class 10 history nationalism in india case study questions

Case Study Questions Class 10 History -Nationalism In India

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Case study Questions in Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 are very important to solve for your exam. Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Case Study Questions have been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving Case Study Questions Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

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In CBSE Class 10 Social Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Nationalism in India Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1: To the altar of this revolution, we have brought our youth as incense’. Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non-violence. In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Feroz Shah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das, and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Du3 threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. In the same year, there was an a3empt to blow up the train that cord Irwin was traveling in. Bhagat Singh was 2: when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify ‘the cult of the bomb and pistol’ but wanted a revolution in society ‘Revolution is the inalienable right of mankind. Freedom is the imprescriptible birthright of all. The laborer is the real sustainer of society Z To the altar of this revolution we have brought our youth as incense, for no sacrifice is too great for so magnificent a cause. We are content. We await the advent of the revolution. Inquilab Zindabad

Why Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was formed? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option. (a) To fight against the British colonial rule with the principle of non-violence (b) To fight against British colonial rule in India (c) To achieve independence for the country through an armed rebellion

(d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

(ii) Consider the following statements and find the incorrect from the given options. I. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. II. Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was based on the principles given by Mahatma Gandhi. III. Bhagat Singh wanted a revolution in the society.

Codes (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) Both II and III

Answer: (b) Only II

What lessons does Bhagat Singh’s life have for modern-day India? Identify the correct option. (a) He emphasised on socio-economic changes rather than changing political leaders. (b) He inspired the masses to break social barriers of casteism. (c) He taught people to shed away the fear of British rulers. (d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

The HSRA and Bhagat Singh focussed on which section of the society to bring a revolution? Identify the correct option. (a) Labourers (b) Leaders (c) Youth (d) Merchants

Answer: (c) Youth

During whose tenure as the Viceroy of India were the great martyrs Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru hanged? Choose the best suitable option. (a) Lord Canning (b) Lord Irwin (c) Lord Minto (d) Lord Curzon

Answer: (b) Lord Irwin

Which of the following were the Revolutionary activities of HSRA? Choose the correct option. (a) Central Assembly Bombing Case. (b) An attempt to blow up the train that Lord Irwin was travelling in. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Involved in Lahore Conspiracy Case

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

Case Study 2: The chapter “Nationalism in India” in Class 10 History explores the growth of nationalism in India during the colonial period and the various movements and leaders that shaped the Indian independence struggle. It delves into the impact of British colonial rule, the emergence of the Indian National Congress (INC), the role of Mahatma Gandhi, and the significance of the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements. Additionally, it examines the role of various social and religious movements, such as the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Khilafat Movement, in mobilizing the masses and fostering a sense of unity among Indians.

MCQ Questions:

Which chapter in Class 10 History focuses on the growth of nationalism in India?

a) Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

b) Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

c) Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialization

d) Chapter 7: Print Culture and The Modern World

Answer: b) Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

What is the significance of the Indian National Congress (INC) in the nationalist movement?

a) It promoted violent resistance against British rule.

b) It advocated for the continuation of British colonial rule.

c) It provided a platform for nationalist leaders to voice their demands.

d) It focused solely on religious reforms in India.

Answer: c) It provided a platform for nationalist leaders to voice their demands.

Who is considered as the leader of the non-cooperation and civil disobedience movements in India?

a) Jawaharlal Nehru

b) Bhagat Singh

c) Subhash Chandra Bose

d) Mahatma Gandhi

Answer: d) Mahatma Gandhi

Which movements played a significant role in mobilizing the masses and fostering unity during the Indian independence struggle?

a) The Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Khilafat Movement

b) The Swadeshi Movement and the Quit India Movement

c) The Non-Aligned Movement and the Dandi March

d) The Green Revolution and the White Revolution

Answer: a) The Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Khilafat Movement

Hope the information shed above regarding Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries about the CBSE Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India Case Study and Passage-Based Questions with Answers, feel free to comment below so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible By Team Study Rate

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Case Study Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Here we are providing case study questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India.

Case Study Question 1:

Emboldened with this success, Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

(i) Name the act which is being described in the passage. (a) Satyagraha Act (b) Rowlatt Act (c) Government of India Act (d) East India Company Act

(ii) Who opposed this Act? (a) Gandhiji (b) Lord lrwin (c) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Subhas Chandra Bose

(iii) ______ was not a provision of this act. (a) Organisation of Rallies (b) Detention of Political prisoners (c) Curb political activities (d) All of these

(iv) This act was initiated through the efforts of (a) Imperial Legislative council (b) Indian members (c) East India company (d) Gandhiji

Tips to prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science.

Preparing for case study and passage-based questions in class 10 social science can be challenging, but it is important to remember that with the right approach, you can effectively tackle these types of questions. Here are some steps you can take to prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science:

Understand the format of case study questions: Case study questions for class 10 social science usually require you to read a scenario or a passage and answer a set of questions based on it. These questions can be based on various topics like history, geography, economics, or civics.
Read and analyze the case study or passage carefully: The first step in answering case study questions is to read the scenario or passage carefully. Try to identify the main idea or theme of the passage and note down any important details that you think are relevant. Pay attention to any maps, graphs, or charts that are included as they can be helpful in answering the questions.
Identify the type of questions being asked: After reading the case study or passage, you should analyze the questions being asked. Try to identify the type of question, whether it is a factual question or an analytical question. Factual questions require you to provide specific details from the passage, while analytical questions require you to use your critical thinking skills to analyze the information presented in the passage.
Use your textbook and notes: To prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the topics covered in your textbook. Go through your notes and textbook to revise the relevant topics and concepts. This will help you to answer the questions more accurately.
Practice sample questions: One of the best ways to prepare for case study questions is to practice answering sample questions. Try to find sample questions online or in your textbook and practice answering them. This will help you to get comfortable with the format of the questions and improve your speed and accuracy.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Ncert solutions for class 10 history chapter 2 nationalism in india social science.

Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 history chapters:, how ncert solutions of chapter 2 nationalism in india for class 10 history can be helpful for students, why ganhiji launched non-cooperation movement and how it started, what is inland emigration act of 1859, how civil disobedience movement started, contact form.

Case Study Questions Class 10 History Nationalism In India

Case study questions class 10 history chapter 2 nationalism in india.

CBSE Class 10 Case Study Questions History Nationalism In India. Term 2 Important Case Study Questions for Class 10 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Nationalism In India.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 2 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 10 History Nationalism In India

We hope that above case study questions will help you for your upcoming exams. To see more click below –

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions and Answers: History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Cbse class 10 social science important questions: get the important questions and answers from cbse class 10 history unit 1 chapter 2 nationalism in india. the answers to these questions are also attached towards the end of these questions..

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions: In this article, we are going to discuss the important questions of the 2nd chapter Nationalism in India from the NCERT History textbook ‘India and the Contemporary World- II which is the prescribed textbook for the of the History section of CBSE class 10 Social Science syllabus.

The curriculum of CBSE Class 10 Social Science is divided into four units that cover the four aspects - History, Geography, Political Science and Economics. The chapter Nationalism in India is the second chapter in the first unit covering topics such as First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements and the differing strands within the movement, civil disobedience movement and so on under the theme of Events and Processes.

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Important Questions

Multiple choice questions.

Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji?

(a) Pressure from the British Government

(b) Second Round Table Conference

(d) Chauri-Chaura incident

Relaxation towards the plantation workers in Assam
plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission
free mobility for the plantation workers
workers defied the authorities and left the plantations

3. Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?

(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju

(b) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra

(d) Mahatma Gandhi

Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires, started wearing Indian clothes.
Economy fell
people did not take united action
Financing foriegn goods continued

5. The ‘Simon Commission’ was boycotted because

(a) there was no British Member in the Commission.

(b) it demanded separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.

When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?

7. Who formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the Congress?

(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Motilal Nehru

(b) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Mahatma Gandhi

What is the meaning of picket?

A. Foreign goods were burnt

B.Non financing of foreign imports

C.wearing only Indian clothes

D. A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office

9. Which of the following was Mahatma Gandhi’s novel method of fighting against the British?

(a) He used violent method of stone pelting.

(b) He used arson to bum down government offices.

What actions were taken during the Non Cooperation Movement ?
the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
Boycott of foriegn goods and services
Surrender of titles that the government awarded.
boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods

11. Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921?

(a) Swaraj Party

(b) Justice Party

Why did General Dyer order to open fire on a i peaceful demonstration at Jallianwala Bagh? Choose from the given options.

(a) He wanted to show his power.

(b) Firing was ordered because it was an unruly crowd.

(c) Because his object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create fear in the minds of ‘satyagrahis’.

Who was the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?

(a) Rabindranath Tagore

(b) B.R. Ambedkar

What was the purpose of imposing the Rowlatt Act?

(a) The Rowlatt Act forbade the Indians to : qualify for administrative services.

(b) The Rowlatt Act had denied Indians the right to political participation.

Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi, was the leader of which of the following movements?

(a) Khilafat Movement

(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement of Andhra Pradesh

What does satyagraha mean? Choose one from the following options.

(a) ‘Satyagraha’ means use of physical force to inflict pain while fighting.

(b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a : non-violent method of fighting against oppression.

A form of demonstration used in the Non-cooperation Movement in which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office is

(a) Boycott

Which of the following was Mahatma Gandhi’s novel method of fighting against the British?

Which industrialist attacked colonial control over Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement?

(a) Dinshaw Petit

(b) Purshottamdas Thakurdas

Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in the city of

(b) Calcutta

Who visualised and depicted the image of ‘Bharat Mata’ through a painting?

(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

(b) Rabindranath Tagore

Under the presidency of Jawahahar Lal Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalised the demand of

(a) abolition of Salt Tax

(b) ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence

Which one of the following Viceroys announced a vague offer of dominion status for India in October 1929?

(a) Lord Mountbatten

(b) Lord Dalhousie

Where did Mahatma Gandhi start his famous ‘Salt March’ on 12th March 1930?

(b) Chauri-Chaura

Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement?

(a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali

(b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel

What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?

(a) Satyagraha Movement

(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement

What do you mean by the term ‘Begar’

(a) An Act to prevent plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission.

(b) The forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas during World War I.

When did the Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place?

(a) On 13 April 1919

(b) On 15 August 1919

The Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement began in

(a) January 1921

(b) February 1922

ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS

Directions : In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given.

Mark the correct choice as:

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi decided to take up the Khilafat issue.

Reason (R): He wanted to bring the Muslims into the fold of nationalist movement

Assertion(A): In India the rise of nationalism is associated with the anti-colonial movement.

Reason(R): The sense of being oppressed under colonialism connected many different groups together.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Assertion (A): Gandhiji's idea of 'Satyagraha' emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

Reason(R): Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win the battle by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Assertion(A): Mass processions Were a common feature of the Indian national movement.

