essays in korean

a blog about learning & translating Korean

Tips for improving Korean essay writing

After more than a year of attending advanced Korean classes and regularly writing and reviewing 500-800 character essays with my teacher, I’ve accumulated a few useful tips for improving long-form writing that I thought I’d share here.

I’ll preface this by saying few people write well in any language, even among native speakers. I’m a writer and storyteller in both my professional and personal life and I know just how hard it is to build compelling rhetoric using effective, engaging language on any topic. So, following these “quick tips” won’t make you a good writer in Korean — that will take years of practice reading and writing, just as it would in English. But it may help you get started on the road to sounding more natural.

Caveat : This is only one language learner’s experience (mine) and one language instructor (my teacher)’s advice, so take with a grain of salt.

Master written language

This means practicing and getting comfortable with plain speech. Plain-style Korean, or 해라체, is used in books, newspapers, blogs — basically any form of writing where you’re not directly addressing someone else. For example, you’d use plain style to write a blog post in Korean, but use proper politeness (i.e. -요 or -ㅂ니다) levels when responding to comments. Sentences in plain-style Korean end with -(ㄴ)다 (present/future) or -ㅆ다 (past).

There are a number of useful textbooks out there that cover Korean grammar; I’m personally a fan of 빈도별 토픽 for more advanced learners and the Integrated Korean series for beginners and intermediate learners. When going through these books, keep in mind that not all verb endings are appropriate for written Korean. Endings like -지요 and -잖아요, for example, only make sense when you’re talking to someone else.

Use inductive reasoning

Obviously not a hard and fast rule (depends on the discipline, writer’s style, etc.), but after reading a number of Korean op-eds and personal essays, the biggest difference between Korean and English essay writing that I’ve noticed is the underlying logic of the work.

Korean essays are mostly built on inductive reasoning: they start out with anecdotes, examples, and research to draw the reader step-by-step to the main point of the essay. If you’re reading a long opinion piece in Korean, you might make it through 50% or more before you realize what exactly the author’s trying to say.

This is counter to the typical “five paragraph essay” taught in American high schools, where you’re told to state a main point for each paragraph and then support it with evidence (more deductive than inductive reasoning).

Tip! I’ve found that because of this logic structure, skimming long chunks of Korean prose — especially during TOPIK — is challenging for me. If you’re pressed for time, read the last couple sentences of every paragraph to get a decent tl;dr.

Memorize transition words and phrases

These are words like 그런데, 그리고, 게다가, 반면에, etc., that link one sentence to the next or one paragraph to the next. When you’re reading essays, news articles, or even TOPIK passages, take a second to identify and write down these transition words/phrases. Memorize them and practice using them in your own writing, so you won’t default to the boring ones I listed as examples above.

Put the most important part of the sentence first

One of my favorite things about Korean writing is the flexibility of word order within a sentence. That said, I often get told by my teacher to not be so careless about it when writing essays. A writing tic of mine, for instance, is to include every relevant detail that I possibly can into a relative clause that modifies the topic or subject of my sentence; that means my sentences are “top heavy” with the most important part usually coming near the end. In longer compositions, though, it’s important to make sure your key point shows up at the beginning of the sentence for clarity.

For example, take a look at these two sentences. The first is what I wrote and the second is a revision.

(1) 마지막으로 직장 관련 이야기가 듣기 싫다는 대답을 선택한 여성들에 비해 2배 이상 많은 남성들이 있다는 결과가 나왔다.

(2) 마지막으로, 여성들에 비해 2배 이상 많은 남성들이 직장 관련 이야기가 듣기 싫다는 대답을 선택한 결과가 나왔다.

I was trying to describe that, according to the results of the given survey, more than twice the number of men versus women said they did not want to discuss work [with their extended families during the holiday]. In sentence (1), the key point ‘여성들에 비해 2배 이상 많은 남성’ shows up at the end of the sentence; in sentence (2), it shows up right after the transition word.

Use! The! Right! Particles!!

Believe me when I say that it is worth investing time into understanding the difference between topic particles (은/는) and subject particles (이/가). For a lot of beginners, this is one of the most difficult concepts to grasp, especially if English is your native language. If you’re only writing a couple short sentences at a time, to a limited (!) extent, you can get by mixing up the two without dire consequences.

For example:

(1) 그 남자 는 나를 좋아한다고 고백했다. (2) 그 남자 가 나를 좋아한다고 고백했다.

Both sentences have differences in nuance but more or less mean the same thing.

When sentences get long with different topics, subjects, and clauses, using the wrong particle can really mess up the meaning of your sentence. And when you’re introducing different points in an essay, mastering 은/는 and 이/가 will help direct the logical flow of your writing and lend it clarity. The best way to grasp particles? Write a lot, but don’t just write disparate sentences. Write a paragraph or two on one idea and then have your writing reviewed by a native speaker.

Synonyms are your friend

This is good writing advice no matter what language you’re writing in. No one wants to read the same adjective or verb over and over again, so it’s good to pay attention to different ways to say the same thing. This is particularly important, I think, for the analytical writing part of TOPIK, which asks you to describe the results of a survey or research study. You’ll be using a lot of phrases like “X increased by Y%” or “A decreased by B%” or things like “it was revealed that XX,” “the results showed ,” “the participants chose , ” etc.

Tip! Compared to the longer essay in TOPIK II, the analytical essays are actually where you can improve your score the fastest, in my opinion. One easy way to do that is by diversifying your sentences with different synonyms and phrases related to analysis and trends. On one of my early practice tests, I used the word 증가하다 three sentences in a row — don’t do that.

Last but not least: read actively

An obvious one, but worth mentioning. Now, when I read non-fiction in Korean, I don’t just read for comprehension. I read for writing style. And I mean, I really break down the structure of the composition. I start out by picking out where the main idea shows up in each paragraph and then jot it down. Then I try to pay attention to how the sentences are connected to one another, noting specifically how the author shifts topics and subjects from sentence to sentence and how transition phrases/words help build the logic of the narrative. And then I try putting in any new words and sentence structures/phrases I’ve learned into practice.

In order to build your vocabulary, it’s important to read widely. But in order to become a better writer, I think it’s important to read closely .

Closing thoughts

I think being able to write naturally, using standard grammar, is an important tenet of fluency. But I don’t think you have to be a “good” writer to consider yourself fluent — though, of course, it depends on what your ambitions and/or goals are.

In English, writing is like breathing for me. So it’s important to me that I can write something that would be considered generally good writing in Korean, not just comprehensible or “good for a foreigner.” That’s what I’m working toward, at least.

To that end, I do have a ((new)) blog in Korean, up on the interwebs somewhere. I’m waiting until I write a few more posts before I officially share it here, but if keep your eyes peeled if you’re interested!

TOPIK Beginner Writing Samples (Tests 10-20)

One of the BEST things I ever studied while preparing for the TOPIK test was the sample answers that the TOPIK website provides.

TOPIK Beginner Writing Topics & Samples (10-20).DOCX

So, I’ve decided to collect ALL the previous TOPIK Writing topics and examples provided by www.topik.go.kr into a single document. However, since there are so many, I’ve decided to split the larger document into 2 smaller parts with 10 previous tests each (TOPIK Writing began from test 10).

Here are Tests 10-20, while this link will take you to Tests 21-30 :

Why were these writing samples so great?

Simply, I could see some of the grammar structures and vocabulary that would give me more points on the test if I used them. If you want some specific examples of how I studied with these sample essays, check out my post on tests 21-30 where I detail some of the grammar structures I learned and used:

TOPIK Beginner Writing Samples (Tests 21-30)

And if you just want to see the entire collection of Beginner Writing Topics, click below:

TOPIK Beginner Writing Topics & Tips (한국어능력시험 초급 쓰기)

How have the TOPIK sample answers helped you on TOPIK?

120 Days to TOPIK #1 – Gather Resources

Gather your resources! This is one of my favorite parts of any new Challenge because it can be fun to look over the kinds of materials you WANT to use and the kinds of things you WANT to learn (plus, Continue reading 120 Days to TOPIK #1 – Gather Resources

How I Will Study for the TOPIK II in 120 Days (and You Can Join Me)

Well, that was unexpected. I recently wrote a post outlining my plan to cram for the TOPIK II in 30 days. I had been planning to take the test on July 19, 2015. But, I guess plans change. As it turns Continue reading How I Will Study for the TOPIK II in 120 Days (and You Can Join Me)

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Korean Writing Practice Guide

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By OptiLingo • 6 minute read

Happy Hangul day - Korean holiday focus your korean writing practice

Supercharge Your Korean Writing Practice

At first glance, Korean writing looks similar to Chinese or Japanese. But fortunately, Korean is a much easier language to learn. The Korean alphabet , called Hangul, only has 24 letters and very few variations. It’s a logical writing system, and learning it can be a lot of fun. Use the following tips and tricks to perfect your Korean writing practice, and master the Korean language .

Hangul Is Easy to Learn

When starting your Korean writing practice, you will first need to understand the Korean alphabet. Fortunately, you can learn Hangul in under an hour. Just like English, the Korean alphabet has vowels and consonants. The modern Korean alphabet currently has 21 vowels and 19 consonants. And the shape of each letter gives you an idea of how it sounds.

The letters of the Hangul alphabet were designed to show the tongue’s position in the mouth when pronouncing that specific letter. However, pronouncing some letters isn’t as straightforward as it seems. Sometimes, a letter changes its sound depending on whether it’s at the beginning, middle, or end of a syllable.

Practice Writing Korean in Syllable Blocks

improve your Korean writing practice using this korean syllable blocks

Crucial Korean Writing Rules

The below rules will help you learn about the structures and ultimately help you speed up your Korean writing practice. Following these rules is essential to writing in a way that’s accurate and easy to understand.

Vowel Placement

You need to understand that the Number 2 Block is always a vowel in Korean. This never changes. It remains a vowel regardless of how the “block” looks like.

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Consonant Placement

The Number 1 and 3 Block (and sometimes the Number 4 Block) will always be consonants. Mastering these small but essential details will speed up your learning process and ensure that you understand the Korean writing system faster without much inconvenience or confusion.

Horizontal Vowels

When you’re writing a syllable with horizontal vowels, you need to write them underneath the consonant. That means the letters in the block go from top to bottom. See below for examples of the horizontal vowels in Korean. You should note how the block looks. And remember, the Number 2 Block is always a vowel.

ㄱ+ ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ and ㅡ

horizontal vowels in korean writing practice

Vertical Vowels

If you’re writing a syllable with a vertical vowel, you continue from the left to the right. Below are examples of how vertical vowels look using the Korean writing system. See how vowels look in a syllable. And remember, the Number 2 Block is always a vowel.

ㄱ + ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅓ, ㅕand ㅣ

vertical vowel placement in korean writing practice

Create Korean Syllable Blocks in 3 Steps

Now that you know what the four most basic rules of Korean syllable building are, let’s take a look at a practical example. Writing a word in Korean is just a matter of combining consonants and vowels in order to create blocks. This kind of writing practice will give you a good foundation for the Korean writing system.

Let’s start with a one-syllable word: “bab”, which means “rice”.

Step 1: Determine the Vowel Type

You need to determine if the vowel you’re dealing with is a horizontal or vertical vowel. Our example, “bab”, a (ㅏ) is vertical. That means you’ll use one of the following:

Step 2: Does the Word End in a Consonant?

You should now move on and determine whether the syllable of the word ends in a consonant. If it ends in a consonant, you should fill Number Blocks 1, 2, and 3.

For the above example, the syllable ends in a consonant. That means you’ll use the following:

Step 3: Fill in the Gaps

You now need to combine the three letters. You should start by placing the first letter “b (ㅂ)”, followed by the middle letter “a (ㅏ)” and finally the last letter b (ㅂ)” into Number Blocks 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

See below how the combined letters will now appear in the Korean language as 밥.

Don’t Rely on English

When learning the Korean language, it’s vital that you abandon and forget all the English or Latin representations of the Korean sounds because it’ll leave you confused. Just come in with an open mind, looking forward to learning a new language.

