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Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

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Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

  • Arithmetic operators
  • Assignment operators
  • Comparison operators
  • Logical operators
  • Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

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Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

Java Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either true or false . These values are known as Boolean values , and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

In the following example, we use the greater than operator ( > ) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

Java Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform binary logic with the bits of an integer or long integer.

Note: The Bitwise examples above use 4-bit unsigned examples, but Java uses 32-bit signed integers and 64-bit signed long integers. Because of this, in Java, ~5 will not return 10. It will return -6. ~00000000000000000000000000000101 will return 11111111111111111111111111111010

In Java, 9 >> 1 will not return 12. It will return 4. 00000000000000000000000000001001 >> 1 will return 00000000000000000000000000000100

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Operators constitute the basic building block of any programming language. Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic, relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide.

Types of Operators: 

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Unary Operators
  • Assignment Operator
  • Relational Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Ternary Operator
  • Bitwise Operators
  • Shift Operators

This article explains all that one needs to know regarding Assignment Operators. 

Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable, and the right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. This means that the assignment operators have right to left associativity, i.e., the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a constant. The general format of the assignment operator is, 

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are:

1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the “=” sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.

2. Compound Assignment Operator: The Compound Operator is used where +,-,*, and / is used along with the = operator.

Let’s look at each of the assignment operators and how they operate: 

1. (=) operator: 

This is the most straightforward assignment operator, which is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. This is the basic definition of an assignment operator and how it functions. 

Syntax:  

Example:  

2. (+=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by adding the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let’s consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5 Method 2: x += 4.5 As per the previous example, you might think both of them are equal. But in reality, Method 1 will throw a runtime error stating the “i ncompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int “, Method 2 will run without any error and prints 9 as output.

Reason for the Above Calculation

Method 1 will result in a runtime error stating “incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int.” The reason is that the addition of an int and a double results in a double value. Assigning this double value back to the int variable x requires an explicit type casting because it may result in a loss of precision. Without the explicit cast, the compiler throws an error. Method 2 will run without any error and print the value 9 as output. The compound assignment operator += performs an implicit type conversion, also known as an automatic narrowing primitive conversion from double to int . It is equivalent to x = (int) (x + 4.5) , where the result of the addition is explicitly cast to an int . The fractional part of the double value is truncated, and the resulting int value is assigned back to x . It is advisable to use Method 2 ( x += 4.5 ) to avoid runtime errors and to obtain the desired output.

Same automatic narrowing primitive conversion is applicable for other compound assignment operators as well, including -= , *= , /= , and %= .

3. (-=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by subtracting the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

4. (*=) operator:

 This operator is a compound of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. 

5. (/=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the quotient to the operand on the left. 

6. (%=) operator: 

This operator is a compound of ‘%’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the remainder to the operand on the left. 

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators

The simple assignment operator.

One of the most common operators that you'll encounter is the simple assignment operator " = ". You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

This operator can also be used on objects to assign object references , as discussed in Creating Objects .

The Arithmetic Operators

The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is " % ", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.

The following program, ArithmeticDemo , tests the arithmetic operators.

This program prints the following:

You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments . For example, x+=1; and x=x+1; both increment the value of x by 1.

The + operator can also be used for concatenating (joining) two strings together, as shown in the following ConcatDemo program:

By the end of this program, the variable thirdString contains "This is a concatenated string.", which gets printed to standard output.

The Unary Operators

The unary operators require only one operand; they perform various operations such as incrementing/decrementing a value by one, negating an expression, or inverting the value of a boolean.

The following program, UnaryDemo , tests the unary operators:

The increment/decrement operators can be applied before (prefix) or after (postfix) the operand. The code result++; and ++result; will both end in result being incremented by one. The only difference is that the prefix version ( ++result ) evaluates to the incremented value, whereas the postfix version ( result++ ) evaluates to the original value. If you are just performing a simple increment/decrement, it doesn't really matter which version you choose. But if you use this operator in part of a larger expression, the one that you choose may make a significant difference.

The following program, PrePostDemo , illustrates the prefix/postfix unary increment operator:

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java assignment and comparison

Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, and Logical Operators in Java

Java is a powerful programming language that provides various operators to perform arithmetic calculations, assign values to variables, compare different values, and evaluate logical expressions. Understanding these operators is essential for writing efficient and effective Java code. In this article, we will explore the commonly used arithmetic, assignment, comparison, and logical operators in Java.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%). These operators work on numeric data types like integers (int) or floating-point numbers (float or double).

Here's an example of using arithmetic operators:

The output of the above code will be: Sum: 15 Difference: 5 Product: 50 Quotient: 2 Remainder: 0

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=). However, there are also compound assignment operators that combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment.

Here's an example of using assignment and compound assignment operators:

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result (true or false). These operators are often used in conditional statements or loops.

Here's an example of using comparison operators:

The output of the above code will be: Is Equal? false Is Not Equal? true Is Greater? true Is Lesser ? false Is greater Or equal ? true Is lesser Or equal ?false

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used for combining multiple conditions and evaluating logical expressions. The three main logical operators in Java are AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!).

Here's an example of using logical operators:

The output of the above code will be: You are eligible for a student discount. You can apply for the job. Is Valid? false

In conclusion, understanding arithmetic, assignment, comparison, and logical operators in Java is crucial for performing calculations, assigning values to variables, comparing different values, and evaluating logical expressions. By utilizing these operators effectively in your code, you can enhance its functionality and efficiency.

Java Operator – &, && (AND) || (OR) Logical Operators

We use operators in most programming languages to perform operations on variables.

They are divided into various categories like arithmetic operators, assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, and so on.

In this article, we will be talking about the bitwise AND operator, and the AND ( && ) and OR ( || ) logical operators.

How to use the bitwise AND operator

The symbol & denotes the bitwise AND operator. It evaluates the binary value of given numbers. The binary result of these numbers will be returned to us in base 10.

When the & operator starts its operation, it will evaluate the value of characters in both numbers starting from the left.

Let's look at an example to help you understand better:

Let's break it down.

The binary value of 10 is 1010

The binary value of 12 is 1100

Here is something you should have in mind before we start the operation:

  • 1 and 0 => 0
  • 0 and 1 => 0
  • 1 and 1 => 1
  • 0 and 0 => 0

So let's carry out the operation.