Reason(R): People protested for the benefit of their respective social groups.

Assertion(A): The Congress and Muslim League entered into compromise in 1927 and formed an alliance.

Reason(R): In 1928 hopes of conference were removed when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindi Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts of compromise.

Assertion(A): Gandhiji entered the Gandhi Irwin pact on 5th March 1931.

Reason(R): Gandhiji consented to participate in the 2nd Round Table Conference and the government agreed to release political prisoners. .

Assertion(A): When Simon Commission reached India it was opposed with slogans of ‘Simon Go Back’ in1928.

Reason(R) This statutory commission was in India to give suggestions about constitution system, but didn’t have a single Indian member

Assertion(A): The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to connect different groups together into one movement .

Reasons(R): Unity didn’t come without conflicts.

Assertion(A): To glorify the past of the Indians, images were taken from Hindu iconography.

Reason(R): These images were welcomed and celebrated by all the Indians.

Assertion (A): Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.

Reason (R): His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.

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Nationalism in India Class 10 History Previous Years CBSE Extra Questions

Post last modified: 4 October 2022
Post category: Class 10 Social Science Extra Question

Nationalism in India Previous Years’ Questions: The chapter contains two important events in the freedom struggle – The Non-cooperation Movement and The Civil Disobedience Movement- of India have been covered in the chapter Nationalism in India. Other topics include Khilafat issue, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Simon Commission, different participants in the two major movements. The sense of collective belonging is the last topic in the chapter.

Click here for more study materials

Visit Playlist on our YouTube Channel for all videos of this chapter ‘Nationalism in India’.

Nationalism in India CBSE Board Questions

Sessions – 2020 -21 & 2021-22.

One Mark Questions

Q. Which of the following was the reason for calling off ‘The Non-Cooperation Movement’ by Gandhiji? [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

(A) Pressure from the British Government (B) Second Round Table Conference (C) Gandhiji’s arrest (D) Chauri-Chaura incident

Ans. (D) Chauri-Chaura incident

Q. Which of the following event happened on 31 January, 1930? [Diksha]

(A) Gandhi ji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin. (B) Lahore Session of Congress was concluded. (C) The Salt March was launched by Gandhi ji. (D) All of the above.

Ans. (A) Gandhi ji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin

Q. Who among the following wrote the ‘Vande Mataram’? [2020]

(A) Rabindranath Tagore (B) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (C) Abanindranath Tagore (D) Dwarkanath Tagore

Ans. (B) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Q. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order: [2020]

(i) Coming of Simon Commission to India (ii) Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC (iii) Government of India Act, 1919 (iv) Champaran Satyagraha

Options: (A) (iii) – (ii) – (iv) – (i) (B) (i) – (ii) – (iv) – (iii) (C) (ii) – (iii) – (i) – (iv) (D) (iv) – (iii) – (i) – (ii)

Ans. (D) (iv) – (iii) – (i) – (ii)

Q. Why did the Simon Commission come to India? Identify the correct reason from the following options: [2020]

(A) To control the campaign against the British in cities (B) To look into the functioning of the British (C) To initiate salt law in India (D) To suggest changes in the functioning of the constitutional system in India.

Ans. (D) To suggest changes in the functioning of constitutional system in India

Q. Identify the appropriate reason from the following options, for the nonparticipation of industrial workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement. [2020]

(A) Industrialists were close to the Congress (B) British offered them good salaries (C) They were reluctant to boycott foreign goods (D) Growth of socialism.

Ans. (A) Industrialists were close to the Congress

Q. In which of the following places did Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha for the first time in India? [CBSE 2014]

(a) Dandi (b) Ahmedabad (c) Kheda (d) Champaran

Ans. (d) Champaran

Q. Which one of the following statements is not related to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact? [CBSE 2011]

(a) Gandhiji agreed not to launch any further mass agitations against the British. (b) Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Round Table Conference. (c) Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement. (d) The British agreed to release the political prisoners.

Ans. (a) Gandhiji agreed not to launch any further mass agitations against the British.

Q. Why did Indians oppose the ‘Simon Commission’? (2020)

Ans . The Commission did not have any Indian member.

Q. Name the two main leaders of ‘Khilafat Committee’ formed in the year 1919. (2020)

Ans. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali

Q. Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for plantation workers? (2020)

Ans. Because they were not allowed to move out the tea garden.

Q. Who was the author of ‘Hind Swaraj’? [CBSE 2020]

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi was the author of ‘Hind Sawaraj’

Q. Name the author of the novel ‘Anandmath’. [CBSE 2020, 17]

Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is the author of ‘Anandmath’

Short and Long Questions

Q. How was the Simon commission greeted in India? [CBSE 2021-22]

Simon Commission was constituted to look into the functioning of government in India and suggest constitutional reforms. But it was vehemently opposed by India leaders.

Opposition of Simon Commission

The problem was that the commission didn’t have a single Indian member. They were 7 members but all were whites i.e. the British.
Indians saw it as a violation of their right to self-determination and insult to their self-respect.
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, the people showed their opposition by greeting with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.
All parties, including the congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Q. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain. [CBSE 2021-22]

Reasons behind calling off the Non-cooperation Movement

The movement had turned violent.
The immediate cause was the Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur. On February 5, 1922 police fired at the people who are agitating in favour of Non-cooperation Movement. The people rebelled against the police and burnt the police station. As a result, 22 policemen were died
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12 February, 1922.

Q. How did the First World War create a new economic situation in India? Explain. [2021-22]

Ans. The following were the effects of the First World War on the economic and political situation of India:

(i) More defence budget forcing countries to take war loans.

(ii) Shortages leading to prices doubling between 1913-18.

(iii) The Custom duty and taxes were raised leading to price rise.

(iv) Forced recruitment in to the army led to discontent among the people.

(v) Shortage of food items because of crop failures

(vi) Spread of epidemic leading to death of many people

Q. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in the cities and towns of India? (SQP 2021-22)

(i) The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. (ii) Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and college. (iii) Many teachers resigned. (iv) Lawyers gave up their legal practices. (v) The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. (vi) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

Q. “Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in another way and participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement differently.” Justify the statement.

(i) Spread of militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. (ii) They were against colonial policies. (iii) Their livelihood was affected and their traditional rights were denied. (iv) Their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. (v) He wanted liberation by the use of force. (vi) The rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. (vii) Any other relevant point

Q. Read the given text and answer the following questions: (SQP 2021-22)

‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active … ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma … ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-God and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own …’

1. Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma?

Ans. Gandhiji adopted nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of life. According to him philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the weak; it is a weapon, which can be tried by all.

2. How was Gandhian satyagraha taken by the people who believed in his philosophy?

Ans. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will.

3. Why was Gandhian satyagraha considered as a novel way to resist injustice?

(i) One could win the battle through nonviolence. (ii) This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. (iii) People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.

Q. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Ans. The reasons are given below:

(i) Against Rowlatt Act – It was a repressive act. (ii) Jallianwala Bagh incidence – It showed the cruel face of the British government. (iii) Khilafat Andolan – The Khilafat Movement leaders gave their support to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Q. Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Ans. Role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.

(i) Alluri Sitarama Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots.

(ii) The Rebels proclaimed him as an Incarnation of God.

(iii) Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-cooperation Movement.

(iv) He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

(v) But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

(vi) He used Guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

Q. Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

(i) The Rowlatt Act was effective from 10th March, 1919. In Punjab, the protest movement was vast and strong.

(ii) On 10th April, two renowned leaders of the Congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested and were taken to an unknown place.

(iii) A public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala Bagh in a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides to protest against the arrest.

(iv) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park, closed the entrance of the park and commanded his army to fire on the gathered people without any warning.

(v) The firing lasted for ten minutes and sixteen hundred rounds were fired killing about hundreds of people and more than two thousand people were left wounded and unattended.

Q. Explain the meaning and notion of ‘Swaraj’ as perceived by the Plantation Workers. How did they respond to the call of the Non-cooperation Movement? [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

i. Meaning and notion of ‘Swaraj’ as perceived by the Plantation Workers

For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

ii. Response to the call of Non-cooperation Movement:

(a) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.

(b) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

(d) They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a Railway and Steamer strike, they were caught by the Police and brutally beaten up.

Q. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (2020)

Source: The Movement in the Towns:

1. Explain the role of ‘Justice Party’ in boycotting of council elections. 2. How was the effects of ‘non-cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic? 3. Explain the effect of ‘Boycott’ movement on ‘foreign textile trade’.

1. The Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power—something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

2. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

3. i. The import of foreign cloth halved.

ii. Merchants & traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

iii. Indian textile mills & handloom went up

Q. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement in 1922? (2020)

Ans. Because the movement was turning violent as was the Chauri-Chaura incident.

Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.
A group of volunteers picketing a liquor shop were beaten by a police officer.
In protest, a group of peasants went to the police station, bolted the door and set the thana ablaze that killed 22 police men.
The incident shocked Gandhiji and he withdrew the movement immediately.

Q. Explain the implications of the ‘First World War’ on the economic and political situation of India. (2020)

Q. explain the effects of first world war on india. [2016], q. how did the ‘first world war’ create a new economic and political situation in india explain with examples. [2016], q. explain any five major problems posed by the first world war in india. [2015], q. describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘civil disobedience movement.’ (2020).

Ans. The Peasants joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) because the poor peasantry was not just interested in the lowering of the revenue but also remission of rent as many had rented land and had been unable to pay the rent during the years of depression and decreasing cash incomes.

When the movement was called off in 1931, without the revenue rates being revised, the Farmers were highly disappointed. In some parts of the country, they launched ‘no rent’ campaign which was not supported by the congress because this might upset the rich peasant and the landlords.

Many of them refused to participate when the movement was re-launched in 1932. These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.

Other Topic Wise CBSE Board Questions are given on next pages

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Nationalism in India Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these questions will help you to score excellent marks in the board exams.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions History Chapter 2

Very short answer type questions.

1. What is the meaning of ‘Begar’? [CBSE (AI) 2017]

Answer: Meaning of Begar: Labour that villager was forced to contribute without any payment.

2. Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath.’ [CBSE Delhi 2017]

Answer: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

3. Who financed the defence expenditure of World War I?

Answer: War was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced.

4. Why were people in rural areas angry with Britishers?

Answer: There was forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas. Crops failed resulting in acute storage of food, accompanied by influenza epidemic.

5. When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. He had come back from South Africa.

6. Explain the ‘Idea of Satyagraha’. OR What is meant by Satyagraha? [CBSE (AI) 2017]

Answer: The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.

7. How can battles be fought with Satyagraha?

Answer: Idea of Satyagraha suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, battle could be won.

