidence that “…note taking is a key part of lectures” (Davis & McKay, 1996, p. 6) Harvard Referencing When doing in-text references for a QUOTE add the page numbers. For web references (no pages) use Section Title (if possible) and paragraph number eg: para 12

You have sought relevant materials, preferably beyond the text; • You have ‘read’* those materials; • You can see how those materials relate to other work. Referencing Protocol At La Trobe, we use the Harvard System of referencing. However, it is important to check with your lecturer in case they prefer another style. Referencing Protocol The marker/reader wants to know that: • You understood what you read; *this includes scan-reading

How to Use the Work of Others • 3 main approaches: • Direct quotes • Summarising • Paraphrasing

The quote is not linked to the rest of the text. Try rewriting the text so the quote is SYNTHESISED Example: Travel is an excellent tool for broadening the mind and gaining skills in cross-cultural communication. “Travel helps build character” (Lee, 2005 p. 7). It is important to travel with an open mind and to restrict yourself from judging based on your home country. Who? In fact, some psychologists feel that / prominent psychologist, Terence Lee goes as far as saying…… • When the words are taken exactly they must be acknowledged as a direct quote. Direct Quotes • Important to build a context around them.

This is the Harvard system • Direct Quotes: Short Quote • Interpersonal perception is defined as “how we see other people” (Lewis & Slade 2000, p. 33). Surnames only. Do not include title of paper. ‘&’ or ‘and’ ? The student study guide recommends ‘and’ for 2 authors and ‘&’ for 3. The message – be consistent!!!

et al. for more than 3 authors. Sometimes this can be in italics. The message – be consistent!!! Year only. Page number is ONLY FOR QUOTES – not for paraphrased information. • Direct Quotes: Short Quote • Interpersonal perception is defined as “how we see other people” (Lewis et al. 2000, p. 33).

Terrorism is everywhere. • There is widespread acceptance of a global water shortage. Everywhere? Some places have flood problems • Most people smoke. Too general – Where? Who? Statistics? When to Cite? General, common knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to be sure. How accurate are these statement?

When to Cite? Commonly known facts do not need a citation. • The moon revolves around the earth. • Sydney is on the east coast of Australia. • Australia’s population will double by 2010. • Food is necessary for survival. TASK 2: Look at the following statements. Which one needs a citation?

TASK: Use the La Trobe Referencing Guide and answer the following: • Read 2.7 P 7. Look at page 8-13 and answer the following: • In line 1, why are the letters a and b next to the date? • Why is the quote (lines 6-14) indented and dropped down one line? What spacing should be used for this kind of long quote? • Do I put a full-stop before or after brackets? • On line 25, why is there no page number in the citation? • On line 32, why is there no page number in the citation?

TASK: Use the La Trobe Referencing Guide and answer the following: • Read 2.7 P 7. Look at page 8-13 and answer the following: • On line 47, why are there brackets around the word ‘women’s’? • On line 50 & 60 , why is the citation in the middle of the sentence (not at the end)? • Line 60 – did the writer actually read the text by Birdwhistle? • Do I use first names or initials in a citation? • Line 64. What does ‘et al ‘ mean?

The Reference list The sources you have used and referred to in-text are written on a separate page that is headed References. Only the work you have cited in-text is included in the reference list. Do not number the references. The reference list is arranged alphabetically according to the author’s surname or corporate name, or if there is no author, the title of the work. If there are two or more references by the same author, then the earliest publication should be listed first with a lower case a after the date, and the next with a b. Book citations must include the authors name, date of publication, title of the book in italics, the publisher and place of publication. Information from journals, newspapers and audiovisual sources should show the author if given; the title of the article in single inverted commas; the title of the journal, underlined or in italics; the volume number; issue number if given, and the page number(s).

