topics for research proposal in elt

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Finding a Viable Research Topic in ELT

• Willy's ELT Corner
• Posted on April 26, 2022

Willy A Renandya, 26 April 2022

Finding a viable research topic in ELT or applied linguistics may seem like a mysterious process. Many graduate students or beginning researchers often encounter lots of difficulty.

They don’t know much about what topic is researchable, they are not sure how to find and use resources in the library and the internet, how to find an interesting gap that they can fill, etc.

The process however is not at all mysterious. Once you understand that graduate level research is a literature-supported research study (and not an experience-based research study), the process becomes more straightforward.

Experienced researchers typically go through the following steps as soon as they have decided on a topic.

• Identify the big players associated with that topic and read their most recent publications. If you are thinking of researching vocabulary acquisition, you might need to look up renowned vocabulary researchers such as Paul Nation and Averil Coxhead whose work has inspired hundreds of vocabulary researchers.
• If you are new and can’t think of any big scholars, you can do a search using Google Scholar.  For example, if your topic is on feedback in writing, you can type in keywords such as: “written corrective feedback”, or “Grammar feedback in writing”. If you want to narrow down your search, include another important keyword “L2”, “ESL” etc. Top scholars with the most number of citations will usually appear at the top of the Google Scholar list. Examples of big names in the list above might include: Icy Lee, John Bitchener, Dana Ferris, John Truscott, Ken Hyland.
• You may also try to find some meta-analysis articles published by well-known scholars including this one: Lim, S. C., & Renandya, W. A. (2020). Efficacy of Written Corrective Feedback in Writing Instruction: A Meta-Analysis. TESL-EJ, 24(3).
• You might also want to read recently published works by these well-known scholars, preferably one that provides an overview and theoretical discussion of the research. This type of publication, aka review paper or state-of-the-art paper, provides extremely useful information about what researchers have learned and what else they need to learn vis a vis the topic. This is how you can identify the gap in the existing body of the literature.
• The next 3 to 4 months are for you to dive in and search for more relevant readings that you can use to know more about the topic, to sharpen your focus, to narrow down your research and to formulate your research questions. This is perhaps the most exciting part of your research journey, where you will be spending hours and hours reading, reflecting, exploring, synthesizing, evaluating and … writing up your first draft proposal.
• Throughout the process, you will need to work closely with your supervisors, seeking their advice and support. You may also want to bounce ideas off with your fellow graduate students and seek their opinions about your research topic.

Further reading

25 ways to make your research more visible and citable

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Recent Research Trends in ELT: A Look at TESOL Quarterly

This blog is part of the  TESOL Research Professional Council (RPC) Blog series .

Part of the work of the  TESOL Research Professional Council  (RPC) is to identify research trends in teaching English as an additional language. Published research is one area where these trends can be identified, with a review of recently published full-length articles and brief research reports in  TESOL Quarterly  pointing to topics, contexts, and locations that have been in focus over the past few years. Since the start of 2018, 157 full-length articles and brief research reports have been published in the regular issues of  TESOL Quarterly  or as online versions of record (i.e., early view). Each of these articles and reports was coded for this blog post, with similar codes gathered together to uncover common trends.

Common topics in  TESOL Quarterly  over the past 3 years have been related to the areas of

• vocabulary,
• content and language integrated learning,
• speaking, and
• translanguaging

In particular, content and language integrated learning, or English-medium instruction, and translanguaging appear to be emerging trends. Representative findings related to those two topics include  Kim et al.’s  (2021) study that found scaffolding supports content and language learning, and  Goodman and Tastanbek’s  (2021) study that concluded teacher educators can benefit from specific instruction on translanguaging pedagogy.

In relation to educational contexts, most of the reviewed research in  TESOL Quarterly  since 2018 has taken place, respectively, in

• postsecondary institutions,
• K–12 schools, and
• teacher education or development programs.

A few examples include how flipped classrooms can result in higher scores, increased enjoyment, and greater engagement in a university context ( Lee & Wallace , 2018). In K–12 settings,  Blair et al.  (2018) identified English-medium instruction in an elementary school as having the potential to promote asset-based understandings of students.

Geographic Locations

There were about 30 countries represented in recently published articles and reports in  TESOL Quarterly ; the top five locations included

• the United States,
• South Korea, and
• the United Kingdom.

A couple of examples representative of these locations include a study in the United States which found that nonverbal communication plays a role in conveying meaning in English as a lingua franca settings ( Matsumoto , 2018), and a study at a Japanese university which determined that video-based interactions may support the development of listening skills ( Saito & Akiyama , 2018).

As the field of TESOL looks toward the future, it is important to examine trends and identify where more research and scholarship needs to be done, what issues and groups remain underrepresented, and which priorities can inform future research endeavor. In upcoming blog posts, the RPC plans on looking at trends in other journals, such as  TESOL Journal  and various TESOL affiliate journals from around the world.

Blair, A., Haneda, M., & Nebus Bose, F. (2018). Reimagining English-medium instructional settings as sites of multilingual and multimodal meaning making.  TESOL Quarterly, 52 (3), 516–539.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.449

Goodman, B., & Tastanbek, S. (2021). Making the shift from a codeswitching to a translanguaging lens in English language teacher education.  TESOL Quarterly, 55 (1), 29–53.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.571

Kim, E. G., Park, S., & Baldwin, M. (2021). Toward successful implementation of introductory integrated content and language classes for EFL science and engineering students.  TESOL Quarterly, 55 (1), 219–247.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.594

Lee, G., & Wallace, A. (2018). Flipped learning in the English as a foreign language classroom: Outcomes and perceptions.  TESOL Quarterly, 52 (1), 62–84.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.372

Matsumoto, Y. (2018). “Because we are peers, we actually understand”: Third-party participant assistance in English as a lingua franca classroom interactions.  TESOL Quarterly, 52 (4), 845–876.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.430

Saito, K., & Akiyama, Y. (2018). Effects of video-based interaction on the development of second language listening comprehension ability: A longitudinal study.  TESOL Quarterly, 52 (1), 163–176.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.362

31 Mar 2021

• Research Professional Council

About the author

Scott Douglas

Scott Roy Douglas, PhD, is an associate professor in the University of British Columbia’s Okanagan School of Education. His focus is on English as an additional language teaching and learning. Recent research projects have explored topics such as short-term study abroad, undergraduate English for academic purposes, and communicative competence in the workplace. He is also an active member of his local TESOL affiliate as the editor of the   BC TEAL Journal .

This website uses cookies.  A cookie is a small piece of code that gives your computer a unique identity, but it does not contain any information that allows us to identify you personally. For more information on how TESOL International Association uses cookies, please read our   privacy policy . Most browsers automatically accept cookies, but if you prefer, you can opt out by changing your browser settings.

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211 Research Topics in Linguistics To Get Top Grades

Many people find it hard to decide on their linguistics research topics because of the assumed complexities involved. They struggle to choose easy research paper topics for English language too because they think it could be too simple for a university or college level certificate.

All that you need to learn about Linguistics and English is sprawled across syntax, phonetics, morphology, phonology, semantics, grammar, vocabulary, and a few others. To easily create a top-notch essay or conduct a research study, you can consider this list of research topics in English language below for your university or college use. Note that you can fine-tune these to suit your interests.

Linguistics Research Paper Topics

If you want to study how language is applied and its importance in the world, you can consider these Linguistics topics for your research paper. They are:

• An analysis of romantic ideas and their expression amongst French people
• An overview of the hate language in the course against religion
• Identify the determinants of hate language and the means of propagation
• Evaluate a literature and examine how Linguistics is applied to the understanding of minor languages
• Consider the impact of social media in the development of slangs
• An overview of political slang and its use amongst New York teenagers
• Examine the relevance of Linguistics in a digitalized world
• Analyze foul language and how it’s used to oppress minors
• Identify the role of language in the national identity of a socially dynamic society
• Attempt an explanation to how the language barrier could affect the social life of an individual in a new society
• Discuss the means through which language can enrich cultural identities
• Examine the concept of bilingualism and how it applies in the real world
• Analyze the possible strategies for teaching a foreign language
• Discuss the priority of teachers in the teaching of grammar to non-native speakers
• Choose a school of your choice and observe the slang used by its students: analyze how it affects their social lives
• Attempt a critical overview of racist languages
• What does endangered language means and how does it apply in the real world?
• A critical overview of your second language and why it is a second language
• What are the motivators of speech and why are they relevant?
• Analyze the difference between the different types of communications and their significance to specially-abled persons
• Give a critical overview of five literature on sign language
• Evaluate the distinction between the means of language comprehension between an adult and a teenager
• Consider a native American group and evaluate how cultural diversity has influenced their language
• Analyze the complexities involved in code-switching and code-mixing
• Give a critical overview of the importance of language to a teenager
• Attempt a forensic overview of language accessibility and what it means
• What do you believe are the means of communications and what are their uniqueness?
• Attempt a study of Islamic poetry and its role in language development
• Attempt a study on the role of Literature in language development
• Evaluate the Influence of metaphors and other literary devices in the depth of each sentence
• Identify the role of literary devices in the development of proverbs in any African country
• Cognitive Linguistics: analyze two pieces of Literature that offers a critical view of perception
• Identify and analyze the complexities in unspoken words
• Expression is another kind of language: discuss
• Identify the significance of symbols in the evolution of language
• Discuss how learning more than a single language promote cross-cultural developments
• Analyze how the loss of a mother tongue affect the language Efficiency of a community
• Critically examine how sign language works
• Using literature from the medieval era, attempt a study of the evolution of language
• Identify how wars have led to the reduction in the popularity of a language of your choice across any country of the world
• Critically examine five Literature on why accent changes based on environment
• What are the forces that compel the comprehension of language in a child
• Identify and explain the difference between the listening and speaking skills and their significance in the understanding of language
• Give a critical overview of how natural language is processed
• Examine the influence of language on culture and vice versa
• It is possible to understand a language even without living in that society: discuss
• Identify the arguments regarding speech defects
• Discuss how the familiarity of language informs the creation of slangs
• Explain the significance of religious phrases and sacred languages
• Explore the roots and evolution of incantations in Africa

Sociolinguistic Research Topics

You may as well need interesting Linguistics topics based on sociolinguistic purposes for your research. Sociolinguistics is the study and recording of natural speech. It’s primarily the casual status of most informal conversations. You can consider the following Sociolinguistic research topics for your research:

• What makes language exceptional to a particular person?
• How does language form a unique means of expression to writers?
• Examine the kind of speech used in health and emergencies
• Analyze the language theory explored by family members during dinner
• Evaluate the possible variation of language based on class
• Evaluate the language of racism, social tension, and sexism
• Discuss how Language promotes social and cultural familiarities
• Give an overview of identity and language
• Examine why some language speakers enjoy listening to foreigners who speak their native language
• Give a forensic analysis of his the language of entertainment is different to the language in professional settings
• Give an understanding of how Language changes
• Examine the Sociolinguistics of the Caribbeans
• Consider an overview of metaphor in France
• Explain why the direct translation of written words is incomprehensible in Linguistics
• Discuss the use of language in marginalizing a community
• Analyze the history of Arabic and the culture that enhanced it
• Discuss the growth of French and the influences of other languages
• Examine how the English language developed and its interdependence on other languages
• Give an overview of cultural diversity and Linguistics in teaching
• Challenge the attachment of speech defect with disability of language listening and speaking abilities
• Explore the uniqueness of language between siblings
• Explore the means of making requests between a teenager and his parents
• Observe and comment on how students relate with their teachers through language
• Observe and comment on the communication of strategy of parents and teachers
• Examine the connection of understanding first language with academic excellence

Language Research Topics

Numerous languages exist in different societies. This is why you may seek to understand the motivations behind language through these Linguistics project ideas. You can consider the following interesting Linguistics topics and their application to language:

• What does language shift mean?
• Discuss the stages of English language development?
• Examine the position of ambiguity in a romantic Language of your choice
• Why are some languages called romantic languages?
• Observe the strategies of persuasion through Language
• Discuss the connection between symbols and words
• Identify the language of political speeches
• Discuss the effectiveness of language in an indigenous cultural revolution
• Trace the motivators for spoken language
• What does language acquisition mean to you?
• Examine three pieces of literature on language translation and its role in multilingual accessibility
• Identify the science involved in language reception
• Interrogate with the context of language disorders
• Examine how psychotherapy applies to victims of language disorders
• Study the growth of Hindi despite colonialism
• Critically appraise the term, language erasure
• Examine how colonialism and war is responsible for the loss of language
• Give an overview of the difference between sounds and letters and how they apply to the German language
• Explain why the placement of verb and preposition is different in German and English languages
• Choose two languages of your choice and examine their historical relationship
• Discuss the strategies employed by people while learning new languages
• Discuss the role of all the figures of speech in the advancement of language
• Analyze the complexities of autism and its victims
• Offer a linguist approach to language uniqueness between a Down Syndrome child and an autist
• Express dance as a language
• Express music as a language
• Express language as a form of language
• Evaluate the role of cultural diversity in the decline of languages in South Africa
• Discuss the development of the Greek language
• Critically review two literary texts, one from the medieval era and another published a decade ago, and examine the language shifts

Linguistics Essay Topics

You may also need Linguistics research topics for your Linguistics essays. As a linguist in the making, these can help you consider controversies in Linguistics as a discipline and address them through your study. You can consider:

• The connection of sociolinguistics in comprehending interests in multilingualism
• Write on your belief of how language encourages sexism
• What do you understand about the differences between British and American English?
• Discuss how slangs grew and how they started
• Consider how age leads to loss of language
• Review how language is used in formal and informal conversation
• Discuss what you understand by polite language
• Discuss what you know by hate language
• Evaluate how language has remained flexible throughout history
• Mimicking a teacher is a form of exercising hate Language: discuss
• Body Language and verbal speech are different things: discuss
• Language can be exploitative: discuss
• Do you think language is responsible for inciting aggression against the state?
• Can you justify the structural representation of any symbol of your choice?
• Religious symbols are not ordinary Language: what are your perspective on day-to-day languages and sacred ones?
• Consider the usage of language by an English man and someone of another culture
• Discuss the essence of code-mixing and code-switching
• Attempt a psychological assessment on the role of language in academic development
• How does language pose a challenge to studying?
• Choose a multicultural society of your choice and explain the problem they face
• What forms does Language use in expression?
• Identify the reasons behind unspoken words and actions
• Why do universal languages exist as a means of easy communication?
• Examine the role of the English language in the world
• Examine the role of Arabic in the world
• Examine the role of romantic languages in the world
• Evaluate the significance of each teaching Resources in a language classroom
• Consider an assessment of language analysis
• Why do people comprehend beyond what is written or expressed?
• What is the impact of hate speech on a woman?
• Do you believe that grammatical errors are how everyone’s comprehension of language is determined?
• Observe the Influence of technology in language learning and development
• Which parts of the body are responsible for understanding new languages
• How has language informed development?
• Would you say language has improved human relations or worsened it considering it as a tool for violence?
• Would you say language in a black populous state is different from its social culture in white populous states?
• Give an overview of the English language in Nigeria
• Give an overview of the English language in Uganda
• Give an overview of the English language in India
• Give an overview of Russian in Europe
• Give a conceptual analysis on stress and how it works
• Consider the means of vocabulary development and its role in cultural relationships
• Examine the effects of Linguistics in language
• Present your understanding of sign language
• What do you understand about descriptive language and prescriptive Language?

List of Research Topics in English Language

You may need English research topics for your next research. These are topics that are socially crafted for you as a student of language in any institution. You can consider the following for in-depth analysis:

• Examine the travail of women in any feminist text of your choice
• Examine the movement of feminist literature in the Industrial period
• Give an overview of five Gothic literature and what you understand from them
• Examine rock music and how it emerged as a genre
• Evaluate the cultural association with Nina Simone’s music
• What is the relevance of Shakespeare in English literature?
• How has literature promoted the English language?
• Identify the effect of spelling errors in the academic performance of students in an institution of your choice
• Critically survey a university and give rationalize the literary texts offered as Significant
• Examine the use of feminist literature in advancing the course against patriarchy
• Give an overview of the themes in William Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”
• Express the significance of Ernest Hemingway’s diction in contemporary literature
• Examine the predominant devices in the works of William Shakespeare
• Explain the predominant devices in the works of Christopher Marlowe
• Charles Dickens and his works: express the dominating themes in his Literature
• Why is Literature described as the mirror of society?
• Examine the issues of feminism in Sefi Atta’s “Everything Good Will Come” and Bernadine Evaristos’s “Girl, Woman, Other”
• Give an overview of the stylistics employed in the writing of “Girl, Woman, Other” by Bernadine Evaristo
• Describe the language of advertisement in social media and newspapers
• Describe what poetic Language means
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing on Mexican Americans
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing in Indian Americans
• Discuss the influence of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” on satirical literature
• Examine the Linguistics features of “Native Son” by Richard Wright
• What is the role of indigenous literature in promoting cultural identities
• How has literature informed cultural consciousness?
• Analyze five literature on semantics and their Influence on the study
• Assess the role of grammar in day to day communications
• Observe the role of multidisciplinary approaches in understanding the English language
• What does stylistics mean while analyzing medieval literary texts?
• Analyze the views of philosophers on language, society, and culture

English Research Paper Topics for College Students

For your college work, you may need to undergo a study of any phenomenon in the world. Note that they could be Linguistics essay topics or mainly a research study of an idea of your choice. Thus, you can choose your research ideas from any of the following:

• The concept of fairness in a democratic Government
• The capacity of a leader isn’t in his or her academic degrees
• The concept of discrimination in education
• The theory of discrimination in Islamic states
• The idea of school policing
• A study on grade inflation and its consequences
• A study of taxation and Its importance to the economy from a citizen’s perspectives
• A study on how eloquence lead to discrimination amongst high school students
• A study of the influence of the music industry in teens
• An Evaluation of pornography and its impacts on College students
• A descriptive study of how the FBI works according to Hollywood
• A critical consideration of the cons and pros of vaccination
• The health effect of sleep disorders
• An overview of three literary texts across three genres of Literature and how they connect to you
• A critical overview of “King Oedipus”: the role of the supernatural in day to day life
• Examine the novel “12 Years a Slave” as a reflection of servitude and brutality exerted by white slave owners
• Rationalize the emergence of racist Literature with concrete examples
• A study of the limits of literature in accessing rural readers
• Analyze the perspectives of modern authors on the Influence of medieval Literature on their craft
• What do you understand by the mortality of a literary text?
• A study of controversial Literature and its role in shaping the discussion
• A critical overview of three literary texts that dealt with domestic abuse and their role in changing the narratives about domestic violence
• Choose three contemporary poets and analyze the themes of their works
• Do you believe that contemporary American literature is the repetition of unnecessary themes already treated in the past?
• A study of the evolution of Literature and its styles
• The use of sexual innuendos in literature
• The use of sexist languages in literature and its effect on the public
• The disaster associated with media reports of fake news
• Conduct a study on how language is used as a tool for manipulation
• Attempt a criticism of a controversial Literary text and why it shouldn’t be studied or sold in the first place

Finding Linguistics Hard To Write About?

With these topics, you can commence your research with ease. However, if you need professional writing help for any part of the research, you can scout here online for the best research paper writing service.

There are several expert writers on ENL hosted on our website that you can consider for a fast response on your research study at a cheap price.

As students, you may be unable to cover every part of your research on your own. This inability is the reason you should consider expert writers for custom research topics in Linguistics approved by your professor for high grades.

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• Knowledge Base
• Starting the research process
• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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151+ Research Proposal Topics [Updated 2024]

Crafting a compelling research proposal begins with selecting the right topic—a task that demands careful consideration and a thoughtful approach. In this blog post, we’ll delve into the intricacies of choosing research proposal topics, exploring the importance of a well-defined focus and guiding you through the steps to create a robust proposal.

How to Select Research Proposal Topics?

Table of Contents

Selecting research proposal topics is a crucial step in the research process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose a compelling and impactful research topic:

• Self-reflection:
• Identify your personal interests, passions, and curiosities.
• Consider topics that resonate with you on a deep level.
• Academic and Professional Interests:
• Reflect on subjects that captivated you during coursework or work experience.
• Assess the relevance of these interests to your academic or career goals.
• Current Issues and Trends:
• Stay informed about contemporary challenges and emerging trends in your field.
• Choose a topic that addresses current issues for greater relevance and impact.
• Literature Review:
• Conduct a thorough review of existing research in your chosen field.
• Identify gaps and limitations in the current body of knowledge.
• Formulate Clear Research Questions:
• Develop clear and concise research questions based on the gaps identified.
• Ensure your questions are feasible and align with the chosen topic.
• Choose a Methodology:
• Select an appropriate research methodology (experimental, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods).
• Justify your choice and discuss data collection techniques.
• Significance and Contribution:
• Articulate the relevance of your proposed research.
• Highlight the potential contributions your work can make to the field.
• Research Design and Plan:
• Outline the specifics of your research design.
• Create a realistic timeline, allocating resources and budget effectively.
• Address Challenges and Limitations:
• Acknowledge potential challenges and limitations.
• Discuss strategies to mitigate challenges and be transparent about constraints.
• Conclusion:
• Summarize key points of your research proposal.
• Emphasize the importance of the chosen topic and encourage feedback.

By following these steps, you can ensure that your research proposal topic is not only engaging but also has the potential to make a meaningful contribution to your field of study.

151+ Research Proposal Topics: Category Wise

Science and technology.

• The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Job Market Trends
• Advancements in Renewable Energy Technologies
• Exploring the Potential of CRISPR Technology in Genetic Engineering
• Cybersecurity Measures for Critical Infrastructure Protection
• The Role of Blockchain in Supply Chain Management
• Augmented Reality in Education: Enhancing Learning Experiences
• Quantum Computing: Current Status and Future Implications
• Sustainable Technologies for Environmental Conservation
• Smart Cities: Integrating Technology for Urban Development
• Robotics in Healthcare: Applications and Ethical Considerations

Health and Medicine

• Precision Medicine: Customizing Healthcare Based on Genetic Factors
• The Impact of Telemedicine on Patient Care
• Mental Health Stigma: Strategies for Reduction and Education
• Vaccination Hesitancy: Understanding Causes and Developing Interventions
• Aging Population and Healthcare Challenges
• Bioinformatics and Personalized Cancer Therapies
• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing Medical Conditions
• Emerging Infectious Diseases: Preparedness and Response Strategies
• Nutrition Education in Schools: Promoting Healthy Lifestyles
• Healthcare Disparities: Addressing and Eliminating Gaps in Access

Social Sciences

• Social Media and its Influence on Political Discourse
• Impact of Social Isolation on Mental Health in Elderly Populations
• Cultural Competence in Education: Training and Implementation
• The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Career Choices
• Cyberbullying: Prevention and Intervention Strategies
• The Effects of Immigration Policies on Migrant Communities
• Restorative Justice in Criminal Justice Systems
• Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Self-Esteem
• Intersectionality in Feminist Movements: Challenges and Opportunities
• Community Policing: Building Trust between Law Enforcement and Communities
• E-Learning Platforms: Effectiveness and Challenges
• Inquiry-Based Learning: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills
• Inclusive Education Practices: Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners
• The Impact of Standardized Testing on Educational Equity
• School Safety Measures: Strategies for Prevention and Response
• Teacher Professional Development: Models and Effectiveness
• Online Education Accessibility for Students with Disabilities
• Gamification in Education: Engaging Students in Learning
• Bilingual Education: Benefits and Challenges
• STEM Education Initiatives: Encouraging Interest in Science and Technology