The first character for 10 is 1 and the first character for 12 is also 1 so:

1 and 1 = 1.

We move on to the second characters – 0 for 10 and 1 for 12:

1 and 0 = 0.

For the third characters – 1 for 10 and 0 for 12:

For the fourth characters – 0 for 10 and 0 for 12:

0 and 0 = 0.

Now let's combine all the returned characters. We would have 1000.

The binary value 1000 in base 10 is 8 and that is why our operation returned 8.

How to use the logical AND operator

Note that we use logical operators to evaluate conditions. They return either true or false based on the conditions given.

The symbol && denotes the AND operator. It evaluates two statements/conditions and returns true only when both statements/conditions are true.

Here is what the syntax looks like:

As you can see above, there are two statements/conditions separated by the operator. The operator evaluates the value of both statements/conditions and gives us a result – true or false.

Here is an example:

The operation will return true because both conditions are true – 10 is greater than 2 and 8 is greater than 4. If either one of the conditions had an untrue logic then we would get false .

To better understand the && operator, you should know that both conditions must be true to get a value of true .

Here is another example that returns false :

Here, 2 is not greater than 10 but 8 is greater than 4 – so we get a false returned to us. This is because one of the conditions is not true.

  • If both conditions are true => true
  • If one of the two conditions is false => false
  • If both conditions are false => false

How to use the logical OR operator

We use the symbol || to denote the OR operator. This operator will only return false when both conditions are false. This means that if both conditions are true, we would get true returned, and if one of both conditions is true, we would also get a value of true returned to us.

Here is the syntax:

Let's go over a few examples.

This returns true because one of conditions is true.

  • If one of the conditions is true => true

In this article, we learned how to use the bitwise & operator in Java and how the operation is carried out to give us a result.

We also learned how to use the && and || logical operators in Java. We learned what value each operation returns based on the conditions involved in the operation.

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Relational Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Unary Operators
  • Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .

Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Example 2: Assignment Operators

3. java relational operators.

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false .

Example 3: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.

Example 4: Logical Operators

Working of Program

  • (5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true .
  • (5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false .
  • (5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true .
  • (5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true .
  • (5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false .
  • !(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false .
  • !(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true .

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .

Different types of unary operators are:

  • Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,

Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,

Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .

Other operators

Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,

Here's how it works.

  • If the Expression is true , expression1 is assigned to the variable .
  • If the Expression is false , expression2 is assigned to the variable .

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .

Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Java Arithmetic Operators
  • Java Assignment Operators
  • Java Relational Operators
  • Java Logical Operators
  • Java Unary Operators
  • Java Bitwise Operators

Sorry about that.

Related Tutorials

Java Tutorial

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How To Understand Java "=" Vs "==" In Depth

In the world of Java, the distinction between '=' and '==' is more than just an extra character. This article breaks down the nuances between assignment and comparison, shedding light on common misconceptions and guiding developers through their correct usage.

KEY INSIGHTS

  • The "=" operator is for assigning values , whereas "==" compares values or references .
  • Using "==" with objects compares memory locations , not content; .equals() is recommended for content comparison.
  • String behavior in Java affects how "==" operates, referencing the same memory location in the String pool.
  • Autoboxing and integer caching can lead to unexpected results with "==" when comparing Integer objects.

In Java, the distinction between "=" and "==" can be subtle but crucial. While one assigns values, the other compares them. Let's clarify this fundamental concept to ensure you use them correctly in your code.

java assignment and comparison

Understanding The "=" Operator

Grasping the "==" operator, key differences between "="and "==", common mistakes and how to avoid them, practical examples and use cases, frequently asked questions, syntax of "=" operator, assigning values to multiple variables, changing variable values, assigning objects.

In Java, the "=" operator is known as the assignment operator. Its primary function is to assign the value on its right side to the variable on its left side.

For example:

Java allows you to assign values to multiple variables in a single line using the "=" operator.

Variables in Java can be reassigned new values using the "=" operator.

The "=" operator can also be used to assign objects to variables.

Comparing Primitive Data Types

Comparing objects, use of "==" with strings, pitfalls and recommendations.

In Java, the "==" operator is a relational operator used for comparison. It checks if two values or variables are equal in terms of their content.

When comparing primitive data types, the "==" operator checks if the values are the same.

When comparing objects, the "==" operator checks if the two object references point to the same memory location, not if their content is the same.

Strings in Java have a special behavior due to the String pool. When you create a string without the new keyword, it might refer to the same memory location if the content is the same.

It's essential to understand the difference between comparing memory locations and content. For objects, if you wish to compare their content, it's recommended to use the .equals() method instead of the "==" operator.

Functionality

Usage with objects, return type, recommendations.

The "=" and "==" operators in Java serve distinct purposes and have different behaviors. Understanding their differences is crucial for writing correct and efficient code.

The "=" operator is an assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left.

When used with objects, the "=" operator assigns a reference, not the actual object.

The "=" operator does not return a value. It simply performs an assignment.

In contrast, the "==" operator returns a boolean value, either true or false , based on the comparison result.

While the "=" operator is straightforward in its usage, care must be taken with the "==" operator, especially with objects. For content comparison of objects, it's advisable to use methods like .equals() .

Mistaking "=" For "=="

Comparing objects using "==", not considering autoboxing.

Java's "=" and "==" operators are fundamental, but their misuse can lead to unexpected behaviors in programs. Being aware of common pitfalls can help you write more robust code.

One of the most frequent mistakes is using the assignment operator "=" when intending to compare values.

Another common mistake is using "==" to compare the content of objects, which can lead to incorrect results.

Java's autoboxing feature can lead to unexpected results when comparing wrapper objects.

However, for larger values:

Assigning Values To Variables

Checking user input, comparing enum values, validating object state.

Understanding the "=" and "==" operators in Java is essential, but seeing them in action can solidify your grasp. Let's delve into some practical scenarios where these operators play a crucial role.

The "=" operator is straightforward in its application. It's used to assign values to variables.

Often, you might want to compare user input to a predefined value. The "==" operator comes in handy for primitive data types.