8. What was ‘Champaran Movement’?

Answer: It was the first satyagrahi movement that took place in 1916, in which Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran to inspire the indigo planters to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

9. Why did Kheda farmers protest against Britishers?

Answer: Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue and demanded that revenue collection be released.

10. What was Rowlatt Act of 1919?

Answer: It gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

11. What was Mahatma Gandhi’s reaction on ‘Rowlatt Act’?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6th April.

12. How did people react to Rowlatt Act?

Answer: Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British started arresting the nationalists.

13. Why was Martial Law imposed in Amritsar?

Answer: Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was not allowed to enter Delhi. On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations, so Martial Law was imposed.

14. Why did General Dyer fire on innocent people gathered peacefully in Jallianwala Bagh?

Answer: His object was, as he declared, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ and to create the feeling of terror and awe in the minds of Satyagrahis.

15. What did British do to repress the Rowlatt Satyagrahis?

Answer: Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do Salam to all Sahibs. People were flogged and villages were bombed.

16. Why did Mahatma Gandhi join Khilafat issue?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.

17. Explain the Khilafat Movement.

Answer: Turkey was defeated in World War I and there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on Ottoman Emperor—the spiritual head of the Islamic world. To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay.

18. Who were the two main leaders of the Khilafat Movement?

Answer: Two young brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started Khilafat Movement.

19. What resolution was passed at Calcutta session of Congress in September 1920?

Answer: At the Calcutta session of the congress in September 1920, Gandhiji convinced other leaders of the need to start a Non-cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj.

20. Name the famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi. [CBSE (AI) 2017]

Answer: Famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi is ‘Hind Swaraj’.

21. Why many Congress leaders were reluctant to boycott council elections?

Answer: They were reluctant to boycott council elections scheduled for November 1920, as they feared that if they would join Non-cooperation Movement, it might lead to popular violence.

22. What decision was made in Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920?

Answer: At the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-cooperation Movement was adopted.

23. Why were Council elections not boycotted in Madras?

Answer: The Council Elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the justice party, the party of non-Brahmans felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power — something that usually only Brahmans had access to.

24. What was the impact of reduction of imports?

Answer: As the boycott movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

25. Under which agreement the Indian ‘Depressed Classes’ got reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils in 1932? [CBSE Delhi 2017]

Answer: Poona pact

26. Why did people start buying mill cloth instead of Khadi?

Answer: Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy the Khadi cloth.

27. Why did boycott of British Institutions pose a problem?

Answer: For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian Institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. But these were slow to come up and teachers and the students started trickling back to government schools.

28. Why did Awadh Movement of Peasants begin?

Answer: The movement was against talukdars and landlords, who demanded from peasants exorbitant rents and a variety of other taxes. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords farms without any payment.

29. What were the demands of peasants in Awadh?

Answer: The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

30. How was ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’ formed?

Answer: In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.

31. How was Awadh movement materialised?

Answer: As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.

32. Which movement of Andhra Pradesh did Mahatma Gandhi join in NCM?

Answer: In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s—not a form of struggle that the Congress could approve.

33. Why was this movement started in Andhra?

Answer: Here in Gudem Hills, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people.

34. What do you know about Alluri Sitaram Raju?

Answer: Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of Andhra Movement. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, he could even survive bullet shots.

35. To what extent was Raju inspired by Mahatma Gandhi?

Answer: Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-cooperation Movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force and not non-violence.

36. What action was taken by the tribals of Gudem Hills in their movement?

Answer: The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

37. What did freedom mean to plantation workers in Assam?

Answer: For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space, in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

38. What was Inland Emigration Act of 1859?

Answer: Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.

39. How did plantation workers of Assam react to NCM call?

Answer: When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

40. What was the tale of Assam plantation workers when they left?

Answer: They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

41. What was Chauri Chaura Movement?

Answer: It took place in Gorakhpur, Chauri Chaura, when a peaceful demonstrations in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Then those demonstrators went to the police station, locked the policemen inside and put the police station on fire, burning about 11 policemen alive. Hearing of the incidence, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement.

42. Why Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off Non-cooperation Movement?

Answer: In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they could be ready for mass struggles.

43. Who formed Swaraj Party?

Answer: C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

44. Which two factors shaped Indian Politics towards the late 1920s?

Answer: (i) The effects of worldwide economic depression. (ii) Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.

45. Why was countryside in turmoil by 1930?

Answer: As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.

46. Who was Sir John Simon?

Answer: Sir John Simon came from England and sent by new Tory government of Britain and forced a statutory commission to look into functioning of the constitutional system in India.

47. Why was Simon Commission rejected in India?

Answer: The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

48. How was Simon Commission greeted in India?

Answer: When Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, he was greeted with the slogan, ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

49. Why was demand for abolition of Salt tax made?

Answer: Salt was something consumed by the rich and poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

50. How long was Dandi March and how much time did it take?

Answer: It was over 240 miles. Gandhiji walked for 10 miles a day and took 24 days to reach Dandi.

51. How did Mahatma Gandhi declare Civil Disobedience Movement?

Answer: On 6th April, Mahatma Gandhi along with his 78 followers and many other reached Dandi coast and ceremonially violated law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM).

52. Why did rich peasant communities join CDM?

Answer: They were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.

53. How did poor peasants join CDM?

Answer: Poor peasants were not interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. As the depression continued and cash income dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.

54. How did Business classes relate to the CDM?

Answer: They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. They now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

55. Which organisations did business classes form?

Answer: To organise business interests, Indian merchants and industrialists formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI).

56. Name some prominent Industrialists of that time.

Answer: Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla.

57. In what way women participated in CDM?

Answer: They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

58. What was ‘Poona Pact’?

Answer: Poona Pact gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general elections.

59. What was Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s proposal for Muslims?

Answer: Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim league, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces of Bengal and Punjab.

60. Who created the first image of ‘Bharat Mata’?

Answer: The first image was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

61. Who was Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay? He was a Bengali poet, writer & a journalist.

Answer: He wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as a hymn to motherland. Later it was included in his novel ‘Anandamath’ and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

62. How was Bharat Mata depicted in the painting of Abanindranath Tagore?

Answer: In his painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

63. What kind of Indian flag was introduced during Swadeshi Movement?

Answer: A tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

64. What changes were brought in Indian flag by Mahatma Gandhi?

Answer: In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

65. How was reinterpretation of Indian History used as a symbol of Nationalism?

Answer: The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievement. The Nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

66. Who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram’? [CBSE (F) 2017]

Answer: “Vande Mataram” was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

67. By what means does hand spun khadi provide large scale employment to weavers? [CBSE Sample Question 2017]

Answer: It provides large scale employment to weavers as it is a cottage industry, can be set up at home.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What was Satyagraha Name any two places where Satyagraha was launched by Gandhiji. Or Name the two main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917. [CBSE 2008 (D), March 2011]

Answer: (i) Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. (a) Champaran : Gandhiji launched the Satyagraha to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. (b) Kheda : He launched the Kheda Satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in a position to pay the revenue due to crop failure.

2. Who was the writer of the book, ‘Hind Swaraj’. What was the theme of the book? Or Explain the ideas of Gandhiji as he expressed in the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ regarding Non-cooperation. [CBSE 2012]

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi wrote the Hindi Swaraj. In the book, Gandhiji declared that the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, the British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would be established.

3. Mention any four factors which were responsible in arousing the spirit of nationalism in India.

Answer: (i) Political unification of the country under the Britishers. (ii) Destruction of India’s old social and economic system. (iii) Development of modern trade and industry. (iv) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups.

4. What was the impact of the First World War on India [CBSE 2015] Or Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World War. [CBSE 2008 (O)] Or What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India? [CBSE March 2011, 2013 (D)]

Answer: The War created a new economic and political situation : (i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced. (ii) Through the war years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people. (iii) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

5. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons. [CBSE 2010 2014(0) (D) 2015 (D)] Or What was the Rowlatt Act How it affected the National Movement

Answer: (i) Rowlatt Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council on a report of the Sedition Committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt. (ii) It was the black act which gave the government and the police to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without tried for two years. (iii) The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Council. This Act became one of the factors due to which Gandhiji launched Non-Cooperation Movement.

6. What were the three local issues in which Gandhiji experimented his technique of Satyagraha during the years 1917-1918 How were these issues resolved [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: The three local issues were Champaran satyagraha ; Kheda satyagraha and Ahmedabad satyagraha. (i) Champaran Satyagraha. In the first experiment indigo farmers were encouraged to raise their voice against the oppressive policies of the British. Their demands were sanctioned. (ii) Kheda Satyagraha : The second experiment was for the farmers who were unable to pay the revenue because of famine and plague epidemic. The recovery was waived off. (iii) Ahmedabad Satyagraha : The third was for the mill workers who were protesting for better wages. The British had to increase the wages along with reforms in working conditions.

7. What was Rowlatt Act How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in 1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Indian Disapproval * Mahatma Gandhi reacted sharply and decided to launch a non violent civil disobedience against such unjust law. * Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops and shops closed down. * Peaceful protest meeting were organised at Jallianwala Bagh-Amritsar.

8. Who launched the Khilafat Movement Why was the Movement launched [CBSE March 2012]

Answer: Khilafat movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali with the cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi. The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the spiritual head of the Islam world. The Sultan was deprived of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control. This angered the Muslims in India. To defend the powers of Khalifa and to avert harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman empire the Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in Bombay.

9. Why Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement [CBSE March 2011, 2012]

Answer: (i) As the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited to cities and towns Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims close together. So he took up the Khilafat issue.

(ii) A new generation of Muslim leaders like the Ali brothers, Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

10. Mention three main proposals with reference to the Non-Cooperation Movement as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi. [CBSE 2008 (D)] Or Gandhiji proposed that the Non-Cooperation should unfold in stages. Explain. [CBSE 2013]

Answer: The Non-Cooperation had two aspects, i.e., one relating to the struggle and the other relating to the norms of conduct and constructive work. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in the following stages : (i) Surrender of titles, honours and honorary posts, (ii) Boycott of Legislative Councils, (iii) Boycott of law courts by the lawyers, (iv) Boycott of Government schools and colleges, and withdrawal of children from these schools and colleges. (v) Boycott of British goods, To get a popular support for the movement, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively throughout India.

11. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji

Answer: (i) After returning from Africa in 1915 Gandhiji launched some local satyagraha’s but he was looking for an opportunity to launch a national level movement against the Britishers. (ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji to support the Khilafat (iii) It was also launched against Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh incident. (iv) Gandhiji merged the Khilafat Movement with the Non-cooperation Movement to bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

12. How was the Non-Cooperation Movement converted into a national movement by Gandhiji?

Answer: (i) Hindu-Muslim Unity : Mahatma Gandhi felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. He was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together.

(ii) Merging Khilafat issue with the movement : So to unite the both the communities he decided to take up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).

