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Chapter 3 Class 10 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

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Updated for NCERT 2023-24 Books

Get NCERT solutions of Chapter 3 Class 10 - Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables at Teachoo. Answers to all exercise questions, examples and optional questions have been provided with video of each and every question

We studied  Linear Equations in Two Variables in Class 9, we will study pair of linear equations in this chapter.

In this chapter, we will learn

• What are Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Converting statements into Equations , and drawing graph of those linear equations
• Possible Type of Graphs for Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables - Two Lines Intersecting, Two lines Parallel, Coincident Lines
• Finding s olution of equations from graphs
• Consistency of equations  by finding ratio of a 1 /a 2 , b 1 /b 2 , c 1 /c 2
• Intersecting Lines (Exactly one solution - unique)
• Coincident Lines (Infinitely many solutions)
• Parallel Lines ( No solutions)
• Substitution Method
• Elimination Method
• Cross Multiplication Method
• Solving complicated equations like 2/x + 3/y = 4 by substituting variables (like putting p = 1/x, q = 1/y and solving)
• Solving Statement Questions by first forming equations, and then solving

Click on exercise or topic link below to start doing the chapter

Note: When you click on a link, the first question will open. To open any other question of the exercise, go to the bottom of the page. There is a list with arrows having all the questions (with important questions also marked)

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Maths assignment class viii | quadrilateral, math assignment class x ch-3 | linear equations in two variables.

  CHAPTER 3    CLASS   X

PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE

Extra questions of chapter 3 class 10 : Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variable with answer and  hints . Useful math assignment for the students of class 10

For better results

• Students should learn all the  basic points of  Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in two variable .
• Student should revise N C E R T book thoroughly with examples.
• Now revise this assignment. This assignment integrate the knowledge of the students.

ASSIGNMENT BASED ON CH-3 CLASS 10

a)   2x - 3y = 1 ;  x + 2y = 2

Ans: Unique solution, intersecting lines, consistent

b)   3x - y = 6 ;  6x - 2y = 4

Ans: No solution, parallel lines, inconsistent

c)   x + 3y = 8 ;  2x - 3y = 12

d)   9x + 3y + 12 = 0 ;  18x + 6y = - 24

Ans: Many solution, coincident lines, consistent

e)   6x - 3y +10 = 0 ;  2x – y + 9 = 0

a)    2x + y - 5 = 0;  6x + 3y + p = 0       Ans [p = -15]

b)   x + 2y + 7 = 0;   2x + py + 14 = 0     Ans [p = 4]

c)  3x + 4y + 2 = 0;  9x + 12y + p = 0     Ans[p = 6]

d)    x + 5y - 7 = 0 ;  4x + 20y + p = 0     Ans [p = -28]

a)   8x + 5y = 9;   kx + 10y = 15                                          Ans [k = 16 ]

b) (3k + 1)x + 3y - 2 = 0;    (k 2  + 1)x + (k - 2)y  -  5 = 0     Ans[k = -1]

c)   3x + y = 1;   (2k - 1)x + (k - 1)y = 2k + 1                      Ans [k = 2]

d) kx + 3y = k  –  3;  12x + ky = k                                      Ans [k = -6]

a)  (a + b)x  - 2by = 5a + 2b + 1;    3x - y = 14             Ans [a = 5, b =  1]

b)     2x - 3y = 7;  (a + b)x  +  (a + b)y = 4a + b           Ans[-5, -1]

c)  2x + 3y = 7;    (a - b)x - (a + b - 3)y = 3a + b - 2    Ans[a = 5, b = 1]

d) (2a - 1)x + 3y – 5 = 0;   3x + (b - 1)y – 2 = 0          Ans[a = 17/4,   b= 11/5]

e)   kx + 3y = 2k + 1;  2(k + 1)x + 9y = 7k + 1            Ans [k = 2]

f)   2x + 3y = 7;   (k – 1)x + (k + 2)y = 3k                  Ans [k = 7]

a) x + y = 3;   2x + 5y = 12                        Ans [1, 2]

b)  2x + 3y + 5 = 0;   3x - 2y - 12 = 0        Ans [2,-3]

a) x + y = 5;      2x - y = - 2                     

[Sol. (1, 4) & Area= 12]

b) x - y + 1 = 0;    3x + 2y - 12 = 0         

  [Area= 7.5]

c)  2x + y = 6;      2x - y + 2 = 0               

a)     x+ y = 7    ;   3x - 2y = 1                  Ans [3, 4]

b)     3x + 2y = 10  ; 4x - y = 6                Ans [2, 2]

d) 2x + y – 35 = 0   ;  3x + 4y - 65 = 0      Ans [15, 5]

e)  x/a - y/b = 0 ;  bx + ay = 4ab             Ans[2a, 2b]

f ) - 6x + 5y = 2 ;    - 5x + 6y = 9              Ans[3, 4]

g)  23x - 29y = 98  ;   29x - 23y = 110      Ans [3, - 1]

h)   99x + 101y =  499 ; 101x +  99y = 501      Ans [x = 3, y = 2]

i)    a(x + y) + b(x - y) = a 2  – ab + b 2  ;   a(x + y) - b(x - y) = a 2  + ab + b 2           

j) ax + by = a - b ;   bx - ay = a + b            Ans [1, - 1]