Business and Economics

• Sustainable Business Practices: Balancing Profit and Environmental Impact
• Corporate Social Responsibility in Multinational Corporations
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Business Operations
• Economic Consequences of Global Health Crises
• Digital Marketing Trends and Consumer Behavior
• Financial Literacy Education: Bridging the Gap
• Small Business Sustainability: Challenges and Strategies
• The Gig Economy: Implications for Workers and Employers
• Supply Chain Resilience in the Face of Global Disruptions
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets

Environment and Sustainability

• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Communities
• Biodiversity Conservation in Urban Environments
• Circular Economy Models: Reducing Waste and Promoting Sustainability
• Water Scarcity: Technological Solutions and Policy Measures
• Impact of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems
• Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Balancing Production and Conservation
• Environmental Education in Schools: Fostering Eco-Consciousness
• Green Building Technologies: Enhancing Energy Efficiency
• Ecotourism: Balancing Conservation and Economic Development
• The Role of International Agreements in Addressing Environmental Issues

Psychology and Behavior

• The Influence of Social Media on Body Image and Self-Esteem
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression
• Impact of Childhood Trauma on Adult Mental Health
• Positive Psychology Interventions: Enhancing Well-Being
• Sleep Hygiene and its Impact on Mental Health
• The Psychology of Procrastination: Causes and Interventions
• Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace: Benefits and Training
• The Impact of Parenting Styles on Child Development
• Cross-Cultural Psychology: Understanding Cultural Influences on Behavior
• The Role of Music in Emotional Regulation and Stress Reduction

Political Science and International Relations

• The Rise of Populism: Causes and Consequences
• Cyber Warfare and International Security
• Human Rights Violations in Conflict Zones: Challenges and Solutions
• The Role of International Organizations in Global Governance
• Political Polarization: Understanding Divisive Trends
• Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control Agreements
• Comparative Analysis of Electoral Systems
• Immigration Policies and Social Cohesion
• Global Health Diplomacy: Collaborative Approaches to Health Challenges
• The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes

History and Cultural Studies

• Reevaluating Historical Narratives: Perspectives and Interpretations
• Cultural Impact of Globalization: Trends and Reactions
• Indigenous Rights and Representation in Historical Context
• History of Scientific Discoveries and their Societal Impact
• Archaeological Excavations: Uncovering Lost Civilizations
• Cultural Appropriation: Examining Controversies and Contexts
• The Role of Women in Historical Movements
• Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Challenges and Innovations
• Historical Trauma and its Contemporary Repercussions
• Impact of Colonialism on Contemporary Societies

Communication and Media Studies

• Influence of Social Media on Political Participation
• Media Representation of Marginalized Groups
• Fake News and Misinformation: Identifying and Combating Trends
• The Evolution of Print Media in the Digital Age
• Media Literacy Education: Navigating Information in the Digital Era
• Celebrity Culture and its Impact on Society
• The Role of Public Relations in Shaping Organizational Image
• Cross-Cultural Communication in Global Business
• Podcasting as an Emerging Medium of Communication
• Advertising and Consumer Behavior: Analyzing Persuasion Techniques

Philosophy and Ethics

• Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Research
• Bioethics in Medical Decision-Making
• Existentialism and its Relevance in Contemporary Society
• Animal Rights and Ethical Treatment in Scientific Research
• Environmental Ethics: Balancing Human Needs and Ecological Sustainability
• The Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Cloning
• Virtue Ethics in Professional Decision-Making
• Technology and Privacy: Ethical Dilemmas in the Digital Age
• Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare
• Utilitarianism and its Application in Ethical Decision-Making

Education Policy and Administration

• School Voucher Programs: Impact on Educational Equity
• Teacher Evaluation Systems: Effectiveness and Fairness
• Inclusive Leadership in Educational Institutions
• Early Childhood Education: Policy and Implementation
• Standardized Testing: Implications for Educational Policy
• Education Funding Models: Challenges and Solutions
• School Choice and its Impact on Student Achievement
• Educational Technology Integration in Classroom Settings
• Community Engagement in School Decision-Making
• The Role of Educational Leaders in Fostering Inclusive Schools

Economics and Development Studies

• Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation Strategies
• Impact of Global Trade Policies on Developing Economies
• Economic Empowerment of Women in Developing Countries
• Sustainable Development Goals: Progress and Challenges
• Rural-Urban Migration: Economic and Social Impacts
• Financial Inclusion: Strategies for Bridging the Gap
• Foreign Aid Effectiveness: Assessing Outcomes
• Technology Transfer and Innovation in Developing Nations
• Income Inequality: Causes and Policy Solutions
• The Role of Microenterprise in Local Economic Development

Criminal Justice and Law

• Restorative Justice: Implementation and Impact on Recidivism
• Police Body Cameras: Efficacy and Ethical Considerations
• Cybercrime Laws and Challenges in the Digital Age
• Juvenile Justice Reform: Strategies for Rehabilitation
• Bail Reform: Addressing Inequities in Pretrial Detention
• Criminal Profiling: Validity and Ethical Concerns
• Drug Policy Reform: Exploring Alternatives to Criminalization
• The Impact of Hate Crime Legislation on Social Cohesion
• Eyewitness Testimony Reliability: Challenges and Improvements
• International Criminal Court: Effectiveness and Challenges

Public Health and Epidemiology

• Disease Surveillance Systems: Enhancing Early Detection
• Health Inequalities: Social Determinants and Interventions
• Maternal and Child Health Interventions in Developing Countries
• Impact of Health Education on Preventive Behaviors
• Access to Healthcare Services in Rural Areas
• Lifestyle Interventions for Chronic Disease Prevention
• Community-Based Participatory Research in Public Health
• Mental Health Interventions in School Settings
• The Role of Public Health in Pandemic Preparedness and Response

Computer Science

• Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Bridging the Gap Between Performance and Interpretability
• The Role of Quantum Computing in Revolutionizing Cryptography
• Ethical Considerations in the Development of Autonomous Vehicles
• Cybersecurity Challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem
• Human-Computer Interaction: Enhancing User Experience in Virtual Reality Environments

How to Compose a Research Proposal?

Composing a research proposal is a systematic process that involves careful planning, organization, and clear articulation of your research idea. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to compose a research proposal:

• Title: 
• Create a clear and concise title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Introduction:
• Provide background information on the research topic.
• Clearly state the research problem or question.
• Justify the importance and relevance of your research.
• Summarize relevant existing literature.
• Identify gaps, limitations, and areas for further exploration.
• Establish a theoretical framework for your study.
• Research Questions or Hypotheses:
• Formulate clear and specific research questions or hypotheses.
• Ensure they align with the research problem and are feasible.
• Objectives or Aims:
• Outline the specific goals of your research.
• Clearly state what you aim to achieve with your study.
• Methodology:
• Describe the research design and justify your choice.
• Detail the data collection methods and tools you plan to use.
• Address ethical considerations related to your research.
• Explain the importance of your research.
• Clearly state the potential contributions your study can make.
• Provide a detailed plan for executing your research.
• Include a timeline, milestones, and the allocation of resources.
• Potential Challenges and Limitations:
• Acknowledge possible obstacles and limitations.
• Discuss strategies to address challenges proactively.
• Summarize the key points of your research proposal.
• Reiterate the significance of your research.
• Invite feedback and suggestions.
• References:
• Cite all the sources and literature used in your proposal.
• Follow the appropriate citation style ( APA, MLA, Chicago , etc.).
• Appendices (if necessary):
• Include any supplementary materials such as surveys, questionnaires, or additional data.

Tips for Composing a Research Proposal

• Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and straightforward language. Avoid unnecessary jargon that may confuse readers.
• Alignment: Ensure that each section of your proposal aligns with the overall research objective.
• Feasibility: Confirm that your proposed research is feasible within the given time and resource constraints.
• Review and Revise: Review your proposal for coherence, consistency, and clarity. Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors and make revisions accordingly.
• Adherence to Guidelines: Follow any specific guidelines or instructions provided by your institution or funding agency.
• Engage the Reader: Capture the reader’s attention in the introduction and maintain engagement throughout.
• Ethical Considerations: Clearly address any ethical concerns related to your research, ensuring compliance with ethical standards.

Selecting research proposal topics is a nuanced process that requires a blend of personal passion, academic rigor, and an understanding of the broader context.

By following this comprehensive guide, you can navigate the seas of research proposal development with confidence, ensuring that your chosen topic is not only compelling but also lays the foundation for meaningful and impactful research.

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iPhD Research Proposal in Applied Linguistics/ELT

Module overview.

At the end of the taught phase of the IPhD in Applied Linguistics/ELT, you will work under supervision towards the preparation of a doctoral research proposal.

This is non-credit-bearing Masters-level module, however progression from year 1 of the IPhD (from the taught phase to the doctoral phase) is dependent upon successful completion of this proposal, which must be passed at 65% or higher.

Aims and Objectives

Learning outcomes, transferable and generic skills.

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

• compose under deadline conditions an extended piece of writing which is logically structured, coherently argued, and clearly written, supported by a detailed bibliography;
• demonstrate originality of thought and approach which moves beyond a simple synthesis of secondary materials.
• demonstrate interpersonal skills whilst working with others in the investigation of problems, and in the presentation of arguments and evidence;
• understand ethical and legal issues involved in applied linguistics research;
• critically assess some previous work on your chosen subject;
• design an empirical research project in applied linguistics/English Language Teaching;
• use information technology appropriately to support and present your research;
• demonstrate understanding of specific, as well as general research skills appropriate to a research project at doctoral level. This includes advanced information search/retrieval techniques and a relevant range of empirical fieldwork techniques;

Knowledge and Understanding

Having successfully completed this module, you will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:

• the topic you have selected in your chosen field of study;
• relevant theoretical approaches applicable to your topic;
• research design and techniques appropriate for your topic;
• scholarly and (where relevant) policy debates relating to your topic.

The IPhD proposal is an extended piece of work of 4,500 words, outlining the research questions and methodology for an independent doctoral research project.

Learning and Teaching

Teaching and learning methods.

You learn primarily through research and independent study, accompanied by group meetings with the module coordinator, the PGR discussion group coordinator and individual tutorials with your PhD proposal supervisor. Group meetings provide a forum for discussion of possible topics and for addressing issues of common concern regarding project design. Individual supervisions address the scope of the project and design and methodology for investigation of the topic, and the structure of the proposal. Later meetings require you to have prepared a written section which will be discussed.

Keith Richards (2003). Qualitative Inquiry in TESOL . Palgrave Macmillan.

Nicholas Walliman (2001). Your Research Project: A step by step guide for the first-time researcher . SAGE Publications.

Judith Bell (2018). Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers in education and social science. . Amacom.

James Dean Brown and Theodore S. Rodgers (2002). Doing Second Language Research . Oxford University Press.

Keith Richards, Steven Ross and Paul Seedhouse (2011). Research Methods for Applied Language Studies . Routledge.

Assessment strategy

The IPhD proposal must be passed at 65% or higher.

This is how we’ll formally assess what you have learned in this module.

This is how we’ll assess you if you don’t meet the criteria to pass this module.

An internal repeat is where you take all of your modules again, including any you passed. An external repeat is where you only re-take the modules you failed.

Repeat Information

Repeat type: Internal & External

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ELT CHOUTARI

Nepal’s first digital elt magazine, thesis writing: a big learning opportunity.