(iii) Talking to Muslim leaders : A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

13. “The effects of Non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramtic.” Explain. Or Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front. [CBSE 2014 (F)] Or Explain the impact of Non-Cooperation Movement in the economic field. [CBSE 2012]

Answer: (i) Fall in imports : Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore. (ii) Boycott of Foreign goods : In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. (iii) Boost for Indian industry : As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

14. Who formed the Swaraj Party Why was the party formed

Answer: The Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das, and Moti Lai Nehru. The Non-cooperation movement failed to achieve its objective of Swaraj. So within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

15. What were the factors responsible for the gradual slow down of the NonCooperation movement [CBSE 2008 (D), 2013 (D)] Or Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities Give reasons. [CBSE March 2011, 2014, 21015 (D)]

Answer: (i) Expensive Khadi : The Khadi cloth was often more expensive than the mass- produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.

(ii) No alternative : The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions, had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British institutions but these were slow to come up. So students and teachers had no option except joining back government schools, and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

(iii) Local movements with different interpretation: Workers, industrialists, peasants, traders had their own understanding, of Gandhiji’s notion of ‘Swaraj.’ They started using violent methods for their demands. All this was not approved by Gandhiji and the Congress. So the movement started losing its shine.

16. Describe briefly any three economic effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement. [CBSE 2009 (O)]

Answer: (i) Boycott of foreign goods : People decided to boycott foreign goods and wear Swadeshi clothes, and use Swadeshi goods. (ii) Impact on imports : As people began discarding imported clothes, the import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922. Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. (iii) Impact on Indian industry: As people decided to boycott foreign clothes, production of Indian textile mills and handloom went up.

17. What were circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the incident. [CBSE 2009 (F)] Or Explain the impact of Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people. [CBSE 2014 (O)]

Answer: (i) Rowlatt Act : The Rowlatt Act was passed by the government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. The act gave enormous powers to the police to arrest any one without any trail.

(ii) Rowlatt Satyagraha : Gandhiji decided to launch Rowlatt Satyagraha. Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike, and shops were closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British government decided to arrest Indian leaders. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Delhi.

(iii) Martial Law : Seeing the people’s reaction against the arrest of their leaders police imposed Martial law in Amritsar. On 13 th April 1919 General Dyer fired at the people who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh killing many.

People’s Reaction : (a) As the news spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns. (b) There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on government buildings.

18. “Plantation workers too had their own understanding of Gandhiji’s notion of Swaraj.” Explain.

Answer: (i) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. (ii) The government had passed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 under which plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea estates without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission. (iii) When the plantation workers heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of them defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed towards their homes. (iv) The plantation workers believed that the Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

19. Why did the tribal people join the Non-Cooperation Movement

Answer: Most of the tribal people were dependent on forests for their livelihood but under the new Forest Policy, the government had put several restrictions on the people:

Closing large forest area for the tribal people.
Forcing the local people to contribute begar.
Preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.

All these steps enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were also being denied. So the people revolted.

20. Explain the circumstances under which Non-cooperation Movement was withdrawn. Or Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji in February 1922. Explain the reasons. [CBSE 2015 (D)] Or Explain the conditions of the plantation workers during the colonial rule in India. [CBSE 2012]

Answer: In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the following reasons- (i) The movement was turning violent. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed. (ii) Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle. (iii) Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils, which were set up under the Government of India Act, 1919. (iv) Industrialists, workers, peasants etc. interpreted the term ‘Swaraj’ in their own way. At many places like that of Andhra Pradesh, leaders like Alluri Sitaram Raju asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. But there values were not approved by the Congress.

21. When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed Mention the provisions of the pact.

Answer: Gandhi – Irwin Pact was signed on 5 th March, 1931. Provisions of the pact (i) Gandhiji consented to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. (ii) The government agreed to release the political prisoners.

22. Why was the Swaraj Party formed? By whom was the party formed

Answer: There were some Congress leaders who argued or advocated the idea of fighting the British from within the legislative councils. They wanted to pressurise the government for various reforms through councils. They also wanted to demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic. Keeping in mind these objectives, C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in 1922.

23. Why was the Simon Commission constituted Why was the commission rejected by the Indians

Answer: The Indian members of the Central Legislative Assembly exposed the drawbacks in the Government of India Act of 1919 A.D. As a result of it, the Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 A.D. to suggest any further constitutional reforms. This commission consisted of seven members and its Chairman was Sir John Simon.

However Indians boycotted the commission, because : (i) There was no Indian member in this commission. (ii) The terms of the commission’s appointment did not give any indication of Swaraj while the demand of the Indians was only Swaraj.

24. Under what circumstances, the Puma Swaraj was demanded by the Congress Or Mention the main contents of resolution passed in the Lahore Session of Indian National Congress in December 1929 held under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. [CBSE2014] Or Explain the reason for the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929 to be called the historical session. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) The Simon Commission had to face demonstration all over India, and no party was in favour of the Commission. So in an effort to win the political parties the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of “dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.

(ii) The announcement fell short of the expectations of the Congress. At its Lahore Session, presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in December, 1929, the Congress passed a resolution boycotting the Round Table Conference. It declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) as its goal, and took steps to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience. The Puma Swaraj Day was celebrated all over India on 26th January, 1930.

25. Why salt was chosen as a weapon by Gandhiji to fight against the Britishers Or Why did Mahatma Gandhi perceive “salt’ as a powerful symbol that unite the nation? [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: (i) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. (ii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule. (iii) Salt was chosen to give the movement a wide base.

26. Why did the poor peasants join the Civil Disobedience Movement Why did the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remain uncertain [CBSE 2014(D)]

Answer: (i) The poor peasants had their own problems. They were not just interested in lowering of the revenue, but also demanded remission of rent which they had failed to pay during the depression years. (ii) In some parts of the country, they launched a ‘no rent’ campaign which was not supported by the Congress because this might had upset the rich peasants and landlords. (iii) These poor peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

27. Why did the business class participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement [CBSE 2014(D)]

Answer: (i) The business class wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. (ii) They wanted to free the business from colonial restrictions. (iii) The business community interpreted Swaraj in their own way. They came to see Swaraj at the time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade industry would flourish without constraints.

28. Who led the business community during | the Civil Disobedience Movement How did the community provide a big boost to the movement [CBSE 2010 (D), 2014(D)] Or Explain with examples the role of industrialist in the freedom struggle of India. Or Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialist towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ [CBSE 2015 (O)]

Answer: The business community was led by prominent : industrialists like Mr. Purshottam Das and Mr G.D. Birla. (i) By opposing colonial policies: The industrial class was keen on expanding their business, so they reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They I wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. (ii) Forming various organisations: To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. (iii) Support to Civil Disobedience Movement: Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. I Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. (iv) Financial aid: They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. (v) Role of working class: The industrial working class also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. In 1930 thousands of workers in Chotanagpur participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

29. Why did the business community later on withdraw from the Civil Disobedience Movement

Answer: (i) After the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. (ii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business. (iii) They were worried about the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

30. Why the industrial working class did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers Mention any two demands of the workers who participated in the movement. [CBSE 2014(F)] Or “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyse the reasons. [CBSE 2015 (D)]

Answer: The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. This was because industrialists were supporting the Movement and Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demand as part of the Movement. Demands of workers (i) They demanded higher wages. (ii) They demanded proper working conditions.

31. Explain the effects of “worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.[CBSE2013 (O)]

Answer: (i) The depression immediately affected Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed, prices in India plunged. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.

(ii) The fall in prices had a deep impact on the poor farmers. Though agricultural prices fell sharply but the colonial government refused to give any relief to the farmers in taxes. Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit

Their indebtedness increased.
They were forced to sell or mortgage their land.
People were forced to sell their assets like T gold and silver.
Indian jute producers were worst affected.

(iii) The unrest created by the Great Depression provided an opportunity to Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.

(iv) The depression proved less grim for urban India. Because of falling prices those with fixed income-like town-dwelling landowners who received rents and middle-class salaried employees-now found themselves better off. Everything cost less. Industrial investment also grew as the government extended tariff protection to industries, under the pressure of nationalist opinion.

32. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement called off by Gandhiji [CBSE March 2012 (O)]

Answer: (i) When Indian leaders were arrested, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. (ii) A month later, when Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers attacked police posts, government buildings, law courts and railway stations and all structures that symbolised the British rule. (iii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested. (iv) To break the deadline between Congress and the government Lord Irwin invited Gandhiji for a peace pact i.e Gandhi—Irwin pact. (v) Under such a situation Gandhiji decided to call off the movement.

33. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched by Gandhiji?

Answer: (i) Failure of the Second Round Table Conference: In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down, and he returned disappointed. (ii) New cycle of repression : Back in India, Gandhiji discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

34. Who designed the Swaraj flag? What were the features of this flag? How was it used as a symbol of defiance [CBSE March 2012]

Answer: Gandhi ji designed the swaraj flag. (i) It was a tricolour (red, green and white). (ii) It had a spinning wheel in the centre. (iii) It had eight lotus representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. People used to carry the flag, holding it aloft, during marches.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. What was Satyagraha Explain some of the Satyagrahas launched by Gandhiji. [CBSE March 2011] Or “A satyagraha wins the battle through nonviolence.” Explain with examples. [CBSE 2010 (F)] Or “Gandhiji’s Satyagraha combines the ideas of truth and non violence”. Explain with three examples. [CBSE 2014 (D) Compt]

Answer: Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The method suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, there is no need for physical force to fight the oppressor. (i) Gandhiji used the Satyagraha technique successfully against injustice in South Africa. (ii) In 1916 A.D., he fought for justice for the tenants of Champaran, and the Government had to pass an Act for the welfare of the peasants of Champaran in 1918 A.D. (iii) He started the Kheda Satyagraha in which Gandhiji asked the people not to pay the taxes due to the failure of crops. Ultimately, the Government had to bow, and the payment of taxes was deferred to the next year. (iv) Again in 1918 A.D., Gandhiji intervened in the Mill Workrs’ Strike at Ahmedabad, and helped them to get their pay raised, for which he had started a fast unto death.

2. What were the circumstances which led to the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movement Or Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in 1920 Give any three reasons. Explain any three causes that led to the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. [CBSE 2014 (D) Compt]

Answer: (i) Conditions Created by the First World War : The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918. • It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by taxes. • Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for common people. • Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food. • Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic. • Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.

(ii) Gandhiji’s Return and Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 where he had successfully fought against the racist regime with his new method of mass agitation and nonviolence known as Satyagraha. In India he launched satyagraha movements at various places. These satyagrahas provided base to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(iii) The Rowlatt Act : The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The act provided enormous powers to police. The police got the power to arrest anyone without any trial. The aim of the act was to repress political activities.