Ans [45 and 30]

Ans [Rs1800 & Rs 1400]

Ans  [Rs 6.50 and Rs 1.50]

Ans  [93]

Ans [47 or 74]

Ans   [64]  

Ans  [12/25]

Ans  [7/18]

Ans  [42, 10]  

Ans  [10 km/h and  2 km/h]

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metal and Non-Metals

The Class 10 NCERT Solutions for Science Chapter 3 Metal and Non-Metals includes all the intext and exercise questions. Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metal and Non-Metals NCERT questions and answers help students to clear their doubts and to obtain good marks in Class 10 board exam. All the solutions provided in this article are strictly based on the CBSE syllabus and curriculum.

Class 10 Science Chapter 3 NCERT Questions and Answers

Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metal and Non-Metals NCERT Questions and Answers are prepared by experts with a detailed explanation that will help students complete their assignments & homework. Having a good grasp over CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will further help the students in their preparation for board exams and other competitive exams such as NTSE, Olympiad, etc.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Intext Questions

Intext Questions (Page No. 40)

Question 1: Give an example of a metal which (i) is a liquid at room temperature. (ii) can be easily cut with a knife. (iii) is the best conductor of heat. (iv) is a poor conductor of heat.

Answer: (i) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature → Mercury

(ii) Metal that can be easily cut with a knife → Sodium, Potassium

(iii) Metal that is the best conductor of heat → Silver, Gold

(iv) Metals that are poor conductors of heat → Mercury and lead

Question 2: Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

Answer: Malleable: Substances that can be converted into thin sheets by beating are called malleable. Most of the metals are malleable. Gold and Silver are most malleable metals.

Ductile: Substances that can be drawn into thin wires are called ductile. Most of the metals are ductile. Gold is the most ductile metal.

Intext Questions (Page No. 46)

Question 1:  Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

Answer: Metals such as potassium and sodium react so vigorously that they catch fire if kept in the open. Hence, to protect them and to prevent accidental fires, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil.

Question 2: Write equations for the reactions of (i) iron with steam (ii) calcium and potassium with water

Answer: (i) Iron react with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.

3Fe( s ) + 4H 2 O( g ) → Fe 3 O 4 ( s ) + 4H 2 ( g )

(ii) The reaction of calcium with water is exothermic but the heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.

Ca(s) + 2H 2 O(l) → Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)

Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.

Potassium react violently with cold water and its reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.

2K(s) + 2H 2 O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H 2 (g) + heat energy

Question 3: Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.

Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.

(i) Which is the most reactive metal?

(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper (II) sulphate?

Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity

Answer: (i) As per reactivity series, Iron is most reactive metal among Iron, Silver and Copper. Since B can displace Iron from its sulphate, so B is the most reactive metal.

(ii) As B is more reactive than Iron (As discussed in answer (i)), so it will displace Copper from its Copper Sulphate solution.

(iii) B is most reactive as discussed in part (i) and D is the least reactive metal as unable to displace any of the solutions. Copper is more reactive than Silver and metal A can displace Copper, so A is more reactive than C.

Hence, the order of decreasing reactivity is B > A > C > D.  

Question 4: Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H 2 SO 4 .

Answer: When reactive metals react with dilute hydrochloric acids, gives a salt and hydrogen gas

Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Reaction between Fe and H 2 SO 4 :   Fe + H 2 SO 4 → FeSO 4 + H 2

Question 5: What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.

Answer: Zinc is more reactive than Iron. When Zn is added to Iron (II) Sulphate, Zinc displaces Iron from its solutions and Zinc sulphate is formed.

Zn(s) + FeSO 4 (aq) → ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Intext Questions (Page No. 49)

Question 1: (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium. (ii) Show the formation of Na 2 O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. (iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?

(ii) Formation of  by transfer of electron

Two sodium atoms transfer their 2 outermost electrons to an oxygen atom. By losing two electrons, the two sodium atoms form tow sodium ions (2Na + ). And by gaining two electrons, the oxygen atom forms an oxide ion (O 2- ).

Formation of  by transfer of electron

When magnesium reacts with oxygen, the magnesium atom transfers its two outermost electrons to an oxygen atom. By losing two electrons, the magnesium atoms form a magnesium ion (Mg 2+ ) and by gaining two electrons, the oxygen atom forms an oxide ion (O 2- ).

(iii)  The ions present in sodium oxide compound (Na 2 O) are sodium ions (2Na + ) and oxide ions (O 2- ).

The ions present in Magnesium oxide compound (MgO) are magnesium ions Mg 2+  and oxide ions (O 2- ).

Question 2: Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Answer: Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Because ionic compounds are formed by the attraction force of two opposite ions and a considerable amount of energy is required to break this strong inter-ionic attraction.