Enums in Java are a set of predefined constants. Using "==" is safe and recommended for comparing enum values.

When working with objects, especially in conditions, it's common to check an object's state or attribute.

Can I use "==" to compare strings in Java?

While you can use "==" to compare strings, it checks if the strings reference the same memory location, not their content. For content comparison, it's recommended to use the .equals() method.

Why does "==" give unexpected results with Integer objects?

This is due to Java's autoboxing and integer caching. For values between -128 and 127, Java caches Integer objects, so "==" might return true. For values outside this range, "==" compares object references, which might not point to the same object even if their values are the same.

Is there a performance difference between "=" and "=="?

The "=" operator is generally faster as it simply assigns a value or reference. The "==" operator, especially with objects, might take longer as it needs to compare values or references.

How do I compare objects' content if "==" checks their references?

To compare the content of two objects, use the .equals() method. Ensure that the class of the objects overrides the .equals() method for accurate content comparison.

Is there a "===" operator in Java like in some other languages?

No, Java does not have a "===" operator. In languages like JavaScript, "===" checks for value and type equality, but in Java, the type is always known at compile time, so there's no need for such an operator.

Let’s test your knowledge!

What's the Difference Between "=" and "==" in Java?

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Java Programming tutorials

Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Comparison Operators
  • Conditional Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the  /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

  • &= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
  • ^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
  • >>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
  • >>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
  • <<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

Read more Java programming tutorials and guides to software development .

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Operators in java: Arithmetic, Bit, Assignment, Comparison, Logical And Operators Priority

Arithmetic operators in java.

Arithmetic operators in java are operators that contain numbers, i.e. values of type byte, short, int, long, float, double, or char, as operands. They are summarized below in Tables 1  and 2. The + and – operators in java can be used both as two-digit and as single-digit operators in java. Attention: The + operator can also be used to add two strings in a single package. Thus, “abcd” + “efgh” the string ‘abcdefgh’ Another special feature is the result type of arithmetic operations. By that we mean the type (i.e. byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, or String) of the result of an operation that does not match the type both operands ¨ must match. The best example is program lines such as

short a = 1;

short b = 2;

short c = a + b;

which, although apparently correct, compiles to the following give error message

Incompatible type for declaration.

Explicit cast needed to convert int to short.

Why this? To determine the result type of an arithmetic operation, the Java compiler does the following:

  • At least he calls if one of the operands is of type double – this is the case, the result type of this operation is double. The other operand is then (if necessary) converted implicitly to double and then performs the operation.
  • If this was not the case, the compiler calls whether one of the operands of type float – if this is the case, the result type of this operation is float. The other operand is then implicitly converted to float (if required) and then perform the operation.
  • If this was also not the case, then the compiler calls whether one of the operands is of type long if yes, the result type of this operation is long. The other operand is then (if necessary) implicitly converted to long and then perform the operation.
  • If none of the first three cases were found, the result type of this operation is in any case int. Both operands are then (if required) implicitly converted to int and then executed the operation.

This also shows why the above example produces an error message. the expression a + b does not contain any of the types double, float, or long, therefore the result type becomes an int. We will try this now without explicit type conversion to a variable of type short, resulting in an error message, because the value range of int is greater than the value range of short. However, the error can be easily fixed by explicitly forces a type conversion. The rows

short c = (short)(a + b);

can therefore be compiled without any difficulty. What do we learn from this? Either from now on we use for integer variables only type int (these problems do not appear here), or we for each arithmetic operation, ensure that the result is explicitly stated in the required Type to convert. In any case, we now know how to make mistakes of this type.

Attention: In connection with the type conversion, we want to again refer to the specifics in the context of the arithmetic operators in java.

  • If the + operator is used, a string operand (string operands), and an operand of any other type, the other operand is implicitly converted to a string.
  • the value of an arithmetic expression to be converted automatically to byte, short, or char. if it is a constant value of type int. man in this case, speaks of a constant expression whose value already when compiling (i.e. translating source code into Java byte code) can be determined. In general, a constant expression may only contain literal constants and final variables (symbolic constants) of the simple data types; or string literals (string constants). Permissible constant Ejectors are therefore exemplary

Table 1: Two-digit arithmetic operators in java

Table 2: One-digit arithmetic operators in java

Example: how to use Arithmetic Operators in java:

operators in java

Bitwise operators in java :

In order to understand this category of operators in java, we must first of all how to store values in the computer. Basic a computer (or the electronics contained in a computer) only distinguish two conditions: Off or On. We arrange this task for the sake of simplicity, assign the numerical values 0 and 1. The smallest memory unit, where a computer can store exactly one of these values We know that we have one bit. To display any numbers and letters, several bits are combined to form new, larger units. 8 bits correspond to one byte, 1024 bytes to one kilobyte, 1024 kilobytes a megabyte, etc. Bitwise operators in java allow integer operands but do not work with the integer, the actual value of the operands, but only with their bits. Here too, a distinction is made between non-linear and non-linear operations. The only unary operation, the negation (represented by the symbol: WEB), supplies bit by bit always the complement of the operand, as shown in Table 3. In addition, there are three operations, the logical and (represented by &), the logical or (|) and the logical exclusive or (ˆ), the bit by bit

Table 3: Bitwise negation

Table 4: And, or and exclusive or

as shown in Table 4. So in order to join two Bits to get the value 1 must

Both bits have the value 1 for the operation & , at the operation | at least one of the bits has the value 1 and in the operation ˆ exactly one of the bits has the value 1.

In the case of the bit-wise linking of two integer operands, these are bit operations applied to several bits (digit by digit) simultaneously. So delivers for example the program piece

because byte value 9 corresponds to the bit pattern 00001001 and byte value 3 to the bit pattern 00000011 corresponds and thus the bit-by-bit connection a & b corresponds to the bit pattern 00000001, ie the decimal byte value 1, supplies, while the bit-wise Link a | b the bit pattern 00001011, i.e. the decimal byte value 11 supplies. These Java bit operators are listed in Table 5. There are also three-shift operators in java, all of which are bits of an integer Shift the value by a specified number of places to the left or right, as shown in Table 6. Shifting the bits one place to the left or right can also be used as multiplication or division of the value with or by 2 can be interpreted.