 Background

“Thesis” this word always had been a matter of mystery for me since I started master level because every senior I talked

said that the toughest part of the study was thesis writing. They shared their success, failure, complexities and challenges they faced in terms of writing a thesis. When I approached that level, I was at a loss because I could not find myself more confident. However, I have always been prepared and concerned about this matter and became curious from very beginning. More, I often remembered my sister who used to share her experiences of writing a master thesis and energized me as thesis is ‘something especial’  which requires a lot of patience and handwork. Before approaching this level, I might not be more serious about this matter meanwhile a kind of feeling came in my mind like, oh my god, “it is a tough writing”. Keeping those things in mind, I prepared for it .As a result, I reached at its final result. During this journey of writing a thesis I experienced most suffering and stressful time, I feel like that a woman suffered during in labour pain. It was in the sense that I had no option escaping from it because I spent about a year for preparing this thesis and face several problems, challenges, dilemmas and fear since the early days of preparing proposal to facing thesis viva. These several painful moments during the process however made me strong and leads towards its successful completion.

 Early Preparation for Conducting Research

I could visualize my classmates and found the same inherent problem like me in terms of writing a master thesis. At that time our concern was on thesis ‘topic’. Though initially, I have no idea about thesis writing, yes! Of course, I have a desire to carryout out research quite differently than other (to be honest, till that time, I had no vision to carry out the research on totally new area and design, I don’t know why but it can from my inner heart my …..).Therefore, I have always been concerned about this matter with little knowledge about thesis writing since the very beginning of master level. Times flies very fast eventually, I approached to the first rehearsal stage of preparing research proposal for the partial fulfillment of assignment of research methodology subject. For preparing this proposal, like other friends of mine, I visited CRC and read out some theses and prepared proposal without knowing the real essence of writing well proposal. Actually, it was in third semester, without having proper knowledge on it I submitted to the Department. I was curious to know the feedback of my work. It is all because I was thinking that this work would be helpful for my further process of thesis writing. On the contrary, it did not happen to me. I neither got feedback from my teacher (initially he promised to return back with feedback) nor he returned checked copy. Feeling little depressed, immediately, after the completion of this project, I went to one of my senior teacher of our faculty and expressed my research interest. I shared my interest on doing research in new topic. Then, he advised me as, “sounds interesting! I wonder if you find the literature of that topic in our own ELT context.” He further added that he however might not be sure either I can ….  Being confused, I remained silent because I had no more option instead  of quitting it .Thus, I just quitted it and thinking on doing research in quite easier topic than earlier. Eventually, I appeared final exam and worried thinking about thesis topic. After the completion of exam, I immediately visited CRC and brought some theses and decided to carry out survey design research as others.

The Moment Somewhat I understood Area and Topic

The Department of English Education published the notice of thesis supervisor. I saw my name under the supervision of respected guru Dr. Prem Bahadur Phyak. I heard his name and his contribution in English language teaching. But, before that time, I had no formal visit to him. Some days later, he called a first meeting for a discussion. On that particular day, we gathered and discussed on general matters. My friends were sharing their ideas one by one after introducing themselves. When my turn came, I was really confused whether I could tell. Feeling little comforted I tried, but it went difficult for me to speak over there because before that time I never became serious about “area” and “topic”. Though I became nervous, I successed to speak something about topics, I brought. Meanwhile, he understood my intention, made me feel comforted. After discussing with him, somewhat I understood and got little idea on area and topic. I knew the area ‘gender’ but became confused how to carry out the research on it. I returned back home and laid down restlessly continuously thinking on it. But the question “how to carry” had drawn my attention. After a long debate within, I decided to do it and immediately requested to my supervisor for providing some materials related to gender. He immediately sent me a pile of reviewed works. Next day, I downloaded and printed out all, I had. Then, I started to read. I read and underlined the words which I considered most important. I read each article several times but became tired and frustrated when I understood nothing.  However, I kept on reading.

Gradually, we were called for second and third meeting for a discussion. In those productive meeting, I learnt many things but felt little uneasy because I was still in dilemma and not sure how to start and what to do later? Meanwhile, I saw some of my friends were confidently sharing their ideas .On the other hand, I found some of them were in dilemma (still) like me. Although I was in dilemma, I observed them and I felt little comforted. But till that time, I could not dare to speak. To be frank, finally, I tried to express my inner intention with my facilitator, ‘Sir, I went through all but understood nothing’. He simply replied, Nabina, “You show your interest on gender. Your issue is great. So, don’t be afraid. Be positive and just spend some more time on it”. This time, probably I felt little more comforted than earlier meetings. In such way, our last group meeting before preparing proposal was end with the discussion of choosing area, population and selecting research design particularly.

Experience of Preparing the First Draft of Proposal

Once I decided my area typically gender, having little knowledge about that field, I started working on it. As I mentioned earlier section, ‘I read but understood nothing’ later appeared as a milestone for me as it motivated me to do the work quite impressively. Keeping the quotation ‘understood nothing’ in my mind, I started to read. I spent about two and half months for reading and generalizing the ideas in my proposal writing. I had done it with paying full attention. Meanwhile, I found, it was as tougher as I thought. At that time, I encountered with several challenges. So, I had frequent visit with my facilitator and getting constructive suggestions for further improvement.

Finally, I prepared the first draft of proposal and visited to my supervisor with little excitement. I handed this draft piece to him to observe my first attempt of writing a proposal. On the other hand, I noticed that my facilitator focus was on my writing ability than the particular topic (It is because, in our earlier meeting, he used to say that not to worry about topic. It may change according to the demand of the study during any of the phase of working). He spent sometimes observing it and commented on my writing skill. As I remembered his first question as, ‘why did you start with definition in your writing, Nabina….?” however, I did not have answer of it. I was really surprised and suddenly said to him, ‘Sir I found the same writing culture when I observed some theses and I did the same here’.  (He laughs).Later, he had kindly awoken me. I got an exposure. During this discussion, I started getting more and more ideas related to language, content, related literature review, organization skill and methodology. It was the time he opened my eyes quite widely. On the other hand, I was embarrassed in front of him it is because I found myself in the very beginning stage of writing. As a result, I had to change my concept paper i.e. proposal for next time.

On that day, our discussion summarized with introducing new word ‘identity’. Though, I fascinated by the word became worried thinking on my investment in preparing earlier proposal. Again I returned back home and stayed restlessly. I was really in dilemma what to do again. I immediately emailed him. He provided pile of articles related to teacher identity. During that time, I faced the same problem as earlier (but not exactly it was) as I did not have many ideas on teacher identity because it was totally new area than earlier for me. Meanwhile, I tried to read quite widely. I spent some weeks, losing my sleep, hunger and ignoring many more. Then, after reading some complex articles (In the sense that, I have not such habit of reading such article by heart, instead I read some just for reading, assignment  purpose) about teacher identity, I consulted several times with my facilitator as it was really hard for me to make even  a general concept on it. Having discussion with facilitator about the issues related to female English teachers’ professional development and more importantly as being a female ELTpractioners, exposure to the difficulties other working female(teacher) have in their personal and professional life, I started fascinated  more by the term “identity”. This time, reading turned out quite enjoyable. But on the way to working, I felt bored and became somewhat redundant as I could not frame my ideas properly. During this phase, I had a several visit with him and expressed my problems as, ‘Sir I went through all articles but could not organize my ideas properly? He kindly advised me ‘you can’ but please does it passionately.

I then determined and followed his suggestion, continuing my job of preparing proposal. Since that day, the word “identity” sounded in my mind (is still). After all, I spent another one and half month for preparing next proposal. During this phase, I worked hard despites the difficulties I faced. As a result, I successed to write all the parts except introduction. Again, I spent some more days for preparing the introduction part. During the whole proposal writing, I found that writing introduction was most challenging and time consuming in comparison to other parts. Finally, after a several draft, it was submitted to proposal defense. After the successful completion of proposal defense I did required correction by following the suggestion provided by the research proposal evaluation committee for further improvement. Since the days of submitting research proposal to the department even today I feel that starting writing had impacted in my several writing draft so it can be appeared as strong basis for writing present proposal for me furthermore, it extends my horizon of knowledge in the interested area and got the chance to be familiar with the recent practices and trends in researching and academic writing.

Journey of Data Collection and Interpretation

My journey of data collection started after the phase of facing proposal viva. Regarding data collection, I was worried thinking on how it would be going on and whether I could find the expected participants. During the phase of proposal writing, I talked with some female ELT teachers whom I knew but later I found them being confused and trying to escape by remarking time limitation. So, I became worried and went to Pokhara .In order to fulfill the requirement for my research, I visited several public schools of valley. I asked help from my family and head of visited school to provide information. After the several days’ attempt, I met participants who were willingly taken part in my study.

After a phase of planning. I provided them a written consent letter for getting ethical approval. Then after having agreement with them, I conducted my first interview in August 2017. I met with my participants individually for narrative session. The interview was conducted in different places, time and context according to their own comfort than mine. At the very beginning, I started the first interview session by asking more open ended questions, to make them feel free with me. So, I started the conversation with more general questions like what are you doing now? How do you feel right now? etc. I was inquiring in such a way for exploring their present experiences and more importantly, I did it for rapport building. Gradually, I entered into their personal and professional life.  At the same time, I audio- recorded their each interviews.

A month later, to explore more about them, I again needed their help. So, I had a telephone call with each participant for our second meeting. We again fixed our meeting for follow- up interviews. Gradually, this happened in first week of September 2017. In this session, our visit was on different places like their own home, school’s premise, coffee station and so on.  At that time, we largely discussed about their personal and professional life. I mainly focused on the hindering and supporting aspects of their personal and professional life as it was the major objective of this research study. This time, we became more close to each other. So, without hesitation, they openly shared their stories though I noticed, they repeated the past events and even shared the events which they remembered during our ongoing conversation. (Feeling more comforted) In the same way, they even added new stories which they never shared to others. Listening to their unique lived voices, I lost myself with their lived stories and became nervous. At the same time we laughed and cried together. In this way, they not only shared their lived experiences, I also shared my growing interest on carryout out research on this area and growing journey of becoming a teacher. We talked for hours as there were no certain boundaries and fixed time. So, after having the interviews, I provided the question for written narrative. Despite their interviews and written narrative, I have a frequent visit to them on social sites. Furthermore, I observed their activities, facial expression as they were significant factors to explore their hidden reality of becoming an English language teacher. In such way, I collected pile of raw data.

Data Interpretation Stage

Data analysis started after translating (Nepali interview into English) and transcribing lengthy narratives. After two months rigorous hard work, I had prepared myself for data analysis and interpretation. When I stared to analyze raw data, I faced the same problem whether I would go further or escaped from it. Finally, despite the difficulties, I determined and did it. I collected data without having sufficient ideas on how to analyze and interpret them. I again glanced my eyes into the pages of narrative researches which I already have.  I turned the pages of these books but could not find anything I needed and again consulted with my supervisor. He suggested me to follow the framework for analyzing narrative data. (To be frank) I actually didn’t know what would be the framework. I consulted several researches and become frustrated. Later, I went through the work of Riesman (2008) for a discussion of thematic approach to narrative analysis and adopted her ideas which I thought more significant for my research study.

Few months later, I informed about my work to my supervisor. Until that time, I just completed fourth chapter of my thesis and visited with him. Few days later, he informed me about my work. On that day, he provided me more valuable suggestions as how to organize the narratives of participants effectively and how to put relevant literature in this part to make the research sound. Although I got the amount of exposure, while preparing this part, I encountered exactly the same condition as I faced during first proposal draft. I know, I am in the journey of research but I become really confused whether I would ‘go’ further or ‘leave’ it. Then, I remained silent for some days and looking for another simple way. However, I could not. I had no more option to quit it because I already spent half year working on it (faced proposal viva before 5 months). I tried numerous times and finally decided to continue. During this phase, I faced several challenges and lived through stressful time. Since interpretation to submission for thesis viva, I had numerous visits with him. Finally, through trial and error, I successed to arrive it’s completion and got its present shape.