Intext Questions (Page No. 53)

Question 1: Define the following terms. (i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue

Answer: (i) Mineral: The elements or compounds, which occur naturally in the earth’s crust, are known as minerals.

(ii) Ore: If minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it. These minerals are called ores.

(iii) Gangue: Ores mined from the earth are usually contaminated with large amounts of impurities such as soil, sand, etc., called gangue.

Question 2: Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.

Answer: The metals which are the least reactive, they are often found in a free state. For example: Gold, silver, platinum and copper are found in the free state.

Question 3: What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?

Answer: Metals in the low of the activity series are very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone.

The metals in the middle of the activity series such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, etc., are moderately reactive. These metal oxides are reduced to the corresponding metals by using suitable reducing agents

ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)

The metals high up in the reactivity series are very reactive. They are separated from their oxides by electrolysis process.

Intext Questions (Page No. 55)

Question 1: Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals.

Answer: Magnesium is the most reactive among these three metals and Zinc is more reactive than Copper. So, Magnesium will displace Zinc oxide and Copper oxide whereas Zinc will displace Copper oxide only.

Question 2: Which metals do not corrode easily?

Answer: The metals which are the least reactive, do not corrode easily.

For example: Gold, silver, platinum and copper.

Question 3: What are alloys?

Answer: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal.

For example:

• Stainless steel is an alloy of Nickel and Chromium.
• Amalgam is an alloy of Mercury.
• Brass is an alloy of Copper and Zinc.
• Bronze is an alloy of Copper and Tin.
• Solder is an alloy of Lead and Tin.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Exercise Questions

Question 1: Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions? (a) NaCl solution and copper metal (b) MgCl 2  solution and aluminium metal (c) FeSO 4  solution and silver metal (d) AgNO 3  solution and copper metal

Answer: (d) AgNO 3 solution and copper metal

Question 2: Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting? (a) Applying grease (b) Applying paint (c) Applying a coating of zinc (d) all of the above.

Answer: (c) Applying a coating of zinc

Question 3: An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is also soluble in water. The element is likely to be (a) calcium (b) carbon (c) silicon (d) iron

Answer: (a) The element is likely to be calcium.

Question 4: Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because (a) zinc is costlier than tin. (b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin. (c) zinc is more reactive than tin. (d) zinc is less reactive than tin.

Answer: (c) zinc is more reactive than tin

Question 5: You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch. (a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals? (b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals.

Answer: (a) With the hammer, we can beat the sample and if it can be beaten into thin sheets (that is, it is malleable), then it is a metal otherwise a non-metal. Similarly, we can use the battery, bulb, wires, and a switch to set up a circuit with the sample. If the sample conducts electricity, then it is a metal otherwise a non-metal.

(b) The above tests are useful in distinguishing between metals and non-metals as these are based on the physical properties. No chemical reactions are involved in these tests.

Question 6: What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.

Answer: Oxides that react with both acids and bases to form salt and water are known as amphoteric oxides. Examples:  PbO and Al 2 O 3 .

Amphoteric oxides are the one which reacts with both acids and bases to form salt and water. Examples:  Lead oxide – PbO and Aluminium oxide – Al 2 O 3 .

Question 7: Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.

Answer: Metals that are more reactive than hydrogen displace it from dilute acids. For example: sodium and potassium.

Metals that are less reactive than hydrogen do not displace it. For example: copper and silver.

Question 8: In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte?

Answer: In the process of electrolytic refining of metal called ‘M’, An impure and thick block of metal M. is considered as anode, Thin strip or wire of pure metal M is taken as anode A suitable salt solution of metal M is considered as the electrolyte

Question 9: Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over it, as shown in figure below.

(a) What will be the action of gas on (i) dry litmus paper? (ii) moist litmus paper? (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.

Answer: (a) (i) There will be no action on dry litmus paper.

(ii) Since the gas is sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), it turns moist blue litmus paper to red because sulphur dioxide reacts with moisture to form sulphurous acid.

Question 10: State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Answer: Two ways to prevent the rusting of iron are:

Oiling, greasing, or painting: By applying oil, grease, or paint, the surface becomes water proof and the moisture and oxygen present in the air cannot come into direct contact with iron. Hence, rusting is prevented.

Galvanization: An iron article is coated with a layer of zinc metal, which prevents the iron to come in contact with oxygen and moisture. Hence, rusting is prevented

Question 11: What type of oxides is formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?

Answer: When non-metals combine with oxygen it forms either acidic or neutral oxides. Ex: N 2 O 5  or N 2 O 3  is an acidic oxide; CO is a neutral oxide.

Question 12: Give reasons?

(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.

(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.

(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.

(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction.

Answer: (a) Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make jewellery because they are very lustrous. Also, they are very less reactive and do not corrode easily.

(b) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are very reactive metals and react very vigorously with air as well as water. Therefore, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil in order to prevent their contact with air and moisture.

(c) Though aluminium is a highly reactive metal, it is resistant to corrosion. This is because aluminium reacts with oxygen present in air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide layer is very stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium with oxygen. Also, it is light in weight and a good conductor of heat. Hence, it is used to make cooking utensils.