This may be difficult at first, but if you are determined to learn the language, you’ll realize that keeping an open mind and being ready to learn was worth your time. Learning the Korean language is vital , especially if you are planning to live, work, or conduct business in Korea.

While you may get a translator to translate the language for you, it may be costly in the end. Just understand the language and it will be worthy during meetings or even business negotiations.

korean writing practice is highly recommended for korean fluency

Korean Syllables Always Start with a Consonant

It’s important to note that every Korean syllable must start with a consonant. This makes it quite easy to note the beginning and end of the syllables.

However, syllables that begin with a vowel. For example, the famous Korean greeting, known as “ annyong haseyo “, may need a placeholder consonant ( not usually pronounced). The impact on the pronunciation is zero therefore, the syllable is written as a zero as well.

Writing Syllables That End with a Consonant

It’s important to note that there may be syllables that end in a consonant. This happens when there are two consonants in the middle of a word. One of the consonants forms the end of one syllable while the other forms the start of the next syllable.

Having a vowel and two consonants fit into a tiny square box may be a bit tricky, but it’s not impossible. In a number of such situations, you’ll need to write the first consonant and vowel next to each other and then put the last consonant below these two.

Get the Most Out of Your Korean Writing Practice!

To achieve Korean fluency and proficiency, you need more than just writing practice. You also need to practice speaking and pronunciation . The more you practice using your language skills, the easier it will be for you to speak naturally in any conversation.

And if you’re looking for a well-rounded Korean language learning program that prioritizes learning through speaking, then you need to try OptiLingo! OptiLingo is a convenient app that focuses on high-frequency phrases, helping you learn exactly how the locals speak.

Discover how much easier learning Korean can be. Try FREE today !

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30 Useful Korean Transitional Phrases For Essay Writing

Are you studying for an upcoming exam in your Korean class or the TOPIK exam that includes essay writing?

If you are at an intermediate to advanced level, you should become familiar with some Korean transitional phrases to make your paragraphs more interesting to read. A transitional phrase can be used to make your message transition smoothly from one sentence to the next.

If you just write a string of sentences without any transitional phrases, your essay can end up sounding awkward and robotic without a natural flow.

In this article, I have compiled a list of 30 Korean transitional phrases that will prove very useful for you to have in your writing arsenal.

Korean Transitional Phrases

Below are some examples of these phrases I have found in recent articles that appeared in Woman Sense , a women’s magazine in Korea.

I have underlined and highlighted where transitional phrases are used, but you can use the links provided to read through the rest of the articles to find more on your own:

From Woman Sense magazine article about Taiwan (2/16/2020):

이처럼 대만에서 채식이 보편화된 이유는 종교와 관련이 있다. 대만의 일류 호텔에서 채식 케이터링을 담당하는 요리사 임언보 씨는 “내가 채식에 관심을 갖게 된 이유는 종교 때문”이라며 “채식 요리를 업으로 삼고 있는 나 역시 채식을 하고 있다”고 말한다. 현재 대만에는 70%의 도교 및 불교 신자가 살고 있다. 따라서 채식 문화가 잘 정립돼 있고 더불어 채식이 트렌드가 되면서 젊은 층 사이에서 건강과 환경을 위해 채식을 하려는 움직임 또한 늘고 있다.

이처럼 대만에서 채식이 보편화된 이유는... The reason the vegetarian diet has become widespread to this extent is... 따라서 채식 문화가 잘 정립돼 있고... Therefore, the vegetarian culture is well established...

From Woman Sense magazine aricle about South Korean actor Park Jung-min (2/17/2020):

따지고 보면 그는 작품의 흥행 여부와 상관없이 스크린 속에서 한 번도 관객을 실망시킨 적이 없다. <파수꾼>(2010), <동주>(2015), <그것만이 내 세상>(2018), <사바하>(2019)를 거쳐 노랑머리 반항가가 된 영화 <시동>까지 늘 그랬다.

따지고 보면 그는 작품의 흥행 여부와 상관없이 스크린 속에서 한 번도 관객을 실망시킨 적이 없다.

It can be argued that he has never disappointed his audience on screen regardless of his films’ blockbuster status.

특히 <시동> 은…

In particular, “Start-Up” (movie) is...

From Woman Sense magazine article about the older generation in the spotlight (2/7/2020):

이들이 최근 주목받는 이유는 기본적으로 인구 변화 추이가 한몫했기 때문. 출산율이 현저히 낮아지면서 젊은 인구가 감소하는 대신 50~60대는 전체 인구의 30%에 육박하고 있다. 게다가 최근 IT 기술에 이들이 적응하기 시작하면서 요즘 몇 년간 온라인에서 가장 성장 속도가 빠른 구매층이기도 하다.

게다가 최근 IT 기술에 이들이 적응하기 시작하면서...

In addition to that, as they started to become more skilled in the latest information technology...

From Woman Sense magazine article about the importance of breakfast (1/29/2020):

아침을 잘 챙겨 먹으면 규칙적인 생활을 유지할 확률이 높아진다. 오전에 활동량이 많으므로 아침을 먹으면 에너지를 얻어 활동적인 하루를 보내게 된다. 특히 겨울에는 체온을 높이는 데도 도움을 줘 건강을 유지하는 데 좋다. 아침을 거르고 활동하면 몸은 활동에 필요한 에너지를 얻기 위해 체내 지방을 분해하는데, 이때 포도당과 젖산이 생성된다. 젖산은 몸의 피로도를 높이고 면역력을 떨어뜨린다. 그렇다면 아침으로 무엇을 먹으면 좋을까?

Especially in winter…

이때 포도당과 젖산이 생성된다.

At this time, glucose and lactic acid are created.

This is when glucose and lactic acid are created.

그렇다면 아침으로 무엇을 먹으면 좋을까?

If that is the case, what would be the best food to eat for breakfast?

Other useful Korean words and phrases you could check out:

Basic Korean Phrases for Travelers and Beginners

Korean Words and Phrases For Food Issues

In order to become more familiar with the above Korean transitional phrases, you should practice writing a variety of different sentences using the words/phrases listed.

I also want to emphasize how important it is for you to read other people’s writing as much as possible. As with any language, the more you read, the better you will become at writing. Try to find Korean books, magazines, newspapers, or any other types of written material that are appropriate for your level.

열심히 공부하세요! 화이팅!!

About the Author Linda McKenna

Linda was born in Seoul, South Korea, and moved to the U.S. as a teen. She previously taught at a Korean language school. She is a language enthusiast and loves learning about different languages and cultures

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StoryLearning

Learn A Language Through Stories

How To Write In Korean In 4 Simple Steps

When you're learning Korean learning how to write in Korean is the key to mastering it. If you’re studying French, Spanish, or Italian, this is not too much different from learning English since they all use the Roman alphabet with only a few minor changes here and there.

For many Asian languages, however, you will have to learn a separate script. Fortunately, Korean is pretty easy especially if you’ve already learned how to read Hangul.

In fact, many language experts consider the Korean alphabet to be among the most logical and easy-to-learn writing systems out there. With just 24 letters, it’s even easier to learn than English.

Are you ready to master the fundamentals of writing in Korean? Here’s everything you need to know.

By the way, if you want to learn Korean fast and have fun while doing it, my top recommendation is Korean Uncovered which teaches you through my fun, unique and effective StoryLearning® method.

If you’re ready to get started, click here for a 7-day FREE trial.

1. Korean Alphabet: A Quick Refresher

I’ve covered this before, but let’s make sure we’re on the same page. Korean has 24 letters broken into consonants and vowels:

14 consonant letters (ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ) 10 vowel letters (ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ)

Below are the approximate English equivalents for each of the letters:

Korean Consonants

ㅇ= null/placeholder consonant, but sounds like “ng” as in “sign” when on bottom, also paired with individual vowels
ㅈ = J like jeans
ㅊ = CH like cheese

Korean Vowels

ㅑ = ya (yah)
ㅓ = eo (sounds like uh)
ㅕ = yeo (sounds like yuh)
ㅜ = oo (as in woo)
ㅠ = yoo (as in you)
ㅡ = eu (as in “gul” like Hangul)
ㅣ= e (as in we)

Don’t forget that Korean also has a few special letters that are formed from either double consonants are mixed vowels:

Double Consonants

ㄲ = strong g like “gate” or “go”
ㄸ = strong d like “dog” or “day”
ㅃ= strong b like “bank”
ㅆ= strong s like “snake”
ㅉ= strong j like j “John”

Mixed Vowels

With ㅐ, you combine ㅏ(a) plus ㅣ(e) to make ㅐ(ae).
With ㅐ, you combine ㅑ(ya) plus ㅣ(e) to make yae.
With ㅔ, you combine ㅓ(eo) plus ㅣ(e) to make ae.
With ㅖ, you combine ㅕ (yeo) plus ㅣ(e) to make yae.
With ㅚ, you combine ㅗ (o) plus plus ㅣ to make we
With ㅙ, you combine ㅗ (o) plus plus ㅐ(ae) to make way
With ㅟ, you combine ㅜ (oo) plus ㅣ(e) to make we
With ㅞ, you combine ㅜ (oo) plus ㅔ (ae) to make way
With ㅟ, ou combine ㅡ (eu) plus ㅣ (e) to make oo we
With ㅝ, you combine ㅜ (oo) plus ㅓ(eo) to make wuh

2. Write In Korean: How To Put Letters Together

Do you remember the game Tetris? Of course, you do! Unlike in English where you write letters side-by-side, Korean has slightly different rules. In many cases, you’ll stack letters together into separate one-syllable blocks.

Think about the word “Kimchi,” which is made of two syllables “kim” and “chi.” In Korean, it’s written like this: 김치

Notice how the ㄱ, ㅣ, and ㅁ are stacked on each other to make 김 (Kim) and likewise, how 치 (Ji) is put together.

Below, you have the four different rules on how to arrange letters to form syllables.

This diagram shows the four different ways you can arrange letters to make one syllable in Korean. “C” equals Consonant and “V” equals vowel.

1. You can have a consonant on top of a vowel. 2. You can have two consonants with a vowel in between them like a sandwich. 3. You can have a consonant and a vowel side-by-side. 4. You can have a consonant and a vowel together with a consonant underneath both of them.

Remember, you can never have a consonant by itself. It must have a vowel pair.

Here a few sample words, can you figure out what rules they are using?

바나나 (Ba Na Na)

**These words use rules 3, 1, 1, 4, 2, 3******

To be honest, you don’t need to memorize these rules. They are helpful when you’re first learning Korean, but you’ll intuitively get the hang of them over time as you see and write more Korean words. Focus more of your energy on reading and writing instead and writing in Korean will come naturally before you know it.

3. Korean Stroke Order

Since Korean is an alphabet, perfect stroke order isn’t absolutely necessary. Of course, it will help you to write more smoothly and quickly over time.

But if you can't remember the exact sequence for all 24 letters right away, then don’t sweat it! Many Koreans will be the first to tell you, stroke order doens’t really matter.

With that said, in general, strokes are written from left to right, top to bottom, and outside in.

Here’s a basic breakdown of stroke order for Korean letters.

Image Courtesy of the University of Texas

There are plenty of great examples videos online of people demonstrating proper stroke order that you can check out.

But again similar to the rules for syllables above, it’s much easier if you just practice writing the letters out yourself until they become more natural and not place too much emphasis on memorizing the correct stroke order.

4. How To Type In Korean

On the other hand, you should really spend some time learning how to type in Korean. When was the last time you ever wrote anything out by hand anyway? We live in the future and everything we do is based on typing and texting!

Typing in Korean has so many benefits. It will help you better learn the alphabet and master the order of consonants and vowels in Korean.

In addition, since most smartphones have built-in Korean keyboards with auto suggest, you can get the hang of spelling better by typing as well.

The most difficult part of typing in Korean is the different keyboard layout. Unfortunately, Korean keyboards aren’t a direct translation to an English keyboard. For example, even though ㅅ = S, it’s actually found where the “T” Key is:

To help you practice hitting the right keys, you can buy keyboard stickers or covers or you can enable an onscreen keyboard.