Challenging Aspects of My Study in Terms of Preparing Thesis Writing

I discussed about my struggles, dilemmas and challenges I had been facing during this research project in the aforementioned section. More importantly, here I have presented these points as some consideration of my thesis journey.  I decided to carry out this research entitled Identity Construction in Female English Language Teachers Professional Development: A Narrative Inquiry without having knowledge on this area, even I did not think that I might to carry out the research on this very topic. However whole thesis journey energized me and finally I arrived  to my destination. Though I have no idea originally to this topic, later it went well. As a result, I found the work much more manageable than I thought it would be. However, throughout this thesis journey, I was spending most of my time working on this research project without having proper sleep, hunger, laugh and many more. It was therefore a very challenging (still is) stage and kept me going on and on.

First, I felt quite easy to carry out the research related to female teacher because this research project was partly inspired by my own personal experience as being ELT practioners however researching on female teacher identity construction particularly is challenging issue for me. It was because “identity” itself is a new area and has not been researched in the context of Nepalese ELT scenario.  Furthermore, I did not find the large amount of researches on this matter around the world teacher education.Infact, there were comparatively less number of researches, have given due emphasis on female teacher identity construction. So, selecting the area and carrying out research related to identity construction is challenging task.

Second, we know reviewing literature play a significant role to make every research sound and fruitful. However, we did not pay due respect on it. People might say, ‘Once we prepared literature in proposal writing we might think that we need not to review it again’. Even, I heard such argument time and again from my friends and seniors. To be frank, not only them, I was not exceptional in this matter. Before approaching that stage, I have an ideology that it might be true. On the contrary, later, I know the value and its impact throughout whole writing. So, I realized that it is an ongoing process. Meanwhile, another concern of my study was related to proper organization of ideas. It was not only the problem I faced in thesis writing, I am still suffering, writing this reflection.

Third, challenge I faced when I simply could not find the respondents for my research Though I  talked earlier( when I was writing proposal)with some female ELT teachers later trying to escape from this research project by pretending for not having time. Then, I became little frustrated and again was searching for required participant for my study. Finally, after my one week hard work, I met some female teachers who were searching a place for sharing their stories. Again, I need to consider other factors like rapport building, conducting interviews, time management, selection of language used for interview and so on.

Fourth idea which I considered is the relationship between researcher and participants throughout the whole thesis process. Throughout this journey, I noticed that in narrative research, the role of researcher is different from other such studies because of the relationship between researcher and participant. As I mentioned in third point, building rapport is the most difficult one in my early days and more concerned with whether I could build better relation to explore their hidden reality.  So, I need to view myself both from insider and outsider perspectives. However, I did not forget my role in this thesis writing.

Last but not least, another concern of my study was accurate representation of meaning in terms of what was expressed in Nepali and what resulted from translation into English. Maintaining core meaning and ideas of participants was a central issue for me. Therefore, I was always afraid of possible effect of misleading the interpretation of gathered data. During the whole thesis process, transcribing (took more than 2 month) and translating were most difficult tasks.

In this way, despite the difficulties I encountered, my interactions with participants provided huge insights on exploring female teacher identity construction, their everyday experiences, contradiction, dilemmas, frustration they experienced in their personal and social life. More importantly, I understood the value of shared story in ELT teaching and learning and its impact in educational change throughout this thesis journey.

My Final Thought, Suggestions and Acknowledgement

After all, the final result made me more energetic as I had been working with ignoring many obstacles, challenges and complexities. To be honest, it was not my earlier goal to submit my thesis on this very topic. But, later due to my strong desire and more importantly the part of motivation which I had from my supervisor, I started my journey of the research in May 2017 within four female teachers who are teaching in basic level at different public school of Pokhara Lekhnath-Metropolitan city. Starting from first stage of selecting area, preparing first research proposal draft, facing proposal viva, conducting interviews, analyzing and interpreting data with finding out conclusion, I passed several joyful and painful moments which sometimes motivated and frustrated during the whole process of working. To be honest, most of the time, I experienced the painful situation and no doubt that I was writing from the level of ‘fear and dilemma’. In fact these dilemmas and fear later made me strong and confident. Most importantly, throughout my educational journey, this firsthand experience enabled me to understand the real value of study from school days to graduation.

Next, during my working days, I observed some of mine friends carried out their theses within limited time and even I heard the thesis, “selling and buying” culture. Yes! Honestly, I am not sure about this rumor but was afraid of it. Instead, I want to say to you all that definitely you have to tackle with many ups and down moments like me during thesis process and you may deserve the result of your hardworking. So, I advised to all prospective researchers not to scare about word “thesis”. You must understand the essence of writing thesis before started writing further. If you do that it will be easier for your further steps.

Further, people I met often told that everyone writes thesis but it does not matter how you write, the goal of writing a thesis is just for getting marks than nothing else. Instead, my stressful time provided me an insights on what is thesis writing in real sense, what is my role as a researcher? Somewhat I got the chance to be familiar with little about thesis writing. Thus, I would like to suggest to all fellow students, you must grab thesis writing as a learning opportunity as you will get the chance to enlighten you and your knowledge on your interested area.

Now, I am at the end of this reflection writing, at this journey I highly indebted to those generous souls whose collaboration makes this journey of knowing mine and others’ possible. Most importantly, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my respected guru and thesis supervisor Dr.Prem Bahadur Phyak, for his sound professional guidance, full attention, timely advice, expertise and encouragement throughout the whole thesis process in spite of his busy schedules and over whelming responsibilities. I am really grateful to him for everything.  More, I have a due respect to all research proposal evaluation and thesis approval evaluation committee for their support and encouragement in completing this research study.  I have a due respect to Prof.Dr. Tara Datta Bhatta for his  encouragement and enlightening ideas on language .Similarly,I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Bal Mukunda Bhandari for his invaluable suggestion. I would equally offer my sincere gratitude to Mr. Laxmi. Pd Ojha for being there and provided suggestion for further improvement. Further, my entire research would not have been accomplished without the help and support of my participants. So, I have a due respect to them who believed me and enthusiastically taking part in this study.

Ms. Nabina Roka is a recent graduate from the Department of English, TU. Her master’s thesis explores identity construction of female EFL teachers in Nepal.

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2 thoughts on “ thesis writing: a big learning opportunity ”.

Wow! it’s a great research you did though you faced so many obstacles to complete this thesis. The topic you chose is much interesting and new as well in the field of teacher professional development. I think all the concerned parties will be benefited from your research. Congratulations my dear friend Nabina Roka.

Thank you so much dear siru for your encouraging words.I do hope so and always have a desire to do as i am still in the very beginng step…..

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Rhetorical Moves Used in Thesis Proposal Writing: A Reflective Study of ELT Students

2022, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

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Ulil 'yienk' Fitriyah

This study aims at investigating rhetorical pattern deployed by undergraduate students of English literature department in composing academic research introduction in their undergraduate thesis. By using CARS model (Swales, 2004), this study analyzed ten students’ Research Introductions (RI) written by low and high achievers. Five set of students’ RI written by high achievers was contrasted with five other sets of RI of their counterpart. This study is objected to investigate the rhetorical patterns employed differently by low and high achievers. The analysis reveals that both groups employed almost similar rhetorical pattern in writing their RAI and they still wrestle in arranging the well-established paragraphs as well as occupying the moves in CARS rhetorical pattern. The result of the study also indicates that both high and low level students experienced similar problem in writing successful RAI in their thesis.

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This research aims to investigate the students' ability and problems in writing introduction section of research proposal. This study has been conducted in an undergraduate English study program a University in Banten. The documentation/selection of students' research proposal was conducted by choosing nine students' research proposals from fifty seven students to represent different levels of achievement. It uses text analysis and in-depth interview to investigate the students' performance in writing a research proposal. These findings implicate that most students faced difficulties in presenting arguments in terms of justifications. Second, most students were not aware that there are standard models in writing a research proposal, especially in terms of its elements and linguistic features, which are widely accepted in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT). This study supports the extensive research into academic writing that emphasizes the importance of explicit teaching of the structure of specific written genres, particularly a research proposal, to second-language students.

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Previous studies have provided exciting findings for language variations in theses and dissertations. However, not many studies have revealed the rhetorical analysis of the undergraduate abstracts. This study investigated the rhetorical structure of undergraduate thesis abstracts to reveal the constructions of the genre by novice writers. It further explored the variations between two groups of writers, students with the native language of English and Indonesian students writing in English. The aim was to present the commonalities and differences within the genre and finally conclude the genre’s conventions. The corpus for this study consisted of 180 undergraduate thesis abstracts from 12 universities in the United States, New Zealand, and Indonesia from Computer Science. The findings of this study revealed certain conventions consisting of rhetorical moves and rhetorical strategies used to perform the rhetorical moves. Differences between native writers of English and non-native wr...

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The present study aimed to find out thematic organization and progression in the argumentative writing of Iranian learners of English, representing two levels of language proficiency, and the introduction section of published Research articles (RAs) of Applied Linguistics. For this aim, 60 articles were downloaded from three journals and also 92 MA and BA students majoring in English Language Teaching and English Literature were selected. Then, three topics were used for gathering data from them. Of the written argumentative compositions, only 67 were chosen for the next phase of the study. These compositions together with the RAs were analyzed based on Halliday’s (1985) model of thematic structure and the revised model of Danes’ (1974) thematic progression patterns. The results of Chi-square suggested that there was a significant difference in the thematic structure of the essays written by MA students and the introduction section of RAs. It was concluded that thematicity can be ef...

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This paper attempts to reveal the students' academic writing competence realized in writing their final project proposals. Five proposals were taken randomly as samples and the analysis was focused on the background of the study due to its significant reasons for choosing the topic. Findings show that most of the students fulfil the content of the texts but does not cover sufficient range of points and most of the texts are poorly organized; only one out of five texts is ordered logically but only some cohesive devices such as but, therefore, and however are used to connect one sentence or one paragraph to the others though they sometimes are not properly used. Besides, students also have insufficient knowledge of vocabulary and grammatical structures for they often make use of the wrong vocabulary and structures, for example the repeated use of the word English in the same paragraph instead of using pronoun it or the wrong use of reflective pronoun in the sentence of the students itself where itself should be themselves. In the sense of the appropriateness of style to the topic, text type, purpose and target reader, it shows that all of the styles of the texts are formal and appropriate. Concerning the accuracy of language or the accuracy of the texts in their use of vocabulary, grammar, discourse features, it shows that most of them made many grammatical errors and awkward syntactic constructions, such as the wrong use of pronouns, reflective pronouns, present continuous tense, possessive form, the incompatibility of the clause sentence and the wrong use of prepositions.

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The Problem Statement (PS) section of a thesis, usually a subsection of the first chapter, is supposed to justify the objectives of the study. Postgraduate students are often ignorant of the rhetorical moves that they are expected to make in their PS. This descriptive study aimed to explore the rhetorical moves of the PS in Iranian master's (MA) degree theses. The study focused on 30 PSs written by MA Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) students. The samples were analyzed based on Swales' (1990) Create-a-research-space (CARS) model. The findings revealed the students' flaws in writing the PS where they typically presented the significance of their study. The results of the analysis of their written samples also showed that some of the students failed to address a problem as an academic issue based on the existing gap in the previous studies and failed to recommend ways to solve the problem. Students' awareness of the rhetorical structure of the PS may help them create higher-quality works in academic settings. This study has theoretical and pedagogical implications, a discussion of which concludes the paper.

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Undergraduate students are required to write a thesis to obtain a degree. One of the most important chapters in the thesis is introduction. Introduction section plays an important role because it describes what the research is all about. To write an introduction chapter, Swales (1990) proposed Create-a-Research-Space (CARS) model, which include three moves, namely establishing a territory, establishing a niche, and occupying the niche. Every move consists of several steps. This study aims to analyze Swales’ CARS model in the introduction chapters of undergraduate theses written by English major students. Furthermore, the lexical and syntactical signals in each move and step are investigated. This research employed discourse analysis, which focuses on how texts are structured. The researchers analyzed 18 introduction chapters of undergraduate theses written by the English major students of Sanata Dharma University who graduated in 2017. In analyzing the corpus, the researcher used to...