(iv) Jallianwalla Bagh : The Jallianwala Bagh added fuel to the fire. People were already agitating against the Rowlatt Act. People had gathered to protest against the new act in the Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer entered the park and ordered fire killing many people. As the news spread, crowds took to the streets.

(v) United Struggle : The fear of harsh treaty on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa) brought the Muslims close to Gandhiji. A young generation of Muslim leaders like Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was in favour of a united mass action against the Britishers.

3. What was the reaction of the people against the Rowlatt Act [CBSE 2013 (D)] Or Explain the reactions of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. [CBSE March 2012 (O)]

Answer: (i) Gandhiji called for a country wide Hartal on 6th April, 1919. But he was arrested. (ii) There were disturbances in Delhi, Ahmedabad and Punjab. In Amritsar, two popular leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif- ud-din Kitchlew, were arrested. The people took out a procession in Amritsar to protest against these arrests, and demanded the release of their leaders. (iii) A public meeting was announced for the 13th April, 1919, at the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar against the arrest of the leaders. (iv) General Dyer marched there and killed more than 1,000 people. (v) As the news of the Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

4. Explain the course of the Non- Cooperation Movement in the towns. Or Describe the extent of peoples participation in the Non-cooperation Movement in the towns. What were its economic effects [CBSE March 2011] Or How did ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ spread in cities across the country Explain its effects on the economic front. [CBSE 2015(D) ]

Answer: (i) The movement in the cities : The Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.

(ii) Boycott of council elections : The Council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras (Chennai), where the Justice Party, the party of the nonBrahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power, something that usually only Brahmans had an access to.

(iii) Swadeshi : The Non-Cooperation Movement had a great impact on the Indian textile industry. Swadeshi goods, especially cloth got a great impetus. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

(iv) Impact on industry : In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Due to this, the demand of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. The increase in demand provided a big relief to the vanishing textile industry of India.

(v) Movement in the countryside: Though people in the countryside interpreted the idea of ‘Swaraj’ in their own way but they participated in the movement on large scale. In Awadh, peasants launched the movement against the talukdars and landlords. Whereas the plantation workers launched the movement against the tea estate owners.

5. Explain the course of the Non- Cooperation Movement in the countryside. [CBSE2015 (O)] Or How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. [CBSE 2010 (F)] Or Describe the movement led by Baba Ram Chandra in Awadh against the talukdars and landlords. [CBSE 2012] Or How did the peasants of Awadh use different methods to achieve their goal Explain. [CBSE 2014] Or What were the methods used by peasants of Awadh to achieve their goal Explain. [CBSE 2014] Or Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement. [CBSE 2015 (O)]

Answer: (i) Participants : In the countryside, the movement was led by the peasants, tribals and the local leaders. For example, in Awadh, it was Baba Ramchandra sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. (ii) Why the rural people participated: The movement here was not against the Britishers but against talukdars and landlords. The problems of the rural people were different from those of the urban people:

The talukdars and landlords were demanding very high rents and a variety of other taxes.
Peasants had to do begarand work at the landlord’s farms without any payment.
The peasants had no security of tenure. They were regularly evicted so that they could acquire no security of tenure.

As the problems of the people were different, their demands were also different. The peasant movement demanded :

Reduction of revenue
Abolition of begar
Redistribution of land
Social boycott of oppressive landlords.

(iii) Ways of protests : The Movement in the countryside had a different angle. In many places, Nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by the Panchayats to deprive the landlords of the services of barbers, cobblers, washermen, etc. Even national leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru went to villages in Awadh to know the grievances of the people. By October, the Awadh Kissan Sabhas were set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra, and a few others. When the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked. The movement turned violent which was not liked by some of the Congress leaders.

6. Under what circumstances the Civil Disobedience or the Salt Movement was launched? Explain. [CBSE 2013 (O)] Or Describe the main events leading to Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: (i) Failure of the Simon Commission: The Simon Commission was constituted in response to the nationalist movement. But the Commission failed to satisfy the Indian people and the leaders. All the parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. In an effort to win them over the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of dominion status. But even this failed to satisfy the leaders.

(ii) Puma Swaraj: In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Puma Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26th January, 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. But the celebrations attracted very little attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.

(iii) Rejection of Gandhi’s Eleven Demands: On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi, in a statement, put forward Eleven Demands to correct the wrongs done to the Indians. He assured the Viceroy that he would withdraw the Civil Disobedience on British Government’s acceptance of these demands. However, Gandhi’s demands were declared to be unrealistic by the Viceroy.

(iv) Economic Causes: The Great Depression of 1929 had a deep impact on the Indian economy, especially on agriculture. Prices of agricultural produce began to fall from 1926, and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and export declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest, and to pay their revenue. The government refused to lower the taxes. So by 1930, the farmers were in poor condition.

(v) Support from business class: The business class was keen on expanding their business and were against the colonial policies that restricted business activities. They decided to provide financial support to the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched.

7. Explain the course of the Salt March. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) On January 31st, 1930, Gandhi wrote a long letter to the Viceroy, communicating his decision to start the Civil Disobedience Movement. (ii) On 12th March, Mahatma Gandhi began his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea-coast. (iii) He was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers, but as Gandhiji advanced, others joined the party. (iv) On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the salt laws by picking up some salt from the sea water. Gandhiji’s campaign against the salt laws was a signal to disobey the Government laws. The Programme of the Movement: The Civil Disobedience campaign involved defiance of salt laws, boycott of liquor, boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds.

8. ‘Large sections of Muslims did not respond to the call for a united struggle during the Civil Disobedience Movement.’ Explain. Or “Some of the Muslim political organisations in India, were lukewarm in their response to the ‘Civil Disobedient Movement’.” Examine the statement. [CBSE2013 (D)]

Answer: (i) Association of Congress with Hindu Mahasabha : After the decline of the Non-Cooperation – Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. From the mid-1920s, the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. (ii) Communal Clashes : As relations between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu- Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities. (iii) Issue of demand for separate electorates: Some of the Muslim leaders demanded a separate electorate for the Muslims which was not supported by the Congress leaders. (iv) Status of Muslims in Hindu majority state : Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority. (v) Issue of reserved seats in the Central Assembly : Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded reservation of seats for the Muslims in the Central Assembly but this was not acceptable to the Congress leaders. So Muslims could not respond to the call for a united struggle.

9. Explain the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the countryside. Or Why did the rich peasants of Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat join the Civil Disobedience Movement Describe any three features of the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. Or Evaluate any three features of the peasant movement during Civil Disobedience Movement in India. Or Mention three reasons by which the rich peasant communities took active part in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer: (i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities-like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh-were active participants. (ii) They participated in the Movement because they suffered the most due to the economic depression. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. (iii) They demanded a reduction in revenue but the government refused to do so. This led to a widespread resentment. These rich landlords participated in the boycott programmes, and refused to pay revenues. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. (iv) But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them did not participate. (v) The poor peasantry also participated on a large scale in a hope that their unpaid rent to the landlords will be remitted.

10. Why for a long time, the Congress had ignored the daiits What role did Gandhiji play in uplifting them? Or How did Gandhiji view the Dalits What did he do for them [CBSE 2014]

Answer: For long, the Congress had ignored the daiits, for the fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. Under his constructive programme he laid stress on the removal of untouchability. He called them (untouchable) the harijans – meaning the children of God. He also organised satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself toured their colonies, and even lived there. He even cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers.

11.Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes. [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: (i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was of the opinion that only political empowerment would resolve their problems of social injustice. (ii) Due to his efforts, Dalits began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose the dalit members for legislative councils. (iii) In 1930, Ambedkar entered national politics. In the same year, he organised the Depressed Classes Association to make them politically more strong. (iv) He was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table Conference. In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for dalits. (v) He demanded a separate electorates for dalits. To give them political power he signed Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.

12. When and why was the Poona Pact signed? [CBSE March 2011] Or Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the light of differences between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. [CBSE 2014] Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932. [CBSE 2014] Or Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’ [CBSE 2015 (O)]

Answer: (i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table Conference. (ii) In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for the dalits. (iii) When the British government accepted Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. The issue was eventually resolved through the (iv) Poona Pact of September 1932. (v) It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

13. Analyse any four features of Gudem rebellion of Andhra Pradesh. [CBSE March 2011, 15] Or Explain the main features of Gudem rebellion. [CBSE 2014] Or Describe the contribution made by Alluri Sitaram Raju to the Non-Cooperation Movement in Andhra Pradesh. [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) The Gudem rebellion spread in response to the Non Cooperation Movement in 1921. (ii) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrila movement spread in the early 1920s under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju Against forest laws. (iii) The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God as he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people. (iv) Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma 15. Gandhi and was inspired by Non Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force. (v) The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was arrested and executed in 1924.

14. Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose abolition of salt tax as the most important demand of the Civil Disobedience Movement. [CBSE March 2011] Or Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930 Why was abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand Explain. [CBSE 2013 (O)]

Answer: On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. (i) The most stirring of all demands to abolish salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike. It was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of British rule. (ii) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a most powerful symbol that could unite the nation. (iii) The demands were not fulfilled. So on 11 th March 1930 Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march along with 78 volunteers from his Ashram in Sabarmati. (iv) On 6 th April he reached Dandi and violated the laws by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

15. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore’. Explain. [CBSE March 2011] Or How did the idea of nationalism develop a movement to revive Indian folklore Give three points. [CBSE March 2011, 2012]

Answer: (i) History and fictions, folklore and songs popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism. (ii) In the late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards, and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. (iii) This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted, and damaged by the western forces. (iv) To revive the folklore, Rabindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for the folk revival. (v) A massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India was published by Natesa Sastri. He believed that the folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.’

16. How flag was used to promote the spirit of nationalism among the Indians

Answer: (i) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing, the Hindus and the Muslims. (ii) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj It was again a tricolour (red, green and white), and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. (iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

18. “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Justify the statement. [CBSE 2013 (D), 2015 (D)] Or Explain the major factors which promoted the sense of nationalism in the Indians. Or Explain the contributions of folklore, folk songs and paintings in strengthening nationalism during the 1870’s. [CBSE 2008] Or How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India Explain with examples. [CBSE 2010 (F), CBSE March 2012] Or How did people belonging to different communities, regions or languages group develop the sense of collective belonging ,in India during the freedom struggle. Explain. [CBSE 2014 (D) Compt] Or Explain the major factors which promoted the sense of nationalism in the Indians [CBSE 2012]

Answer: (i) United struggle : The most important factor responsible for arousing the sense of nationalism among the Indians was the united struggle against the Britishers.

(ii) Cultural processes : There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.

(iii) Bharat Mata : The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata, which was created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the Motherland. Inspired by the Swadeshi Movement, Rabindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.

(iv) Revival of Indian Folklore : The idea of nationalism was also developed by reviving the Indian Folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by western forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.