Carol Nine-Curt, 1979, ‘Cultural differences in nonverbal communication’, in D. Fassler & N. Lay, Encounter with a New World, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York. Robinson, G. 1985, Pergamon Publications (Aust), Sydney, Cross-cultural Understanding Clyne, M., ‘Modes of communication and culture’, Communication at University, papers of the Second Annual Study Skills Conference, La Trobe University, pp. 101-115, 1982 . Bock, H. 1982, pp. 140-155 ‘University essays as cultural battlegrounds: the problems of migrant students’, Communication at University: Purpose, Process and Product, papers of the Second Annual Study Skills Conference, La Trobe University, Bock, H. & Harry Lewitt, 1984, ‘Head counting or skullduggery’, in “Language and Learning at tertiary level”, the Fifth Annual Study Skills conference, Deakin University, pp. 1-13. Put the following REFERENCE LIST in the correct order

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• Free Tools for Students
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Free Harvard Referencing Generator

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A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

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A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

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• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

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• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
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Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Introduction to Citing and Referencing

BPP University uses several referencing styles and the reference style that you need to use depends on the subject that you are studying. This section will explain how to cite and reference different sources, provides links to the different referencing guides and explains how you can manage your references. 

If you are unsure which referencing style you need to use, please contact your Personal Tutor or Programme Support Officer for advice.

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Reference Management

It is important that as you are reading and taking notes that you keep a record of the information sources that you read to save time trying to find it later. You could keep create a document or spreadsheet to keep a list of the different sources you use. There is also free referencing software available that you can download such as  Zotero  and  Mendeley  which enable you to upload and create a library of the information sources that you have read.

Click here  to access the Introduction to Zotero online video.

• Referencing
• Reference List/Bibliography

Referencing is used in academic study to acknowledge the information sources that you have included in your academic work. It is important that you reference the sources that you have used:

• Allows the reader to find which sources you have used
• Demonstrates your understanding and the extent of your research
• Separates your ideas from others
• Avoids accusations of plagiarism
• Achieve better marks

Each information source needs to have a citation in your text and included in the reference list or bibliography at the end of your work.

Further information about referencing is available from An Introduction to Referencing  (video)

Each time that you refer to or quote from someone else’s work you need to include a citation in your work. The format of the citation will differ according to the referencing style you are using but usually includes the author’s name and date of publication in brackets.

Smith (2020) argued that…

“As a nurse you are personally accountable for your actions” (Baillie and Black, 2014, p. 40).

Boyes, A. (2022) How to stop procrastinating.  Harvard Business Review , 100(3), pp.143–147.

Cottrell, S (2021) Skills for success : personal development and employability . 4th ed. London: Macmillan Education.

Pears, R. and Shields, G (2019) Cite then right : the essential referencing guide . 11th ed. London: Red Globe Press.

Plagiarism is defined as intentionally or unintentionally copying or paraphrasing someone else’s work without acknowledging the source. You can avoid being accused of plagiarism by:

• Avoid cutting and pasting information from online sources
• Use your own words to summarise the information
• Use quotation marks to show that this phrase or sentence is directly quoted from someone else’s work
• Including the full details of the information sources that you use when you are making notes

When you submit your assignments you may be asked to submit it to Turnitin which is a database that checks your work for originality.

Further information about plagiarism is available from Routledge-What is plagiarism?

BPP Referencing Guides

• Referencing Guides

BPP University uses several referencing styles,  click on the subject that you are studying to access the relevant referencing guide.

BPP Business Harvard Referencing Guide

Harvard Referencing Guide (Health)

BPP University Referencing Guidance

The BPP University Referencing Guidance should be used by most new Law programmes for professional communications. Students on other Law programmes may be asked to use other referencing systems, for example, OSCOLA for academic submissions. Further information will be provided to students on their programme.  

BPP University OSCOLA Referencing Guide

OSCOLA  

OSCOLA FAQ and Updates

BPP Nursing Harvard Referencing Guide

Using BPP Nursing's Referencing Style (Online Video)

Psychology APA Referencing Guide

Harvard Referencing Guide (Technology)

Online Video Recordings

• Generative AI

An Introduction to Referencing

An Introduction to Referencing Using OSCOLA

Using Zotero to Manage Your References

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• Next: Research Skills >>
• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 11:47 AM
• URL: https://bpp.libguides.com/studySupport

• Harvard Library
• Research Guides
• Faculty of Arts & Sciences Libraries

GSAS Writing Toolkit

• Style and Citation
• Consult Your Library Experts
• Research Handbooks & Guides
• Finding a Researchable Question
• Cross-Disciplinary Databases
• Data: Finding, Interpreting, and Visualizing It
• Tracking Stuff Down: Essential Services
• Methodology Sources
• Writing and Revision

Manuals of Style

Citation tools.