Here are a few additional tips to help you get started:

Make sure you use a 2-set Korean keyboard. Most Koreans use this instead of the 3-set which can be found in some places. Notice, for the most part, that all the consonants are on the left side of the keyboard and all the vowels are on the right.

Pay attention to vowel pairings. See how ㅛ is right above ㅗ, ㅕ is above ㅓ and so on.

Typing Korean On Your Smartphone

Using your smartphone is fairly similar to typing on the computer. However, you may come across a different layout depending on how you hold your phone or the keyboard you install:

This keyboard layout was more common during the flip phone days, but it still shows up from time to time.

While there’s nothing wrong with using this once you’ve gotten the hang of typing in Korean, stick to the full keyboard layout for now. It’s both easier to use and will better help you translate your skills over to the computer.

You can disable this layout in your keyboard settings or just by holding your phone horizontally.

Write In Korean: Your Next Steps

As you’ve seen, writing in Korean really isn’t so difficult, especially once you’ve gotten the hang of reading it!

Nowadays, there are so many helpful resources for you to get started. Many of the same apps you used for reading , also have writing exercises built-in. You can also directly practice by installing a Korean keyboard onto your smartphone or computer.

The most important thing is that you have patience and a little fun with it. Learning to write in Korean may be a little tricky at first, but over time you’ll actually come to enjoy how smooth and logical the language is. Before you know it, you’ll want to do all your writing in Korean!

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How to Write in Korean: A Beginner’s Guide

Are you curious to master writing in Korean? Then, this guide is perfect for you. We will provide a thorough explanation of the fundamentals of Hangeul, the Korean writing system. Not only will we explain how it originated and its basic components but also reveal the correct alphabet sequence and conjugation regulations. By following our detailed instructions, soon enough you’ll be able to write with assurance in this foreign tongue.

Steps in Korean Writing Practice

Apprehending the Korean writing system can seem intimidating, yet it doesn’t have to be. After a few hours of practice, you could easily conquer the fundamentals and go on your journey towards becoming an expert in this language. Get started by recognizing the basic syllables that form up its alphabet. These are composed of consonants and vowels which blend together to create syllable blocks and words. With some dedication and discipline, mastering these basics will not feel like a daunting task anymore.

To begin, get acquainted with some of the most frequent syllables such as ㅂ, 바, 뱌; ㅅ, 사, 샤; ㅇ, 아 ,야; ㅈ ,자 ,쟈 ; and finally: ㅊ 차’ and ‘챠’.

Strengthen your knowledge by writing these down on paper or typing them out on your computer or phone. After you have a strong foundation in Korean Writing it is time to start practicing! This could involve translating syllables into words/sentences or even crafting stories/poems in Korean. As you progress make sure that you set specific goals for yourself so that each practice session counts towards achieving a result.

Intensify your language proficiency by creating daily homework tasks such as memorizing new vocabulary words and expressions. This will ensure that you progressively hone in on your specialties over time to become a master of the language.

And the best part? You can have fun with it. Get creative, explore different word choices and combinations, and you’ll be surprised at how much your vocabulary expands. With these tips in mind, mastering Korean won’t seem so intimidating – just take things slowly, and soon enough you will be able to express yourself elegantly in this vibrant language.

Learn the Basics: Korean Vowels & Consonants

If you’re eager to learn Korean, then a fundamental understanding of its vowels and consonants is key. The Korean alphabet, otherwise called Hangul, features 24 letters in total: 14 consonants and 10 vowels.

If you’re interested in learning Korean, Hangul (Korean alphabet) is the first thing to tackle. This language has a scientific writing system that makes it incredibly accessible – and with 38 letters, including compound letters, you’ll be on your way in no time.

Furthermore, the alphabetic order of the Korean alphabet is referred to as ganada (가나다 순). An interesting fun fact here: consonants come before vowels. To help jumpstart your journey toward becoming fluent in Korean vowels and consonants quickly and effectively we’ve broken them down for ease of understanding below…

Vowel Pronunciation:

‘Ah’ for ㅏ (아), ‘Uh’ for ㅓ (어), ‘Oh’ for ㅗ (오), a longer, drawn-out “Ooh” sound is used to pronounce the vowel letter ㅜ( 우) , and then there’s an almost whispery pronunciation of ‘Eu’ when you come across the 르 symbol. Lastly, the last one isn’t too difficult either–to say yi correctly just think of how you’d speak out loud the letter e.

Consonant Pronunciation:

Are you having difficulty with Korean pronunciation? If so, there are many excellent resources available online to help you master the basics of both vowels and tricky consonants. From YouTube videos to blog posts, these helpful tools provide detailed tips on everything from ㄱㅋㄲ , ㄴ vs ㄷ – all in a few clicks. With practice and dedication, your perfect pronunciation is just around the corner.

Write Korean in Syllable Blocks

Learning the fundamentals of Korean writing is made simple with syllable blocks. These jamo alphabets are merged to form Syllable Blocks that signify one single sound. Writing in this way can help you become a masterful writer in no time.

When mastering the Korean writing system, an excellent place to start is with two-letter syllable blocks that comprise a consonant followed by a vowel – for instance, ㄱ (k) and ㅏ(a), that construct “가” (ga). While more complex sounds can be produced when additional letters are added before or after these basic building blocks like 바 (ba), it’s recommended to initially focus on the simple structures as they make up most words used in daily speech.

Memorize and practice each letter and vowel combination until you don’t need to think about it anymore. Once that happens, work on two-letter combinations like 모 (mo) or three-letter combinations such as 여자 (yeoja). Writing out short sentences with only a few letters is an effective way of learning the language faster. You can also use longer words too – just look them up in the dictionary. As your skills improve over time, you’ll be able to confidently read and write both spoken Korean and written Korean fluently.

Follow the Korean Writing Rules

To become proficient in Korean, it is crucial to understand its writing regulations. Hangul is the most commonly used system in Korea and includes 14 consonants as well as 10 vowels. Unlike English which follows an alphabetical order for letters, Korean characters are grouped by syllables instead of written one after another.

When constructing syllable blocks, it is essential to commence with a consonant followed by the correct placement of the vowel. These formations occur in various directions and not solely horizontally. It’s also significant to recognize how alphabets should be arranged for maximum effect when creating syllable blocks.

To make it easier to remember, always bear in mind that the two rules of stroke order apply when writing Korean words. Also, keep in mind that generally speaking a consonant is used first and then followed by a vowel – this will help you get on the right track. You can easily master these Korean Writing Rules with dedication and practice.

Work on Conjugation and Connectors

Altering the form of a verb to reflect various tenses, moods, voices, persons, or numbers is known as conjugation – an essential concept in English. Connectors are also imperative when constructing sentences and provide clarity by linking related ideas.

Utilizing conjugation and connectors properly can help you to communicate more effectively in English. Think of it this way: Using the appropriate form of a verb allows you to accurately share your ideas, while words or phrases such as “and” or “but” enable intricate sentences that are easily understood by others. Each language has its regulations for conjugation and connectors; hence, bear those in mind when constructing sentences with correct grammar.

Knowing how to correctly use conjugation and connectors in English is essential, but it can be difficult. For example, verbs change depending on the tense and person being spoken about, while connective words are used to join two clauses together. To become proficient in these skills, regular practice of the language’s rules is key.

Are you hoping to boost your capabilities in English? Numerous online resources are available to aid with understanding conjugation and connectors. YouTube tutorials and online courses can aid immensely. By taking a few moments now, you could easily open up language exploration possibilities that yield invaluable communication results when interacting with native-English speakers.

5 Tips to Improve Your Korean Writing Skills

Want to hone your Korean writing? Of course, It can be difficult mastering the art of writing in any language, and the same goes for learning how to write in Korean. Luckily, there are a variety of tips and tricks that will help you take your skills up a notch. Check out these ten effective methods for honing your Korean penmanship.

Do a lot of active writing – Practicing writing should be a regular part of your daily routine. Taking the time to write even just several sentences each day will sharpen your understanding and fluency in the language, while helping you form accurate sentences. Make sure to actively engage with writing daily for best results.

Plan first, write later – Before you begin crafting your written masterpiece, make sure to take a few moments to conceptualize what it is that you want to communicate and the best way in which to articulate it. This forethought will come as an immense aid when the time comes for action; so don’t hesitate in setting aside some pre-writing prep.

Write first, refine later – You don’t have to worry about making mistakes when you’re first beginning. Just concentrate on jotting your thoughts down and then come back later for further refinement.

Think in Korean – Rather than taking the time to translate from English or any other language into Korean, try thinking in Korean instead. Not only will this make it easier for you when writing in Korean later, but it will also help you gain a better understanding of the language and even become more comfortable with speaking it.

Make vocabulary lists – Constructing a more comprehensive vocabulary is essential for enhancing your writing techniques in any language, including Korean. Compile a list of words related to whatever you’re attempting to write and include them often when crafting your writing. This allows your readers to be fully engaged while they are reading.

Set clear goals – Establishing tangible goals will aid you in staying motivated and provide direction as you develop your writing technique. Aim for attainable objectives that are difficult but not impossible to achieve, so that it’s easier to monitor your progress as time moves on.

Assign homework –Take on homework assignments that demand creative thinking and problem-solving, so you can hone your language skills outside of class or other structured learning scenarios like tutoring sessions or online lessons. This way, you can apply the language in various contexts giving yourself a comprehensive grasp of it.

Write regularly – Writing frequently helps strengthen the neural pathways in your brain which makes recalling words and phrases when writing that much easier. Make sure to set aside a certain amount of time every day solely devoted to honing your Korean language skills through writing.

Use spaced repetition -Memorizing new information can feel like an overwhelming task, however, there is a powerful tool that can make it easier: spaced repetition. Not only does this technique work well for learning foreign vocabulary words but also the characters used in the written form of a language! For those wanting to learn Korean, consider using Anki – which has been specifically designed with this method.

Have fun – Mastering a language should be an enjoyment, so don’t forget why you began your journey in the first place – to have fun. There is no superior approach to practice; mistakes are natural and expected. With these helpful tips, everyone can quickly advance their Korean writing capabilities effectively. Start today and witness how far you will go with each effort taken.

Ultimately, it is essential to understand that mastering any writing system requires consistent effort and commitment. The Korean language is no exception. By developing a plan of action, concentrating on its structure, and regularly practicing your skillset – you will rapidly advance in fluency. This way you can efficiently communicate with other Korean speakers as well.

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, June 9, 2022

Improve Your Korean Writing Skills: 9 Useful Tips

As you probably already know, there are four basic language skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing. Most people think that once you master speaking, you are fluent in the language. That’s definitely not the case!

One study found that employers across 12 different industries said the most important language skill was reading, while employers in only eight industries said the most important language skill was speaking. As you can see, each language skill is valuable, so you must take the time to develop each one as you’re learning Korean adequately.

While we can’t go over how to improve all four language skills here, we’ll share how to improve Korean writing skills in nine valuable tips! So, 배우기 시작하자 ( baeugi sijaghaja – “let’s start learning”)!

Tips To Get You Started Improving Your Korean Skills

If you want to learn Korean, you have to know the Korean writing system! Luckily, we’re here to offer you nine tips to improve your Korean writing skills. Do you want to know why we chose nine tips instead of 10? Well, in Korea, they believe 9 is a lucky number!

Tip #1: Make Vocabulary Lists

Of course, you can’t improve your Korean writing skills if you don’t know any vocabulary! In this case, make an effort to learn new vocabulary every day and updated lists of what you’re learning. To help you out, feel free to follow the example below.

“Today, I will learn 10 verbs in Korean.”

To hate 싫어하다
To listen 듣다
To love 사랑하다
To speak 말하다
To talk 이야기하다
To watch 시청하다
To write 쓰기

It’s important to remember that you don’t want to rely too heavily on transliterations when you’re learning a character language. You should try early on to learn how to read and speak the vocabulary directly without the help of transliterations!

Tip #2: Set Clear Goals

When you’re learning Korean, make sure to write down your goals. Here are some questions you can ask yourself if you aren’t sure what kind of goals to set.