(v) Reinterpretation of History : By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times. The nationalist historians urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

19. Describe various problems in unifying people in India by the end of the 19 th century. [CBSE 2009 (O)] Or What were the limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement? [CBSE March 2012] Or What are the limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement Explain. Or Explain any four limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930. [CBSE 2012]

Answer: (i) Problem of depressed classes : For long, the Congress had ignored the dalits or depressed classes for fear of offending the conservative high caste Hindus. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Class Association clashed with Gandhiji at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

(ii) Wedge between Hindu-Muslims : From the mid 1920’s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha. So a large section of Muslims started keeping away from it. Each community started blaming each other for the wedge leading to communal clashes.

(iii) Separate electorates and two nation theory : Muhammad Ali Jinnah the leader of the Muslim League demanded separate electorates for the Muslims as he feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.

(iv) Muslim leaders : Many prominent Muslim leaders like Muhammad Iqbal supported separate electorates. They also proposed a two nation theory under which it was persumed that both communities belong to different nations.

(v) Formation of Muslim league : Muslim League was established in 1920. The formation of Muslim League gave a vital blow to the united struggle.

(v) Non participation of industrial worker : The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. This was because industrialists were supporting the Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. This was because industrialists were supporting the Movement and Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demand as part of the Movement.

20. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clampdown on nationalists.

Answer: (i) Rowlett Act: Rowlett Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in 1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

(ii) Imposing martial law : Whenever the nationalists used to launch a mass movement the government responded with martial law. During Rowlatt Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation movement, Civil Disobedience movement, etc, the government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people : satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed.

(iii) Putting the nationalist behind the bars: During every mass movement the nationalist leaders were picked up and put behind the bars. For example during Rowlatt Satyagraha most of the local leaders were arrested and during Civil Disobedience movement Abul Ghaffar, Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders were arrested and put behind the bars.

21. Mention any three efforts made by Gandhiji to get Harijans their rights. [CBSE March 2011]

Answer: (i) He said that the Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. (ii) He organised Satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. (iii) He signed Poona Pact with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar through which some seats were reserved for them in provincial and central legislative councils.

22. How did the British government respond to protests, clashes and attacks by the Indian against the Jallianwala Bagh incident? [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) The government responded with brutal repression. (ii) Seeking to humiliate and terrorise people, Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground. (iii) They were forced to crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab) were bombed..

23. Explain the contribution of the various social groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement. [CBSE 2014] Or Various classes and groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement for different reasons. Choose any four classes and explain their reason to participate in the movement. [CBSE 2012]

Answer: Following are the contributions of various social groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement: (i) Rich peasants : Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As the government refused to reduce revenue demands, they in great numbers participated in the boycott programmes. For them, the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. (ii) Women : The women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. (iii) Business class : A large number of merchants and industrialists supported this movement. They reacted against colonial policies that restricted their business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. (iv) The industrial working class : The industrial working class did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers except in Nagpur. They selectively adopted some of the ideas of Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.

24. What did the image of Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore portray? [CBSE 2014]

Answer: (i) Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. (ii) She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. (iii) This mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. (iv) Mother figure shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.

25. Who designed Swaraj Flag in 1921 Mention any two features of this flag. Or Which flag did Gandhiji design in 1921 Mention its special features. [CBSE 2014] Or Who designed the Swaraj Flag What were the features of this flag How was it used as a symbol of defiance [CBSE 2012]

Answer: (i) In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. (ii) It was given a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. (iii) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

26. ‘Some icons and symbols were used for unifying the people and sparking in them the feeling of nationalism.’ Give two evidences to support above statement. [CBSE 2011] State the icons and symbols that advocated nationalism in India.

Answer: (i) The image of Bharat Mata came to be identified with India, the motherland. She was first painted by Abanindranath Tagore as an ascetic figure-calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Later the image was painted by many other artists and acquired different forms. In one image Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and behind an elephant, both symbols of power. (ii) The flag became a symbol of nationalism. During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal a tricolour flag was designed with eight lotus flowers representing eight provinces of the British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji designed the Swaraj Flag.

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Class 10 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Nationalism in India

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Nationalism in India Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science will make your practice complete.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 3 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1. What did the Inland Emigrating Act of 1859 declare? Answer: The Act declared that plantation workers would not leave tea gardens without permission.

Extra Questions and Answers Nationalism in India

Question 2. Why was the Rowlatt Act imposed? Answer: The colonial government imposed the Rowlatt Act to repress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial for two years.

Very Short Answers Type Questions and Answers Nationalism in India

Question 3. The First World War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. How was this expenditure financed? Answer: The huge increase in defence expenditure was financed by war loans and increasing taxes which involved hike in customs duties and introduction of income tax.

Question 4. What was the Rowlatt Act? Answer: It was one of the most repressive acts which gave the government enormous powers to curb political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Question 5. What did Gandhiji want before launching a broad-based movement in India? Answer: He wanted to bring the Hindus and Muslims close together before launching a broad-based movement in India.

Question 6. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch Non-cooperation Movement? Answer: Mahatma Gandhi believed that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse and swaraj would come. This belief made Gandhiji ready to launch Non-cooperation movement.

Question 7. When and where was the Non-cooperation programme adopted? Answer: The Non-cooperation programme was adopted at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920.

Question8. Why did the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms go up during the Non¬cooperation movement? Answer: The Non-cooperation movement was infact a boycott movement in which people started wearing only Indian clothes by discarding imported ones. This gave a boom in the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms.

Question 9. Who was Baba Ramchandra? Answer: Baba Ramchandra was a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. He led the Awadh peasants during the Non-cooperation movement.

Question 10. What were the demands of the Awadh peasants? Answer: Their demands included reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Question 11. Why did panchayats organise nai-dhobi bandhs in many places in Awadh? Answer: Panchayats organised such bandhs to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.

Question 12. How did the tribal peasants interpret the idea of swaraj? Answer: For them, swaraj meant freedom to enter the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.

Question 13. Mention one point of difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Alluri Sitaram Raju. Answer: Mahatma Gandhi was a staunch supporter of non-violence. Alluri Sitaram Raju, on the other hand, believed that India could be liberated only by use of force, not non-violence.

Question 14. When did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Non-cooperation movement? What was his experience? Answer: In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.

Question 15. Name two radical leaders of India. What did they want? Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose. They wanted more radical mass agitation to gain independence.

Question 16. What was declared in the Lahore Congress? Answer: In the Lahore Congress, it was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

Question 17. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. What was the most stirring of all? Answer: The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax and the government monopoly over its production.

Question 18. What did Indian merchants and industrialists do to organise their business interests? Answer: They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

Question 19. Why did business groups in India withdraw their support from the Non-cooperation movement after the failure of the Round Table Conference? Answer: After the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups in India became apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

Question 20. Why was the Congress reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its programme of struggle? Answer: The Congress felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.

Question 21. What was the Poona Pact? Answer: The Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932 to resolve the issue of separate electorates for dalits. It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question 22. What was Gandhi-Irwin Pact? Answer: Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5 March 1931. By this Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

Question 23. Why was the Congress unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places? Answer: The Congress was apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords.

Question 24. When was the Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched? Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement was relaunched in 1932.

Question 25. When was the image of Bharat Mata first created and by whom? Answer: The image of Bharat Mata was first created in 1905 by Abanindranath Tagore.

Question 26. What was the belief of Natesa Sastri about folklore? Answer: He believed that folklore was national literature. It was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

Question 27. Describe the tricolour flag designed during the Swadeshi movement. Answer: During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It has eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question 28. What did nationalist histories urge the readers? Answer: Nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question 29. Describe the Swaraj flag designed by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921. Answer: The Swaraj flag designed by Mahatma Gandhi was a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question 30. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’. Answer: Mahatma Gandhi.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 3 Short Answers Type

Question 1. Discuss various stages of the Non-cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. Answer: Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages-

It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
Second stage involved a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Question 2. ‘The merchants and industrialists made a significant contribution to the Civil Disobedience Movement’. In the light of the above statement, explain their role in the movement. OR How did the industrialists relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role. OR Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Answer: (i) Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

(ii) Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported the civil disobedience movement when it was first launched.

(iii) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

Question 3. How reinterpretation of history created a sense of collective belongingness among different community of India? Answer: (i) By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.

(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began writing about glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

(iii) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule. Thus, reinterpretation of history created a feeling of nationalism among different community of India.

Question 4. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons. Answer: The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. The Act gave the government enormous powers t repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. The Indians were outraged by these laws as they were clearly undemocratic and oppressive and hurt national sentiments and dignity. Mahatma Gandhi called for a nation-wide protest against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919. Rallies were organised in various cities. Workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down.

Question 5. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle”. Analyse the reasons. Answer:

The industrial working classes did not participate in the civil disobedience movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region. As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.
Some workers who participated in the movement, selectively adopted some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
The Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands in its programme of struggle as it felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.

Question 6. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion. Answer: (i) The Non-cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji in 1920 and it was unfolded in stages. It began with the surrender of titles awarded by the government, the boycott of civil services, army, police, etc. and foreign goods. Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi along with Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement.

(ii) Various social groups participated in this movement and gradually it turned into a mass movement. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.

(iii) From the cities, the movement spread to the countryside. It drew into its fold the struggle of peasants and tribals which were developing in different parts of India in the years after the war.

Question 7. Describe the main features of the ‘Poona Pact’. Answer:

The Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932 to resolve the issue of separate electorates for dalits.
It gave the depressed classes who later came to be known as the scheduled castes, reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
But they were to be voted in by the general electorate as their demand of separate electorate was not accepted by Mahatma Gandhi in the larger interest of the country.

Question 8. How did ‘Salt March’ become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain. Answer: What Mahatma Gandhi meant about satyagraha being active resistance was that it requires a lot of pure soul-force activity. It involves great sacrifices to be made, which can be done only by persons with strong will power. It requires resistance to oppression without using any physical force.

The idea of satyagraha emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggests that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. This can be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth is bound to triumph ultimately.

Question 9. Explain the idea of satyagraha according to Gandhiji. Answer: What Mahatma Gandhi meant about satyagraha being active resistance was that it requires a lot of pure soul-force activity. It involves great sacrifices to be made, which can be done only by persons with strong will power. It requires resistance to oppression without using any physical force.

Question 10. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists. Answer: In 1919, Gandhiji launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. It took several repressive methods. Some of them were

Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took the command. He entered the Jallianwala Bagh area where a large crowd had gathered to protest against the Rowlatt Act and opened fire on them, killing hundreds.
As the news of Jallianwala Bagh massacre spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. The government responded with brutal repression. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.