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444 Teaching Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 teaching research papers examples, 🎓 simple research topics about teaching, 👍 good teaching essay topics to write about, ⭐ interesting topics to write about teaching, ✅ easy teaching topics for an essay, 📌 most interesting topics about teaching, 🏆 best teaching essay titles, 🎓 teaching writing prompts, ❓ teaching research questions.

• Effects of Teaching Grammar on Writing This essay will analyze the effects that grammar teaching has on writing. It will critically analyze the language transfer theory.
• Teaching Strategies for Children With Disabilities The learning experiences of persons with special needs and disabilities can be so challenging, especially if appropriate teaching strategies are not applied on them.
• Languages Teaching: the Communicative Language Theory Teaching languages currently entails an understanding of purposes and contexts of teaching the various languages, as opposed to the holistic application of methods.
• Student-Centered Teaching and Learning In education, the client-centred approach focuses on deep, lifelong learning of the ‘whole person’ as opposed to merely increasing his/her knowledge in a particular discipline.
• The Mixed Methods in Teaching: Role of Beliefs The paper analyzes the Mixed Methods methodology in the article “Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Practices: A Mixed Methods Approach” by Deniz Palak and Richard T. Walls in 2009.
• Differentiated Teaching: Contents, Products and Processes This essay describes how teachers can differentiate the contents, products, and processes of different instructions as they should fulfill the diverse needs of students.
• Reading Skills Problem: Differentiated Instruction An instruction for a student with advanced reading skills will be very different from that of a student who is struggling to read.
• Challenges of Teaching in Secondary School This paper is an analysis of issues facing secondary teachers and how they contribute to creating a positive and productive learning environment.
• Nursing Students' Teaching and Learning Methods Nursing students deserve a teaching method that grants them an opportunity to evaluate and challenge personal beliefs and assumptions.
• Four Management Functions in Teaching To come up with an efficient teaching strategy, it is necessary to split the management process into key stages: planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
• Instruction Design Model: Teaching and Learning Process Instruction design models are models which ensure learning objective is achieved through the systematic application of instructions.
• Teachers’ Perceptions of Learning Disabilities The study investigates the teachers’ perception of students with learning disabilities in the United Arab Emirates schools.
• Special Education and Teacher Burnout Questions like whether there are any factors that help special education teachers deal with the realities of their profession are high on the agenda of educational circles.
• Cultural Awareness in Omani English Language Teachers This project is designed to investigate the cultural awareness in teaching English as a second language in Omani schools among teachers.
• Teaching Philosophy in Early Childhood Development The five domains of early childhood development constitute the early development instrument perspective, from which an important aspect of teaching philosophy can be explored.
• Teaching English Language Learners: Observation The method of learning that is being utilized by the teacher, in this case, is instructor-led training. The students seem to be already familiar with this teaching method.
• Student Assessment as a Teacher’s Responsibility Student assessment is one of the most critical activities that a teacher cannot ignore. In any case, student assessment is a responsibility for every teacher.
• Learning Disabled Students: Teaching and Parenting This paper discusses types of learning disabilities, perspectives, strategies for teaching students who struggle with learning deficiencies, and parent engagement.
• Adult Education: Affordances and Constraints The concept of work-life balance has become an essential if not integral aspect of the present-day adult learner.
• Co-Teaching for Children with Disabilities This paper focuses on evaluating co-teaching as a means for the successful inclusion of students with disabilities in a rural district, by reviewing articles.
• Teacher's Behavior, School Management, Discipline The paper discusses such school management and discipline and considers some strategies of the teacher’s behavior in problematic situations that arise at school.
• Keller’s and Wlodkowski’s Models in Adult Learning Keller’s ARCS model and Wlodkowski’s approach to motivation are the two strategies that ensure adults’ compelling learning.
• W. T. White School Environmental Scanning Apart from scanning the W. T. White High School's internal environment, it is also essential to investigate the external environment with the help of environmental scanning.
• New Media Technologies and Barriers in Teaching This study examines the factors that limit or influence teachers' intent to adopt and use new media technologies for classroom instruction.
• Teaching Mathematics: Strategies and Standards Understanding of the various strategies for teaching mathematics helps mathematics teachers focus on the most appropriate teaching strategies that assist students in learning.
• Teacher's Professional Goals as to Learning Environment My professional goal is to explore and implement learning strategies designed to increase cooperation and collaboration among students.
• Role of a Teacher in Students' Life Teachers need to recognize the role-model function they serve while in the classroom and conduct themselves in such a manner that they provide proper direction for the children.
• Maria Montessori and Her Three Education Theories Maria Montessori transformed early childhood education through her theories of early childhood education. Scholars consider Montessori to be among the earliest educators.
• The Teachers' Standards in Primary Schools The goal of a teacher is to "achieve the highest possible standards in work and conduct". Department for Education develops standards and reviews them in case of necessity.
• Teaching Foreign Languages to Autistic Students This essay discusses the specifics of teaching foreign languages to children on the autism spectrum with the use of the humanistic approach and modern technology.
• Teacher Perception of New Technology Use at School As the facilitators of education, the opinion of teachers is a critical indicator of the success or the failure of any development that is introduced in the realms of education.
• Teaching Philosophy Statement: An EFL Teacher Perspective Writing Teaching Philosophy Statement is crucial for a teacher as it helps to identify one’s values, underline the perspectives, and discuss the most favored approaches.
• Teacher Professional Development Teachers and administrators working together to consider the questions will build the foundation necessary for a Professional Learning Community.
• College Teaching: Effectiveness of E-Learning The effectiveness of distance learning has been an important topic of debate between educators. It is important to evaluate the effectiveness and suitability of E-Learning.
• Curriculum Design and Evaluation The process of designing and developing a curriculum is quite challenging. A curriculum needs to consider the needs of society, the education system, and the individuals.
• Teaching Second Language Learners Most schools, especially public schools, in the United States have students who have English as their second language.
• Adult Learning Theories for Clinical Teaching Nurses This paper is going to discuss theories of adult learning in the context of clinical teaching nurses and nursing students in a busy surgical ward setting.
• Pre-Service Teachers Attitudes and Beliefs Towards Mathematics Teaching and Achievement Meta Analysis Study The beliefs and attitudes of the teacher towards mathematics would often determine the kind of approach or action taken by the teacher in the classroom.
• Teaching Effects of Alcohol, Tobacco, Drug Abuse To achieve success in preventing drug use among the members of society, all the negative effects of drugs must be included in the anti-drug campaign and education programs.
• The Learning Process: Reading Strategies The paper examines different reading strategies employed by readers in different contexts to enhance the comprehension of various text materials and graphics.
• Merits of a Specialist Autism Unit in a Mainstream School The approach for discussion is by outlining the learning strategies for autistic teachers, schools and learners.
• Teaching Observation for Vibraphone Masterclass In the vibraphone masterclass, David Newcomb discussed ten principles that he uses while writing music pieces for the vibraphone.
• The Success of Math Majors as Classroom Teachers Mathematics is one of the subjects which most students find fairly challenging. This study is aimed at investigating the success of teachers who major in mathematics.
• Community Teaching Plan: Teaching Experience Following the evaluation of the teaching experience, it is possible to identify several strengths and areas for future improvement.
• Teaching Models: Direct or Explicit Instruction Direct Instruction is optimal for students with reading disabilities because of the focus on a strictly structured pattern of planning a lesson.
• The Implementation of the Discussion Teaching Method The implementation of the discussion teaching method will definitely constitute a step forward in the improvement of police training and the enhancement of its efficiency.
• Professional Teaching Philosophy Teachers, school psychologists, and other specialists working with children are likely to have more responsibility to assist students in their development.
• Teachers’ Impact on the Curriculum Teachers have a central role in modern education. This paper will explain the impact of teachers on elementary school curriculum and instruction.
• Teachers Investing in Building Relationships Effect on Students This research will contribute to the improvement of academic success based on how teacher-student relationships are approached.
• Models of Teaching: Universal Design for Learning Universal Design for Learning provides a scientifically sound framework for the guidance of educational practice that operates on two essential principles.
• Philosophy of Teaching: Approach to Teaching The teacher’s role is to observe the process and help learners find solutions. Hence, children will feel they have the possibility to control their learning process.
• Teaching at Elementary School Classroom The lessons need to be designed as discovery time when the pupils learn concepts from working with materials rather than by the teacher’s direct explanation.
• Teachers and Improvement of Classroom Interaction The teacher must know how to behave in an educational setting by providing the best learning environment possible.
• Teaching Process: Approach and Strategies The essence and structure of teaching are among the most urgent issues of pedagogical science. The formation as a professional is closely connected with development as a person.
• Teaching History to Australian Children The Australian history curriculum for Year 1 discusses the changes that have taken place in their family life, the differences between present and past, and describing the sequence of events.
• The Two Teachers: Contrast and Comparison The classroom management techniques promoted and the goals that both respondents set for their pupils by Teacher A are modern and more loyal than those of Teacher B.
• Teaching Math: The Most Effective Strategy Math is often hard to learn for the students: combining concreteness with constant motivation is the key to let students learn Math in the most productive way.
• Reading Models for Effective Teaching of Reading The effective teaching of reading requires the careful implementation of many important components both theoretical and practical.
• Learning Styles: Review Learning styles can be defined as the predisposition of individuals to perceive or process information in a specific way or combination of methods.
• The Impact of Teacher-Students Relationship The issue of the relationship between teacher and student is a traditional psychological and pedagogical problem, which has been the subject of research by many scientists.
• Evaluating Teaching Strategies in the Universities The following essay will discuss the three most common ways that a university evaluates the effectiveness of teaching strategies.
• Teaching Observation for a Piano Lesson The piano lesson conducted by Dr. Spooner was divided into two parts, depending on the piece performed by students.
• My Teaching Philosophy: Personal Experiences Teaching is a great responsibility, it is often a teacher who both shapes their students’ views on a particular subject and contributes to the formation of their world outlook.
• Field Expert Interview: The Instructional Coach When conducting research on an educational topic, it is of extreme importance to consult field experts to search for ideas and acquire in-depth knowledge of a matter.
• Teaching Listening and Speaking To support the learning of listening skills, it is essential to develop varied components of the best learning practices by students.
• Models of Teaching: Learning Disability and Mathematics Both knowledge and skills in mathematics are necessary for childhood and adulthood due to their practical implementation.
• Teaching Strategies for Students with Emotional Disturbance Students with emotional disabilities face specific learning problems, which requires an educator to focus on mastering the skills needed to be actively involved in this community.
• Elementary School Departmentalization The current performance of the US school students in the science classes remains low, and this paper seeks to determine how to solve it.
• The Problems English Teachers Face in Riyadh Schools The aim of this study is to identify the difficulties of teaching English in particular related to the structure of school schedules and the degree of interest of students.
• Portrait of a Teacher: The Role and Importance In modern society, the role of a teacher is undergoing substantial changes. Instead of being an authoritative figure, a modern teacher strives to become a role model.
• Esol Teacher Observation English Language Arts is of primary importance for pupils with a non-native-speaking background. The tendency to integrate has a good effect on English Learners' language skills.
• Teaching Strategies for the Social Studies There are multiple demands regarding the authenticity of learning, which introduces specific requirements to the employed methods.
• Education at WGU School Review WGU is the type of school that will allow the author to progress at a pace that is most suitable to the author, which will allow him to become the best teacher that he can be.
• Teaching Students With Learning Diversities This article discusses a detailed teaching strategy plan for students with learning difficulties. It provides a detailed step-by-step guide to managing this situation.
• Targeted Teaching Activities in Learning Educators utilize diverse teaching strategies to facilitate students’ acquisition of literacy skills and motivate them to learn.
• Universal Design for Learning vs. Nondirective Teaching The universal design for learning is adaptable to the typical classroom of any size. The non-directive approach requires the attention of the teacher to individual students.
• Teaching Strategies for Pupils With Special Educational Needs The authors of the article claim that mainstream teachers show little concern for learners with disabilities who are integrated into their classrooms.
• Teachers Beliefs About Mathematics and Their Confidence to Teach Mathematics The study will investigate the relationship between teachers’ beliefs about mathematics and their confidence to teach mathematics. The study will use quantitative research methods.
• Teacher Evaluation Reform: the Letter to the Governor Reform of the teaching assessment system should include several aspects to maximize efficiency and reflect actual results.
• Head Start and Special Needs Teachers The two professions deal with learners who are delicate and need special attention and care. A head start teacher supervises and organizes pre-K students in classrooms.
• Why I Want to Be a Teacher Humanity can be considered a product of a certain educational system and a few teachers who shared knowledge and wisdom with us during our childhood years.
• Ideas of Comenius and Dewey in Teaching Young Children John Comenius made the most significant impact on the educational system that formed modern school distribution. He introduced America to the outline of the academic system.
• Instructional Strategies used in Vocal Music Teaching Three well-studied instructional strategies to teach vocal and music for struggling students, such as the KWL method, exit slips, and directed reading-thinking activity.
• Teaching and Student Motivation in the Christian Tradition Within the Christian tradition, teaching can facilitate the increased power of persuasion and the ability of teachers to provide invaluable knowledge on morality and doing good.
• About Teaching Strategies The paper shall look at four different teaching strategies and how these can be utilized to ensure that teaching is effective.
• Should Language Educators Teach Young l2 Learners Grammar? The paper will be concentrated on a theoretical study of grammar learning based on literature review and examination of central aspects highlighted by outstanding theorists.
• Conferencing Technologies for Teaching The purpose of this article is to explore the benefits of teleconferencing over traditional teaching approaches.
• Communicative Language Teaching Method The communicative language teaching method has several advantages arising from its basic principles. First, it is a "student-centered and situation-oriented” method.
• The Effects of Teach for America on Students The article “The effects of Teach for America on students: findings from a national evaluation” is a publication authored by P. T. Decker, D. P. Mayer, and S. Glazerman.
• Scaffolding - a Strategy for Second Language Learning Scaffolding focuses on social interaction, mutual engagement, and the cooperation between a teacher and a student to achieve better results in second language learning.
• The Need to Teach Students to Write Writing skills and written communication are fundamental aspects of students' success in terms of academic performance, personal life, and work opportunities.
• Students With Disabilities: Strategies and Teaching Methods Students with disabilities require significantly different educational practices, and applying these unique conditions can be challenging for a teacher.
• Teachers’ Perceptions of Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Students In a linguistically diverse environment, it can be difficult for the professionals to meet the needs and interests of diverse students adequately due the cultural differences.
• Teacher Diversity in the Education System Teacher diversity is an essential part of high-quality education, which needs to be addressed at both national and community-based levels.
• Teaching Methods in English for Foreigners The ESOL specialists are to develop particular learning objectives considering the multilingualism of their students, as well as the fact that English is not their first language.
• Professional Vision of English Teachers in a Non-Native Country The paper will examine the peculiarities of the profession, its challenges, and aspects, and explain how Goodwin’s stages fit in with its professional vision.