(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of extraction because metals can be easily extracted from their oxides rather than from their carbonates and sulphides.

Question 13: You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.

Answer: Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air to form copper carbonate and as a result, copper vessel loses its shiny brown surface forming a green layer of copper carbonate. The citric acid present in the lemon or tamarind neutralises the basis copper carbonate and dissolves the layer. That is why, tarnished copper vessels are cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice to give the surface of the copper vessel its characteristic lustre.

Question 14: Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties. Answer:

Question 15: A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used?

Answer: He must have dipped the gold in the solution of aqua regia − a 3:1 mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO 3 . Aqua regia is a fuming, highly corrosive liquid. It dissolves gold in it. After dipping the gold ornaments in aqua regia, the outer layer of gold gets dissolved and the inner shiny layer appears. That is why the weight of gold ornament reduced.

Question 16: Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).

Answer: Copper does not react with cold water, hot water, or steam. However, iron reacts with steam. If the hot water tanks are made of steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react vigorously with the steam formed from hot water.

Topics covered under Class 10 Science Chapter 3 Metal and Non-Metals

Below we have listed the topics discussed in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3. The list gives you a quick look at the different topics and subtopics of this chapter.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3 – A Brief Discussion

Chapter Overview: In this chapter, you will learn about the physical and chemical properties metals and non-metals. Physical properties mainly include physical state, luster, hardness, ductility, conductance towards heat and electricity, and sonority. Chemical properties mainly include reactivity of metals with air, water, acids, and salts of other metals. This chapter further discusses the reactivity series of metals. Moreover, in this chapter, you will also learn about metallurgy and corrosion of metals.

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Important Questions and Answers for Class 10 Science

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All students studying in Grade 10 Science should download the assignments provided here and use them for their daily routine practice. This will help them to get better grades in Science exam for standard 10. We have made sure that all topics given in your textbook for Science which is suggested in Class 10 have been covered ad we have made assignments and test papers for all topics which your teacher has been teaching in your class. All chapter wise assignments have been made by our teachers after full research of each important topic in the textbooks so that you have enough questions and their solutions to help them practice so that they are able to get full practice and understanding of all important topics. Our teachers at https://www.assignmentsbag.com have made sure that all test papers have been designed as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS syllabus and examination pattern. These question banks have been recommended in various schools and have supported many students to practice and further enhance their scores in school and have also assisted them to appear in other school level tests and examinations. Its easy to take print of thee assignments as all are available in PDF format.

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All free Printable practice assignments are in PDF single lick download format and have been prepared by Class 10 Science teachers after full study of all topics which have been given in each chapter so that the students are able to take complete benefit from the worksheets. The Chapter wise question bank and revision assignments can be accessed free and anywhere. Go ahead and click on the links above to download free CBSE Class 10 Science Assignments PDF.

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• Assignments

Spring 2024

Time and Location

Mon. & Wed. 12:30 PM - 1:20 PM Pacific Time Jordan Hall room 040 (420-040)

Week 1: Introduction and Acoustic Phonetics

Deliverables

• Assignment 1 released on Mon 4.1.24.

Lecture 1 (Mon 4.1.24)

Course introduction.

lecture slides

Lecture 2 (Wed 4.3.24)

Phonetics: Articulatory phonetics. Acoustics. ARPAbet transcription. Readings:

• J+M Draft Edition Appendix H: Phonetics, online pdf
• Fun read (optional). The Art of Language Invention . David J Peterson. 2015.

Week 2: Speech Synthesis / Text to Speech (TTS)

Course Project Overview released on Mon 4.8.24.

Lecture 3 (Mon 4.8.24)

Some history of ASR, TTS, and dialog. TTS Overview. Text normalization. Letter-to-sound. Prosody. Readings:

• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 16.6: TTS online pdf

Lecture 4 (Wed 4.10.24)

Foundations of TTS: Data collection. Evaluation. Signal processing. Concatenative and parametric approaches. Readings:

• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 16.6: TTS (cont’d) online pdf

Week 3: Course project + TTS with deep learning

• Assignment 1 due by Monday 4.15.24 11:59PM Pacific.
• Assignment 2 released on Monday 4.15.24.

Lecture 5 (Mon 4.15.24)

Course project overview and Q&A. Social meaning extraction as supervised machine learning. Readings:

• Rajesh Ranganath, Dan Jurafsky, and Daniel A. McFarland. . Detecting friendly, flirtatious, awkward, and assertive speech in speed-dates . Computer Speech and Language. 2013.

Lecture 6 (Wed 4.17.24)

Deep learning for TTS. Readings:

• Wang, Y., Skerry-Ryan, R.J., Stanton, D., Wu, Y., Weiss, R.J., Jaitly, N., Yang, Z., Xiao, Y., Chen, Z., Bengio, S. and Le, Q., Tacotron: Towards end-to-end speech synthesis . arXiv. 2017.
• Oord, A.V.D., Dieleman, S., Zen, H., Simonyan, K., Vinyals, O., Graves, A., Kalchbrenner, N., Senior, A. and Kavukcuoglu, K. Wavenet: A generative model for raw audio . arXiv. 2016.
• Ren, Y., Ruan, Y., Tan, X., Qin, T., Zhao, S., Zhao, Z., and Liu, T. Y. Fastspeech: Fast, robust and controllable text to speech . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32. 2019.