Table 5: Bitwise operators in java

Table 6: Shift operators in java

Example: how to use bitwise operators in java:

operators in java

Assignment operators in java :

The assignment operator = has a special position among the operators in java. It can be used to assign values ​​to a variable. For example, the Expression

assigns the value 3 to the variable a. To the right of the assignment mark can not only a constant value but also a variable or expression. Around You can also assign the same value to several variables at the same time form entire chains of assignment, for example

a = b = c = 5;

Here the value 5 is assigned to all three variables a, b, c. This becomes possible because every assignment is itself an expression whose value is the value of the left side, which in turn is passed on to the next left side can be.

Caution: The assignment operator = basically has nothing to do with that used in mathematics known equality relation (identity) to do the same sign = used. A mathematical expression of form

for a real number a is, of course, false, the Java statement

on the other hand, is syntactically completely correct and increases the value of the variable a by 1. If one wants to make calculations with the value of a variable and the result then save in the same variable, it is often burdensome to change the variable name tap both to the left and right of the assignment operator. Therefore offers Java also uses an abbreviated notation for many binary operators. So can one instead

also shorter

write. Both expressions are completely equivalent in Java, both increase the value of the variable an around 1. Table 7 summarizes all possible abbreviations together.

Table 7: Abbreviated notations for binary operators in java

Example: How to use Assignment Operators in java:

operators in java

Comparison operators and logical operators in java:

The so-called comparison operators form another group of operators in java. These always binary operators compare their operands with one another and always give a result of the type boolean, i.e. either true or false, back. In detail, these are the operators in java listed in Table 8. To create complex expressions, the comparison operators in java mostly linked by so-called logical operators. These are similar to the first look at the bit operators already introduced but expect logical ones.

Table 8: Comparison operators in java

Operators in Java are always operands of type boolean, and their result type is also boolean. As with the bit operators, there are operators for logical And (operator &), logical or (operators | and ˆ), and negation (operator !), the effect of which is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Logical and, or and the negation

The operators && and || are special with them the second Operand is only evaluated if the result of the operation is not already is clear after evaluating the first operand. In the case of a && b, b only has to are then evaluated if the evaluation of results in the value true. in this case, a || b only has to be evaluated if results in the value are false. For example, if the expression (a> 15) && (b <20) is to be evaluated and the value of the variable a is just 10, the first partial expression results (a> 15) initially false. In this case, the compiler checks the value of the variable b no longer after, since the entire expression is also only false can be.

What do we get out of it now? First of all, one can through skillful exploitation these operators in java determine the execution speed of the program in individual cases increase significantly. Must have two conditions at one point in a program true, and is the result of one condition in 90% of all If false, it is advisable to have this condition checked first and to join the second via the conditional operator. Now the second has to be Condition can only be checked in the 10% of all cases in which the first condition becomes true. In all other cases, the program runs faster. Furthermore, if the conditions are not only variables but also Contain calls to methods (we will learn exactly what that is later), with help of a conditional operator achieve that certain program parts, in general, cannot be processed. But more on that later. Table 10 summarizes all logical operators in java.

Table 10: Logical operators in java

The takes a special position among the comparison and logical operators three-digit conditional operator?: a. Actually, it is only a shorthand one Notation for an if decision statement. As the first operand, it expects an expression with the result type boolean, as second and third expressions each, both of a numeric data type, are both of type boolean or both of type String. Returns the first If the operand returns true, the operator returns the value of its second operand back. If the first operand returns false, the value of the third operand is the result of the operation.

Example: The expression

(a == 15) ? “a is 15” :  “a is not 15”

returns the character string a is 15 if the variable a contains the value 15, and the string a is not 15 in all other cases.

Example: How to use comparison operators in java :

operators in java

Example: How to use logical operators in java:

operators in java

Increment and decrement operators in java :

Here, too, it is actually only a question of abbreviated notations of frequent terms used. To increase the content of the variable a by one, we could write – as we now know – for example:

Alternatively – we have already learned that too – the abbreviated assignment operator on, i.e.

In this special case (an increase of the variable content by exactly 1) it is possible now an even shorter notation, namely

The increment operator ++ is therefore unrecognized and increases the value of its operand at one. In the same way, the decrement operator decreases -, also a non-arid one Operator, the value of its operand by one. Both operators are only allowed to Variables are applied. What needs to be considered? As already mentioned, both operators can both can be used in both prefix and postfix notation. If the operator is in an isolated statement – as in the example above – is used, both Notations equivalent. However, if the increment or decrement operator is part of a larger expression, so the notation has a decisive influence on the result of the expression.

If the prefix notation is used, the value of the variable is first increased or decreased and then the expression is evaluated. In the same way, the Postfix Notation, the expression is evaluated first and only then the increment or decrement carried out.

d = –c;

After this program segment has been executed, b contains the value 5, since first the Expression is evaluated and then the increment is executed. d against it contains the value 4 since the decrement is carried out first and then the Expression is evaluated. In the end, a has the value 6 and c has the value 4.

Example: how to use increment and decrement operators in java:

operators in java

Priority and evaluation order of the operators in java :

So far we have only considered all operators in isolation, i.e. our expressions each contained only one operator. However, if you use several operators In an expression, the question arises in what order each operation is performed. This is due to the priorities of the individual operators set. Operations with a higher priority always take precedence over operations lower priority is carried out if parentheses (see below) do not indicate otherwise regulate. Have multiple two-digit operations in the same expression stand, the same priority, then – except for assignment operators – always from evaluated left to right. The assignment operator = and all abbreviated one’s Assignment operators – i.e. + =, – =, etc. – are used when they are next to each other in occur in an expression, but evaluated from right to left. Table 11 contains all the operators that we have come to know so far, in order according to their priority. With the top group of operators in java with the highest Priority (15). In practice, this means for us that we can safely do “point-to-point calculation” can use without worrying about what priorities have to. Since multiplicative operators in java have a higher priority than additive operators, are expressions such as

evaluated correctly as expected (here: the result is 10, not 14). Beyond that but we should rather use one pair of brackets too many rather than too few to guarantee the desired order of execution of the operations. In fact, just like in mathematics, we can use round brackets () Determine the sequence of operations clearly, regardless of the priority assigned to them.