• Application for Employment: Primary School Teacher This essay aims to highlight the author's best side, highlight his strengths, and convince the committee that the author is a great fit for the primary school teacher position.
• Legal Rights of Teachers in Educational Environment The legal rights and freedoms of teachers must be upheld, there is no point in giving them responsibility and denying them their freedoms at the same time.
• Socioeconomic Status and Learning & Teaching The paper examines the effects of poverty on learning and teaching, impoverished circumstances affecting school performance, concluding with what teachers have to offer students.
• Importance and Methods of Teaching Andragogy Andragogy or adult learning has two approaches to it: the learner centered approach and the problem-based learning.
• Multidimensional Roles of Secondary School Teachers The essay analyzes the importance of teachers for high school students, their significant roles in learning and their impact on students' lives.
• Choosing a Teaching Philosophy for Successful Practice In this work, the author describes the problem of choosing a teaching philosophy that helps keep students motivated, gives them a perspective on learning and their practical goals.
• Community Teaching Experience This paper explores the experience of a community-based diabetes instruction program for patients of the Valley Day and Night Clinic.
• Expert Teachers v. Experienced Teachers Most educators think that more years of teaching experience make them better. This paper offers reflections on the distinction between expert teachers and experienced teachers.
• Interactive Teaching in the Primary School This article explores speech class, drama class, piano class, and vocal class for elementary school students, and provides links to free resources on these topics.
• The Difference Between an Ineffective Teacher and an Effective Teacher The effective teacher is a good manager of a classroom, while the ineffective one results in disciplining the classroom.
• An Overall Commentary for ESL Practice Course In this paper, the author describes his/her own experience in taking part in the training that touched on both the theoretical and practical aspects of the teaching process.
• Teaching Styles and Learning Activities In this exercise, the concept of interest is efficiency or speed of learning. In turn, there are two constructs – having to do with teaching style and type of learning activity.
• Fine Art in Mathematics: Teaching Concepts Fine art in mathematics is a concept that has significantly contributed to the understanding of mathematics among students.
• How Teachers Deal With Bullying in the Classes The problem is that the teachers may take a lot of time addressing these acts of violence at the expense of instructional time in the classes.
• Science Teachers’ Professional Development The University of Colorado has developed a program that plays a critical role in engaging education as well as science faculty in solving national concerns in the field of education.
• Community Teaching - Evaluation of Teaching Experience The report provides a summary of the teaching plan, the epidemiological rationale for the topic, evaluation of teaching experience, the response of the addressed community.
• The Learning and Teaching of Science Education The study was aimed at finding out why different teachers will respond differently to a quest for curriculum change though they have the same professional qualifications.
• Development System for Teachers in England One of the things that could help improve the effectiveness of education in England is evaluating the teachers’ performance and getting the necessary strategies.
• An Effective Teacher Performance and Development Framework The paper is an effective Teacher Performance Development Framework for a secondary school in the District. It will shape teaching culture, enhance performance, and learners’ outcomes.
• U.S. Education and edTPA: Discussion The assessment of the quality of teaching is a tricky task, as the tool to be designed must incorporate a variety of social and education-related factors.
• Inclusive Teaching Strategies in a General Classroom Inclusive learning is a form of the organization of the learning process, in which all students regardless of their features are included in mainstream education.
• Curriculum Planning and Design Curriculum planning and design are characterized by the application of strategies and models that can be effective for adult learning.
• Active Learning: Approaches and Theories The paper discusses four theories of active learning: behaviorist, cognitive, social, and humanistic. It supposes issues that help to achieve students’ active learning engagement.
• MyLabsPlus: The Online Teaching and Learning Program MyLabsPlus is a lively online teaching and learning program that has been created to help different people across the world.
• Influence of Teachers’ Attitudes on Student Behavior and Achievement This article is about a study that aims to determine how teacher attitudes affect student behavior and performance in grades kindergarten through fifth.
• How Teacher Attitudes Affect Students' Behavior and Performance in Grades The aim of conducting this study is to determine how teacher attitudes affect student behavior and performance in grades Kindergarten through fifth.
• Teacher Performance in Chinese Higher Education Sector One of the most under-researched areas in education leadership is the inability of policymakers to improve staffing models.
• American Federation of Teachers' Union American Federation of Teachers' major core goals involved ending child labour, advocating for equality in educating learners, and ensuring teachers' needs are satisfied.
• Technological Advances and Teaching in Special Education Consistent improvements in the data and correspondence advances (ICT) had its offer in the instructional innovations.
• Curriculum, Teaching and Reality The paper will discuss the concepts of teaching physical education, its role, and the effects on the realities of teaching as well as the teachers’ performance.
• Philosophy of Education The essence of the philosophy of education implies the combination of underlying philosophical issues and problems regarding specific educational policies and practices.
• Preschool Teacher Practice Rotation Experience Preschool experience plays a pivotal role in a person’s development, as it lays the foundation for their character
• Burnout and Work Engagement in Teachers The study by Hakanen et al. identifies and describes two processes connected with the levels of burnout and work engagement in general education teachers.
• The McGill Teaching Assistants Strike The timing was chosen by Teaching Assistants (TAs) in declaring a strike is very crucial, especially at a time when the exams are due
• Online and Face-To-Face Classes Comparative Analysis Online classes seem to be more convenient than the face to face classes. This is because online classes have more advantages than face-to-face classes.
• Using Educational Psychology in Teaching It is important to define the term standardized tests, which are the assessments that are given to large amounts of students, that is why they are called that way.
• Adapting Teaching to Meet the Cultural Needs of the African American Youth The standard education frameworks, practices, and procedures may, therefore, not prove as effective when applied to this population.
• Annotated Bibliography: How Students Learn To help teachers create connected lessons and organize an effective learning environment, the author provides several tips to increase teaching proficiency.
• The Role of English Education in Japan The instruction purpose follows the idea of developing a graduate population of learners who can clearly apprehend the information produced in English at a basic level.
• Challenges Educators Face The paper identifies the inability to provide personalized content to learners as the significant problem many educators stand to face as educators in their future assignments.
• Input Enhancement in Second Language Acquisition Through cognitive theory, it is crystal clear that without thoughts, feelings can never be manifested, and in return, no action can be executed.
• Teaching EFL in China: Classroom Culture in China Teaching English as a foreign language is part of China's international communication and cooperation program launched in 1978.
• Differentiated Instruction as a Teaching Method Differentiated instruction is a teaching method that gives students various ways to absorb knowledge and make sense of concepts.
• Teaching Strategies Importance and the Difference Between Them and Teaching Methods Teaching strategies and methods are different, strategies are actions that are meant to achieve a certain goal, while methods are used to accomplish individual tasks.
• Teaching Pianistic Skills For Beginners: Video Reflection Teaching pianistic skills for beginners requires skills in-room preparation and student engagement throughout the lesson. This paper will reflect on a piano lesson with a student.
• Traditional and Online Styles of Education This essay will examine the similarities and differences between traditional and online styles of education in the context of college.
• Adult Teaching: Theory and Application Adults may apply for college to acquire a new specialization. The ability of adults to learn has been a comprehensive discussion among educators worldwide.
• Philosophy of Education Analysis The educational philosophy is learned chiefly from one’s life experiences, personal values, environment, and interactions with other individuals.
• "Teaching Strategies for Preschool Educators" Analysis The article focuses on the main teaching strategies used in preschool education. The first strategy is the promotion of early literacy.
• Traditional and Modern Teaching Tools The modern tools are technology-centric compared to the traditional models that do not have intensive modernization on the teaching plan.
• Teaching Content and Processes The debate about whether teachers should focus on content or processes, such as study skills and critical thinking, has been ongoing within academic circles for a long time now.
• Infection, Risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Teaching Plan Major interventions will be based on the fact that there is a need for teaching sexuality, teaching safe sex, and infection protection.
• Practice Educator Working with Students This paper examines the efficacy of performing the functions of a Practice Educator, critically reflects and analyzes aspects of learning and practice working with the student.
• Teaching Children With ADHD The teaching method used by an instructor should cater to the student's needs. It is essential to understand what works for them and then model one’s teaching to suit this.
• STEAM Activities. Teachers’ Professional Work The STEAM activity selected for this discussion involves students designing a bridge or a building and observing its performance.
• Strategies for Pre-school Teachers of Dual Language Learners The paper discusses that bilingual children find it difficult to fit into learning environments that focus on one language. It equips teachers with advanced skills.
• Learning Theory: Teaching in Lifelong Learning Learning has always composed a vital part of each human life, being a functional ability that can be used both pragmatically and contemplatively.
• Early Childhood Educator: Pedagogical Mission and Approach An early childhood educator is an important figure in a child’s life. Aside from providing knowledge, one should facilitate child's socialization and transmit universal values.
• The Importance of Teaching Shakespeare in Schools Modern schools need reinforcement and further encouragement in in-depth learning of Shakespeare's works to facilitate students' knowledge, skills, and abilities.
• A Teaching/Coaching Plan On COVID-19 Mental Health Cases Among Children This teaching plan consists of simplified solutions for improving mental health now that a vaccine against the virus has been developed.
• Becoming a 21st Century Teacher Technology has become an integral part of education in the 21st century. Students and teachers can no longer envision education without using modern hardware and software.
• Reflection on the Observed Teacher’s Classroom Most teachers use ongoing and numerous techniques for gathering information in their assessment systems. They also utilize various arts integration approaches.
• Traditional and Non-Traditional Methods of Teaching Allowing students to be more active participants of the studying process, non-traditional methods can be helpful for the development of specific skills.
• Intervention Reflection Paper: The Teaching Process The teaching process always involves different methods and techniques that assist students in absorbing learning materials and making progress in education.
• Examination of Elementary Teachers' Perceived Barriers Regarding the Inclusive Setting
• Teaching Philosophy and Pedagogical Strategies
• Lack of Bilingual Teacher Training and Inadequacies of Instructional Materials
• Teaching and Learning in Adult Education
• How Colleges Prepare and Support Black Male Teachers
• How to Become a Teacher Who Is Expected, Loved, and Respected by Students
• Role of Teacher in Coping with Students' Misbehaviors
• Ideal Educational Experience: The Role of Primary School Teachers’ Attitudes
• Preparing Early Special Education Teachers to Partner With Families
• The Challenging Cases Faced by Teachers
• Teacher Compliance to the National Board Standard
• Tenure Laws for Teachers: How Due Process Protects Teachers and Students
• Guided Learning: The Teaching Strategy
• Teacher Certification Credentials in Puerto Rico
• Discussion of Educator’s Word of Intent
• Culturally Responsive Teaching Article
• Philosophy of Education and Theoretical Foundation
• Teaching and Learning in the Children’s Program
• Integrated Co-Teaching and Impact on Learning
• Reinforcers in Classrooms: Educational Psychology in Teaching
• The Importance of Teaching Curriculum for the Teaching Profession
• Teaching Profession: Public and Educators’ Views
• Intercultural Education and Ethnocentrism in Prospective Teachers
• Linguistics Instruction for Teachers of English
• Discussion of Teaching Concepts Based on Adult Learning Theories
• Professional Identity and Teachers' Work
• English as a Second Language Teaching Philosophy
• Interview on Part-Time Teaching and Work Experience
• Teachers and Reflection. Professional Development
• Teaching Play Skills for Children with Disabilities
• Teachers’ Approaches to the Learning Process
• Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teaching Special Needs
• Modern Teacher-Educator's Personal Values and Professional Qualities
• Teacher Leadership in Special Education
• Teacher Leadership Practices in Special Education
• Edmodo: Teaching and Learning in the Digital World
• Face-to-Face and Online Teaching Comparison
• Principles of Teaching and Learning
• Veteran Teacher Interview
• Aspects of Learning and Teaching
• Teacher Resilience and BRiTE modules
• Teaching and Managing Minor Behaviors
• Approaches to Teach Children With Developmental or Intellectual Disabilities
• Reading Instruction and Key Approaches
• Training Needs Analysis for High School Teachers
• The Role of a Teacher in Modern Society
• Teacher Skills in Wong’s “The First Days of School”
• Intentional Teaching Qualities
• Personal Code of Ethics for Early Childhood Educator
• How Teachers Should Be Evaluated
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation of Teachers in Special Education Secondary School
• Learning Environment With Student Diversity: New Teacher Survival
• Teacher Philosophy of Reaching Diverse Students
• Teacher Support of Culturally Diverse Students
• Aspects of Balance in the Teacher’s Job
• Development of Teaching Philosophy
• Planning and Teaching in a Preschool Setting
• Teacher Unions & Tenure and Alternatives
• The Influence of Lower-Income Community in Rural Areas on the Teaching Process
• Teaching Mathematics with National Library of Virtual Manipulatives
• Aspects of Teaching as a Noble Career
• “Emotional Competence and Effectiveness of New Teachers” by Lecates
• Qualitative Research Methods in Teaching
• Flipped Classroom: Modern Technologies in Teaching
• The Due Process Rights of Teachers
• Cooperative Learning as Effective Mathematics Teaching Practice
• Teachers' Perspectives in the Primary Schools
• Education Theories and Learner-Centered Teaching
• Special Area Teachers and Their Evaluation
• Teachers’ Perceptions on Using Mobile Assisted Language Learning
• Teachers’ Perceptions on Using MALL
• Shaping Policy in Music Education: Music Teachers as Collaborative Change Agents
• The Teacher Should Be Unbiased and Evaluate Only Knowledge
• The Curriculum Evaluation Process for Teachers
• Culturally Sensitive Teaching in the United States
• Improving University Professor’s Workplace Performance
• Aspects of Co-Teaching Model
• Teaching Module Introducing Rev 2:12-17 (Church of Pergamos)
• Personal Education Philosophies and Approaches to Teaching, Learning
• Comparing Harvard Professors Pinker and Nock
• Intentional Teaching, Operant Conditioning and Extrinsic Motivation
• Inquiry-Based Teaching, Institutional Practice, and Assessment
• Aspects of Teacher Education Career
• Special Education Teacher Interview
• Stem Education by Mathematics Teachers in Saudi Primary Schools
• Teaching People to Become Good Employees: Pros & Cons
• Teaching English to Dual Language Learners
• Are Teachers’ Unions and Tenure Healthy for Educational System?
• Teachers’ Certification: Is It Necessary?
• Teacher's Evaluation of Student Learning
• Teaching Strategies for Dual-Language Students
• Co-Teaching Models: Finding the Perfect Trio
• Early Childhood Educators' Influence on Society
• Educators’ Professional and Ethical Considerations
• Teaching Disabled Students in College
• Special Education Teachers and Their Roles
• Tenacity of Teachers from Michigan
• Establishing Student Feedback to Improve Teaching Methods
• Important Information Types for Teachers
• Program Quality Assessment: Teaching and Learning
• Professional Qualities of Teachers' Work
• Biases in Education: Teaching for Diverse Cultures
• The High Turnover Rate of Teachers in the US
• Relationship Between Teachers and Students in the Universities
• Creating a Joy and Engagement in the Academic Setting
• Analysis of "Stop Teaching Handwriting" Article
• “Learning Mathematics Through Minecraft”: Key Points and Reasoning
• Children’s Developmental Level and Quality of Teaching
• The Efficacy of Teaching Reading Strategies
• Underpaid Teachers and Quality of Education
• Merit Pay for Teachers: Annotated Bibliography
• Teacher Welcoming Diverse Students in Classroom
• Teaching Focus: Six Engagement Strategies
• Educators’ Teaching Approaches in Parents’ Perceptions
• The Position of an Elementary School Teacher: Aims and Personal Experience
• Literacy in Elementary Schools After COVID-19 Pandemic
• “Patterns”: Teaching Colors and Combinations
• Evidence of the Teacher’s Knowledge of Learners
• Teacher Training: Gamification Strategies and Flipped Classroom Design
• High Teacher Turnover Rates in the United States
• Teaching Discipline-Specific Literacies in Grades 6-12
• Instructional Methods in Online and Traditional Classes
• Teacher Mentoring and Reflective Practitioner Approach
• Factors of Motivation of Distance Education
• Online Learning Environment and Student Engagement
• Critical Thinking and Its Role in Curriculum
• Andragogy: Teaching Who We Are
• Promoting Equity Through Teacher Research
• Importance of Curriculum Development
• Clarification of Research Design, Research Methods, and Research Methodology
• Qualitative Research Article Analysis in Educational Framework
• Support Structures for Novice Teacher Retention
• Leadership Styles and Emotional Intelligence in Educators
• Role of Teachers in Gross Motor Development
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• UK Conduct Regulator Proposes Payment Optionality for Investment Research