Question 12. Why did the Non-cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain. Answer: The Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in the cities due to the following reasons-

Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. It became difficult for them to boycott mill cloth for a long time.
The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. But these came up gradually.
Therefore, students and teachers who had left government schools to participate in Gandhi’s Non-cooperation Movement, began coming back to schools and lawyers joined back in government courts.

Question 13. Describe the role of merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Answer: (i) Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

Question 14. Describe the main features of the Salt March. Answer: What Mahatma Gandhi meant about satyagraha being active resistance was that it requires a lot of pure soul-force activity. It involves great sacrifices to be made, which can be done only by persons with strong will power. It requires resistance to oppression without using any physical force. The idea of satyagraha emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggests that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. This can be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth is bound to triumph ultimately.

Question 15. How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? Explain with three examples. Answer:

The First World War created a new economic situation by leading to a huge expenditure in defence which was to be financed by increasing taxes and raising customs duties.
Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and epidemic.

Question 16. How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples. Answer:

Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
Banks, post offices and railway stations were attacked.
People in Amritsar gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the government’s new repressive measures.

Question 17. Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31st January 1930? Why was abolition of salt tax most stirring demand? Explain. Answer: On 31st January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest, others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question 18. Mention three problems faced by the Awadh peasants. Answer: In Awadh, talukdars and landlords exploited the poor peasants in a variety of ways-

They demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents at variety of other cesses.
Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without any payment.
As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land.

Question 19. How did the rich peasants and women take part in Civil Disobedience Movement? (Imp) Answer: (i) Rich peasant communities like the patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were the active supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. They organised their communities, and at times forced reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes. For them, the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.

(ii) Women participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement in a large number. During Gandhi’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They took part in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. They moved by Gandhiji’s call and saw service to the nation as a sacred duty.

Question 20. Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose the abolition of salt tax as the most important demand of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Answer: What Mahatma Gandhi meant about satyagraha being active resistance was that it requires a lot of pure soul-force activity. It involves great sacrifices to be made, which can be done only by persons with strong will power. It requires resistance to oppression without using any physical force. The idea of satyagraha emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggests that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. This can be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth is bound to triumph ultimately.

Question 21. How did the tribals of the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpret swaraj? OR Enlist some of the features of the Gudem rebellion of Andhra Pradesh. Answer: (i) The tribals of the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh interpreted the idea of swaraj in a quite different way. Here, the tribals started a militant guerrilla movement in the early 1920s against the colonial government.

(ii) As in other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel-wood and fruits. This enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied.

(iii) When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.

(iv) They attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerilla warfare for achieving swaraj. For them, swaraj meant freedom of entering the forests to graze their cattle, etc.

Question 22. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas. Answer: Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of the Gudem tribals of Andhra Pradesh. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers – he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullets shots. The Gudem rebels were greatly inspired by him.

They proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking during the Non-cooperation Movement. But he differed from Gandhiji at one point. He believed that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. The colonial government was watching his activities with suspicion. It captured him and executed him in 1924. Over time he became a folk hero.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 3 Long Answers Type

Question 1. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective belonging? OR “Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.” Support the statement. Answer: (i) The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles and growing anger among people against the colonial government. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism.

(ii) The identity of the nation is often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata, first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

Then Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata during the swadeshi movement. In his painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence to one’s nationalism.

(iii) Movement to revive Indian folklore also enhanced nationalist sentiments. In late-nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.

(iv) Icons and symbols played an important role in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism. During the swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag having red, green and yellow colours was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag having red, green and white colours and a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

(v) Feeling of nationalism was also created through reinterpretation of history. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under the British rule.

Question 2. Categorise and discuss the different urban sentiments which joined the Non-cooperation Movement. Answer: (a) The growth of nationalism in the colonies including India is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People in colonies discover their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provides a shared bond that ties many different groups together.

(b) The First World War created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

Through the war years prices increased leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas angered the common mass.

In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. Millions of people died as a result of famines and the epidemic.

People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. All this caused widespread anger and opposition against the British colonial rule and the national movement in India took a stronger turn.

(c) The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

The Indians were outraged by these laws as they were clearly undemocratic and oppressive and hurt national sentiments and dignity. Mahatma Gandhi called for a nation-wide protest against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919. Rallies were organised in various cities. Workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down.

(d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement because it was turning violent. Various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses, especially the Chauri Chaura incident that took place in 1922 in Gorakhpur.

Here, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police and the angry mob set police-station on fire in which several police were killed. Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to this movement. He felt that people were not yet ready for a mass struggle, and the satyagra his needed to be properly trained for non-violent demonstrations.

Question 3. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement. Answer: When the movement was first launched Indian merchants and industrialists supported it very enthusiastically. But when it was re-launched, all their enthusiasm had vanished. The failure of the Round Table Conference disappointed business groups. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

(i) Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.

Question 4. Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwala Bagh. Answer: On 13th April 1919, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.

General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds of innocent people. Dyer’s main intention was to ‘produce a moral effect’ and terrorise the satyagrahis. The indiscriminate firing by the British soldiers led to nation-wide outrage. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. The Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the history of India, The government responded with brutal repression seeking to humiliate and terrorise people, satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the grounds, crawl on the streets, and do salciam (salute) to all sahibs.

Impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the most brutal incident in the history of India. It reflected the government’s ruthless attitude towards the colonised people. It filled hatred in the hearts of the Indians. They were not ready to accept such a heinous crime. They showed their disapproval by surrendering titles that the government had awarded. They also boycotted civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

Question 5. How could non-cooperation become a movement? Explain with examples. Answer: Gandhi’s non-cooperation could become a movement due to its gradual spread in various parts of the country. (i) In cities, middle-class people participated in the movement. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.

(ii) People in large number boycotted foreign goods, picketed liquor shops and burnt foreign cloth in huge bonfires. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones with the spread of the boycott movement.

(iii) From the cities, the Non-cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Being fed up with the atrocities of the talukdars and landlords, these peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of the zamindars.

In many places, nai dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. In October 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up and within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So, when the Non-cooperation Movement began the following year, the Congress integrated the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

(iv) Tribal peasants also played an important role in making the non-cooperation a mass movement. They were already frustrated with the colonial government’s callous attitude. In such a situation when the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, they revolted under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

(v) The Non-cooperation Movement also inspired the planation workers of Assam. These workers wanted freedom to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. So, when they heard of the movement, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

Question 6. In this way, Gandhi’s non-cooperation became a mass movement in due course. different social groups conceive the idea of ‘Non-cooperation’? Explain with examples. Answer: (a) The growth of nationalism in the colonies including India is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People in colonies discover their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provides a shared bond that ties many different groups together.

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Case Based Questions - India and the Contemporary World - II

The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government- controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non- Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power-something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non- cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. How then could they boycott mill cloth for too long? Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British Ones. These were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government, schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

Q. What was the purpose of the Justice Party to contest Elections to the Council in Madras? Select the appropriate option:

It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain some Income that usually only Brahmans had access to.

It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain some power that usually only Brahmans had access to.

It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain more popularity that usually only Brahmans had access to.

It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to take revenge from Brahmans.

Q. The import of foreign cloth between 1921 and 1922 saw changes because:

Its value dropped from ₹ 100 crore to ₹ 97 crore

Its value dropped from ₹ 201 crore to ₹ 150 crore

Its value dropped from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore

Its value dropped from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 75 crore

Teachers, Judges

Headmasters, Clerks

Students, Advocates

Students, lawyers

Merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

The merchants imported goods from other countries.

The neighbouring countries were offering the same goods at cheaper prices.

Public was not interested in buying foreign goods.

As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

The identity of the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints and was painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Reinterpretation of Astronomy

Reinterpretation of Philosophy

Reinterpretation of Mythology

Reinterpretation of History

Q. Bharat Mata was first created by:

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Natesa Sastri

Rabindranath Tagore

Abanindranath Tagore

Bharat Mata is a work painted by the Indian painter Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870s.

Statue of Liberty, Mother Mary

Marianne, Germania

Germania, Marianne

Statue of Liberty, Germania

In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising their communities, and at times forcing reluctant members to participate in the boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So, when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places. So, the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh

Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan

Punjab and Haryana

Baba Ramnath

Baba Ramchandra

Baba Ramdev

Baba Ram Mohan

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CBSE Notes For Class 10
Class 10 History Notes
Chapter 2 Nationalism In India

CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India

Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement, fought against the colonial British Raj. In this chapter, students will get to know the story from the 1920s and study the nonCooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements. Students will also get to explore how Congress sought to develop the national movement, how different social groups participated in the movement, and how nationalism captured the imagination of people. Learn more about Nationalism in India by exploring CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2. These CBSE notes are comprehensive and detailed yet concise enough to glance through for exam preparations.

Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
Chapter 5: Print Culture and The Modern World

CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2 – Nationalism in India

The first world war, khilafat and non-cooperation.

In India, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti-colonial movement. Due to colonialism, many different groups shared bonds together, which were forged by the Congress under Mahatma Gandhi.

The war created a new economic and political situation in the years after 1919. Income tax was introduced, and the prices of custom duties were doubled between 1913 and 1918, which led to a very difficult life for common people. In 1918-19 crops failed in India, resulting in a shortage of food accompanied by an influenza epidemic. At this stage, a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.

The Idea of Satyagraha

In January 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa and started the movement Satyagraha. Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. According to Mahatma Gandhi, people can win a battle with non-violence which will unite all Indians. In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. In the same year, he organised satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

The Rowlatt Act

In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act. The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. The British government decided to clamp down on nationalists by witnessing the outrage of the people. On April 10th, police in Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession, which provoked widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed, and General Dyer took command.

On 13th April, the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. A large crowd gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh, where a few people came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures, while some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. General Dyer blocked all the exit points and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds. After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, people became furious and went on strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. Mahatma Gandhi had to call off the movement as it was turning into a violent war.

Mahatma Gandhi then took up the Khilafat issue by bringing Hindus and Muslims together. The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. In March 1919, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay. In September 1920, Mahatma Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

Why Non-Cooperation?

According to Mahatma Gandhi, British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians. Non-cooperation movement is proposed in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded and a boycott of civil services, the army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. After many hurdles and campaigning between the supporters and opponents of the movement, finally, in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted.

Differing Strands within the Movement

In January 1921, the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began. In this movement, various social groups participated, but the term meant different things to different people.

The Movement in the Towns

The middle class started the movement, and thousands of students, teachers, and headmasters left government-controlled schools and colleges, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. On the economic front, the effects of non-cooperation were more dramatic. The production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up when people started boycotting foreign goods. However, this movement slowed down due to a variety of reasons, such as Khadi clothes being expensive and fewer Indian institutions for students and teachers to choose from, so they went back to government schools, and lawyers joined back government courts.