• Presenting & Publishing Your Work

Manuals of style, commonly referred to as citation manuals or style manuals, are invaluable not only because they prescribe the proper format for source documentation and citation, but because they recommend the latest best practices for writing in your field of study, from proper punctuation to preferred terminology to accepted discourse conventions; ignore their advice at your peril. Following are the styles used most commonly at Harvard.

• The print guide to APA is the official guide to citing in APA style.
• APA Style Reference Examples
• APA Style Blog

Chicago Style

• The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition  (Harvard Login)
• MLA Handbook , 9th Edition
• MLA Style Center  -- can be very useful for help with types of sources that aren't covered in the Handbook
• Ask the MLA -- answers lots of "how do I cite" questions

Legal Citations

• Harvard Law School Library Legal Citation Guides and Abbreviations
• The Bluebook: a uniform system of citation , 20th Edition (Print Only)

Common citation styles used in STEM fields:

Guidelines published by selected societies.

• ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication (American Chemical Society)
• IEEE Reference Guide  and  Editorial Style Manual for Authors   (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
• The primary style for  undergraduate and graduate students in psychology.
• Used most frequently by undergraduate students  in biology and chemistry.
• Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers  (Council of Science Editors)

Selected Journal Formats

• Communications of the ACM  Author Guidelines  (Association for Computing Machinery)
• Nature  format
• Science  Citation Style

Harvard Library supports a selection of citation tools that allow you to:

• create a searchable database of the books, articles, book chapters, and more that you're using in your research
• import citations, abstracts, and more from online sources
• organize notes and full text documents, such as PDFs, images, spreadsheets
• share references when you're working on collaborative projects
• create reference lists in Chicago, MLA, APA and hundreds of other formats

Citations Tools we support include Zotero , EndNote , Overleaf Pro+ , and Sciwheel .

To learn more about each tool, how they compare to one another, and for a list of upcoming classes, visit:

• Citation Tools at Harvard
• << Previous: Writing and Revision
• Next: Presenting & Publishing Your Work >>

Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

How to Cite in PowerPoint

PowerPoint presentations are often used for academic and professional purposes, making it important to properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism and give proper credit to the original author. In this article, we will explore the various citation styles available for use in PowerPoint and the steps involved in citing sources in your presentation.

Table of Contents

Why Citing Sources in PowerPoint is Important

Creating a PowerPoint presentation usually involves the use of a variety of sources such as books, articles, websites, images, and graphics. Failing to acknowledge the original author of any of these sources through appropriate citations may lead to accusations of plagiarism, which could damage your reputation and credibility.

Furthermore, proper citation ensures that your audience understands the sources you used and can verify the accuracy of your information. This is particularly important in academic and professional settings where accurate information is essential.

Additionally, citing sources in your PowerPoint presentation shows that you have conducted thorough research and have a deep understanding of the topic. It also demonstrates your respect for the intellectual property of others and acknowledges their contributions to your work. By citing your sources, you are giving credit where credit is due and upholding ethical standards in your field.

Different Citation Styles for PowerPoint Presentations

When creating a PowerPoint presentation, you can choose from various citation styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and many others. Each style has its own unique rules for formatting citations. It’s important to choose one style and remain consistent throughout your presentation.

For example, APA style requires in-text citations that include the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses, while MLA style requires in-text citations that include the author’s last name and page number. Chicago style uses footnotes or endnotes for citations, and Harvard style uses author-date citations.

It’s also important to note that different academic disciplines may prefer different citation styles. For instance, social sciences often use APA style, while humanities tend to use MLA style. Additionally, some citation styles may be more appropriate for certain types of sources. For example, Chicago style is commonly used for historical research, while Harvard style is often used in the sciences.