Deep Learning Preliminaries. Review on your own as needed depending on your experience so far with deep learning models:

• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 7: Neural Networks and Neural Language Models. pdf
• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 9: RNNs and LSTMs. pdf
• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 10: Transformers and Large Language Models. pdf
• The Illustrated Transformer – Jay Alammar – Visualizing machine learning one concept at a time

Week 4: Speech to Text / Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)

• Course Project Proposal due by Wednesday 4.24.24 11:59PM Pacific.

Lecture 7 (Mon 4.22.24)

Speech recognition overview: Noisy channel model. Word error rate metrics. Hidden Markov models (HMMs). Readings:

• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.5: Automatic Speech Recognition online pdf
• J+M Draft Edition. Appendix A pdf
• J+M Draft Edition. Appendix B pdf
• Koenecke, A., Nam, A., Lake, E., Nudell, J., Quartey, M., Mengesha, Z., Toups, C., Rickford, J.R., Jurafsky, D. and Goel, S. Racial disparities in automated speech recognition . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020.
• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 3: N-gram Language Models. pdf
• Lecture videos on introductory NLP including language modeling youtube

Lecture 8 (Wed 4.24.24)

Speech recognition: HMM-DNN systems. Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC). End-to-end neural ASR. Readings:

• Hinton, Geoffrey, et al. Deep neural networks for acoustic modeling in speech recognition: The shared views of four research groups. IEEE Signal processing magazine. 2012.
• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 16.4: CTC online pdf
• Graves, A., and Jaitly, N. Towards end-to-end speech recognition with recurrent neural networks. ICML . 2014.
• Maas, A. , Xie, Z. , Jurafsky, D., & Ng, A. Lexicon-free conversational speech recognition with neural networks. ACL-HLT . 2015. (* indicates equal contribution)
• Chan, W., Jaitly, N., Le, Q.V. and Vinyals, O. Listen, attend and spell: A neural network for large vocabulary conversational speech recognition ICASSP. 2016. arXiv preprint.
• Prabhavalkar, R., Hori, T., Sainath, T. N., Schlüter, R., and Watanabe, S. End-to-end speech recognition: A survey . IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. 2023.

Week 5: State-of-the-art ASR and customizing ASR for products

• Assignment 2 due by Wednesday 5.1.24 11:59PM Pacific.

Lecture 9 (Mon 4.29.24)

State-of-the-art deep learning approaches for speech recognition. Conformer. Whisper. Fine tuning base models. Readings:

• Gulati, A., Qin, J., Chiu, C.C., Parmar, N., Zhang, Y., Yu, J., Han, W., Wang, S., Zhang, Z., Wu, Y. and Pang, R. Conformer: Convolution-augmented transformer for speech recognition . arXiv. 2020. 2.TBD

Lecture 10 (Wed 5.1.24)

Guest Lecture: Ello : A case study in building spoken language products. Readings:

• T. Bluche, M. Primet, & T. Gisselbrecht. Small-Footprint Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spotting with Quantized LSTM Networks .ArXiv. 2020.
• K. Audhkhasi, A. Rosenberg, A. Sethy, B. Ramabhadran, & B. Kingsbury. End-to-End ASR-free Keyword Search from Speech . IEEE J. Signal Processing 2017.
• N. Sacchi, A. Nanchen, M. Jaggi, & M. Cerňak. Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spotting with Audio and Text Embeddings . Interspeech 2019.

Week 6: Foundation models and non-English languages

• Assignment 3 released on Mon 5.6.24.

Lecture 11 (Mon 5.6.24)

Guest Lecture: Foundation models for spoken language. Dr. Karen Livescu Readings

• Baevski, A., Zhou, Y., Mohamed, A., & Auli, M. Wav2vec 2.0: A framework for self-supervised learning of speech representations . Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33. 2020.

Lecture 12 (Wed 5.8.24)

Week 7: non-english spoken language understanding cont’d + project check-ins, lecture 13 (mon 5.13.24), lecture 14 (wed 5.15.24).

Project check-ins during class. Each group will speak for ~2 minutes about progress and planned work

Week 8: Introduction to spoken dialog + project check-ins

• Assignment 3 due by Monday 5.20.24 11:59PM Pacific.

Lecture 15 (Mon 5.20.24)

Lecture 16 (wed 5.22.24).

Overview of dialog: Human conversation. Task-oriented dialog. Dialog system design. GUS and frame-based dialog systems. Readings:

• J+M Draft Edition Chapter 15: Dialogue Systems and Chatbots, online pdf

Week 9: Spoken dialog with LLMs

• Course Project Milestone due by Monday 5.27.24 11:59PM Pacific.