Related Article:

Java Constant and Constant Enumerations (Enums)

Input and Output Data in java With Examples

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Java 22 and IntelliJ IDEA

Mala Gupta

Java 22 is here, fully supported by IntelliJ IDEA 2024.1 , allowing you to use these features now!

Java 22 has something for all – from new developers to Java experts, features related to performance and security for big organizations to those who like working with bleeding edge technology, from additions to the Java language to improvements in the JVM platform, and more.

It is also great to see how all these Java features, release after release, work together to create more possibilities and have a bigger impact on how developers create their applications that address existing pain points, perform better and are more secure.

This blog post doesn’t include a comprehensive coverage of all the Java 22 features. If you are interested in that, I’d recommend you to check out this link to know everything about what’s new and changing in Java 22, including the bugs.

In this blog post, I’ll cover how IntelliJ IDEA helps you get started, up and running with some of the Java 22 features, such as, String Templates , Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods , Statements before super() , and Unnamed variables and patterns .

Over the past month, I published separate blog posts to cover each of these topics in detail. If you are new to these topics, I’d highly recommend you check out those detailed blog posts (I’ve included their links in the relevant subsections in this blog post). In this blog post, I’ll cover some sections from those blog posts, especially how IntelliJ IDEA supports them. Let’s start by configuring IntelliJ IDEA to work with the Java 22 features.

IntelliJ IDEA Configuration

Java 22 support is available in IntelliJ IDEA 2024.1 Beta . The final version will release soon in March 2024.

In your Project Settings, set the SDK to Java 22. For the language level, select ‘22 (Preview) – Statements before super(), string templates (2nd preview etc.)’ on both the Project and Modules tab, as shown in the below settings screenshot:

java assignment and comparison

If you do not have Java 22 downloaded to your system yet, don’t worry; IntelliJ IDEA has your back! You could use the same Project settings window, select ‘Download JDK’, after you click on the drop down next to SDK. You’ll see the below popup that would enable you to choose from a list of vendors (such as Oracle OpenJDK, GraalVM, Azul Zulu and others):

java assignment and comparison

With the configuration under our belt, let’s get started with covering one of my favorite new features, that is, String Templates.

String Templates (Preview Language feature) The existing String concatenation options are difficult to work with and could be error prone; String templates offer a better alternative, that is, String interpolation with additional benefits such as validation, security and transformations via template processors.

Please check out my detailed blog post on this topic: String Templates in Java – why should you care? if you are new to this topic. It covers all the basics, including why you need String Templates, with multiple hands-on examples on built-in and user defined String processors.

IntelliJ IDEA can highlight code that could be replaced with String Templates Let’s assume you defined the following code to log a message that combines string literals and variable values using the concatenation operator:

The output from the preceding code could be an issue if you miss adding spaces in the String literals. The code isn’t quite easy to read or understand due to multiple opening and closing double quotes, that is, " and the + operator, and it would get worse if you add more literals, or variable values to it.

You could replace the preceding code with either StringBuilder.append() , String.format() or String.formatted() method or by using the class MessageFormat (as shown in my detailed blog post on this topic), but each of these methods have their own issues.

Don’t worry; IntelliJ IDEA could detect such code, suggest that you could replace it with String template, and do that for you, as shown below. It doesn’t matter if you are not even aware of the syntax of the String templates, IntelliJ IDEA has your back 🙂

Embedded expressions in String Templates and IntelliJ IDEA The syntax to embed a remplate expression (variable, expressible or a method call) is still new to what Java developers are used to and could be challenging to use without help. Don’t worry, IntelliJ IDEA has your back!

Each embedded expression must be enclosed within \{}. When you type \{, IntelliJ IDEA adds the closing ‘}’ for you. It also offers code completion to help you select a variable in scope, or any methods on it. If the code that you insert doesn’t compile, IntelliJ IDEA will highlight that too (as a compilation error), as shown in the following gif:

Using String Templates with Text Blocks Text blocks are quite helpful when working with string values that span multiple lines, such as, JSON, XML, HTML, SQL or other values that are usually processed by external environments. It is common for us Java developers to create such string values using a combination of string literals and variable values (variables, expressions or method calls).

The example below shows how IntelliJ IDEA could detect and create a text block using String templates for multiline string values that concatenates string literals with variable values. It also shows how IntelliJ IDEA provides code completion for variable names within such blocks. When you type in \{ , IntelliJ IDEA adds } . As you start typing the variable name countryName , it shows the available variables in that context:

Language injection and String Templates You could also inject a language or a reference in string values that spans single line or multiple lines, such as, a text block. By doing so, you get comprehensive coding assistance to edit the literal value. You could avail of this feature temporarily or permanently by using the @Language annotation, as shown below:

You can check out this link for detailed information on the benefits and usage of injecting language or reference in IntelliJ IDEA.

Predefined Template Processors With the String templates, you get access to predefined processors like the STR , FMT and RAW . I’d highly recommend you to check out my detailed blog post on String templates for multiple hands-on examples on it.

Custom Template Processor

Let’s work with a custom String template that isn’t covered in my previous blog post.

Imagine you’d like to create an instance of a record, say, WeatherData , that stores the details of the JSON we used in the previous section. Assume you define the following records to store this weather data represented by the JSON in the previous section:

You could create a method to return a custom String template that would process interpolated string, accept a class name ( WeatherData for this example) and return its instance:

Depending on the logic of your application, you might want to escape, delete or throw errors for the special characters that you encounter in the the JSON values interpolated via template expressions, as follows (the following method chooses to escape the special characters and include them as part of the JSON value):

You could initialize and use this custom JSON template processor as below. Note how elegant and concise the solution is with a combination of textblocks and String templates. The JSON is easy to read, write and understand (thanks to text blocks). The template expressions make it clear and obvious about the sections that are not constants and would be injected by the variables. At the end, the custom template processor WEATHER_JSON would ensure the resultant JSON is validated according to the logic you defined and returns an instance of WeatherData (doesn’t it sound magical?) :

Do not miss to check out my detailed blog post on this topic: String Templates in Java – why should you care? to discover how you could use the predefined String templates like FMT , to generate properly formatted receipts for, say, your neighborhood stationery store, or, say encode and decode combinations like :) or :( to emojis like 🙂 or ☹️. Does that sound fun to you?

Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods (Preview language feature)

Introduced as a preview language feature in Java 21, this feature is in its second preview in Java 22.

It would revolutionize how new Java developers would get started learning Java. It simplifies the initial steps for students when they start learning basics, such as variable assignment, sequence, conditions and iteration. Students no longer need to declare an explicit class to develop their code, or write their main() method using this signature – public static void main(String []) . With this feature, classes could be declared implicitly and the main() method can be created with a shorter list of keywords.

If you are new to this feature, I’d highly recommend you to check out my detailed blog post: ‘HelloWorld’ and ‘main()’ meet minimalistic on this feature. In this blog post, I’ll include a few of the sections from it.

Class ‘HelloWorld’ before and after Java 21

Before Java 21, you would need to define a class, say, HelloWorld , that defined a main() method with a specific list of keywords, to print any text, say, ‘Hello World’ to the console, as follows:

With Java 21, this initial step has been shortened. You can define a source code file, say, HelloWorld.java, with the following code, to print a message to the console (it doesn’t need to define a class; it has a shorter signature for method main() ):

The preceding code is simpler than what was required earlier. Let’s see how this change could help you focus on what you need, rather than what you don’t.

Compiling and executing your code

Once you are done writing your code, the next step is to execute it.

On the command prompt, you could use the javac and java commands to compile and execute your code. Assuming you have defined your code in a source code file HelloWorld.java, you could use the following commands to run and execute it:

Since Java 11, it is possible to skip the compilation process for code defined in a single source code file, so you could use just the second command (by specifying the name of the source code file, as follows):

However, since instance main methods and implicit classes is a preview language feature, you should add the flag --enable-preview with --source 22 with these commands, as follows:

Sooner or later, you might switch to using an IDE to write your code. If you wish to use IntelliJ IDEA for creating instance main methods, here’s a quick list of steps to follow. Create a new Java project, select the build system as IntelliJ (so you could use Java compiler and runtime tools), create a new file, say, HelloWorld.java with your instance main method and set the properties to use Java 22, before you run your code, as shown in the following gif (It could save you from typing out the compilation/ execution commands on the command prompt each time you want to execute your code):

Are you wondering if it would be better to create a ‘Java class’ instead of a ‘File’ in the ‘src’ folder? The option of selecting a Java class would generate the body of a bare minimum class, say, public class HelloWorld { } . Since we are trying to avoid unnecessary keywords in the beginning, I recommended creating a new ‘File’ which wouldn’t include any code.

What else can main() do apart from printing messages to the console?

As included in my detailed post on this topic , I included multiple hand-on examples to show what you could achieve via just the main() method:

  • Example 1. Variable declarations, assignments and simple calculations
  • Example 2. Print patterns, such as, big letters using a specified character
  • Example 3. Animating multiline text – one word at a time
  • Example 4. Data structure problems
  • Example 5. Text based Hangman game

The idea to include multiple examples as listed above is to demonstrate the power of sequence, condition and iteration all of which can be included in the main() method, to build good programming foundations with problem solving skills. By using the run command or the icon to run and execute their code in IntelliJ IDEA, new programmers reduce another step when getting started.

Changing an implicit class to a regular class

When you are ready to level up and work with other concepts like user defined classes, you could also covert the implicit classes and code that we used in the previous examples, to regular classes, as shown below:

What happens when you create a source code file with method main(), but no class declaration?

Behind the scenes, the Java compiler creates an implicit top level class, with a no-argument constructor, so that these classes don’t need to be treated in a way that is different to the regular classes.

Here’s a gif that shows a decompiled class for you for the source code file AnimateText.java:

Variations of the main method in the implicit class

As we are aware, a method can be overloaded. Does that imply an implicit class can define multiple main methods? If yes, which one of them qualifies as the ‘main’ method? This is an interesting question. First of all, know that you can’t define a static and non-static main method with the same signature, that is, with the same method parameters. The following method are considered valid main() methods in an implicit class:

If there is no valid main method detected, IntelliJ IDEA could add one for you, as shown in the following gif:

Educators could use this feature to introduce other concepts to the students in an incremental way

If you are an educator, you could introduce your students to other commonly used programming practices, such as creating methods- that is delegating part of your code to another method and calling it from the main method. You could also talk about passing values vs. variables to these methods.

The following gif shows how to do it:

Statements before super() – a preview language feature

Typically, we create alternative solutions for tasks that are necessary, but not officially permitted. For instance, executing statements before super() in a derived class constructor was not officially allowed, even though it was important for, say, validating values being passed to the base class constructor. A popular workaround involved creating static methods to validate values and then calling these methods on the arguments of super() . Though this approach worked well, it could make the code look complicated. This is changing with Statements before super() , a preview language feature in Java 22.

By using this feature, you can opt for a more direct approach, that is, drop the workaround of creating static methods, and execute code that validates arguments, just before calling super() . Terms and conditions still apply, such as, not accessing instance members of a derived class before execution of super() completes.

An example – Validating values passed to super() in a derived class constructor Imagine you need to create a class, say, IndustryElement , that extends class Element , which is defined as follows:

The constructor of the class Element misses checking if the atomicNumber is in the range of 1-118 (all known elements have atomic numbers between 1 to 118). Often the source code of a base class is not accessible or open for modification. How would you validate the values passed to atomicNumber in the constructor of class IndustryElement ?

Until Java 21, no statements were allowed to execute before super() . Here’s one of the ways we developers found a workaround by defining and calling static methods (static methods belong to a class and not to instances and can be executed before any instance of a class exists):

Starting Java 22, you could inline the contents of your static method in the constructor for your derived class, as shown in the following gif:

Here’s the resultant code for your reference:

Where else would you use this feature? If you are new to this feature, I’d recommend that you check out my detailed blog post, Constructor Makeover in Java 22 , in which I’ve covered this feature in detail using the following examples:

  • Example 2 – base class constructor parameters that use annotations for validations
  • Example 3 – Transforming variable values received in a derived class constructor, before calling a base class constructor.
  • Example 4 – Executing statements before this() in constructor of Records
  • Example 5 – Executing statements before this() in Enum constructors
  • Example 6 – Executing statements before this() in classes

How does it work behind the scenes? The language syntax has been relaxed but it doesn’t change or impact the internal JVM instructions. There are no changes to the JVM instructions for this new feature because the order of execution of the constructors still remains unchanged – from base class to a derived class. Also, this feature still doesn’t allow you to use members of a derived class instance, until super() executes.