How to Insert In-Text Citations in PowerPoint

The process of inserting in-text citations in PowerPoint is manual as PowerPoint does not have a built-in citation feature like Word. First, you need to manually type the citation at the appropriate place in your text. The citation should be in the format required by the citation style you are using.

Once you’ve inserted an in-text citation in your PowerPoint presentation, you can easily edit it by selecting the text and typing the changes you want to make. This will allow you to add or delete information, such as the author’s name or page number, as needed.

It is important to note that in-text citations should be used whenever you are referencing information from a source in your PowerPoint presentation. This not only gives credit to the original author, but also helps to avoid plagiarism. Additionally, including in-text citations can make your presentation more credible and professional.

Another helpful tip is to include a reference slide at the end of your presentation, which lists all of the sources you used in your research. This slide should include the full citation information for each source, such as the author’s name, title of the work, and publication date. This will allow your audience to easily access and verify the information you presented.

How to Create a Reference List in PowerPoint

In addition to in-text citations, it’s important to include a reference list at the end of your PowerPoint presentation. This should include all sources used in your presentation, arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. Each source should include the author’s name, the title of the source, the date of publication, and the location of the publisher.

To create a reference list in PowerPoint, you will need to manually type out each reference on a new slide at the end of your presentation. The references should be formatted according to your chosen citation style.

It’s important to note that the reference list should only include sources that were cited in your presentation. If you mentioned a source in your presentation but did not directly quote or paraphrase it, it does not need to be included in the reference list. Additionally, if you used any images or graphics from a source, be sure to include a citation for those as well.

How to Use Footnotes in PowerPoint Presentations

Footnotes can be used in PowerPoint presentations as an alternative to in-text citations. Footnotes are typically indicated by a number or symbol that appears in the text, with the corresponding footnote at the bottom of the slide.

To insert a footnote in PowerPoint, you will need to manually type the number or symbol at the appropriate place in your text and then type the corresponding footnote at the bottom of the slide.

It is important to note that footnotes should be used sparingly in PowerPoint presentations, as they can be distracting to the audience. Only use footnotes for important information that cannot be included in the main body of the slide.

Additionally, when using footnotes, make sure to format them consistently throughout the presentation. This includes using the same numbering or symbol system and keeping the font size and style consistent.

Tips for Citing Images and Graphics in PowerPoint

Images and graphics can be a valuable addition to your PowerPoint presentation, but it’s important to properly credit the original source. When using images or graphics, you should include a caption or credit at the bottom of the slide to acknowledge the source of the image.

If the image is from a credited source, be sure to include the name of the source and the type of license the image is under. If the image is from an uncredited source, you can try doing a reverse image search to locate the original source.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Citing Sources in PowerPoint

When citing sources in PowerPoint, there are several common mistakes to avoid. One of the most common mistakes is failing to include a citation for every source used in the presentation.

Another mistake is using too many direct quotes. Direct quotes should be used sparingly, and only when the original wording is essential to your argument. Finally, be sure to properly format your citations according to your chosen citation style.

The Importance of Accurately Citing Sources in Academic Presentations

Accurately citing sources is essential in academic presentations because it demonstrates an understanding of the topic being presented and shows respect for the original author’s work.

In addition, accurate citations can help to support your argument and demonstrate the validity of your research. By providing proper citations in your presentation, you’re showing your audience that you’ve done your due diligence to find accurate information and acknowledge the contributions of others in your field of study.

How to Format Citations Correctly in PowerPoint Slides

Properly formatting citations in PowerPoint slides is essential to avoid confusion and maintain consistency throughout your presentation. To ensure your citations are formatted correctly, be sure to follow the guidelines set by your chosen citation style.

For example, if you’re using APA style, in-text citations should include the author’s name and year of publication. In addition, the reference list should be formatted alphabetically by the author’s last name, with each source including the author’s name, the title of the source, the date of publication, and the location of the publisher.

Understanding Copyright Laws and Fair Use in PowerPoint Presentations

When using images or graphics in PowerPoint presentations, it’s important to understand copyright laws and fair use. Copyright laws protect the original creator of the image or graphic and restrict their use without permission.