Rebellion in the Countryside

The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside, where peasants and tribals were developing in different parts of India. The peasant movement started against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and a variety of other cesses. It demanded a reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

Jawaharlal Nehru, in June 1920, started going around the villages in Awadh to understand their grievances. In October, he, along with a few others, set up the Oudh Kisan Sabha, and within a month, 300 branches had been set up. In 1921, the peasant movement spread, and the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain boards were taken over.

In the early 1920s, a militant guerrilla movement started spreading in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. The government started closing down forest areas, due to which their livelihood was affected. Finally, the hill people revolted, which was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who claimed that he had a variety of special powers.

Swaraj in the Plantations

For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out and retain a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. After they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home. But unfortunately, they never reached their destination and were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Towards Civil Disobedience

In February 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn because Mahatma Gandhi felt that it was turning violent. Some of the leaders wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils. Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru. In the late 1920s, Indian politics was again shaped because of two factors. The first effect was the worldwide economic depression, and the second effect was the falling agricultural prices. The Statutory Commission was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India, and it was greeted by the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day.

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Among the demands, the most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax, which is consumed by the rich and the poor. The demands needed to be fulfilled by 11 March, or else Congress would start a civil disobedience campaign. The famous salt march was started by Mahatma Gandhi, accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling seawater. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The movement spread across the world and salt law was broken in different parts of the country. Foreign clothes were boycotted, peasants refused to pay revenue, and in many places, forest law was violated. In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested. Mahatma Gandhi was arrested a month later, which led to attacks on all structures that symbolised British rule. By witnessing the horrific situation, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931. Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference in London. When the conference broke down, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India disappointed and relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement. It continued for almost a year, but by 1934 it lost its momentum.

How Participants Saw the Movement

The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. They became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate. The poorer peasants joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists.

To organise business interests, the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 were formed. The industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. Some of the industrial workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement. In 1930 and 1932, railway workers and dock workers were on strike.

Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. But, for a long time, Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation.

The Limits of Civil Disobedience

Dalits, addressed as untouchables, were not moved by the concept of Swaraj. Mahatma Gandhi used to call them Harijans or the children of God, without whom swaraj could not be achieved. He organised satyagraha for the untouchables, but they were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community. They demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate electorate.

Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Scheduled Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, Muslims felt alienated from Congress, due to which the relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to the population in the Muslim-dominated provinces. Nevertheless, the hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. History and fiction, folklore and songs, and popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism. Finally, in the twentieth century, the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image, and in the 1870s, he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards, and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed, which had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag, a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

In the first half of the twentieth century, various groups and classes of Indians came together in the struggle for independence. The Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to resolve differences and ensure that the demands of one group did not alienate another. In other words, what was emerging was a nation with many voices wanting freedom from colonial rule.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

What is nationalism.

The desire/wish of a group of people who have similar races, cultures, and languages to form a country is called nationalism.

How to induce patriotism in a person?

Children and young adults must be taught at a young age about the importance of patriotism. Love for one’s own country must be instilled in every child’s mind and heart.

How to protect our nation from criticism?

1. Do not speak ill of your country 2. Do not misuse your national flag 3. Be polite and convey your positive thoughts about your country to other nationals

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Case Study Questions Class 10 History -Nationalism In India
Case Study 2: The chapter "Nationalism in India" in Class 10 History explores the growth of nationalism in India during the colonial period and the various movements and leaders that shaped the Indian independence struggle. It delves into the impact of British colonial rule, the emergence of the Indian National Congress (INC), the role of Mahatma Gandhi, and the significance of the non ...
Nationalism in India Case Extract Based Questions Class 10 History CBSE
A. Separate nation for Hindus. B. Freedom of Speech. C. Freedom to observe hartals and demonstrations. D. Immediate transfer of power to Indians. 3. Name the famous female leader from Odisha who participated in the Quit India Movement. A. Kanaklata Barua. B. Aruna Asaf Ali.
Case Study Questions Class 10 Social Science History
Nationalism in India. 1) According to the historical account presented in Shahid Amin's work, "Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922-1992," on February 4, 1922, a significant group of peasants set fire to the police station in Chauri Chaura, resulting in the tragic death of 22 policemen. This event occurred amidst the Non ...
Case Study Questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2
Here we are providing case study questions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India. Case Study Question 1: Emboldened with this success, Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism in India Case Study Questions
Nationalism in India Case Study Questions (CSQ's) Practice Tests. Timed Tests. Select the number of questions for the test: 5. 10. TopperLearning provides a complete collection of case studies for CBSE Class 10 History Nationalism in India chapter. Improve your understanding of biological concepts and develop problem-solving skills with ...
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Social Science Chapter 2
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India - CBSE Free PDF Download. NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2 talks about how Congress sought to develop the national movement, how different social groups participated in the movement, and how nationalism captured the imagination of people. In 1919, the First World War broke out in Europe, which had far-reaching ...
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
1. Explain: (a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement. (b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India. (c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act. (d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. Answer.
CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Important ...
CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Important Questions - Study Materials. Find these CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism In India Important Questions covering the concepts of Chapter 2 to revise before the exams. Students can solve these questions for practice and score well in the board exams.
Class 10 NCERT Solutions History Chapter 2
Solution 1a) The growth of modern nationalism was closely associated to the anti-colonial movement in almost all those countries which were the victims of imperialist conquests. Nationalism prospered in India in the real sense only in the 19th century when the consolidation of British power had led to the political unification of the country.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2
Students preparing for their Class 10 exams will be able to clear all their concepts on nationalism in India at the root level. This chapter examines the various dynamics that gave rise to nation-states and nationalism in the early nineteenth-century India. The chapter focuses on the events that occurred in the country beginning in the 1920s in ...
Case Study Questions Class 10 History
Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Nationalism In India. At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks ...
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions and Answers: History
Reason (R): Gandhiji believed that a Satyagrahi could win the battle by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both A ...
Nationalism in India Class 10 History Previous Years CBSE Extra Questions
4 October 2022. Class 10 Social Science Extra Question. Nationalism in India Previous Years' Questions: The chapter contains two important events in the freedom struggle - The Non-cooperation Movement and The Civil Disobedience Movement- of India have been covered in the chapter Nationalism in India. Other topics include Khilafat issue ...
Nationalism in India Class 10 Important Questions
Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Important Questions. 1. What was the Rowlatt Act? (2011 OD) Answer: Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to suppress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Nationalism in India Class 10 History Extra Questions and Answers
Mention any four factors which were responsible in arousing the spirit of nationalism in India. Answer: (i) Political unification of the country under the Britishers. (ii) Destruction of India's old social and economic system. (iii) Development of modern trade and industry.
Nationalism in India Class 10 Important Questions Social Science
Here we present Nationalism in India Class 10 Important Questions and Answers Pdf Social Science History Chapter 3, We have collected all the important questions which came in the previous year exams. You can also find Social Science Class 10 Important Questions With Answers Pdf from the year 2010 to 2020 CBSE board exams. These […]
Important Questions for Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 History
5. Explain the term 'Satyagraha'. Describe three movements of Satyagraha successfully organsied by Mahatma Gandhi soon after his arrival in India. Answer. Satyagraha was a method of mass struggle introduced by Mahatma Gandhi. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
Case Based Questions Test: Nationalism in India
It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to take revenge from Brahmans. Detailed Solution for Case Based Questions Test: Nationalism in India - Question 1. It wanted to contest elections to the council as it was one of the ways to gain some power that usually only Brahmans had access to. View Solution.
Class 10 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions and Answers Nationalism in India
Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 3 Short Answers Type. Question 1. Discuss various stages of the Non-cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi. Answer: Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages-It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
Class 10 History Chapter 2 Case Based Questions
The "Case Based Questions: Nationalism in India Class 10 Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the Class 10 exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge their understanding of the exam topics.
CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Nationalism in India HOTS
Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Nationalism in India HOTS Q-1. Carefully study the given paragraph from your textbook and answer the questions that follows : As the news of the Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were strikes […]
CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2
CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India. Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement, fought against the colonial British Raj. In this chapter, students will get to know the story from the 1920s and study the nonCooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements.
CBSE Class 10
All Star: Crash Course on Chemistry for NEET UG 2024. Harendra Singh Parihar. Starts on 1st Apr. Understand the concept of Case-Based Questions - Nationalism in India (RSYT) with CBSE Class 10 course curated by Rashmi Singh on Unacademy. The Social Science course is delivered in English.

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science Important Questions and Answers: History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Important Questions

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Nationalism in India Class 10 History Previous Years CBSE Extra Questions

Nationalism in India CBSE Board Questions

Q. Which of the following was the reason for calling off ‘The Non-Cooperation Movement’ by Gandhiji? [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Q. Which of the following event happened on 31 January, 1930? [Diksha]

Q. Who among the following wrote the ‘Vande Mataram’? [2020]

Q. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order: [2020]

Q. Why did the Simon Commission come to India? Identify the correct reason from the following options: [2020]

Q. Identify the appropriate reason from the following options, for the nonparticipation of industrial workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement. [2020]

Q. In which of the following places did Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha for the first time in India? [CBSE 2014]

Q. Which one of the following statements is not related to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact? [CBSE 2011]

Q. Why did Indians oppose the ‘Simon Commission’? (2020)

Q. Name the two main leaders of ‘Khilafat Committee’ formed in the year 1919. (2020)

Q. Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for plantation workers? (2020)

Q. Who was the author of ‘Hind Swaraj’? [CBSE 2020]

Q. Name the author of the novel ‘Anandmath’. [CBSE 2020, 17]

Q. How was the Simon commission greeted in India? [CBSE 2021-22]

Q. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain. [CBSE 2021-22]

Q. How did the First World War create a new economic situation in India? Explain. [2021-22]

Q. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement unfold in the cities and towns of India? (SQP 2021-22)

Q. “Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in another way and participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement differently.” Justify the statement.

Q. Read the given text and answer the following questions: (SQP 2021-22)

Q. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Q. Describe the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Q. Describe the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Q. Explain the meaning and notion of ‘Swaraj’ as perceived by the Plantation Workers. How did they respond to the call of the Non-cooperation Movement? [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]

Q. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: (2020)

Q. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement in 1922? (2020)

Q. Explain the implications of the ‘First World War’ on the economic and political situation of India. (2020)

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Nationalism in India Class 10 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions and Answers

Nationalism in India Class 10 Extra Questions History Chapter 2

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CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India

CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2 – Nationalism in India

The Idea of Satyagraha

The Rowlatt Act

Why Non-Cooperation?

Differing Strands within the Movement

The Movement in the Towns

Rebellion in the Countryside

Swaraj in the Plantations

Towards Civil Disobedience

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

How Participants Saw the Movement

The Limits of Civil Disobedience