What Korean language skills do I want to improve?
How many new Korean words do I want to learn per month?
How many hours do I want to dedicate to Korean writing practice?
How important is sentence structure to me?

There are so many questions you should ask yourself, but remember to be honest with your answers and to set realistic goals. If you don’t have 5 hours per day to spend on Korean writing practice, then don’t put that. However, if you have 1 hour per day to practice, that’s perfectly fine. Distinguish between what you want and what’s achievable.

Tip #3: Assign A Homework To Yourself

Give yourself some homework to finish before your next practice session. If you have a planner, you can note the homework down there, or if not, you can type it somewhere on your phone. The point is, don’t forget!

You don’t have to give yourself a mountain of homework, but just enough to keep your brain engaged with the language and help your memory retain the information better before your next practice. You know what they say, if you don’t use it, you’ll lose it!

Tip #4: Write Regularly

Write, write, and then write some more! When you’re learning a new language, especially one with a complex writing system like Korean, it’s important to keep writing. With Korean, not only do you have to learn the characters, but each character stroke should be written in a certain order.

If you’re not used to characters, this can take time. Be patient with yourself, but remember that the more often you write, the better you’ll become!

Tip #5: Write First, Edit Later (For Total Beginners)

Don’t get so caught up in the mechanics and grammar when you’re writing. If you do, you’ll find yourself with only 1 or 2 sentences written after 30 minutes. That’s not what you want!

As a beginner language learner, it’s important to get as much practice as possible. You can learn grammar and sentence structure later, so immerse yourself in the language and don’t worry about details. After 30 minutes, aim to have 5-10 reasonably comprehensible sentences written down!

Tip #6: Watch Educational Videos

If you’re having trouble with character stroke order, there are tons of resources that can help you! In this case, reading about it probably won’t do much good, so you’ll want to turn to videos, like the thousands available on YouTube , to help you!

When using YouTube, try searching for something like “how to write the Korean alphabet correctly,” and you should get tons of results! You can watch how people write the characters and follow their lead.

Tip #7: Focus On Character Writing

If you want to improve your Korean handwriting, there’s no need to focus on sentence structure, grammar, or complex vocabulary. The only thing that can help you improve your handwriting is practice!

Try to be creative in your language learning when possible! Once you know all 24 letters of the Korean alphabet (14 consonants and ten vowels), you can practice anytime, anywhere! Are you waiting for the bus? Pull out some paper and a pen and keep writing the same letter repeatedly until you’ve mastered it. If you want to have more fun, you can pull up the lyrics to your favorite k pop song and practice your handwriting writing the lyrics. Even better, in the end, you’ll have your very own set of handwritten lyrics.

Tip #8: Ask Someone To Check Your Writing

Once you know the Korean writing system’s basic grammar rules and structure, if you know someone else who’s also learning Korean or you have Korean friends, ask them to check your writing. They’ll be able to give you valuable feedback on what you can improve for next time.

In the case of tip #5, you can ask others to check your writing as well, or you can wait until you’ve learned more before asking others to check.

Tip #9: Experiment With The Language

Don’t be afraid to make mistakes! Keep in mind that learning a new language should be fun, not stressful! Whether you’re learning new Korean words, phrases , grammar rules, or trying to improve your writing skills, remember that, in the end, it’ll all be worth it!

Learning a language is incredibly rewarding. If you put in the time and effort, imagine how happy you’ll be once you’re in South Korea and able to talk with locals! Always remember your end goal and have fun along the way!

Develop Your Writing Skills With The Ling App

If you’re looking for an on-the-go method to learn the Korean language, improve your Korean language skills, or learn another language altogether, it’s time that you use the Ling App ! Whether you’re studying Korean at the beginner level or more advanced, Ling has excellent lesson plans for everyone!

Not only does Ling offer Korean and 59+ other languages, but the lessons are comprehensive, structured, and, most importantly, fun! Ling teaches you words and phrases that you can use in daily life, whether meeting up with your Korean friends or talking to a merchant you’ve never met before. The app also includes helpful grammar tips so that you’re learning Korean in the most accurate and best way possible.

Some additional features include audio recordings from native speakers. That way, you can listen to the correct pronunciation of the Korean vocabulary. But, if you want to practice your pronunciation, you don’t want to miss out on Ling’s very own interactive chatbot! The AI chatbot is there to simulate real conversations for you to practice all the new words you’ve learned, plus improve your speaking skills!

In terms of how Ling can help you practice writing, we’ve included some screenshots below to give you an idea!

First, the app previews how the character, or letter in another case, should be written. Next, it places arrows on the order the character should be written in. For example, you wouldn’t start writing the letter “A” from the middle, would you? The last step is to practice on your own and have your writing checked by the app! Easy, right?

Besides the app, Ling has an amazing language blog filled with content related to different languages, countries, cultures, food, and even language tips! If you ever find yourself stuck in a lesson or want to extend your knowledge, all you have to do is refer to the blog!

Do all these features appeal to you? If so, download the app today to start learning with Ling!

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Home » Articles » How to Learn the Korean Alphabet and Write in Korean [Step-by-Step Guide]

Full disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. ?

written by Shannon Kennedy

Language: Korean

Reading time: 7 minutes

Published: Jun 21, 2019

Updated: Apr 3, 2023

How to Learn the Korean Alphabet and Write in Korean [Step-by-Step Guide]

Are you learning Korean but still find yourself struggling with the Korean writing system? Well, here’s some good news: mastering the Korean alphabet may be easier than you think.

The Korean alphabet is often said to be one of the most logical and easy-to-learn writing systems. I agree with that assessment. I’d like to show you just how easy it can be to learn the Korean alphabet and master Korean writing.

This is Why the Korean Alphabet is So Easy to Learn (A Very Short History)

Before the present-day Korean alphabet, known as Hangul , the Korean language used Chinese characters. This changed in the 15th century when King Sejong the Great is said to have invented Hangul .

The Hangul system was created to be easy to learn, and easy to understand. That’s because it aimed to boost literacy among Korean speakers. All that’s good news for you as someone learning Korean.

The Korean Alphabet: Pronunciation

Like English, Korean has vowels and consonants. There are 19 consonants and 21 vowels in the modern Korean alphabet.

In Korean, the shape of each of the letters is a clue to how it sounds. Each of the strokes that make up a letter are said to show the position of the tongue in the mouth when pronouncing that letter. That’s pretty cool!

Let’s take a look, starting with consonants:

Korean Consonants

Many Korean consonants are similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts. That said, their position is in a word (beginning, middle, or end) can change how they’re pronounced. Here’s an overview:

ㄱ: “g” as in g o (may also be pronounced as “k” when in the final position) ㄴ: “n” as in n et ㄷ: “d” as in d og (may also be pronounced as “t” when in the final position) ㄹ: is somewhere in between “r” and “l” ㅁ: “m” as in m ama ㅂ: often “b” as in b ed but sometimes also an aspirated “p” as in p edal ㅅ: “s” as in s oon or sh as in sh ingle depending on the following vowel (it may also be pronounced as “t” in the final position) ㅇ: silent or “-ng” as in bri ng ㅈ: “j” as in j okester ㅊ: “ch” as in ch arge ㅋ: “k” as in k araoke ㅌ: “t” as in t iger ㅍ: “p” as in p our ㅎ: “h” as in h arness

Korean Double Consonants

ㄲ: “gg” as an initial sound but “kk” as a middle sound ㄸ: “dd” as an initial sound but “tt” as a middle sound ㅃ: “bb” as an initial sound but “pp” as a middle sound ㅆ: “ss” ㅉ: “jj”

Korean Vowels

ㅣ: “i” as in b ee ㅏ: “a” as in f a ther ㅓ: “eo” as in s o n ㅡ: “eu” as in p u t, said smiling ㅜ: “u” or “oo” as in b oo t ㅗ: “o” as in g o

Korean Diphthongs and Other Vowels

ㅑ: “ya” as in ya hoo ㅕ: “yeo” similar to you ng ㅠ: “yu” as in you ㅛ: “yo” as in yo ghurt ㅐ: “ae” as in l a nd ㅒ: “yae” as in ya nk ㅔ: “e” as in n e t ㅖ: “ye” as in ye llow ㅘ: “wa” as in w a nder ㅙ: “wae” as in wa g ㅚ: “oi” as though saying “n o e ntry” quickly ㅝ: “wo” as in wo nder ㅞ: “we” as in we t ㅟ: “wi” as in wee k ㅢ: “ui” as as s ue y

Korean Syllable Blocks

Korean letters don’t appear on their own, instead, they appear as a part of syllable blocks. Korean letters can be grouped in a number of ways but the first letter will always be a consonant (even if it’s just ㅇ functioning as a silent letter. The letter in the second position will always be a vowel. If there is a letter in the final position (this would be a third or fourth letter in a syllable block), it will also always be a consonant.

In short, at a minimum, a Korean syllable will always include a consonant (initial) followed by a vowel. It may also include one or two final consonants.

How a syllable block is formed will depend on the shape of the vowel. If it is a vertical vowel like ㅣorㅏ, the initial consonant is written on the left and the vowel on the right as in 나 or 니. When it’s a horizontal verb like ㅗ, the consonant is written above the vowel as in 노.

Here are a few of the ways Korean syllable blocks may look (C = Consonant, V = Vowel, F = Final Consonant(s)):

In Korean, a word may be made up of just one of these blocks like 저 ( cheo , “I”) or several as in 음악가 ( eumagga , “musician”). Like in English, Korean has a space between each word. “I am a musician” in Korean would therefore be: 저는 음악가입니다. ( cheo-neun eumagga-ibnida ).

Practice Makes Perfect: How to Memorize the Korean Alphabet

I’ve found that one of the best ways to learn the Korean alphabet is with spaced-repetition , using an app such as Anki . Getting regular exposure to the new letters, and then practicing reading syllable pairs (also through spaced-repetition) is one of the best ways to master reading and writing in Korean.

I also recommend doing writing practice when possible–even if it’s just writing English words using Korean letters.

In fact, there are lots of English loan words in Korean, and they make great writing practice. These are words like 케냐 ( ke-nya , “Kenya”), 쇼핑 ( sho-ping , “shopping”), 휴스턴 ( hyu-seu-teon , “Houston”), 컴퓨터 ( keom-pyu-teo , “computer”), 오랜지주스 ( o-raen-ji-ju-seu , “orange juice”), and so much more. These can be great practice when you’re just getting started.

Tools to Help You Learn the Korean Alphabet

If you’re still feeling unsure about how to go about learning the Korean alphabet, there are several tools available to help you master writing in Korean. Here are just a few of the resources that I used to learn the Korean alphabet:

90 Day Korean is an incredible resource for Korean learners. Not only does it teach you the basics of Korean, but it also teaches you the alphabet, pronunciation, and several helpful mnemonic techniques to aid your memorization. Plus, you’ll pick up tons of helpful vocabulary and grammar.
Eggbun : This app is both adorable and educational. It’s also how I learned to type in Korean. With this app, you “chat” with a character who looks like an eggbun (hence the name), learning Korean bit by bit as your conversation progresses. It’s a freemium app, so the features you have access to are limited without upgrading.
Scripts : Long gone are the days where you need to waste paper to practice writing characters or letters. When I first started learning Korean, I used grid paper to practice writing each letter. Now you can use Scripts to learn to write in Korean, getting digital writing practice while learning to recognize each letter.
Anki : If you prefer the flashcard method of memorizing, Anki is a great tool. It uses spaced-repetition to teach you new information so that you’re sure to hang on to whatever you’re learning.

How to Type in Korean

Depending on the device that you’re using, there are different things you need to do to set up a Korean keyboard. You’ll likely want to get a keyboard overlay like this one for your computer, but I simply turn on the keyboard viewer on my computer and click to type.

90 Day Korean has a useful article on how to set up the Korean keyboard on your computer whether you’re using a Mac or PC.

On mobile devices, it’s simpler. You can go into your settings, add the Korean keyboard and then toggle to it when you need it to type.