Memorial Day. NO CLASS (Mon 5.27.24)

Lecture 17 (wed 5.29.24).

Guest lecture: Developing spoken dialog systems with LLMs. Gridspace .

Week 10 : Spoken dialog development & final poster session

Lecture 18 (mon 6.3.24).

Case study: Alexa Skills Kit in the era of LLMs. Readings:

• Understand Custom Skills . You do not need to cover adding visual components to skills.
• Interaction Model Design

Final project poster session (Wed 6.5.24)

Present posters at in-person session during lecture time. Location TBD

Course Project Report due by Saturday 6.8.24 by 11:59 PM Pacific. No late days allowed

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MLB free agency: No 2-way stars, but All-Star sluggers and Cy Young winners could be in ’24-25 class

FILE -New York Yankees’ Juan Soto watches a pitch in the fourth inning of a spring training baseball game against the Philadelphia Phillies Monday, March 11, 2024, in Clearwater, Fla. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason.(AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall, File)

FILE -New York Mets’ Pete Alonso plays against the Boston Red Sox during the fourth inning of a baseball game, Saturday, July 22, 2023, in Boston. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason.(AP Photo/Michael Dwyer, File)

FILE -Milwaukee Brewers’ Corbin Burnes reacts as he walks to the dugout during the fourth inning of a baseball game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Thursday, Sept. 28, 2023, in Milwaukee. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason.(AP Photo/Aaron Gash, File)

FILE -Cleveland Guardians’ Shane Bieber pitches to a Baltimore Orioles batter during the first inning of a baseball game Friday, Sept. 22, 2023, in Cleveland. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason. (AP Photo/Sue Ogrocki, File)

FILE -Houston Astros third baseman Alex Bregman throws out San Diego Padres designated hitter Manny Machado on a ground ball during the seventh inning of a baseball game, Saturday, Sept. 9, 2023, in Houston. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason. (AP Photo/Kevin M. Cox, File)

FILE - Atlanta Braves starting pitcher Max Fried throws to the plate during the first inning of a baseball game against the Los Angeles Dodgers Friday, Sept. 1, 2023, in Los Angeles. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason.(AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill, File)

FILE -New York Yankees second baseman Gleyber Torres throws out Boston Red Sox’s Wilyer Abreu at first base in the fifth inning of a spring training baseball game Wednesday, March 13, 2024, in Tampa, Fla. Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available next offseason.(AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall, File)

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Baseball’s next free agency class won’t have a two-way star like Shohei Ohtani, and almost certainly no deals like his record-shattering $700 million over 10 years to switch teams in Los Angeles this year. But there could still be All-Star sluggers and Cy Young Award winners available.

Big hitters Juan Soto and Pete Alonso are going into their final seasons before potentially becoming free agents for the first time. So are past Cy Young winners Shane Bieber and Corbin Burnes.

Soto will make $31 million this season with the New York Yankees. They acquired him in December from San Diego, where he was traded in August 2022 after turning down a $440 million, 15-year offer to stay with the Washington Nationals. The three-time All-Star outfielder was already betting then on a better deal once he could finally become a free agent.

His agent is Scott Boras, who also represents Mets slugger Alonso and Houston Astros third baseman Alex Bregman, another potential free agent.

Boras worked out multiyear contracts this offseason for two-time Cy Young winner Blake Snell and four-time Gold Glove third baseman Matt Chapman with the San Francisco Giants, and 2019 NL MVP Cody Bellinger to stay with the Chicago Cubs. All have player opt-outs that could allow them to be free agents again as early as next offseason.

Here are some of the players eligible for free agency after this year’s World Series:

OF Juan Soto, Yankees

Even Yankees general manager Brian Cashman has said he expects Soto to test free agency after this season. If the left-handed slugger does, he will then barely be 26 years old — his birthday is Oct. 25, around the same time the World Series would be starting.

Soto is a .284 career hitter with 160 home runs and 483 RBIs since his big league debut in 2018, a year before being part of the Nationals’ World Series title. His .421 career on-base percentage is the highest among active players. He hit .275 with 35 homers and 109 RBIs and led the majors in walks (132) for the third year in a row while playing all 162 games for San Diego last year.

1B Pete Alonso, Mets

Alonso avoided arbitration by agreeing to a $20.5 million, one-year contract for this season, but the Mets don’t anticipate a long-term deal before free agency with the three-time All-Star first baseman and 2019 NL Rookie of the Year.

The 29-year-old Alonso is a .251 career hitter with 192 homers. He set a rookie home run record with 53 in 2019, when he had 120 RBIs. He led the majors with 131 RBIs in 2022, and had 118 last year while hitting a career-low .217 with 46 homers.

RHP Shane Bieber, Guardians

The 2020 AL Cy Young winner has a 60-32 record with a 3.27 ERA in 134 career games. Cleveland’s 28-year-old ace has 937 strikeouts in 831 innings pitched. Bieber, who will make $13,125,000 this season, could become a trade target if the Guardians struggle again after going 76-86 last year.