Let’s access and compare the instruction set of the constructor of class IndustryElement , before and after its modification – one that can execute statements before super() and the one that doesn’t. To do so, use the following command:

Here’s the instruction set for the constructor that doesn’t explicitly execute statements before super() and calls static methods to validate range of atomic number:

java assignment and comparison

Here’s instruction set for the constructor that explicitly executes statements before super() to validate range of atomic number:

java assignment and comparison

The most important point to note here is that in both the cases, the constructor of the base class, that is, Element is called, after the execution of all other statements. Essentially, it means, you are still doing the same thing, it is just packaged in a way that makes things easier for you.

I understand it is difficult to remember what each of these instruction codes means. Access the following link and search for the instruction code and following the above instructions set would be a breeze:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se21/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.aload_n

Can you execute ‘any’ statements before calling super()?

No. If the statements before super() try to access instance variables or execute methods of your derived class, your code won’t compile. For example, if you change the static checkRange() method to an instance method, your code won’t compile, as shown below:

Unnamed Variables and Patterns

Starting Java 22, using Unnamed Variables & Patterns you can mark unused local variables, patterns and pattern variables to be ignored, by replacing their names (or their types and names) with an underscore, that is, _ . Since such variables and patterns no longer have a name, they are referred to as Unnamed variables and patterns. Ignoring unused variables would reduce the time and energy anyone would need to understand a code snippet. In the future, this could prevent errors :-). This language feature doesn’t apply to instance or class variables.

Are you wondering if replacing unused variables with _ is always a good idea, or do they imply code smells and should you consider refactoring your codebase to remove them? Those are good questions to ask. If you are new to this topic, I’d recommend you to check out my detailed blog post: Drop the Baggage: Use ‘_’ for Unnamed Local Variables and Patterns in Java 22 to find out answer to this question.

Since this is not a preview language feature, set Language Level in your Project Settings to ‘22 – Unnamed variables and patterns’ on both the Project and Modules tab, as shown in the below settings screenshot:

java assignment and comparison

A quick example

The following gif gives a sneak peek into how an unused local variable, connection, is detected by IntelliJ IDEA, and could be replaced with an underscore, that is, _ .

The modified code shown in the preceding gif makes it clear that the local variable defined in the try-with-resources statement is unused, making it concise and easier to understand.

Unused Patterns and Pattern variables in switch constructs

Imagine you defined a sealed interface, say, GeometricShape , and records to represent shapes, such as, Point , Line , Triangle , Square , as shown in the following code:

Now assume you need a method that accepts an instance of GeometricShape and returns its area. Since Point and a Line are considered one-dimensional shapes, they wouldn’t have an area. Following is one of the ways to define such method that calculates and returns area:

In the previous example, the patterns int x , int y , Point a and Point B (for case label Line) remain unused as detected by IntelliJ IDEA. These could be replaced by an _ . Also, since all the record components of the case Point remain unused, it could be replaced as Point _ . This could also allow us to merge the first and second case labels. All of these steps are shown in the following gif:

Here’s the modified code for your reference:

In the preceding example, you can’t delete the pattern variables even if they are unused. The code must include the cases when the instance passed to the method calcArea() is of type Point and Line , so that it could return 0 for them.

Unused Patterns or variables with nested records

This feature also comes in quite handy for nested records with multiple unused patterns or pattern variables, as demonstrated using the following example code:

In the preceding code, since the if condition in the method checkFirstNameAndCountryCodeAgain uses only two pattern variables, others could be replaced using _ ; it reduced the noise in the code too.

Where else can you use this feature? Checkout my detailed detailed blog post: Drop the Baggage: Use ‘_’ for Unnamed Local Variables and Patterns in Java 22 to learn more about other use cases where this feature can be used:

  • Requirements change, but you need side effects of constructs like an enhanced for-loop
  • Unused parameters in exception handlers; whose signature can’t be modified
  • Unused auto-closeable resources in try-with-resources statements

It isn’t advisable to use this feature without realising if an unused variable or pattern is a code smell or not. I used these examples to show that at times it might be better to refactor your code to get rid of the unused variable instead of just replacing it with an underscore, that is, _ .

  • Unused lambda parameter
  • Methods with multiple responsibilities

Preview Features

‘String Templates’, ‘Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods’ and ‘Statements before super()’ are preview language features in Java 22. With Java’s new release cadence of six months, new language features are released as preview features. They may be reintroduced in later Java versions in the second or more preview, with or without changes. Once they are stable enough, they may be added to Java as a standard language feature.

Preview language features are complete but not permanent, which essentially means that these features are ready to be used by developers, although their finer details could change in future Java releases depending on developer feedback. Unlike an API, language features can’t be deprecated in the future. So, if you have feedback about any of the preview language features, feel free to share it on the JDK mailing list (free registration required).

Because of how these features work, IntelliJ IDEA is committed to only supporting preview features for the current JDK. Preview language features can change across Java versions, until they are dropped or added as a standard language feature. Code that uses a preview language feature from an older release of the Java SE Platform might not compile or run on a newer release.

In this blog post, I covered four Java 22 features – String Templates , Implicitly Declared Classes and Instance Main Methods , Statements before super() , and Unnamed variable and patterns .

String Templates is a great addition to Java. Apart from helping developers to work with strings that combine string constants and variables, they provide a layer of security. Custom String templates can be created with ease to accomplish multiple tasks, such as, to decipher letter combinations, either ignoring them or replacing them for added security.

Java language designers are reducing the ceremony that is required to write the first HelloWorld code for Java students, by introducing implicitly declared classes and instance main methods. New students can start with bare minimum main() method, such as, void main() and build strong programming foundation by polishing their skills with basics like sequence, selection and iteration.