And the best way to get comfortable typing? You’ve got it — practice. It’s normal to type frustratingly slow at the beginning but stick with it. It’ll come with time and practice.

Over to You

A different writing system doesn’t have to keep you from learning a new language. Learning the Korean alphabet and how to form syllable blocks isn’t as scary as it might first seem and I know you’ve got this! The Korean alphabet is incredibly intuitive and you’ll quickly pick it up.

What about you? How are you learning the Korean alphabet? I’d love to hear about your techniques and resources for learning to read and write in Korean in the comments below.

Shannon Kennedy

Language Encourager, Fluent in Months

Shannon is Head Coach for the Fluent in 3 Months Challenge . She is currently based in Southern California where she performs as a professional musician. Her passions are cooking, reading, traveling and sharing her adventures in language learning.

Speaks: English, French, Mandarin, Russian, Croatian, Japanese

Learn Korean Online: How-To Guide for Language Study

Last modified: Feb 19, 2024 | 21 min read | By 90 Day Korean

If you want to learn Korean , then we’ve got you covered!

This guide is going to give Korean learners like you a brief overview of everything you need to know about how to learn Korean . Just follow each section, pick the language learning parts you want to focus on, and go as deep as you’d like.

A female student wearing a school uniform, holding a pen, seated on a desk with an open book

Below, we’ve listed all of the resources for learning the Korean language in order of importance. Start at the top and work your way down.

If you would like to take this guide with you and study Korean on the go, we’ve got you covered! The PDF guide download is right here:

1.1 What is the best way to learn Korean?
2 How to start learning Korean
3.1 Section 1: The Korean Alphabet (Hangeul)
3.2 Section 2: How to Read Korean
3.3 Section 3: Korean Pronunciation
3.4 How to Speak Korean
3.5 Section 4: Korean Numbers
3.6 Section 5: Korean Vocabulary Words
3.7 How to Remember Korean Words
3.8 Section 6: Korean Phrases
3.9 Section 7: Korean Grammar
3.10 Section 8: Korean Conjugation
3.11 Section 9: Korean Honorifics
3.12 Section 10: Konglish: Magical Korean Words
4 Korean Tutorial
5 Korean Tutors
6 Korean Language & Dialects
7.1 Apps for Learning Korean
7.2 Korean Dictionary
7.3 Korean Translators
7.4 Korean Language Classes
8 Typing in Korean
9 Get a Korean Name
10 Learn Korean PDF

How to Learn Korean

This guide has everything language learners like you need to learn Korean. In each section, we provide lessons on reading, writing, speaking, vocabulary, and pronunciation that you can use to study Korean. It will help if you follow the lessons in this language-learning guide in order. However, if you have already started learning Korean, feel free to skip any parts of the online lessons that you already know.

The only part we recommend not skipping is learning Hangeul (the Korean Alphabet) . It’s easy to learn, and once you master the Korean alphabet, you’ll supercharge your language learning speed .

Once you’ve got that down, skip to the sections of free Korean lessons you want to focus your learning on the most or go in order. It’s your language journey, so study each part as you like and have fun with it. ^^

What is the best way to learn Korean?

The best way to learn Korean is to do a bit each day. For example, studying Korean for 20 minutes a day is much better than studying once a week for 2 hours. Find a pace that’s comfortable for you, and make sure you’re having fun with it!

How to start learning Korean

There are a lot of fun ways to start learning Korean , depending on your goals.

Most often than not, Korean learners start learning the language by knowing how to read and write Hangul or the Korean alphabet. This is the first lesson that will greatly help you progress with the language.

If your goal is to be able to speak Korean, you can start learning Korean by building your vocabulary through Korean dramas, Korean movies, or even K-pop songs. There are plenty of Korean movie options for learning Korean . The same goes for K-dramas and Korean songs.

To bring your Korean skills to the next level, just identify your goals for the language so you don’t have to learn the things you won’t use.

Korean for Beginners

Korean for beginners can be daunting because of the fact that there’s a new alphabet that’s involved in the learning process. However, this shouldn’t hinder you from learning it.

In each section of this guide, we provide online lessons on the main topics of the language. First, do the primary lessons. Once you are comfortable with the main lessons, you may want to consider studying the related lessons. The related lessons will be helpful but are unnecessary to move on to the next section.

Follow the Korean lessons below and work on making consistent progress with the language.

Section 1: The Korean Alphabet (Hangeul)

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/how-to-learn-the-korean-alphabet/

The first thing you’ll want to do is learn the alphabet. The Korean Alphabet (한글 | Hangeul) is one of the simplest alphabets to learn, even if you are an absolute beginner.

Hand written Korean Alphabet Letters Hangeul

This is probably the most critical step for making any progress in learning the Korean language. Spend 90 minutes learning to read the alphabet or the Korean writing system, and you’ll learn the Korean language quite quickly.

This will also help you learn to speak in Korean since the pronunciation of Hangeul is much more precise than the romanized version [한글 (hangeul) vs. Hangeul, for instance] using the English language.

Related Lesson: Korean Double Consonants

Section 2: How to Read Korean

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/how-to-learn-the-korean-alphabet/#reading-korean-words

After you learn the Korean alphabet, you will need to know how to read Korean. Knowing how to read will make it easier to speak in Korean. Reading aloud will help you with your pronunciation.

Learning to read is fairly simple because words in Korean are broken up into syllables that are 2-4 letters each. Every syllable needs at least one consonant and one vowel.

The letters are read in order, left to right and top to bottom. You can learn how to read Hangul by following the lesson in this section. There are some examples to practice your reading skills as well.

Spend some time reading some simple words, such as Korean slang or the colors in the Korean language. This will be great practice to enhance your reading skills and will help you become more familiar with the words you see on a regular basis.

With frequent practice, you’ll find it easier to speak Korean words and phrases, and soon you’ll be reading Korean wherever you go! You’ll even be able to read the lyrics of your favorite Korean music or song.

Related Lessons: Korean Slang , Colors in Korean

Section 3: Korean Pronunciation

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-pronunciation/

Another important part of learning Korean is the Korean pronunciation. You’ll need to know how to correctly pronounce the letters and words. Improper pronunciation is a mistake that many Korean learners make. Instead, focus on sounding like a native Korean speaker.

In order to have good Korean pronunciation, there are rules that you need to keep in mind as you study and practice pronunciation.

First, the Korean letters are unique, and each letter has its own sound. Second, the English letters associated with them are just a close approximation of the letters’ sounds. This will bring us back to how important it is to study Korean letters.

Just follow the Korean pronunciation rules in the lesson above, and you’ll have a strong foundation.

How to Speak Korean

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/speak-korean/

Once you know how to read Korean, you’re going to want to begin speaking the language as quickly as possible. That will help you to practice pronunciation and start to have simple conversations.

The good news about learning the language is that you can start speaking Korean and have conversations knowing only single words!

That’s right, once you learn the basic verb conjugation (change the verb form) , you can ask questions and answer them. It’s an easy way to get some simple practice with speaking right away. Below is one of our most popular Korean lessons to learn how to make 32 sentences in no time at all. Use it for writing and speaking Korean. We’ll cover the grammar part of that lesson later.

Related Lessons: Korean Sentence Structure

Section 4: Korean Numbers

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-numbers/

Korean numbers are basic building blocks for the language that you should learn early on. They’re a key part of learning Korean.

There are two numbering systems to learn in Korean. They are called the China System (Sino-Korean) and the Korea System (Native Korean).

The China System is very structured, so you can learn to count to a billion by learning less than 20 new words.

Pretty cool, right?

The Korea System takes a bit more time to learn, so we recommend starting with the China System first. You can use this system when you first start to learn Korean. You can learn about the Korea System later.

We’ve got a complete Korean numbers guide in this section, so head there if you want to level up your number skills. For now, here are the numbers 1- 10:

Once you learn the Korean numbers, check out the lessons below. They will help you with telling time in Korean. The related lessons will also help with saying Korean dates and months.

Related Lessons: Telling Time in Korean , Months in Korean

Section 5: Korean Vocabulary Words

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-words/

As you learn Korean, you’re definitely going to want to level up your Korean language skills in vocabulary. The lesson above should help since it gives you a list of the most common words in the Korean language. Learn the Korean vocabulary words first.

Korean fruits written on index cards in different colors to help learn Korean

Once you get the basic words down, you can move on to other common vocabulary word lists, such as body parts, animals, fruit & vegetables. There are lessons on those topics below. Having a strong vocabulary base will help you understand more about what you hear in conversations.

Related Lessons: Parts of the Body in Korean , Animals in Korean , Fruits & Vegetables in Korean, Thank you in Korean

How to Remember Korean Words

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/how-to-remember-korean-words/

If your native language is English, it can be challenging to learn Korean because there isn’t a great deal of overlap with words (besides Konglish).

However, there are some great strategies that can help you learn new words quickly. One strategy on how to remember Korean words is to use associations, mnemonics, and stories for the words. For example, the word for “house” in Korean is 집 (jip) . The words “house” and “jip” sound very different from each other. However, the Korean word “jip” sounds like “Jeep,” so you can make a story using imagery about it.

A house with a jeep parked in front of it and a tree behind it

If you like this method, check out our lesson above called How to Remember Korean Words Easily. Lots of useful tips for learning and memorizing new words .

The more vocabulary words you know, the faster you’ll be able to learn Korean and put your skills to use in everyday situations. We recommend learning 2 – 20 new words each day and using an SRS system like Anki. Keep in mind that the more new words you add, the more reviews you’ll have to do each day.

Section 6: Korean Phrases

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-phrases/

If you want to learn Korean quickly, then it’s good to study the phrases in the lesson above first. These are expressions that you’re going to hear all the time, so it’s easy to become familiar with them.

Then, as you continue to learn Korean and develop your skills, you’ll be able to break down these Korean phrases and understand what native speakers of the language are saying.

Related lessons: Survival Korean , Korean Love Phrases , Korean Drama Phrases

Section 7: Korean Grammar

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-grammar/

As you continue to develop your language-learning skills, you’re going to want to start to understand Korean grammar. You don’t need to know it in-depth just yet. Instead, focus on learning the basics of Korean grammar.

The main sentence structure is:

SUBJECT + OBJECT + VERB

The good news is that it’s fairly easy to learn the fundamentals of grammar. Once you begin learning the basic grammar structure of the language, you can up your game and connect your sentences together. You’ll gain confidence in your grammar skills and have bragging rights reserved for those who take the time to come this far with learning the language.

You’ll also want to learn Korean particles, but don’t spend a lot of time on this grammar point at the beginning. Particles are often omitted in speech, so just understand a basic overview of how they work. You can find out more about them and related grammar with the related Korean lessons below.

Related Lessons: Korean Particles , Korean Conjunctions

Section 8: Korean Conjugation

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-conjugation/

When learning the Korean language, you’re going to want to know how to use verbs and adjectives. You can’t use a verb in its base form, so you need to change the ending so it makes sense in a sentence.

Korean conjugations determine the tense and tone of a sentence. For example, let’s take the verb 하다 (hada), which is in its base form. Here are some sample conjugations:

하다 (hada) – to do

해요 (haeyo) – I do

했어요 (haesseoyo) – I did

할 거예요 (hal geoyeyo) – I will do

Once you know the basic conjugations, you’ll want to learn and improve your vocabulary of Korean verbs.

Section 9: Korean Honorifics

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-honorifics/

As you learn Korean, you’ll often see two different versions of the same words and phrases. Often, one is an honorific version, and the other is the standard version.

Korean honorifics are a way of speaking in Korean that shows your relationship to the other person, the person you’re talking about. They’re important to know when learning Korean because you’ll hear them quite often.

So, for example, let’s say you want to talk about your grandfather. Since he’s higher on the social hierarchy than you, then you’ll want to use honorifics with him. You would use different nouns and different grammar, which would show that he’s on a higher level than you in the social hierarchy.

To demonstrate, let’s say you are learning the word “house.” In Korean, you’d normally say 집 (jip) for “house .”