However, fair use allows for the use of copyrighted material for specific purposes such as education, research, and criticism. When using images or graphics in PowerPoint presentations, be sure to follow the guidelines for fair use and give proper credit to the original creator.

Tools and Resources for Simplifying the Citation Process in PowerPoint

There are several tools and resources available to help simplify the citation process in PowerPoint. One tool is the citation generator available in Microsoft Word, which can create proper citations based on your chosen citation style. These citations can then be manually copied into your PowerPoint presentation.

Other resources include online citation generators and citation management software, such as Zotero, EndNote, and Mendeley. These software tools can help you store and organize your sources and create properly formatted citations and reference lists for your PowerPoint presentations.

Best Practices for Citing Sources from the Web in PowerPoint

Sources from the web are increasingly common in PowerPoint presentations, but it’s important to properly cite these sources using the appropriate citation style.

When citing sources from the web, include the name of the website, the date the content was published or accessed, and the URL of the page. Be sure to verify the credibility of the source and avoid citing unreliable or biased websites.

How to Edit and Update Citations in Your Presentation

After you’ve inserted citations into your PowerPoint presentation, you may need to edit or update them as your research progresses.

To edit or update citations, select the text and manually type the changes you want to make. This will allow you to change the author’s name, the date of publication, or other relevant information. Remember to update your reference list accordingly to reflect any changes made to your citations.

Incorporating Citations into Your Speaker Notes and Handouts

Speaker notes and handouts can be valuable additions to your PowerPoint presentation as they provide extra information and context to your audience.

When creating speaker notes and handouts, be sure to include your citations to demonstrate the sources of your information. You can include your citations in a separate section of your handout, or directly within your speaker notes.

The Benefits of Using Citation Management Software for Your PowerPoint Presentations

Citation management software, such as Zotero, EndNote, and Mendeley, can significantly simplify the citation process in PowerPoint presentations.

These software tools can help you store and organize your sources, create properly formatted citations and reference lists, and even collaborate with others on your presentation. By using citation management software, you can save time and ensure that your citations are accurate and consistent throughout your presentation.

Citing sources in PowerPoint presentations is an important part of academic and professional communication. By properly citing your sources, you demonstrate your understanding of the topic and show your respect for the original author’s work.

When creating your PowerPoint presentation, choose a citation style and follow the appropriate formatting guidelines. Use in-text citations and a reference list to acknowledge the sources you’ve used, and remember to properly cite images and graphics.

With the help of citation management software and online resources, you can simplify the citation process and create accurate and professional PowerPoint presentations.

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The 2024 Goldsmith Awards Ceremony

Description

The annual Goldsmith Awards, presented by the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School, honors public service journalism that has had an impact on United States public policy and the functioning of government. 

This year's event will take place on April 3, 2024, in the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum. We will honor six reporting teams (five finalists and one winner) that have done the best investigative reporting that has had an impact on U.S. public policy in the previous year. The winner is announced live during the ceremony. 

2024 Goldsmith Career Award Winner Nina Totenberg will share her insights in a "fireside chat" with Shorenstein Director Nancy Gibbs , followed by a brief question-and-answer session with the audience. The ceremony will also honor the winners of this year's Goldsmith Book Prize and the inaugural recipient of a new Goldsmith special citation.

Co-sponsored with the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy.

Please register with a valid Harvard email address to attend in-person. All JFK Jr. Forums are also publicly livestreamed on our YouTube channel .

Accessibility

The IOP encourages persons with disabilities to participate in our programs. If you have questions about accommodations or the physical access provided, please contact 617-495-1360 or [email protected] in advance of the event. The Forum is currently closed to those without a Harvard ID, and RSVPs are required for in-person attendance.

Event Details

RSVP with a valid Harvard email address (in-person attendance) Date: Wednesday, April 3, 2024 Time: 6:00pm EST Where: JFK Jr. Forum, 79 John F. Kennedy St., Cambridge, MA 02138 RSVP for In-Person Seat

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