The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority has opened a  consultation  setting out proposals for allowing firms to use joint (bundled) payments for third-party research and execution services, subject to certain requirements being met. The proposals follow the recommendations made by the U.K.  Investment Research Review  in July last year, and which both the U.K. government and FCA accepted. This also follows the removal by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission of its temporary exemption on the need for U.S. firms to register as investment advisors if they sell research separately from execution. Responses to the consultation may be submitted until June 5, 2024. Depending on the scope of feedback received, the FCA is aiming to publish its final rules or guidance by the end of June 2024.

The FCA is proposing to introduce a new option that facilitates bundled payments for third-party research and execution services. The new option would be available alongside the existing methods of a firm making direct payments out of its own resources or from a separate research payment account.

Firms that opt to make bundled payments will need to satisfy certain conditions, including:

• A formal policy setting out the firm's approach to bundled payments, including governance, decision-making and controls.
• An agreement with research providers on the methodology for calculating and separately identifying the cost of research.
• A structure for payment allocation between research providers.
• Operational procedures for administration of accounts used to purchase research and for delegating responsibilities to others. This will include frequent and timely reconciliation and reporting for such accounts, timely payments to research providers, and monitoring and managing research provider concentrations. The FCA states that the operational procedures would not include RPA-like arrangements whereby monies are periodically swept to a bank account controlled by the asset manager.
• A budget for third-party research which must be reviewed and renewed at least annually. The budget should be based on expected amounts needed to purchase research, not on volumes or values of transactions.
• An approach for allocating costs or research across clients that ensures a fair outcome such that the costs incurred by clients reflect the benefits received. The FCA confirms that the specific cost of individual research items would not need to be discretely attributable to individual clients.
• Periodic assessment of the value, quality, use and contribution to investment decision-making of the research purchased and, at least annually, price benchmarking of research against relevant comparators.
• Disclosures to clients on the firm's use of bundled payments, the main elements of its approach to implementing the payment option and meeting the relevant requirements, if and how bundled payments are combined with any other payment option, a firm's most significant research providers and incurred costs.
• Confirmation that research services are not a factor in assessing best execution and that the FCA's best execution rules continue to apply.

The FCA is also proposing to include short-term trading commentary and advice linked to trade execution to the list of acceptable minor non-monetary benefits for all payment options. This is intended to address any differences in access to research that could arise from short term trading commentary being provided by a U.S. broker-dealer, which may not be able to accept bundled payments, and an investment advisor, which would be able to accept bundled payments. We discussed the impact of the removal of the SEC's relief as well as potential solutions for U.S. broker-dealers in our client note, " MiFID II and the U.S. Investment Adviser Regime: The Latest U.K., EU and U.S. Developments on Inducements and Research Unbundling ".

The FCA's proposals are similar to the EU's recently provisionally agreed amendments to the EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive that form part of the Capital Markets Union Action Plan. The EU is also intending to make it possible for investment firms to choose whether to apply separate or joint payments for research and execution services with bundled payments being subject to compliance with requirements, many of which are similar to the FCA's proposed requirements. However, the timing on the application of the changes in the U.K. and EU is likely to be very different since the EU changes, once published in the Official Journal of the European Union, will need to be transposed into member state national laws 18 months later. The U.K. will most certainly implement its changes ahead of the EU.

It is noteworthy that the EU and U.K. are now both significantly adjusting the MiFID II rules on unbundling of research, which created enormous compliance and documentary disruption to industry, decimated the U.K. and EU sector for research (especially for smaller issuers) and had numerous other unintended consequences. Those consequences were repeatedly made known by market associations and firms to the EU legislators and the U.K.'s FCA in the run up to MiFID II being introduced. The FCA's new policy is essentially reversion to the status quo ante under U.K. regulation prior to the mistakes of MiFID II.

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