In the case of your grandfather, you’d use 댁 (daek) instead of 집 (jip) when talking about his house. This could be when you’re talking to him or about him to someone else.

Taking some time to learn Korean honorific words will be worth your while. You don’t need to know them all, but learning a few common ones will help. We’ve got a detailed write-up as well as a list of common Korean honorifics in the lesson.

The honorifics are an integral part of learning Korean and understanding Korean culture. If you want to get to an advanced level, then be sure to become familiar with these as you learn the language. It is best to add them to your Korean learning plan and study them on a regular basis. That way, you’ll be familiar with them when you read about or hear them.

Related Lessons: Korean Titles of Family and People

Section 10: Konglish: Magical Korean Words

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/konglish/

There are a number of words that come from the English language, as well as other languages. They’re also called “loan words,” but we think Konglish sounds more fun (Korean + English = Konglish). When you begin learning words in Korean, make sure you start with these first.

Here’s an example of Konglish:

커피 (keopi) = coffee

See how 커피 (keopi) sounds like “coffee”?

You already know more words than you thought! =)

We’ve got the full list of Konglish with audio to help you study. Starting with these words is a great way to learn Korean because they’ll already be familiar to you. Simply read them aloud and see if you can recognize the equivalent word in another language. This is an excellent method for learning Korean that will help you to get speaking and pronunciation practice at the same time!

Related Lessons: Shortened Korean Words

Korean Tutorial

There are several ways to learn Korean, especially nowadays. With the help of technology and the popularity of the Korean language and culture, there are a lot of available Korean tutorial lessons and classes everywhere. There are Korean tutorial lessons and offline and online classes available.

If you’re looking for Korean tutorial lessons and classes, you can start with the free Korean video lessons on YouTube and lessons in blogs . However, to have structured Korean courses that will guide you through learning the language, you can join an online course .

Korean Tutors

If you prefer learning with someone who can guide you one-on-one, you can look for an online Korean tutor. We have a separate article here that will guide you on how to look for the perfect private Korean tutor for you. This can help you consider factors such as schedule, lesson materials, your learning style, and the tutor’s teaching style before you start learning with them. These can be Korean tutors near you, or someone you can contact online.

Korean Language & Dialects

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean/

The Korean language is spoken by over 70 million people worldwide. There are different versions of the language for South Korea and North Korea. There are no tones in the language.

Hand written Hello in Korean annyeonghaseyo

There are various dialects for the 사투리 (saturi) 6 regions of the country. 서울말 (seoulmal | Seoul dialect) is the standard, and 제주말 (jejumal | Jeju dialect) is the most unique.

We recommend learning Korean by focusing on lessons that teach the Seoul dialect. It’s the best for language learning when you’re first starting out. All of our online lessons teach the Seoul dialect. Once you have that down, you can branch out and start learning some bonus colloquial words to your repertoire.

Related Lessons: Satoori

How to Study Korean

As you’re learning Korean, you’re going to want to review what you’re learning. Here are some great tools, resources , and skills you’ll want to develop to help you with studying Korean. Learning Korean is easier than you think as long as you have the proper resources!

Apps for Learning Korean

There are a lot of apps for learning Korean, but it’s best to choose the essentials first. Naver Dictionary has an app form, so that’s an excellent one to start using first.

Anki is also a fantastic app for making custom flashcards to help you learn Korean. It’s useful for boosting your Korean vocabulary skills whether you’re at a beginner, intermediate , or advanced level in the language. Getting a solid base of words in Korean will help you learn Korean fast .

KakaoTalk is the main chat app in South Korea. If you want to make Korean friends or learn Korean as you practice typing, then this is the app to use!

Below are the apps you need for living or traveling to South Korea. Knowing how to navigate Korean apps can help you learn the language since you’ll get extra practice with the language.

Related Lessons: Korean Anki, Best Best Apps To Learn Korean

Korean Dictionary

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-dictionary/

If you’re going to learn the Korean language, then you want to use the best Korean dictionary available to help you study.

We’re big fans of Naver Dictionary . It is the most popular free online dictionary for native Koreans when they are learning other languages. They provide the pronunciation for many of the words if you click on the blue speaker near the words. They also provide sample sentences so you can see how the vocabulary word would be used in the context of a sentence.

You can also enter grammar into the search box and get a brief description of how to use it.

Korean Translators

You can use Naver’s Papago for translations, but make proper Korean language education your primary focus. It’s best to use it as a backup as you’re learning the language.

For example, maybe your plan is to learn Korean by translating simple sentences. Although you may not know all of the words in the sentence, you could figure each of them out by typing them into a Korean dictionary (or cut and paste if you can’t type yet). You could use this method of practice to try to understand Instagram or Twitter posts.

Once you get the gist of the sentence, check it using the translator. Keep in mind that the translator may not be 100% accurate, so your understanding of the sentence may actually be correct. This is a practical way to learn Korean, and quite fun, too!

Korean Language Classes

If you’re interested in Korean language classes, we have a structured online Korean course that you can do no matter where you are in the world. If you follow the steps in the course, you will learn Korean fast. In the first 90 days of the course, you’ll learn how to have a 3-minute conversation in Korean. If you want to continue to learn the language at an advanced level, we can help with that, too.

The course is 100% online and structured, which means you can learn Korean at your own pace. Membership includes full access to all of the online Korean lessons in the course , a personal coach to check your work, and a supportive community of Korean language learners like yourself.

You can study Korean courses on your computer, tablet, or mobile device. You get all of the resources you would get in Korean classes with the flexibility to do everything online at your own pace.

Typing in Korean

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/typing-in-korean/

If you know how to type in English without looking at the keyboard, then it’s fairly easy to learn to type in Korean as well. And if you know how to type in Korean, it will help you learn Korean faster. Learning to type in Korean is like getting two lessons at the same time!

There are also other side benefits to learning how to type, such as being able to send text messages in KakaoTalk and searching on Korean websites. Texting with Korean friends over KakaoTalk will help you practice communicating using the Korean language anytime you’re online! You’ll also be able to learn new words and understand more about Korean culture .

A person typing on a computer with coffee, pen, paper, glasses, and a smartphone on the table

You can get a Korean keyboard for your desktop or just get stickers to put over your existing keyboard. If you’re a true typing warrior, try downloading an image of the Korean keyboard layout. Put the keyboard layout nearby, and learn to type by reading different Korean vocabulary and sentences. It’s great typing practice and will help you learn Korean in the process.

It’s a piece of cake to install a keyboard on your smartphone or tablet, just head over to your operating system settings and add one in. Once you do that, study the lessons below to help you get additional practice. You’ll be typing in Korean in no time.

Related Lessons: Korean Texting , Korean Emoticons

Get a Korean Name

Lesson: https://www.90daykorean.com/korean-name/

If you really want to immerse yourself in Korean culture (and get some extra language practice), then make sure you have a Korean name !

Not only will this help you learn the language, but it will help you with making Korean friends. They will be impressed to find that you’ve got a Korean name .

Typically, people get their Korean name by using one of these methods:

Write your name in Korean letters
Random name generator
Chose a name from a list
Find a Korean name that sounds like your name
Pick a name with a special meaning
Get a Korean name chosen by professionals

Simple things like getting a Korean name and writing it over and over will help you with learning the Korean language. We’ve got a complete lesson on it above, which will help you find out how to choose your very own Korean name.

Learn Korean PDF

As we listed above, there are a number of basic lessons you need to go through as you learn Korean. However, this shouldn’t overwhelm you or stop you from learning the language.

You can go through the lessons one at a time at your own pace.

How to use the Learn Korean PDF:

Read the tips and lesson overview in each section carefully.
Once you’re done with the overview, go through the main lessons given in each section.
After the main lesson, there are related lessons that you can read to help expand your knowledge of the language.
You don’t have to follow the lessons in order. You can skip the lessons that you already know.

Before we close this lesson, make sure to keep this resource with you:

Now that you’ve got a solid base for learning Korean, it’s time to put it into practice! You could start by doing things like trying to understand words from your favorite K-Pop song or K-Drama . If you currently live in South Korea, try speaking Korean as you go about your day.

Or if you feel challenging yourself further, how about trying out some Korean quizzes ?

What else do you want to know about learning the Korean language? Let us know in the comments below!

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264 thoughts on “Learn Korean Online: How-To Guide for Language Study”

i liked these classes, you helped me a lot, because i had guests from korea, and now i freely communicate with them in korean

Thanks for your comment! ^^ I’m glad that our article has been helpful to you. If you want to know more about the Korean language and culture, you can also check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content.

thanks for your big work

Thanks for your kind words, Archy!^^

Hi master the lesson have been interesting and I have truly enjoyed joeun kkum kkwoyo. gomapseumnida.

Great, thanks for your comment! I’m glad to know that you’ve enjoyed reading our article. ^^ If you want, you can also check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content.

Annyeonghaseyo Am lawrencia thanks for the free step by step learning you gave me I can be able to speak Korea a little now gomapsuebnida

Thanks for sharing, Lawrencia! I’m glad that our article has been useful to you. ^^

Essays on Korean

Korean essay topics for college students.

As a college student, choosing the right essay topic is crucial. It's an opportunity to explore your creativity and personal interests while demonstrating your critical thinking and writing skills. This page is designed to help you find the perfect Korean essay topic that will engage and inspire you.

Essay Types and Topics

Below, you will find a selection of diverse topics for different types of essays, including Argumentative, Compare and Contrast, Descriptive, Persuasive, and Narrative. These topics cover a wide range of subjects, from technology and society to personal growth and academic interests.

Argumentative Essay Topics

The Influence of K-Pop on Global Culture
The Impact of Technology on Korean Society
Traditional vs. Modern Korean Family Values

Paragraph Example

An argumentative essay on the influence of K-Pop on global culture would begin by examining the rise of K-Pop as a global phenomenon and its impact on cultural trends worldwide. The should clearly state the central question, such as "What is the influence of K-Pop on global culture?" and present a thesis, for example, "This essay will explore the ways in which K-Pop has transformed global entertainment and fashion trends."

The influence of K-Pop on global culture has been significant, shaping fashion, music, and entertainment trends around the world. As we continue to see the influence of K-Pop grow, it is important to consider the broader implications of this cultural phenomenon.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Traditional vs. Modern Korean Cuisine
Education Systems in South Korea vs. North Korea
Korean Traditional vs. K-Pop Fashion Trends

Descriptive Essay Topics

Visiting a Traditional Korean Market
A Day in the Life of a Seoul City Resident
The Beauty of Korean Landscapes in Different Seasons

Persuasive Essay Topics

The Importance of Korean Language Education
Promoting Korean Cultural Experiences for International Students
Preserving Korean Traditional Arts and Crafts

Narrative Essay Topics

My First Experience with Korean Culture
An Unforgettable Trip to Jeju Island
Learning Korean Language: Challenges and Rewards

Engagement and Creativity

As you explore these topics, remember to engage your creativity and think critically about the subject matter. Your essay is an opportunity to express your unique perspective and voice, so choose a topic that excites and inspires you.

Educational Value

Each essay type offers unique opportunities for developing different skills. Argumentative essays can enhance your analytical thinking and research skills, while persuasive essays can help you hone your ability to persuade and influence. Descriptive and narrative essays allow you to develop your descriptive abilities and storytelling techniques. Compare and contrast essays help you refine your ability to analyze and compare different subjects or ideas.

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The Nature of K-drama Viewership Beyond South Korea

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Crystal Hana Kim on Writing as a Mother, the Korean Diaspora, and How to Structure a Page-Turner

The author of “the stone home” in conversation with jimin han.

I first met Crystal Hana Kim at Women and Children First Bookstore in Chicago in 2017 for a book event, just after she won the 2017 PEN/Robert J. Dau Short Story Prize for Emerging Writers. She greeted me with warm enthusiasm and we spoke about Korean history.

Her debut novel, If You Leave Me , set in Korea in the 1950s, was published the following year. She was a Five Under Thirty-five recipient from the National Book Foundation in 2022. She now lives in New York City, she grew up, and has just published her much anticipated second novel.