In Java 22, the feature Statements before super() lets you execute code before calling super() in your derived class constructors, this() in your records or enums, so that you could validate the method parameters, or transform values, as required. This avoids creating workarounds like creating static methods and makes your code easier to read and understand. This feature doesn’t change how constructors would operate now vs. how they operated earlier – the JVM instructions remain the same.

Unnamed variables are local to a code construct, they don’t have a name, and they are represented by using an underscore, that is, _ . They can’t be passed to methods, or used in expressions. By replacing unused local variables in a code base with _ their intention is conveyed very clearly. It clearly communicates to anyone reading a code snippet that the variable is not used elsewhere. Until now, this intention could only be communicated via comments, which, unfortunately, all developers don’t write.

Happy Coding!

java assignment and comparison

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IMAGES

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COMMENTS

  1. java

    The (micro)optimization: The bytecode produced by javac (JDK 11) for the original ("bad") version is one JVM-operation less than the (nicer) code. Why? The JDK's version "uses" the return value of the assignment operator (rather than loading the value from a variable) for the if condition evaluation.. However, this is more a limitation of javac's optimization possibilities than a reason to ...

  2. Java Operators

    Java Assignment Operators. Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) ... Java Comparison Operators. Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. ...

  3. java

    @EddieB This isn't like shooting yourself in the foot. More about not knowing the kind of gun you have in your hands. Gosling messed up Java a lot in the name of the former when most of the time it had to do with the latter. -

  4. What is the difference between = (Assignment) and == (Equal to

    The differences can be shown in tabular form as follows: =. ==. It is an assignment operator. It is a relational or comparison operator. It is used for assigning the value to a variable. It is used for comparing two values. It returns 1 if both the values are equal otherwise returns 0. Constant term cannot be placed on left hand side.

  5. Comparing Objects in Java

    Integer b = new Integer ( 1 ); assertThat(a == b).isFalse(); By comparing two objects, the value of those objects isn't 1. Rather, it's their memory addresses in the stack that are different, since both objects are created using the new operator. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 );

  6. Java Assignment Operators with Examples

    variable operator value; Types of Assignment Operators in Java. The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are: 1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the "=" sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.

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    Because someCondition is true, this program prints "1" to the screen. Use the ?: operator instead of an if-then-else statement if it makes your code more readable; for example, when the expressions are compact and without side-effects (such as assignments).. The Type Comparison Operator instanceof. The instanceof operator compares an object to a specified type.

  8. Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators (The Java™ Tutorials

    The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is "%", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.

  9. Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, and Logical Operators in Java

    Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, and Logical Operators in Java. Java is a powerful programming language that provides various operators to perform arithmetic calculations, assign values to variables, compare different values, and evaluate logical expressions. Understanding these operators is essential for writing efficient and effective Java ...

  10. Assignment Operators in Java with Examples

    As you can see, In the above example, we are using assignment operator in if statement. We did a comparison of value 10 to an assignment operator which resulted in a 'true' output because the return of assignment operator is the value of left operand. Recommended Posts. Arithmetic Operators in Java with Examples; Unary Operators in Java ...

  11. Java Comparison Operators

    What Are Java's Relational Operators. In Java, operators that perform comparisons of two operands are called Relational operators. There are a total of six of them: == : Compares two operands for equality, e.g., x == y. != : Compares two operands for inequality, e.g., x != y. > : Checks if one operand is greater than the other, e.g., x > y.

  12. Java Operator

    We use operators in most programming languages to perform operations on variables. They are divided into various categories like arithmetic operators, assignment operators, comparison operators, logical operators, and so on. In this article, we will be talking about the bitwise AND operator, and the AND (&&) and

  13. Java Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and more

    2. Java Assignment Operators. Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example, int age; age = 5; Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age. Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

  14. How To Understand Java "=" Vs "==" In Depth

    Understand assignment vs comparison. In the world of Java, the distinction between '=' and '==' is more than just an extra character. This article breaks down the nuances between assignment and comparison, shedding light on common misconceptions and guiding developers through their correct usage.

  15. Java Assignment Operators

    Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound. The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( =) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left. Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator ...

  16. Equality in Java: Operators, Methods, and What to Use When

    Equality in Java: A Few Best Practices and Pitfalls You Must Be Aware of. Before we part ways, let's briefly offer a few tips on how to handle equality in Java, in the form of a brief list of best practices to adhere to and pitfalls to avoid. First, don't use == when comparing strings! That is unless you really want to do a comparison by ...

  17. Operators in java: Arithmetic, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Priority

    Arithmetic operators in java are operators that contain numbers, i.e. values of type byte, short, int, long, float, double, or char, as operands. They are summarized below in Tables 1 and 2. The + and - operators in java can be used both as two-digit and as single-digit operators in java. Attention: The + operator can also be used to add two ...

  18. Java Operators

    Table of Contents: Java Operators. #1) Assignment Operators. #2) Arithmetic Operators. #3) Unary Operators. #4) Equality and Relational Operators. #5) Conditional Operators. #6) Type Comparison Operator. #7) Bitwise And Bit Shift Operators.

  19. Operators: What Role Do They Play in Programming?

    Java's operators include: Assignment: This binary operator uses the symbol = to assign the value of the operand on the right of an expression to the one on the left. Arithmetic: ... Comparison: When you want to compare two values, you will use symbols such as = (equal), ...

  20. String Comparison in Java

    We can compare String in Java on the basis of content and reference. It is used in authentication (by equals () method), sorting (by compareTo () method), reference matching (by == operator) etc. There are three ways to compare String in Java: By Using equals () Method. By Using == Operator. By compareTo () Method.

  21. Which is faster? Comparison or assignment?

    Best case just beats outright assignment but worst case is a lot worse than plain assignment. Assignment is likely fastest in terms of real-world data. Output: assignment in 0.0119960308075 seconds. worst case comparison in 0.0188510417938 seconds. best case comparison in 0.0116770267487 seconds. Code:

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  24. What is the difference using the operators `+=` vs `=+` in Java?

    This is the add and assignment operator, which adds right-hand expression to the left-hand variable then assigns the result to left-hand variable. For example: int i = 1; int j = 2; i += j; // Output: 3. System.out.println( i ) Usually this is written as two different operators, separated by a space: An idiomatic way to write this is to shift ...