RHP Corbin Burnes, Orioles

Burnes is already with a new team before free agency, going from Milwaukee to Baltimore in a trade among reigning division champions just before spring training. The 2021 NL Cy Young winner had at least 200 strikeouts each of the past three seasons, and was an All-Star each time. The 29-year-old was 45-27 with a 3.26 ERA and 870 strikeouts over 709 1/3 innings in six seasons with the Brewers.

LHP Max Fried, Braves

The winning pitcher for Atlanta in the clinching Game 6 of the 2021 World Series, Fried has a 62-26 record and 3.03 ERA in 139 games since his big league debut in 2017. The 30-year-old lefty was an All-Star in 2022, when he won his third consecutive Gold Glove. He is healthy now after going 8-1 with a 2.55 ERA last year when limited to only 14 starts (hamstring strain, left forearm).

3B Alex Bregman, Astros

Bregman is at the end of a $100 million, five-year deal after being part of two World Series championships, four AL pennants and the Astros’ seven consecutive trips to the AL Championship Series. Bregman, who turns 30 on Saturday, is .274 career hitter. He was last an All-Star in 2019, the year he was the AL MVP runner-up to Mike Trout after hitting .296 with 41 homers, 112 RBIs and an MLB-best 119 walks – all career highs.

2B Gleyber Torres, Yankees

Torres wants to spend his entire career with the Yankees . The 27-year-old was an All-Star his first two seasons, 2018 and 2019, and is a .267 career hitter. He hit 25 homers last season, his fourth with at least 24.

Some older pitchers

RHP Kenley Jansen, baseball’s active leader with 420 saves and 817 appearances, turns 37 on Sept. 30, the day after the regular season ends. His 15th MLB season will wrap up a $32 million, two-year deal with Boston. ... Three-time Cy Young winners Justin Verlander (Astros) and Max Scherzer (Rangers) will both make $43.33 million in potential walk years after being traded last year by the Mets. The 41-year-old Verlander has a vesting $35 million player option for 2025 if he pitches 140 innings this season. Scherzer is out until at least midseason, around his 40th birthday, recovering from herniated disk surgery in lower back.

Some older hitters

Seven-time All-Star 1B Paul Goldschmidt, the 2022 NL MVP with 340 career homers, will be 37 when his $130 million deal with the St. Louis Cardinals wraps up at the end of this season. ... 3B Justin Turner, at 39 and coming off a career-high 96 RBIs with Boston, is starting a one-year deal with Toronto.

AP MLB: https://apnews.com/hub/MLB

• CBSE Class 10

CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals

CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals play an important role in developing students’ knowledge. All the discoveries and inventions done by scientists have been possible through experiments performed in the laboratory. Thus, lab work is crucial for making the learning complete, especially for a subject like Science. The CBSE Board included the Class 10 Science practicals in secondary classes intending to make students acquainted with the basic tools and techniques used in the laboratory. With the help of this, they can successfully perform the experiments listed in the CBSE Practicals of Class 10 Science.

By performing the experiments of CBSE Class 10 Science, students will understand concepts in a better way as they can now see the changes happening in front of their eyes. Their basics will become stronger as they will learn by doing experiments. Not only this, but their interest in Science subjects will also get generated. Students will develop questioning skills and start thinking from a scientific perspective. Here, we have provided all the necessary details that a Class 10 student should know about CBSE Class 10 Science practicals. From CBSE Science practical to lab manual, project work, NCERT lab kit manual and important questions, all the information is provided in the elaborated form further on this page for Class 10 students.

CBSE Class 10 Biology Practicals

• Experimentally Show That Carbon Dioxide Is Given out During Respiration
• Identification of the Different Parts of an Embryo of a Dicot Seed
• Preparing a Temporary Mount of a Leaf Peel to Show Stomata
• Studying Binary Fission in Amoeba and Budding in Yeast with the Help of Prepared Slides

CBSE Class 10 Chemistry Practicals

• Ph of Samples
• Properties of Acetic Acid Experiment
• Properties of Acids and Base
• Reactivity Series Experiment
• Study the Comparative Cleaning Capacity of a Sample of Soap in Soft and Hard Water
• Types of Reactions Experiment

Also Check: CBSE Class 10 Chemistry Viva Questions

CBSE Class 10 Physics Practicals

• Dependence of Potential Difference Across a Resistor on Current with Graph
• Determination of Focal Length of Concave Mirror and Convex Lens
• To Determine the Equivalent Resistance of Resistors When Connected in Series and in Parallel
• To Find Image Distance for Varying Object Distances of a Convex Lens with Ray Diagrams
• Tracing Path of a Ray of Light Passing Through a Glass Slab
• Tracing the Path of the Rays of Light Through a Glass Prism

All about CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals

In the Class 10 board exam, Science practicals also carry marks. The Class 10 Science theory paper is for 80 marks, and 20 marks are allocated to internal assessment. The marking scheme for internal evaluation is shown below:

CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Syllabus

The practical should be conducted alongside the concept taught in the theory classes. In Class 10 Science, there are a total of 15 practicals in the syllabus. The list of these practicals is provided below.