The Stone Home is about a little-known community of Koreans forced into a government reformatory in the 1980s. Years later in 2011 a survivor of this institution is confronted by a young Korean American woman from the United States who is searching for answers to secrets her father never shared.

I had a chance to meet Kim over Zoom as she balanced caring for her young family and preparing for her book tour. We talked about her initial doubts, the themes she’s drawn to, and the writing process that keeps her excited about her work.

– Jimin Han

Jimin Han : The existence of an institution like the Stone Home is such a hidden piece of Korean history. What were your initial feelings about writing about it?

Crystal Hana Kim : As a writer who has strong ties to Korea, who grew up going to Korea a lot to visit family, there’s still a distance that’s not only geographic, but cultural too. My first novel was set during the Korean War, which I did not experience, but which I had heard about all my life from family members. With my second, I thought I would inch closer to the present, to an experience that’s more similar to my own as a Korean American.

But I’ve found that as a writer, I enjoy looking back at history in order to understand our present condition. As a part of the diaspora, I want to carefully think about how I’m engaging with subject matter, especially when it comes to real-life atrocities.

JH : So you have Narae at the start of the book, the character who grows up in the United States, asking about her family origins.

CHK : Yes, Narae’s of the diaspora, so she’s a way into the novel for us. Through her narrative, which is set in 2011, I could show the repercussions of these institutions. She’s able to examine the larger political landscape in a way that the characters within it can’t.

Originally, my first draft had two alternating narrators: Sangchul in 1980 and Narae in 2011. Narae’s whole narrative was just her quest to learn more about her father, but I realized that she needed to have a smaller role, which is why I relegated her to the frame of the novel. I needed a foil within the Stone Home to be on a parallel but diverging track from Sangchul. That’s how I came up with Eunju who really, to me, is the heart of the novel.

JH : Eunju and Sangchul are such complex characters. As young teenagers, they both felt so much responsibility and had to maneuver through all sorts of alliances.

CHK : This question of alliance, and how we hold onto the ones we love was something I wanted to explore in this book. My first novel examines the limits of romantic love. For my second novel, I wanted to explore sibling love, friendship love, love for your community, and how they can carry you through.

JH : Another way that the book was a page-turner for me was the structure. You’ve got short chapters, you utilize first person and third person point of views, and two timelines. How did you make decisions about that?

CHK : The Stone Home is looking at such an important part of not only Korean history, but our universal history. I wanted to help the reader look at and learn about and consider these characters’ lives, even with its difficult subject matter. Super short chapters was a way to keep the reader engaged. The alternating first and third perspectives were really important to me. Another theme that I’m always interested in, and that comes up in both my books, is this idea of storytelling, how there can be multiple truths based on who is telling the story.

JH : Yes, I love that. Totally comes through. In terms of how Sangchul and Eunju and everyone in the home were treated–the brutality was so harrowing. I was so surprised that there weren’t more security guards to enforce the rules that kept them captive in the Stone Home.

CH : Something that I thought was really interesting was that not only in these institutions in Korea, but in other instances of this sort of oppression, in Nazi concentration camps or in First Nations boarding schools or the Dozier School for Boys, these institutions create a culture where it benefits the imprisoned to turn against one another, to oppress their peers. I wanted to examine our human compulsion to protect ourselves. I also wanted to contrast it with characters who form community and find strength in collective stability.

JH : Let’s talk about your title. It’s so inviting, that word “home,” but it’s a shocking contrast to what the place actually was in your book. How did you come up with it? Was it always going to be “The Stone Home?”

CHK : No, I find titles so difficult. That’s always the last thing I come up with. I wanted to play with this idea of home. What is home? Where and who do we call home? In the novel itself I wanted to mirror the name of the Brothers Home, which is the real-life institution in South Korea my novel’s institution is based on.

It always struck me as interesting that a place of such brutality had the word “home” in its name. I wanted to contrast that false comfort with the idea of stone, which is something that evokes hardness, coldness, but can also be something that endures.

JH : I was on a panel at the last AWP Conference on the challenges of the second novel. How was it for you to write a second book?

CHK : The sophomore novel can feel daunting. My life, personally, has changed so much. Between the first book and the second, the Covid-19 pandemic happened, which I think changed everyone’s relationship to time and health. I also had two kids. The time I can devote to writing feels even more precious and important to my mental and emotional well-being.

In the end though, with this second book, I knew no matter how difficult it was, no matter how far away a full draft felt, no matter how hazy the path forward, I had a sense in my gut that I would be able to finish a book I would be proud of one day. So, even though the daily writing was difficult, and I had new constraints as a mother, I felt in my core that I would reach this point.

JH : Was your process the same in how you wrote both novels?

CHK : The first and second book were similar in that I had to write my way to find the form. My first drafts are quite exploratory, I don’t think it’s the most efficient way to write, because I’m writing to figure out basic questions like: Is this the right narrator? There are a lot of pages that have to be tossed out. Sometimes I wish I was a planner, an outliner, because it would make that initial drafting process easier.

JH : I’m like you, I have to write a lot to find my way. Those planners are lucky. The name of that AWP panel was “Unlearning What We Learned Just Now.” With The Stone Home, was there anything that you had to unlearn to write it?

CHK : I would say my relationship to time had to be unlearned. I had a good amount of it in graduate school and then after graduate school, I got a nonprofit job, which I enjoyed, but my main focus was the book. That was what I did on the weekends and evenings, and that was the great propeller of my life.

Then, with the second book, I had one kid in the summer of 2020, when we were all shut down with the pandemic, and another kid in 2023. So my sense of time that I have for myself definitely changed. I had to unlearn some habits.

For example, with my first book I thought I needed long stretches of time. I needed a candle lit, I needed my crystals, I thought I needed specific conditions to write. With my second novel, I realized I didn’t need any of that. I just needed a laptop, and maybe like an hour, you know? I learned how to focus with smaller amounts of time.

JH : Yes, I can see that. It’s amazing though that you were still able to write a second book with so much change in your life. You’ve also received numerous awards and recognition for your work while all this was going on. How have they impacted your relationship to writing?

CHK : You know, when I’m writing, I really try not to think of outside expectations. I’m more focused on my relationship to the characters, and how I can make it the best possible story it can be. If I was thinking about audience expectation, that would really stymie me.

As a writer, I want to continually become better at my craft. I want to challenge myself. With my first book, the timeline spanned sixteen years. There were five narrators, and it was kind of sprawling in that way. For the second book, I wanted to confine the story to one year and keep the narrative mostly in one location, within the institution, so I could build up pressure.

I try to create these craft challenges to make the writing interesting to me. We can’t control the whims of the publishing industry, right? But I can control the quality of my work.

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Wanted in South Korea: Imperialism-Free Cherry Blossoms

Activists want to replace a variety of cherry tree associated with the Japanese colonial era with one they say is Korean. The science is messy.

Cherry trees on the verge of blooming in Gyeongju, South Korea, last week. Credit... By Chang W. Lee/the New York Times

Supported by

By John Yoon , Mike Ives and Hisako Ueno

Photographs and Video by Chang W. Lee

John Yoon and Chang W. Lee reported from Gyeongju, South Korea. Mike Ives reported from Seoul, and Hisako Ueno from Tokyo.

March 29, 2024

Shin Joon Hwan, an ecologist, walked along a road lined with cherry trees on the verge of blooming last week, examining the fine hairs around their dark red buds.

The flowers in Gyeongju, South Korea, an ancient capital, belong to a common Japanese variety called the Yoshino, or Tokyo cherry. Mr. Shin’s advocacy group wants to replace those trees with a kind that it insists is native to South Korea, called the king cherry.

“These are Japanese trees that are growing here, in the land of our ancestors,” said Mr. Shin, 67, a former director of South Korea’s national arboretum.

Mr. Shin’s nascent project, with a few dozen members, is the latest wrinkle in a complex debate over the origins of South Korea’s cherry trees. The science has been entangled with more than a century of nationalist propaganda and genetic evolution.

Two people in yellow jackets examine the trunk of a large cherry tree.

Cherry blossoms, celebrated by poets as symbols of impermanence, occupy a major place in Japanese culture . In medieval times they were associated with elite warriors, the “flower among flowers,” said Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, an anthropologist who has written about the cherry tree.

During the Edo period, which began in the 17th century, the blossoms were nationalized as a symbol of Japanese identity, she said. And propagandists in Japan’s 20th-century military government compared killed soldiers to falling cherry petals, saying they had died after a “brief but beautiful life.”

During Japan’s rule over the Korean Peninsula, from 1910 to 1945, Yoshinos were planted as part of an effort to instill “cultural refinement” in colonial subjects, said David Fedman, the author of “ Seeds of Control, ” a 2020 book about Japanese forestry in colonial Korea.

Yoshinos have been intertwined with the thorny politics of colonialism ever since. South Koreans have occasionally cut them down in protest. And some argue that Yoshinos, which Japanese officials also sent to the United States in the early 1900s, should be replaced with king cherries — distinguishable by the lack of hair on their buds — claiming the latter are more Korean.

The politics of cherry trees have ebbed and flowed along with Japanese-Korean relations, and nationalist claims about them have mostly crowded out scientific nuances, said Professor Fedman, who teaches history at the University of California, Irvine.

“Even the genetics look complicated, and don’t give us the easy answers that we’re looking for,” he said.

Mr. Shin’s project is a reaction to decisions made by the Japanese authorities more than a century ago.

In the early 1900s, Japanese scientists described king cherries, found on Jeju Island, south of the Korean Peninsula, as the parent of the Yoshino. The claim that Yoshinos originated on Jeju then motivated South Koreans to spread them throughout the country in the 1960s.

Scientists have since debunked that theory. But another — that king cherries are Korean — lives on.

The theory has its own critics.

Wybe Kuitert, a retired professor of environmental studies at Seoul National University, said that “king cherry” refers to a set of hybrids, not a species with a geographically defined habitat. He characterized efforts by Korean scientists to pinpoint a “correct,” or original, king cherry species as misguided.

“In such a mess of hybrids, which is the correct one?” he said. “You don’t know. You can’t decide it by genomic sequences or DNA sampling.”

But Seung-Chul Kim, an American plant taxonomist at Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea, whose cherry research has been funded partly by the government, said the initiative to replace Yoshinos was worthwhile. Even if the evolutionary trajectory of king cherries is unclear, he said, they evolved independently on Jeju.

Only about 200 king cherries grow naturally in South Korea, Mr. Shin said. His group aspires to replace all of the country’s Yoshinos by 2050, when they near the end of their roughly 60-year life span.

“Ultimately, I’d like to see Yoshino cherries go away,” said Jin-Oh Hyun, the group’s secretary general, a botanist who propagates king cherries in the central city of Jecheon. “But we need to replace them in stages, starting in areas that are the most meaningful.”

In 2022, the group surveyed the cherry trees lining a promenade near the National Assembly in Seoul that is thronged with visitors every cherry blossom season. And last year, it studied cherries in the southeastern port district of Jinhae, where a festival celebrating Yi Sun-shin , a Korean admiral who helped repel a 16th-century Japanese invasion, is held every spring.

The trees in both places were predominantly Yoshinos, the group found.

When Mr. Shin surveyed cherry trees in Gyeongju last week, the landscape included pines, bamboos, pansies, plums and a 400-year-old zelkova tree. But the cherries, which had not yet bloomed, consumed him.

“It would be great if people around the world could enjoy both the Korean and the Japanese trees,” he said, adding that the distinction was not widely known. “But things are one-sided now.”

Two arborists in Japan said that they respected South Korean efforts to replace Yoshinos.

“Cherry trees alone have no meaning,” said one, Nobuyuki Asada, the secretary general of the Japan Cherry Blossom Association. “That depends on how people choose to see and manage them.”

John Yoon is a Times reporter based in Seoul who covers breaking and trending news. More about John Yoon

Mike Ives is a reporter for The Times based in Seoul, covering breaking news around the world. More about Mike Ives

Hisako Ueno has been reporting on Japanese politics, business, gender, labor and culture for The Times since 2012. She previously worked for the Tokyo bureau of The Los Angeles Times from 1999 to 2009. More about Hisako Ueno

Chang W. Lee has been a photographer for The Times for 30 years, covering events throughout the world. He is currently based in Seoul. Follow him on Instagram @nytchangster . More about Chang W. Lee

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Stellar Blade demo arrives March 29

Get a taste of Shift Up’s sleek action adventure ahead of its April 26 PS5 release.

Greetings. This is Hyung Tae Kim, director of Stellar Blade . We are pleased to officially announce the upcoming free playable demo for Stellar Blade, coming March 29 to PlayStation 5.

The demo takes place from the very beginning of the game when Eve, a member of the 7 th Airborne Squad is sent to Earth on a mission to reclaim the planet from the Naytiba, up to the first boss fight. This first stage will include the tutorial phase to help you familiarize yourself with basic combat features as you explore post-war Eidos 7, a human city now infested by the Naytiba, giving you an early grasp of gameplay mechanics that will serve you throughout the game’s story.

We also have a little surprise included for players who complete the first stage.

From the smooth 60fps combat to the haptics, you’ll feel through the DualSense wireless controller, there are various charms of the game that you can only confidently appreciate through hands-on experience.

For those who complete the demo stage, you can carry over your save data when the full game releases on April 26, starting from the last checkpoint. Please note that save data must be stored on your PS5 system.

The Stellar Blade demo will be available starting Friday, March 29 from 7am PDT / 2pm GMT.

Alongside the demo, the full game will feature the following language options:

Voice Over: Korean, English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin Spanish.

Text: Korean, English (US), French, Italian, German, Spanish, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Arabic, Turkish, Thai, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese.

We greatly appreciate your anticipation! Mark your calendar for April 26, and make sure not to miss the preorder bonuses. The time for humankind to reclaim Earth has nearly arrived.

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US says it warned Russia 'in writing' about threat before ISIS concert shooting in Moscow

W ASHINGTON ― The U.S. had warned Russia "in writing" about the terrorist attack at the Moscow concert venue that left at least 143 dead, the White House said Thursday.

John Kirby, a White House spokesman on national security, condemned Russian President Vladimir Putin for blaming others even after ISIS had claimed responsibility for the attack. He said the U.S. warned Russian officials about the terrorism threat in their country two weeks before the massacre.

Russian officials have "sought to deflect blame onto Ukraine, the United States and everyone else who suits their political narratives," Kirby said in a call with reporters.

Start the day smarter. Get all the news you need in your inbox each morning.

"It's abundantly clear that ISIS was solely responsible for the horrific terrorist attack in Moscow last week," said Kirby. "In fact, United States tried to help prevent this terrorist attack, and the Kremlin knows this."

Ahead of the attack on Mar. 22 at Moscow's Crocus City Hall, Kirby said the U.S. provided "clear, detailed information" about a terrorist threat at large gatherings and concerts in the Russian capital.

He said the first correspondence was made Mar. 7 to Russian security services followed by a public advisory the next day Mar. 8 warning U.S. citizens to avoid large gatherings and concerns in Moscow.

Russian news outlet SHOT published a video of an exchange in which a reporter asked Nikolai Patrushev, the secretary of Russia's Security Council, whether it was "ISIS (Islamic State) or Ukraine?," according to Reuters.

"Of course Ukraine," Patrushev replied. Asked about the remark later, he said there were "many" indications of Ukrainian involvement.

Ukrainian presidential adviser Mykhailo Podolyak denied the accusations.

"Ukraine certainly has nothing to do with the shooting/explosions in the Crocus City Hall (Moscow Region, Russia). It makes no sense whatsoever," Podolyak wrote on X on Mar. 22.

Meanwhile, Russia, on Mar. 22, launched the largest wave of missiles and Iranian - supplied drones against Ukrainian cities since the start of the war two years ago .

The attack left more than one million homes without electricity. The targets included power plants and energy supply lines, a hydroelectric dam, ordinary residential buildings and "even a trolleybus," according to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

"Russia is at war with people's everyday lives," wrote Zelenskyy. "My condolences to the loved ones of those killed by this terror."

Swapna Venugopal Ramaswamy is a White House Correspondent for USA TODAY. You can follow her on X @SwapnaVenugopal

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: US says it warned Russia 'in writing' about threat before ISIS concert shooting in Moscow

TOPSHOT - EDITORS NOTE: Graphic content / A man carries wooden crosses during a funeral ceremony of three children, killed in what local Moscow-installed officials say was a Ukrainian attack, in Donetsk, Russian-controlled Ukraine, on March 17, 2024, amid ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict. (Photo by STRINGER / AFP) (Photo by STRINGER/AFP via Getty Images) ORIG FILE ID: 2084801722

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Tips for Solving TOPIK II Writing section – Ques. 51&52

Those taking the TOPIK II may struggle with the questions, particularly the writing section.

Today, we'll be going over all of the important tips as well as strategies to help you get the grade you want.

Starting with the fundamentals of the overall writing section that you must remember.

First and foremost, the overall writing section consists of 4 different types of questions that must be answered in Korean.
You will be required to analyse, strategize, and frame sentences within the word limit, depending on the question.
The questions can be categorised in two parts:
Question 51&52 would require you to fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrases.
Question 53&54 would necessarily require a comprehensive understanding of the given diagram in addition to a 300-600 letter essay.
The total of all four questions is 100. Each question is worth the following points:
Ques 51 : 10 points
Ques 52 : 10 points
Ques 53 : 30 points
Ques 54 : 50 points

Depending on the level you want to achieve, you should concentrate on:

Ques 51&52 for level 3
Ques 53 for level 4, and
Ques 54 is for the remaining levels 5 and 6, as it requires more advanced vocabulary and phrases.

BUT, if you desire to obtain more points, you should try to answer all four questions. The more attempts you make, the better. Attempting to solve more questions will increase your chances of getting more points.

In this article, I'll go over the first two 51 and 52 questions, each worth 10 points.

They are regarded as the most important questions, as they are easier than the latter two and can earn you good marks. Solving them in 5-10 minutes would easily save you time.

Click to download the Free Resources for TOPIK II Writing :

Cracking the TOPIK Ⅱ Writing : Won Eunyeoung, Lee Yumi

한국어뱅크 TOPIK II 한권이면 OK English version

Let's dive into the info marathon! Shall we?

TIPS FOR SOLVING - QUESTION 51

You'll be provided with any type of small conversation about invitations, notices, requests, or inquiries.
You must first understand the purpose of the given dialogue before attempting to solve it.
Recognize the formality as well as tone of voice. Look for the sentence ending, if the sentence ends in ~습니다 or ~요.
Try to understand the context in your native language. Understand what could be said in response. (Even if you need to switch back and forth with your native language. IT'S COMPLETELY FINE!!)

Write down the most understandable and appropriate Korean way of saying the same thing, using proper grammar, spelling, and sentence structure. This could be accomplished by concentrating on the entire sentence rather than just a few words that could fit inside the blank.

There is no correct or incorrect answer. You should only concentrate on making the sentence correspond.
Always take your time and avoid making mistakes before jotting down anything on the actual exam sheet.

Suggestion:

Use of colloquial terms and spoken Korean should be avoided.
You will not be permitted to bring any rough paper or write on the question paper for future reference.
Cleaning up and using less correction tape earns points. So, try to make fewer mistakes!!

LET'S LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE QUESTION :

Following Question is from 64th TOPIK II Test.

First, we need to find any words that hint at the dialogue's purpose. Looking at the word in the first sentence, we get the impression that it is a 'Thanking note.'

Next, we must examine the tone and formality of the speech, which can be determined by looking at the ~습니다 sentence endings.

For convenience, read the phrase in English. Looking at the second sentence, which says something like "work in Hong Kong from next month," and the sentence that follows it. You can easily understand the sentence to frame which will be suitable for ㄱ

Possible answers for ㄱ :

~하려고 이사할겁니다.
~생겨서 이사할겁니다.

Similarly, we will comprehend the sentence for ㄴ in English and fill in the blanks with appropriate sounding words.

Possible answers for ㄴ :

~들으면 좋겠습니다.
~드는게 아닐까 걱정했습니다.
~드는게 기대가 되었습니다.

The final thing to check are the spelling and punctuation marks.

To understand TOPIK Test structure, application process, Levels and Passing scores etc. check these pages:

TOPIK – The Complete Guide & 2. TOPIK Levels and Passing Marks . You can also Practice Online with TOPIK GUIDE Mock Tests .

If you are going to take the TOPIK Test for the first time, or if you want to give your score a boost so that you can pass a higher level, we would strongly advise you to get the Complete Guide to TOPIK – Self-Study Package . It is a digital study package that has everything you need to get a great score in the TOPIK test – all the past TOPIK papers with answer sheets, grammar and vocabulary study material, video tutorials explaining the test structure, strategies to solve them and much more. You can check out more details about this study package HERE .

Let's move on to the 52nd question, which is similar to the previous 51st question but includes an information passage instead of small dialogue.

Take a look at :

TOPIK II - Complete Preparation Course

Korean grammar list

Download Previous TOPIK Test Papers and Answer Keys

TIPS FOR SOLVING QUESTION 52

You will be given a descriptive passage and will be required to determine the purpose of the passage using the underlying tone and speech of the passage.

For this type of question, you must be familiar with complex intermediate sentence structure, including pre-positions and post-positions particles.

In approximately 6-10 lines, the passage will not necessarily consist of dialogues, but rather more descriptive information on various topics of discussion.

The steps are essentially the same as in the previous 51st question, but a little more difficult.

Let's look at an example:

Looking at the passage, you can get a sense of the grammar structure you'll need to know in order to answer this question. We can frame the required phrases for the blank using the previously explained point.

Try to understand the context in your native language. Understand what could be said to fill in the sentence. It's easier if you understand the context of the overall passage.

It is critical to have a thorough understanding of Intermediate level Vocabulary. Take the help of TOPIK in 30 days (Intermediate Vocabulary)

밤이 가장 길고 낮이 가장 짧은
낮이 가장 짧고 밤이 가장 긴 날은

Possible answers for ㄴ :

귀신을 쫓는다고 생각했기 때문이다

The trick to score better is to practice and polish your knowledge in Korean grammar patterns.

I hope this was helpful. Thank you for reading.

Smriti Ekka graduated in Commerce and Library science, and currently she is working as a content writer at TOPIK Guide website. She is a Korean language and culture enthusiast and has been working across multiple disciplines which broadly addresses narratives of similarities between Korean and Indian culture. Apart from being a content writer at TOPIK Guide she manages Annyeong India website and has had her pieces published in Learn Korean in India website as well. In her other life, she is a singer, rising entrepreneur, life enthusiast and a learner. We are a team of passionate researchers from Seoul National University specializing in Korean language and linguistics. We are committed to helping international students prepare for the TOPIK test. You can connect with us on Facebook , Twitter , Google+ or YouTube

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Tips for Solving TOPIK II Writing section
Starting with the fundamentals of the overall writing section that you must remember. First and foremost, the overall writing section consists of 4 different types of questions that must be answered in Korean. You will be required to analyse, strategize, and frame sentences within the word limit, depending on the question.

Tips for improving Korean essay writing

Master written language

Use inductive reasoning

Memorize transition words and phrases

Put the most important part of the sentence first

Use! The! Right! Particles!!

Synonyms are your friend

Last but not least: read actively

Closing thoughts

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Korean Writing Practice Guide

Supercharge Your Korean Writing Practice

Hangul Is Easy to Learn

Practice Writing Korean in Syllable Blocks

Crucial Korean Writing Rules

Vowel Placement

Psst! Did you know we have a language learning app?

Consonant Placement

Horizontal Vowels

Vertical Vowels

Create Korean Syllable Blocks in 3 Steps

Step 1: Determine the Vowel Type

Step 2: Does the Word End in a Consonant?

Step 3: Fill in the Gaps

Don’t Rely on English

Korean Syllables Always Start with a Consonant

Writing Syllables That End with a Consonant

Get the Most Out of Your Korean Writing Practice!

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