List of Experiments for CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals

1. A. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator: (not included for this academic year) 

(i) Dilute hydrochloric acid

(ii) Dilute NaOH solution

(iii) Dilute ethanoic acid solution

(iv) Lemon juice

(vi) Dilute hydrogen carbonate solution

B. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis of their reaction with:

a) Litmus solution (Blue/red)

b) Zinc metal

c) Solid sodium carbonate

2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classify them into:

A. Combination reaction

B. Decomposition reaction

C. Displacement reaction

D. Double displacement reaction

(i) Action of water on quicklime

(ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals

(iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution

(iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions

3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:

i) ZnSO 4 (aq)

ii) FeSO 4 (aq)

iii) CuSO 4 (aq)

iv) Al 2 (SO4) 3 (aq)

Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in decreasing order of reactivity based on the above result.

4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determining its resistance. Also, plotting a graph between V and I.

5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel.

6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.

7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.

8. Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid):

ii) Solubility in water

iii) Effect on litmus

iv) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate

9. Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.

10. Determination of the focal length of:

i) Concave mirror

ii) Convex lens

by obtaining the image of a distant object

11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, and angle of emergence and interpret the result.

12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba and (b) budding in yeast and Hydra with the help of prepared slides.

13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.

14. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Peas, gram or red kidney bean).

CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual

For carrying out experiments in the laboratory, students need to know the proper use of the instruments. This CBSE Class 10 Science lab manual familiarises students with the available instruments in the laboratory and informs them about the dos and don’ts while performing experiments. Teachers also explain to students all these things at the beginning of the session.

Each experiment in the CBSE Class 10 Science lab manual is described based on the following points:

• Aim: It explains the objective of the experiment.
• Theory: It explains the basic principles, laws or theories on which the experiment is based.
• Material required: Under this head, all the equipment, measuring devices and other material that is necessary to conduct the experiment are enlisted.
• Procedure: Under this heading, the steps to perform the experiment are mentioned in a proper sequence. Also, diagrams are drawn wherever required to present the pictorial view of the experiment.
• Observation: All the observations are noted down while performing the experiments. For a better presentation, observations are noted in the form of a table. Proper units are expressed for each measurement.
• Calculations: Calculations are based on observation using formulae. In some experiments, graphs are also drawn.
• Results and Discussion: The final result of the experiment is mentioned under this heading.
• Precautions and Sources of Errors: All the precautions that are observed while conducting the experiments are mentioned here. Also, the sources of error which arise due to the limitation of equipment are stated under this heading.

Download CBSE Class 10 Science Laboratory Manual

Students can download the complete lab manual from the table below. The CBSE Class 10 lab manual is divided into 5 parts. The last part consists of project work in which a total of 111 projects are suggested. These projects will promote creativity and a spirit of inquiry in students. Also, it will help them understand the application of the Science subject. Moreover, each project is explained clearly so that students can perform them easily.

CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Important Questions

At the end of each experiment, a few questions are provided in the lab manual. These questions are given to test how much students have learnt from a particular experiment. So, students must answer all these questions. Below provided are a few of these questions. However, students will get the complete set of questions in the CBSE Class 10 lab manual PDF provided above.

Q1) What is your observation when copper is added to iron (II) sulphate solution?

Q2) Why is sulphur dioxide collected by upward displacement of air?

Q3) How does the carbon dioxide gas enter the leaves?

Q4) Which by-product of fermentation is useful in the brewing industry?

Q5) Why are the incident and emergent rays parallel to each other in the case of a rectangular glass slab?

Q6) On what factors does the refractive index of a medium depend?

Q7) Why is it advised to clean the ends of connecting wires before connecting them?

Q8) How are the magnetic field lines of a straight current-carrying wire different from the field lines of a bar magnet?

NCERT Class 10 Science Manual Kit

The NCERT Class 10 Science manual kit provides activities on various chapters of Science subjects. The kit contains scientific and general items, chemicals, glassware, tools, etc. All the details of these tools and the methods of using them are described in the NCERT Class 10 Science Manual Kit. Various discoveries and inventions happened because of performing these experiments. Students will understand the concepts and synthesise their knowledge by doing these experiments. They can also connect the topic with the theory part that they have studied and discussed in the classroom. They will inculcate problem-solving strategies and group learning skills in themselves while performing the activities through kits. It also creates interest and motivates them to learn new facts.

To download the NCERT Manual of Class 10 Science kit in PDF, click on the link below:

Download NCERT Class 10 Science Manual Kit

Each activity in the NCERT Class 10 Science manual kit is explained in detail and covers the following points:

• What are the materials required to perform the activity?
• The process of performing the activity is mentioned in the steps.
• The final result that students have obtained by performing the activity.

We hope students have found this article on “CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals” useful in their studies. Keep learning and stay tuned to BYJU’S for further updates on CBSE and other competitive exams. Download the BYJU’S – The Learning App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive Maths and Science videos.

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